aalborg universitet designing mobile interactions: the continual

Aalborg Universitet

Designing Mobile Interactions: The continual convergence of form and context

Kjeldskov, Jesper

Publication date:2013

Document VersionAccepted author manuscript, peer reviewed version

Link to publication from Aalborg University

Citation for published version (APA):Kjeldskov, J. (2013). Designing Mobile Interactions: The continual convergence of form and context: Volume 1.

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Designing mobile interactionsthe continual convergence of form and context

Jesper Kjeldskov

Volume I

Kjeld

skovD

esignin

g mob

ile interaction

s

I


Jesper Kjeldskov

Volume I

Table of contents

Preface i

Part I. Studying and analysing 129

Part II. Designing and building 209

Part III. Improving evaluation 313

Part IV. Artefacts 403

Part V. Understanding 505

List of contributions 605

List of co-authors 607

Sammenfatning p dansk 609

Preface

March 2012 J KDepartment of Computer ScienceAalborg UniversityDenmark

Position summary

Chapter 1. Designing mobile interactions

Table of contents

1. Introduction 2

2. Background 6

3. Opportunities for mobile interaction design research 34

4. Towards a designerly way 43

5. The continual convergence of form and context 61

6. Contributions 69

7. Conclusions 84

8. Epilogue 88

Acknowledgements 90

References 91

Chapter 1

Designing mobile interactions- the continual convergence of form and context

Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world

Abstract.

1. INTRODUCTION

engineering design

mobile interaction design1

shape, look, function content

ensemble

context

a designerly way

2. BACKGROUND

2.1. Mobile Computing

interaction design

Portability

MiniaturizationConnectivity

Convergence

Divergence

apps

digital ecosystems

Portability

Miniaturization

Connectivity

spring-loaded

Convergence

hybrid

Divergencedivergence

inversely

preferred

digital ecosystems

applications

positive in itself

applications and content

mobile devices,

Digital ecosystems

digital ecosystems

form-context ensembles

2.2. Interaction design

totality

practice research

should be,

Mobile interaction design

software applications

Research impact on practice

mobile

practice

do

too

these

Multi- and interdisciplinarity

multidisciplinary

multidisciplinary

interaction

c

interdisciplinarity

connects integrates

coordinated distinctintegrated combined

Modifying the unit of analysis

existing concepts and theories.

form-context convergence

The role of context

is

c

c

c

context-aware

c

c

mobilesecond wave

paradigm

third

elemental de ineunderstand

2.3. Design approaches

people systems

User-centred design

Designing for People .

Technology-driven designtechnology

can

because they can. needs,

c

not

as well as

At the intersection between users and technology

withoutWhat

is it that those companies do that is missing from the established literature on the topic?

current practicefuture practices

but

merging new technological possibilities with visions of future practice

3. OPPORTUNITIES FOR MOBILE INTERACTION DESIGN RESEARCH

Me

tho

dCase studies

Field studies

Action research

Lab experiments

Survey research

Applied research

Basic research

Normative writings

Pu

rp

os

e

Understanding

Engineering

Re-engineering

Evaluating

Describing

3.1. Trends and assumptions

c

people systems,

We already know what to build

Context is not important

Methodology matters very little

Opportunities

emerging applied

multi-

ield studies

survey case study

basic research

action research

ield studiesield ethnographies, ield experiments, ield surveys

people systems

should

usersobjects

subjects

3.2. Impact on my research

interplay

Studying and analysing use contexts

Using context to inform interaction design

Developing new methods for evaluation in context

Exploring context-awarenesscontext-aware

Understanding user experiences in context

3.3. Emerging challenges

designerly ways

transcend beyond the dichotomy of people- or technology- oriented research and design.

widen the scopebeyond the individual mobile device and an individual userXs interaction with it

not

4. TOWARDS A DESIGNERLY WAY

a designerly way

contextualism

4.1. From technical rationality to continual convergence

design

mobile

solving,

setting

re lection-in on action, designerly wayfunctional analysis,

problem-solving,

problem-setting,

Design as dealing with emergent goals

emergent evolutionary learning,

context and goals

bothgoals

wholeness-extending transformations

Design as continual convergence

scientized designerly

4.2. World views, root metaphors, and modes of inference

formism, mechanism, organicism, contextualism.

is like

how things work.

how it develops.

how this is happening.

formist mechanistorganicism contextualism

embrace

rejectspragmatism

Design as abductive thinking

abductive

cause

wondering

in a designerly way

is

is not

problem setting wholeness extending.

thinking creation re lective practice continual convergence.

Design

viewed as

Associated

with

Interaction Design

approach

Epistemological

position

Way of thinking

and acting

Philosophical

world view

Mode of

Inference

Functional

analysis

Problem

solving

Problem

setting

Wholeness

extending

4.3. Contextualism in research and design

content, context processchange

contentcontext

process

content form

.

processes

Contextual architeture

outcomesprocess

on the building site

genius loci

.

The nature of order

in natural systems

its whole

made

exhibits centeredness

process

evolves

futurelatently present

Ywhich can support the continuous creation of an emerging living structure in the worldZ

create coherent form in the world

YThe process must go gradually, in a way that allows assessments, corrections, and improvements to be made about the degree of life which occurs throughout the structure, at all scales and at all levels. This process must occur continually throughout the conception, design and constructionZ

as needed

4.4. Elaborating on user-centred design

activities outcome purpose

howstudy and analyse.

what how

Separating and rede ining activities and outcomes

understanding artefacts.

type

analysing

analysisleads to

Shifting the gravity point

users,

Activity-

mobile

contextual user experiences

full context not just the people.

context

the ensemble, symbiosis, or convergence ofform and context. .

form-context users

inter-

against

beyond Form-context convergence

fusion

Making the process lexible and unpredictable

5. THE CONTINUAL CONVERGENCE OF FORM AND CONTEXT

contextually grounded, wholeness sensitive, and continually unfolding process of design

continual convergence of form and context

empirical, creative, technical theoreticalstudying, analysing, designing

building

5.1. Emergence and unpredictability

5.2. Form and context unity

shape, look, function content

5.3. Form and context convergence

studying, analysing, designing and building

assessment, abstraction, exploration and synthesis

understanding artefacts concrete abstract.

5.4. Between understanding and artefacts

5.5. Between concrete and abstract

design unselfconscious

abstraction synthesis

5.6. Four types of design activity

Concrete Abstract

Understanding

Empirical Theoretical

Artefacts Technical Creative

empirical

theoretical

creative

technical

5.7. Four types of design ripples

ripples

abstraction, exploration, synthesis, and assessment,

Abstraction

Exploration

Synthesis

Assessment

5.8. The contextual approach and my own research

studying, analysing, designing building

artefactsunderstanding

6. CONTRIBUTIONS

Theme Research question Contributions

Challenges and

opportunities

Part I

Studying and analysing

Part II

Designing and building

Part II

Improving evaluation

Part IV

Artefacts

Part V

Understanding

6.1. Part I \ Studying and analysing

how can we study, analyse and understand aspects of context relevant for mobile interaction design?

Physical context

Social context

Personal context

Work context

6.2. Part II \ Designing and building

how can we design and build interactive mobile systems grounded in context?

as well as

inspirationalistic creativity structuralistic creativity

form and context ensembles

User- and technology-centeredness

Socio-physical design

Sketches and mock-ups

Ethnography and object-orientation

6.3. Part III \ Improving evaluation

how can we improve our techniques for studying the user experience of mobile interaction design in context?

mobile

ecological validity

control

if looking for usability problems

Simulating mobility

Simulating the domain

Bringing the system into the ield

Taking the lab with you

6.4. Part IV \ Artefacts

how can we make use of context in the implementation of concrete interactive mobile systems?

active passive

adaptive mediated

MobileWARD

Just-for-Us

GeoHealth

ArchiLens

.

Power Advisor

6.5. Part V \ Understanding

how can we abstractly describe and understand the relationships between interactive mobile systems, users and context?

Principles of perceptual organisation

proximity, closure, symmetry, continuity, similarity

Indexical interaction design

indexicality.

Proxemics and interactional spaces

Orchestrating mobile devices

7. CONCLUSIONS

Lesson 1:

Lesson 2:

Lesson 3:

Lesson 4:

Lesson 5:

Lesson 6:

Lesson 7:

Lesson 8:

Lesson 1: transcending technology- and user-centeredness

Lesson 2: form-context unity

Lesson 3: a designerly way

Lesson 4: studying and analysing

Lesson 5: designing and building

Lesson 6: improving evaluation

Lesson 7: artefacts

Lesson 8: understanding

8. EPILOGUE

Challenges for a contextual approach

context form-context ensembles,users

technology

Downsides of holism in interaction design

pragmatic holism.experiential non-linear

useful

Towards digital ecology

digital ecology.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

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March 2009 Metrics Report.

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Social Science, Technical Systems, and Cooperative Work: Beyond the Great Divide

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The timeless Way of Building.

A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Constructions.

Notes on the Synthesis of Form.

First Monday, 7

Australian Journal of Information Systems. 8

Proceedings of CHI 2009

The Nature of Research into Design and Technology Education: Design Curriculum Matters.

Systematic Method for Designers.

Journal of Design History, 18

Becoming Interdisciplinary: An Introduction to Interdisciplinary Studies.

Theories and Practice in Interaction Design.

Designing the Mobile User Experience

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Proceedings of UbiComp 2003,

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The Information System Research Challenge


Designing Interactive Systems.

Information Appliances and Beyond.

Information Appliances and Beyond

Proceedings of INTERACT 2005

Contextual design: De ining customer-centred systems.

Interactions, 16

Communications of the ACM, 48

IEEE Computer, 21

iPhone User Interface Design Projects

Proceedings of Mobile HCI 2002

Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems, 19

Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 6,

Architecture in context: itting new buildings with old

Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 13


Sketching User Experiences: getting the design right and the right design.

The Invisible Future: The seamless integration of technology in everyday life

Human-Computer Interaction, 26

Proceedings of NordiCHI 2006

Human Computer Interaction, 11

Computers and democracy: A Scandinavian challenge

Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 13

What the iPad means for the future of computing

A survey of context-aware mobile computing research

Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 5


BT Technology Journal, 16

Design Thinking.

Design Issues, 17

Design Studies, 20

Design Studies, 3

Computers in context: the philosophy and practice of systems design.

Proceedings of the 1st conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, techniques

Information Systems Action Research: An Applied View of Emerging Concepts and Methods

Foundations and Trends in Human Computer Interaction, 4

Proceedings of MobileHCI 2009

First statement of rules, inaugural meeting of the society, 1966


Proceedings of Workshop on the What, Who, Where, When and How of Context-Awareness, CHI 2000

Human-Computer Interaction

ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 7


Where the Action Is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction


Designing for People

Interactions, 18

Interactions, 15

Foundations of Science, 4

ACM Transactions On Computer-Human Interaction, 12

Design at Work

Computers and democracy: A Scandinavian challenge

Theories and Practice in Interaction Design

Cosmic Religion: with other Opinions and Aphorisms.

Mobile Design and Development: Practical Concepts and Techniques for Creating Mobile Sites and Web Apps.


Beginning Smartphone Web Development: Building Javascript, CSS, HTML and Ajax-Based Applications for iPhone, Android, Palm Pre, Blackberry, Windows Mobile and Nokia S60.

Emergence in Organizational dProblem-solving: Theories of Social Cognition

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Interactions, 6

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Interactions, 18


Everyware: the dawning age of ubiquitous computing.

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Proceedings of UIST 2000

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Proceedings of MOBIS 2005

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Apple Announces iPad

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Social Anthropology in Perspective

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Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers

The Design of Business: Why Design Thinking is the Next Competitive Advantage.

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Alex Popov: Buildings and Projects

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Parsons Journal for Information Mapping, 2


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Chapter 2. A review of mobile interaction design research

Chapter 2

A review of mobile interaction design research

Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

solutions


2. RESEARCH METHODS

natural, arti icial environment independent

Method Strengths Weaknesses Use

2.1. Case Studies

2.2. Field Studies

ethnographic

experiments

2.3. Action Research

2.4. Laboratory Experiments

2.5. Survey research

2.6. Applied Research

intuition, experience, deduction induction.

2.7. Basic Research

2.8. Normative Writings

normative writings,

3. RESEARCH PURPOSEpurpose

Understanding

Engineering

Re-engineering

Evaluating

Describing

4. CLASSIFICATION OF MOBILE HCI RESEARCH

Research Method

Res

earc

h p

urp

ose

Case studies

Field studies

Action research

Lab experiment

Surveyresearch

Applied research

Basic research

Normative writings

Understand

Engineer

Re-engineer

Evaluate

Describe

also

re-engineering

not re-building

5. DISCUSSION

are

6. LIMITATIONS

7. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDIX: REVIEWED MOBILE HCI RESEARCH PAPERS, 2000 2002

Part IStudying and analysing

Chapter 3. Physical context

Chapter 4. Social context

Chapter 5. Personal context

Chapter 6. Work context

STUDYING AND ANALYSINGhow can we study, analyse and understand aspects of context

relevant for mobile interaction design?

Physical context

Social context

Personal context

Work context

Chapter 3

Physical context*

Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

Behaviour and Information Technology,

1.1. Indexicality: relating interfaces to their context

2. ANALYZING THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

3. FIELD STUDY: FEDERATION SQUARE

3.1. Inspecting Federation Square

3.2. Coding the data

3.3. Analyzing the data

3.4. Synthesizing the data: MIRANDA

4. MOBILE GUIDE DESIGN

4.1. Location by district

4.2. Augmented interactive photorealistic depictions

4.3. Rich descriptions for navigation

5. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 4

Social context

Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

Computer-Supported Cooperative Work,

place

share places, indexing to places, augmenting places.

2. BACKGROUND

2.1. People in place

2.2. Technology in place

2.3. Interactions in place

3. FIELD STUDY: PEOPLE SOCIALISING IN A PUBLIC PLACE

3.1. Participants, procedure and data collection

3.2. Transcriptions and data analysis

knowledge, situation, motivationsharing place, indexing to place,

augmenting place

4. SITUATED SOCIAL INTERACTIONS IN PUBLIC PLACES

4.1. Knowledge

4.2. Situation

4.3. Motivation

5. DESIGNING FOR SITUATED SOCIAL INTERACTIONS

5.1. Sharing Place: Recommendations Based on History and Context

.

5.2. Indexing to Place: Way Finding Referring to the Familiar

5.3. Augmenting Place: indicating People and Activities in Proximity

6. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCESHuman-Computer

Interaction

Contextual Design - De ining Customer Centred Systems

Proceedings of HCI International 2003, Crete, Greece, June 22 to 27, 2003

Cognition Technology and Work,

Inhabiting the Virtual City: The design of social environments for electronic communities


Personal and Ubiquitous Computing,

Proceedings of Conference on Spatial Information Theory, COSIT93, Elba Island, Italy, September 19 to 22, 1993

Ecological Psychology

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Urban Design International

Computer Supported Cooperative Work,

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ME++ The Cyborg Self and the Networked City

City of Bits: Space, Place and the Infobahn

The Design of Everyday Things.

Smart Mobs. The Next Social Revolution

Paper Prototyping. The Fast and Easy Way to Design and Re ine User Interfaces

Chapter 5

Personal context

Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

Australasian Journal of Information Systems,

2. WHAT IS INTIMACY?

physical intimacy, non-verbal communication, self-disclosure, presence, cognitive intimacy, affective intimacy, commitment mutuality

Physical intimacy

Non-verbal communication

Self-disclosure

Presence

present in absence

oneself being present to another

Cognitive intimacy

Affective intimacy

Commitment

Mutuality

actions

feelings

3. PROBING INTIMACY

3.1. Cultural Probes

3.2. Contextual Interviews

3.3. Participants

3.4. Procedure

4. RESULTS

presence in absence.

presence

emotional rather than factual.

ambiguous and incomplete

shared world view

privateself-

disclosure

private meaning

shared past

shared history

common journey

commitment

alone together

physical closeness

reciprocity

commitment

5. DESIGN IDEAS

Memorabilia Manager:

Constant Touch:

Family Digital Assistant:

6. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 6

Work context

Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

Interacting with Computers,

2. FIELD STUDY OF WORK ACTIVITIES

letting go the mooring lines

2.1. The operation of letting go the lines

common ground

grounding,

allThe contributor and the partners mutually believe that the partners have

understood what the contributor meant to a criterion suf icient for the current purpose .

2.2. Findings from ield studies of letting go the lines

3. ANALYSIS OF COMMUNICATION

3.1. Aspect and tense of conversations

3.2. Objects of conversations

1 you can let go the bow line2 let go bow line3 and you can take the stern spring4 letting go stern spring5 bow line let go6 bow line let go7 and stern spring let go8 stern spring let go9 you just let go the stern line also10 let go line aft11 and we have the bow line home12 ok13 and all let go aft14 all let go aft

1 you can let go the bow line

2 let go bow line5 bow line let go6 bow line let go

11 and we have the bow line home12 ok

3 and you can take the stern spring4 letting go stern spring7 and stern spring let go8 stern spring let go

9 you just let go the line aft also10 let go line aft13 and all let go aft14 all let go aft

3.3. Structure of conversations

4. CANNED COMMUNICATION PROTOTYPE

4.1. System architecture

4.2. Interface design

5. EVALUATION STUDIES

5.1. Heuristic inspection

Results

5.2. Evaluation with captains and of icers in ship simulator

Results

doing

6. DISCUSSION

6.1. Limitations of canned communication

6.2. Improving canned communication

Modifying and withdrawing commands

by mistake

Flexibility

actionsobjects locations

complete

Minimizing task interference

6.3. Canned communication in industrial domains revisited

7. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Part IIDesigning and building

Chapter 7. User- and technology centeredness

Chapter 8. Socio-physical design

Chapter 9. Sketches and mock-ups

Chapter 10. Ethnography and object-orientation

DESIGNING AND BUILDINGhow can we design and build interactive mobile systems

grounded in context?

form and context ensembles

User- and technology-centeredness



Chapter 7

User- and technology-centredness

Abstract.1

lacking in detail on usability and feasibility, and being largely reactive to current problem situations

post-evaluation, the design discussion was largely reactive to the current prototype

1. INTRODUCTION

Proceedings of APCHI 2004,

2. SUPPORTING THE USE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT

3. THE USER CENTERED APPROACH

3.1. Interviews

3.2. Contextual Interviews and Observation of Current Practice

3.3. Acting-Out in Context

3.4. Design Workshop

3.4. TramMate

4. THE TECHNOLOGY CENTERED APPROACH

4.1. Usability Evaluations

the relation between information in the system and in the world.

graphical design of maps.

5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

EPILOGUE OCTOBER 2010

inspirationaliststructuralist

and

in sequence

both

also

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 8


Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. The Emergence of Hybrid Environments

Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction,

1.2. The notion of layered space

1.3. Context Awareness

1.4. A Multidisciplinary Approach

design ideas

2. CASE STUDY: UNDERSTANDING PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT

2.1. Investigating Physical Context

2.2. Investigating Social Context

social affordances

3. REPRESENTING PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT

3.1. Representing Physical Context

PIA Layered Map

3.2. Representing Social Context

SOPHIA Conceptual Framework

Prior Experience and Expectations

usually comelets eat where we ate

last time

usually meet

Situations, places and spaces

socializing by proximity

the railway station that big white umbrella

next to the place we went where we sat under those heat lampswhere we saw the

world cup

Sensing-making

4. INFORMING INTERACTION DESIGN

Location by District1.

Augmented Photorealistic Depictions2.

Rich Descriptions for Navigation3.

Use of History4.

Way inding5.

Representation of People and Activities6.

Meeting and Waiting7.

NOW Representation of People and Activities,

5. EVALUATING JUST FOR US

6. FINDINGS

landmarks

nodes

edges

paths

prior experience

situation

,

sense-making

7. DISCUSSION: THE VALUE OF A MULTI DISCIPLINARY APPROACH

7.1. Understanding the socio-physical context of urban environments

7.2. Informing interaction design for a socio-physical context

Location by district (1) augmented photorealistic depictions (2)

as well as

rich descriptions for navigation (3).

representation of people and activities (6)

use of history (4), meeting and waiting (7),

over time other people

7.3. A socio-physically informed development process

7.4. The open-endedness of PIA, SOPHIA and the seven design ideas

8. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCESHuman-Computer Interaction

16

Notes on the Synthesis of Form

A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction

Proceedings of Workshop on Ubiquitous Computing in the Urban Frontier, UbiComp, 2004

Contextual design: De ining customer-centred systems



Social Navigation of Information Space

Sketching User Experiences: getting the design right and the right design

Systems thinking, systems practice

Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 6



SIGGRAPH Bulletin 3

OZCHI 2005

Cognition Technology and Work 6(1)

Proceedings of HCI International 2003,

Computer Supported Cooperative Work 13,

Interactions November + December

Interaccion 2004

ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 7(3)

Inhabiting the Virtual City: The design of social environments for electronic communities


Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 8(1)

Proceedings of Conference on Spatial Information Theory

Communications of the ACM 45(2)

ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 7(1)

Behaviour in Public Places - Notes on The Social Organization of Gatherings

Proceedings of Workshop on HCI in Mobile Guides at Mobile HCI 2003

Telecommunications and the City: Electronic spaces, urban places

Proceedings of Computer Supported Cooperative Work 96

Space is the Machine

Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 8(2)

Proceedings of VRST 96,

Proceedings of CADE2004



Proceedings of Mobile Tourism Support Workshop at Mobile HCI 2002

Context and Consciousness: Activity Theory and Human-Computer Interaction

Proceedings of Workshop on HCI in Mobile Guides at Mobile HCI 2003

The Image of the City


Digital Ground - Architecture, Pervasive Computing, and Environmental Knowing

Proceedings of DIS 00

City of Bits: Space, Place and the Infobahn

e-topia: urban life, jim - but not as we know it

Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches

Computer Supported Cooperative Work

In Proceedings of Australasian Computer Human Interaction Conference, OZCHI 2005,


Designing Information Spaces: The Social Navigation Approach


Smart Mobs - The Next Social Revolution

Computers and Graphics Journal 23(6)

Interaction Design: beyond human-computer interaction, 2nd Edition

Paper Prototyping

Basics of Qualitative Research



The social life of small urban spaces

Architectural Drawing: A Visual Compendium of Types and Methods

Chapter 9


Abstract.

1. INTRODUCTION

Proceedings of CHI 2005,

2. ATTEMPTS TO MEDIATE INTIMACY

3. CHALLENGES FOR STUDYING MEDIATED INTIMACY

4. RESEARCH DESIGN

4.1. Method

4.2. Participants

4.3. Data Collection

Week 0: Probe pack distribution and initial interview

Week 1: Interview and process checking/steering

Week 4: Interview and addition of new probe element

Week 7: Interview and probe collections

Week 9: Focus groups

Week 12-15: Design Activities

4.4. Data Analysis

5. FINDINGS

5.1. Before Intimacy: Antecedents

Self disclosure

Trust

Commitment

5.2. During Intimacy: Constituent Themes

Emotional

Reciprocity

Expressive

Physical, involving stroking and patting

Public & Private

5.3. Consequences of Intimacy: Yield

Presence-in-absence

Strong yet vulnerable

6. IMPLICATIONS FOR AN INTIMATE TECHNOLOGY

6.1. Preliminary Design Sketches

6.2. Design Sketches from Workshops

6.3. SynchroMate

6.4. Hug Over a Distance

7. DISCUSSION

8. LIMITATIONS

9. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 10


Abstract.1

mobile

1. INTRODUCTION

International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,

mobile

object-oriented analysis and design

application domainproblem domain

contextual richness.

abstract models.

2. RELATED WORK

domain of operationhuman interaction

3. AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF BRIDGING THE GAP

4. ETHNOGRAPHIC FIELD STUDIES

4.1. Case study 1: the container ship

4.2. Case study 2: the power plant

5. APPLICATION DOMAIN ANALYSIS

problem application


Observed communication problems

Communication structures


Communication to support coordination

Observed communication problems

5.3. What did we learn from the two application domain analyses?

6. PROBLEM DOMAIN ANALYSIS


Let go

Class diagram

Commanding of icer Of icerShip Team

LocationShip Task

State chart diagramLet go


controller ield worker.

acted-out

6.3. What did we learn from the two problem domain analyses?

7. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION


Sketches on paper

Design in eMbedded Visual Basic

very

Mock-up in Shockwave

Functional prototype


User interface modellingbridges

interaction model,presentation model, dialogue model.

User interface design

Paper Prototype

Functional Prototype

7.3. What did we learn from the two design and implementation processes?

8. FUNCTIONAL PROTOTYPES

8.1. The Maritime Communicator

Overall Design

Implementation


Overall Design

The communication screen

The alarm screen

The status screen

Implementation

9. EVALUATIONS AND USER FEEDBACK


Highlights from evaluation


Highlights from evaluation

10. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION

10.1. Value of application domain analysis

10.2. Value of problem domain analysis

10.3. Informing the design process

10.4. Supporting the implementation process

10.5. Value of ethnography in mobile HCI

how

11. CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER WORK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES


Jesper Kjeldskov

Volume II

Kjeld

skovD

esignin

g mob

ile interaction

s

II


Jesper Kjeldskov

Volume II

Table of contents

Preface i

Part I. Studying and analysing 129

Part II. Designing and building 209

Part III. Improving evaluation 313

Part IV. Artefacts 403

Part V. Understanding 505

List of contributions 605

List of co-authors 607

Sammenfatning p dansk 609

Part IIIImproving evaluation

Chapter 11. Simulating mobility

Chapter 12. Simulating the domain

Chapter 13. Bringing the system into the eld

Chapter 14. Taking the lab with you

IMPROVING EVALUATIONhow can we improve our techniques for studying the

user experience of mobile interaction design in context?

Simulating mobility


Bringing the system into the ield

Chapter 11

Simulating mobility

Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,

mobile

2. RELATED WORK

2.1. Literature Survey

CHI TOCHI Mobile HCI Total

2.2. Proposed Techniques

3. IDEAS FOR NEW TECHNIQUES

3.1. Framework A

Attention needed to navigate

Bod

y m

otio

n

3.2. Framework B

4. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

4.1. Experiment A

Usability problems:

Performance:

Workload:

4.2. Experiment B

Usability problems:

Performance:

5. RESULTS

5.1. Experiment A

Usability Problems

Technique

Mean

Std. deviation

Technique

Combined

Critical

Serious

Cosmetic

Sum

Performance

Workload

Technique

Mental demands

Physical demands

Physical demands

Overall workload

5.2. Experiment B

Dance mat Pedestrian street

Nokia 3310

Nokia 5510

Dance mat Pedestrian street

Nokia 3310

Nokia 5510

6. DISCUSSION

6.1. The Sitting Technique

6.2. Usability Problems and Mobility

6.3. A Changing Track

6.4. Data Collection in the Field

6.5. Involving social context

7. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 12


Abstract. 1

in sitro

1. INTRODUCTION

International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction,

should

2. EVALUATING THE USABILITY OF MOBILE SYSTEMS

2.1. In Situ or In Vitro: The Trade-Offs between Realism and Control

In situ:

In vitro:

2.2. Simulation: An Attempt to Bridge Realism and Control

computational simulation

in silicoin vivo in vitro

simulators

2.3. In Sitro: Striving for Mobile Usability Realism and Control

in sitroin situ in vitro

In sitro:

2.4. In Sitro: Empirical Investigation

3. INCREASING LABORATORY REALISM

3.1. Case A: The Maritime Communicator

Distributed work activities in the maritime domain

21

3

The prototype system

3.2. Study A1: Laboratory Evaluation (in vitro)

in vitro:

non-situation

3.3. Study A2: Simulating the Ship (in sitro)

in sitro

3.4. Analysis

compilation comparison

3.5. Findings

4. GOING INTO THE FIELD

purely in situ; no

4.1. Case B: MobileWARD

Using electronic patient records in healthcare

Mobility.

Complexity.

Work Relation.

The prototype system

active

4.2. Study B1: Simulating the Hospital Ward (in sitro)

4.3. Study B2: Studying Use at the Hospital (in situ)

real work real nurses real patients, real patient data

WARD 273

WARD 274

WARD 271 WARD 275

WARD 276WARD 272WARD 270OFFICE

RECEPTION

RINSEROOM

UNCLEAN

RINSEROOMCLEAN

NURSINGROOM

LIVINGAREA

A

B

C

D

E

F

4.4. Analysis


4.5. Findings

5. DISCUSSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 13

Bringing the system in to the eld

Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

Behaviour and Information Technology,

2. CHOOSING APPROPRIATE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES

2.1. In-situ or in-vitro?

2.2. Users, surrogates or experts?

context immunity

2.3. Exhaustive or discount data analysis?

3. THE TRAMMATE PROJECT

3.1. The prototype system

4. COMPARING THE FOUR APPROACHES

4.1. Study 1: Field Evaluation

Critical problem

Serious problem

Cosmetic problem

4.2. Study 2: laboratory evaluation

4.3. Study 3: heuristic walkthrough

4.4. Study 4: rapid re lection

4.5. Analysis


5. FINDINGS

Critical problems

Serious problems

Cosmetic problems

Field evaluation

Lab evaluation

Heuristic walkthrough

Rapid re lection

Total

Critical

Serious

Cosmetic

Cosmetic

5.1. Critical problems

5.2. Serious problems

5.3. Cosmetic problems

6. DISCUSSION

6.1. In-situ or in-vitro?

6.2. Users, surrogates or experts?

6.3. Exhaustive or discount?

7. CONCLUDING COMMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 14


Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION


2. BACKGROUND

Nyyssnen et al., 2002)

3. CLOSE UP VIDEO AND IMPROVED SOUND

3.1. Using The First Field Laboratory in Practice

3.2. Lessons Learned From Using Field Lab #1

4. SMALL CAMERAS AND MULTIPLE VIDEO SOURCES

4.1. Using The Second Field Laboratory in Practice


other peoples

5. MINIMIZING EQUIPMENT AND INCREASING BATTERY LIFETIME

5.1. Using The Third Field Laboratory in Practice


6. FUTURE TRENDS

7. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Proceedings of Interact 2005




Journal of Usability Studies, 1

Proceedings of Annual Conference on Information Technology in the Hospital Industry

Proceedings of DUX 2005



International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 60


Nyyssnen, T., Roto, V., & Kaikkonen, A. (2002). Mini-camera for usability tests and demonstrations


Examining Mobile Phone Use in the Wild with Quasi-Experimentation



Proceedings of RESNA 27th Annual Conference.

KEY TERMS AND THEIR DEFINITIONSField laboratory

AV hard disk recorder

Picture-in-Picture unit

Quad display unit

Lapel microphone

Camera-clamp

Third person view

Close-up view

Part IVArtefacts

Chapter 15. MobileWARD

Chapter 16. Just-for-Us

Chapter 17. GeoHealth

Chapter 18. ArchiLens

Chapter 19. Power Advisor

ARTEFACTS how can we make use of context in the implementation of

concrete interactive mobile systems?

MobileWARD

Just-for-Us

GeoHealth

ArchiLens

.

Power Advisor

Chapter 15

MobileWARD

Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

Personal and Ubiquitous Computing,

2. RELATED WORK

2.1. Ubiquitous computing environments and usability

emerging

2.2. Ubiquitous computing in healthcare

3. STUDY A: UBIQUITOUS EPR IN THE REAL WORLD

3.1. Method

Preparation

Test Subjects

Tasks

Procedure

Setting

Data collection

Data analysis

3.2. Findings from the evaluation of IPJ 2.3

Mobility

Complexity

Relation to Work Activities

4. STUDY B: AN EXPERIMENTAL MOBILE EPR SYSTEM

4.1. Architecture

4.2. Interface design

4.3. Usability evaluation of M WARD

Setting

WARD 273

WARD 274

WARD 271 WARD 275

WARD 276WARD 272WARD 270OFFICE

RECEPTION

RINSEROOM

UNCLEAN

RINSEROOMCLEAN

NURSINGROOM

LIVINGAREA

A

B

C

D

E

F

Data collection

Test subjects

Tasks

Procedure

Roles

Data analysis

5. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

why

5.1. Mobility revisited

5.2. Complexity revisited

5.3. Relation to work activities revisited

5.4. General implications for ubiquitous computing in the real world

alternative

supplement

6. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 16

Just-for-Us

Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION


IEEE Computer,

2. SOCIALITY, INDEXICALITY AND JUST FOR US INFORMATION

3. EMPIRICAL STUDIES: PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT

4. THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF JUST FOR US

4.1. Technical Implementation

4.2. Interaction Design

Making the Invisible Visible: Augmenting the Users Physical Surroundings

Supporting Ad-Hoc Communication about Places, Activities and Time

Indexing Recommendations and Content to History and Context

Representing Activities within Proximity and Indexing to Familiar Places

5. EVALUATION


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 17

GeoHealth

Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

Journal of Location-Based Services,

location-based mobile healthcare system

2. RELATED WORK

2.1. Context awareness and location-based services

representational

location

location

services

2.2. Mobile healthcare applications and location-based services

Woodward et al 2001,

3. FIELD STUDY: HOME HEALTHCARE

what when where

3.1. Findings from ield study

4. THE GEOHEALTH PROTOTYPE

active

passive

discreet context-awareness.

4.1. Location-based spatial view of the work domain

4.2 Location-based information push

4.3 Location-based ad-hoc exchange of work tasks

4.4 Location-based alarms

4.5 Implementation

Head west on Solvnget 9.514260,56.796510,0 9.514260 56.796510 100.000000 45.000000 350.060608

()

Route 9.514260,56.796510,0.000000 9.514260,56.796510,0.000000 9.513280,56.796500,0.000000 9.513280,56.796500,0.000000 9.513090,56.797420,0.000000 9.513110,56.797790,0.000000 9.513250,56.798380,0.000000 9.513250,56.798380,0.000000 9.515990,56.798170,0.000000 9.517050,56.798120,0.000000 9.518940,56.798180,0.000000 9.520890,56.798440,0.000000 9.520890,56.798440,0.000000 9.521490,56.797410,0.000000

volatility

5. EVALUATIONS

6. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 18

ArchiLens

Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTIONone should always design

a thing by considering it in its next larger context - a chair in a room, a room in a house, a house in an environment, an environment in a city plan.

Journal of Pervasive and Mobile Computing.

2. RELATED WORK

on the building site

genius loci

accuracy of positioning perception of depth.

3. ARCHILENS

Use Scenario:

3.1. Two-Dimensional Placement

3.2. Spatial Layout and Characteristics

3.3. The Visual Appearance

4. FIELD STUDIES

Open lot

Signed contract

house extension

4.1. Participants

Open lot

Signed contract

House extension

4.2. Procedure and Data Collection

4.3. Data Analysis

5. FINDINGS

5.1. Visual Appearance

I simply dont like blueprints, I dont understand them while this is much easier to understand [A].

I actually thought I had a good idea of how my house was going to look, but there were things that surprised me and helped me understand a few things. All because I could see the house from different angles

This is so cool, that I can stand here in my living room and imagine what views I will have [C].

We have talked about how quick we would be able to drive into the carport from the road - we were afraid it would be too racing like. But now that I can see it from here, I actually dont think it is going to be a problem [D].

5.2. Relationship to Context

I actually think I was con irmed in my choices, when I tried changing the bricks to some of the colours, we had talked about. I compared them to the surroundings and they simply did not work, so clearly our yellow bricks it better than black [B]

Come take a look at this. Should we maybe have used some more money and removed that wall? The others [neighbouring houses] solutions look really smart [B].

It makes you think about a lot of things, when you can walk around and see the house [D].

5.3. Collective Understanding

I could imagine it would make it easier to reach an agreement about details, because you discuss based on the same foundation the only thing I could have wanted, was to have had this system earlier in the process, as there at that point was many disputed points [E]

We have been out with friends to look at their building project. They proudly presented their blueprints at the lot, but its simply impossible to get more than a vague idea on how its going to look from that [D]

5.4. Dimensional Insight

A 3D house model on a computer screen appear smaller than in the real world [F].

it was a lot easier to understand when you were in it [the physical surroundings] [E] or it is great to touch the house with my body [F]

6. DISCUSSION

6.1. Evoking Imagination

contextual

6.2. Enabling Participation in Contextual Architecture

genius loci

require

wholeness preserving transformations

7. CONCLUSIONS

8. FURTHER WORK

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 19

Power Advisor

Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

Proceedings of CHI 2012,

2. RELATED WORK

3. POWER ADVISOR DESIGN

3.1. Consumption Views

3.2. Consumption Messages

3.3. Technical Implementation

4. POWER ADVISOR DEPLOYMENT

4.1. Apparatus

4.2. Household Recruitment

Household A:

Household B:

Household C:

Household D:

Household E:

Household F:

Household G:

Household H:

Household I:

Household J:

4.3. Study Protocol

4.4. Data Analysis

5. FINDINGS

5.1. Using Power Advisor

I only used the application when I received a reminder

It is easier to monitor the usage on the phone than going to the basement to check the power meter

When you have an unread message, you will be noti ied immediately. This raises your awareness of the application, and it works pretty well

I see some advantages on using the application on a mobile phone because I would still get an SMS on my mobile. Therefore it is easier to check the application on it than to pull my iPad up for that purpose. Furthermore, it is not always I have my iPad with me, but I always keep my phone with me

5.2. Raising Awareness of Power Consumption

I think the study has

been very good as I had no idea on how much I used before. It was also nice to get to know which group I belong to, so I can relate my consumption to others

The fact that you can have different views on your consumption makes this application useful

It is all linked to my personal consumption and provides with an opportunity to act and react

With these messages, I have become more conscious of how much we consume and then you can maybe try to work with it, if you want to bring it down

You have to know something about the unit kilowatt-hour to able to assess your consumption and to decide whether you are satis ied with your current consumption rate kilowatt/hour is an arbitrary unit for me as I dont know how much it means money-wise

This is interesting as it made me active in the process. It forced me to re lect upon my own consumption

5.3. Power Consumption in the Community

Absolutely, measuring up against other people gives me some feeling about my own consumption as I need to identify whether Im doing something wrong or right.

We are gregarious animals in a way. We measure ourselves and consider ourselves in relation to each other all the time

I really do not care how others are, it does not change anything for my consumption. So therefore it has no value to me to be compared with others.

I dont really care about the other consumers, it does not affect my consumption. For me, there is no added value in being compared and measured against others

5.4. Reinforcement and Injunctive Information

I would here perhaps have a tendency to rest on its laurels

Either you think that this performance was bad and you try to do something different to avoid receiving a red smiley next time, or then you are indifferent and are opposed to the message next time

You are doing excellent, but you are 10% behind the best people in the group

Then you become more motivated for improving your consumption and setup realistic goals

If there are too many negative messages, I might be thinking, this does not interest me any more these stupid messages I perceive a negative comment as a raised inger on your behaviour and it is not likely that I would read messages in the future

5.5. Motivating Behaviour Change and Barriers for Change

Before the study, I was already tracking my consumption through the Modstrm website, but every now and then I would forget to check usage for several weeks and furthermore, you really need to compare your usage with others

I was surprised to observe a difference in power consumption even when we talked about the same weekday, same people at home, etc.

You have to keep reminding people to change behaviour. I remember when I was a child; our parents kept telling us not to let the water running while brushing teeth. We dont tell this to our children today as it is not necessary

Instead of using kilowatt-hour as energy unit, one could also apply environmental units, e.g. how much your consumption affects the environment with pollution

6. DISCUSSION

6.1. Comparative Electricity Consumption

6.2. Social Power in Consumption Communities

6.3. Motivation, Reward, and Charity

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Part VUnderstanding

Chapter 20. Principles of perceptual organisation

Chapter 21. Indexical interaction design

Chapter 22. Proxemics and interactional spaces

Chapter 23. Orchestrating mobile devices

UNDERSTANDINGhow can we abstractly describe and understand the

relationships between interactive mobile systems, users and context?


proximity, closure, symmetry, continuity, similarity


indexicality.

Chapter 20


Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

context-aware

Journal of Location-Based Services,

proximity, closure, symmetry, continuity,similarity

interaction design for LBS

2. THE MOBILE INTERNET AND LOCATION BASED SERVICES

we must enable people to do relevant things that they couldnt do before.

location

3. GESTALT THEORY

3.1. Gestalt theory in human-computer interaction

Proximity Closure Symmetry Continuity Similarity

perceived

interaction situation.

4. CASE STUDY: THE JUST FOR US LOCATION BASED SERVICE

Just-for-Us,

5. FIVE PRINCIPLES OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANISATION APPLIED

5.1. Proximity

5.2. Closure

5.3. Symmetry

5.4. Continuity

5.5. Similarity

6. INFORMING LOCATION BASED SERVICE DESIGN AND EVALUATION

Gestalt principle Implications for LBS Key questions for design and evaluation

7. CONCLUSIONS

location salienceabstraction. alignment egocentric frames of reference.

patterns of movement. matching

8. ACKNOWEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 21


Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction,

2. CONTEXT

3. INDEXICALITY

3.1. Reducing information representations by increasing indexicality

3.2 Indexical Interface Design

4. THREE PROTOTYPE SYSTEMS

4.1. TramMate II

4.2. MobileWARD

4.3. Just-for-Us

5. THREE EVALUATIONS

5.1. Evaluating on public transport: TramMate II

5.2. Evaluating at the hospital: MobileWARD

5.3. Evaluating in the city: Just-for-Us

6. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS FROM EVALUATIONS

6.1. Indexing to physical context

Redundancy and the suf iciency of approximation

6.2. Indexing to spatial context

Trust and control

6.3. Indexing to social context

Subtle context and making the implicit explicit

7. USING INDEXICALITY IN DESIGN

8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

9. FURTHER WORK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 22


Abstract.1

ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction,

1. INTRODUCTION

embodied action

proxemics F-formations

2. EMBODIED ACTION AND MEDIA SPACES

reversibility

3. SPATIALITY AND HUMAN INTERACTION

proxemics

intimate personal socialpublic

4. PHYSICAL WORKPLACE DESIGN

5. BLENDED SPACES: THE EXAMPLE OF HALO

work communication

interaction3 service

social

magni ication constancyeye heights foreground and table height

distortion reduction; correct eye contact and gesture awareness spatial audio.

6. BLENDED INTERACTION SPACES

o-space

entry points

entry point

interaction proxemics



7. A BLENDED INTERACTION SPACE FOR SMALL GROUPS

7.1. TAPESTRY

7.2. BISi set-up

social distance

intimateo-space

informed

spatial reference domain

access points

8. DISCUSSION

Blended Interaction Spaces.

Interaction


necessitysuf iciency

9. CONCLUSION

outcomeprocess

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCESWorkplace by Design: Mapping the High Performance Workscape

Proceedings of CSCW 88 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work

Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Of ice Information Systems


Video Mediated Communication,

Media Space: 20+ Years of Mediated Life,

Cooperative Buildings

Where the Action Is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction

Proceedings of ACM Conf. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work CSCW 2006

Computer-Supported Cooperative Work

The New Of ice

Video-mediated Communication

The Locales Framework: Understanding and Designing for Wicked Problems

Proceedings of INTERCHI 93

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and

Performance,

Media Space 20+ Years of Mediated Life

The Hidden Dimension,

Inside the IMF: An ethnography of documents, technology and organizational action

Media Space: 20+ Years of Mediated Life

Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work CSCW96

Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society



Technology in Action

Why HP People Do and Dont Use Videoconferencing Systems



Proceedings of Pervasive 2006

Cognition in the Wild

Proceedings of CHI92

Proceedings of Tabletop 2008

Fourth CSIRO ICT Centre Conference 2007

Proceedings of IEEE Pervasive Computing

Conducting Interaction: Patterns of Behavior in Focused Encounters

Arti icial Intelligence

Proceedings of GROUP 2003

New Environments for Working: The Re-Design of Of ices and Environmental Systems for New Ways of Working

Complex Information Processing: The impact of Herbert A. Simon

Proceedings of CHI 91, ACM Conference on Human Factors in SoftwareGroupware: software for computer-

supported collaborative work

Phenomenology of Perception.

The Visible and the Invisible

Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology


Proceedings of GI 2007



Telecommunications Policy

The Invisible Computer: Why Good Products Can Fail, the Personal Computer Is So Complex, and Information Appliances Are the Solution



Video Mediated Communication


Language and gesture

. Journal of Memory and Language

Livespaces technical overview

Proceedings of ECSCW 97


Interacting With Computers

Human-Computer Interaction,

Public and Situated Displays: Social and Interactional aspects of Shared Display Technologies

Proceedings of ECSCW




Video-mediated Communication

The myth of the paperless of ice

The social psychology of telecommunications

Personal Space

International Journal of Social Psychology

Socially Distributed Cognition: Computational Space and Collaborative Artefacts For The Workspace

Observing High Performance Team Work: How Space and Information Artefacts Structure Team Problem Solving, Communication and Fluid Movement From Individual to Collaborative Work

Cognition Technology and Work

Steelcase360

Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology


Proceedings of ECSCW 97 European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work

Computer-Supported Cooperative Work

Public and Situated Displays: Social and Interactional aspects of Shared Display Technologies



HP Halo Performance Assessment: Analysis and opinions on capabilities, features, usability, performance, and business model,


Cognitive Science

Chapter 23


Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

Proceedings of OzCHI 2005,

2. THREE PERSPECTIVES ON CONVERGENCE

2.1. Utopian

2.2. Dystopian

2.3. Hybrid

3. CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE BY DESIGN AND IN USE

-in-use

Convergence-in-use

Divergence-in-use

4. EMPIRICAL STUDY

real

5. FINDINGS

5.1. Increasing usability by means of convergence

5.2. Beyond the tipping point

5.3. Increasing usability by means of divergence

6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

-by-design -in-use

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

List of contributions




Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 11


Proceedings of APCHI 2004





International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 22





IEEE Computer, 39


Journal of Pervasive and Mobile Computing.






List of co-authors

Design af mobile interaktioner- den kontinuerlige konvergens mellem form og kontekst

Kapitel 1: Design af mobile interaktioner

Kapitel 2: Udfordringer og muligheder

Del I: Undersgelse og analyse

Del II: Design og konstruktion

Del III: Forbedring af evaluering

Del IV: Artefakter

Del V: Forstelse

Opsummering af sammenfatningen

aalborg universitet designing mobile interactions: the continual

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