aaa presentation lapp insulators
DESCRIPTION
a presentation on insulators fron LAAP GermanyTRANSCRIPT
W E P O W E R T H E F U T U R E
www.lappinsulators.deDipl.-Ing. Henning AlbrechtVisit to IEC 07. June 2012
Introduction to Lapp Insulators Europe Group
W E P O W E R T H E F U T U R E
COMPANY INTRODUCTION
Sales: 130 Mio. €
Employees: 1200
Located: 5 manufacturing locations in Europe (integration of Argillon in late 2008)
Ranking EU: Nr. 1 insulator producer
Ranking WW: Nr. 3 insulator producer
Service: One-stop-shopping experience for customers, all insulator types available
Honor: Technology leader in the field of composite insulators
Economic Focus: Lapp Insulators is a German Enterprise having its economic main focus inEurope
Lapp USA Wunsiedel Selb RedwitzJedlina Zdroj
(Sophienau)
1916: FoundationLapp
1901: Foundation offactoryHolenbrunnFa.J.v.Schwarz
1921: Stemag
1889: Foundation ofporcelainfactoryRosenthal
1900: Foundation ofdepartment“E”
1913: SIEMENS inNeuhaus
1857: Foundation ofporcelainfactory JuliusSchwarz
1936: RIG
1859: PorcelainfactoryJosephSchachtel
1945: Company wasnationalized
1950: Newfoundation inRedwitz
1971: Rosenthal / Stemag
1974: Rosenthal / Technik
1985: HOECHST / CeramTec
1996: CeramTec 1996: Acquisition Jedlina Zdroj2001: Acquisition of theinsulators sector ofCeramTec
2002: Argillon
2004: Acquisition Turda
2001: Lapp Insulator GmbH & Co. KG
2008: Acquisition of Alumina andinsulators sector Argillon
2007: Joint Venture withDallian InsulatorCo. Ltd.
2012: LAPP INSULATORS
Turda
1999: Acquired bymanagement
2005: Investment byAndlinger & Co.
1981: Foundation
2001: Privatization
2011: Quadriga Capital (majority shareholder) -> Acquisition of Lapp Group
MANUFACTURING LOCATIONS
WUNSIEDEL (D)Lapp Insulators' headquarters in Europe is located at the site in Wunsiedel. A widerange of insulators up to 1100 kV are manufactured for more than 100 years.Besides the production facilities one can find the management, the R&D divisionas well as further important administrative departments for the group.
Capacity
> 6.500 t porcelain
350.000 m Composite Insulators
Production Area
100.000 m²
Employees
300
Foundation
1901
Specifics
Headquarters of Lapp Europe
Main R&D and sales departments
Chemical / Physical Laboratory
Competence center - Rodurflex®
Certification
DIN EN ISO 9001:2000
Porcelain Insulators
Long Rod Insulators
Post Insulators
Hollow Core Insulators
Composite Insulators
Long Rod Insulators - Rodurflex®
Line Post Insulators - Rodurflex®
Post Insulators - Rodurflex®
SELB (D)As one of two insulators manufacturers world wide Lapp is operating its own highvoltage laboratory. It is a significant factor of success. Therefore, customer serviceand the development and research departments do benefit. Lapp Insulators isperforming all type and design tests. Furthermore guided tours for schools anduniversities are offered.
Building Dimensions
22m x 30m x 21m
Employees
7
Year of Foundation
1928
Specifics
Industrial monument
Type and design tests of insulators and insulatorstrings according to all IEC-, ANSI- and DIN-VDEstandards:
AC testing:
· dry until 1300 KV / wet until 1000 KV
lightning impulse testing:
· until 2100 kV
switch impulse testing:
· until 1300 kV
corona- and RIV- measurements
mechanical tests:
· four point bending- and elongation tests
material tests:
· leakage current- and puncture tests
thermal and mechanical tests:
· temperature range between -50 °C and +50 °C
REDWITZ INSULATORS (D)At Lapp's insulator site in Redwitz, which belongs to Lapp Insulators since 2008,porcelain and composite insulators are manufactured. The factory is specialised tomeet the needs of the OEM - clientele. In addition one can find here LAPP'sexpertise in manufacturing the composite insulators - SIMOTEC®.
Capacity
7.500 t porcelain
> 30.000 pcs. SIMOTEC® - Insulators
Production Area
19.000 m²
Employees
180
Certification
DIN EN ISO 9001:2000
DIN EN ISO 14001:2005
OHRIS
Specifics
Competence center - SIMOTEC®
Porcelain Insulators
Post Insulators
Hollow Core Insulators
Composite Insulators
Hollow Core Composite Insulators -SIMOTEC®
LeRoy (USA)Lapp Insulators' headquarters in the US is located at the site in LeRoy, NY. A widerange of insulators are manufactured since the foundation of the Lapp Insulatorsin 1916. Besides the production facilities one can find the management, the R&Ddivision as well as further important administrative departments for the groupincluding the group holding organization.
Capacity
3.000 t porcelain
100.000 m Composite Insulators
Production Area
40.000 m²
Employees
120
Foundation
1916
Specifics
Headquarters of Lapp Insulators Holding
Certification
DIN EN ISO 9001:2000
Porcelain Insulators
Suspensions (cap & pin)
Post Insulators
Hollow Core Insulators
Composite Insulators
Long Rod Insulators - Rodurflex®
Line Post Insulators - Rodurflex®
Post Insulators - Rodurflex®
JEDLINA ZDROJ (PL)The factory, which was established in 1858, is located in the south west of Poland.It was one of the driving forces behind the development of porcelain for electricalapplications in the 19th century. Today the factory is specialized on mediumvoltage and railway insulators.
Capacity
2000 t
Production Area
42.000 m²
Employees
135
Foundation
1858
Specifics
coating of longrod insulators with
RTV silicone rubber
competence center for medium-voltage
and railway insulators
Certification
ISO 9001:2000
Porcelain Insulators
Long Rod Insulators
Post Insulators
Medium Voltage Insulators
TURDA (RO)The plant located in Turda (Cluj County) Romania, has a production experience ofover 30 years in the manufacturing of ceramic insulators The company delivershigh voltage ceramic insulators (>36 kV to 175 kV), therefore supporting thecompetitiveness of the Lapp Insulators business.
Capacity
6.000 t
Production Area
57.000 m²
Employees
400
Foundation
1981
Specifics
youngest Lapp Insulators factory
Certification
DQS: October 2004: ISO 9001:2000
AFER: October 2001: ISO 9002:2000
Porcelain Insulators
Long Rod Insulators
Post Insulators
Hollow Core Insulators
W E P O W E R T H E F U T U R E
PORCELAIN INSULATORS PRODUCT RANGE
MANUFACTORING TECHNOLOGYContinuously enhanced - the production process of high-performance
porcelain insulators
Over the decades we have refined the manufacture of ceramic insulators toperfection. Highly sophisticated monitored processes form the basis of aproduction system in which small customized product runs are implementedwith the same precision and reliability as standard volume parts. Ourimprovement management system ensures an ongoing refinement of allprocesses and continuous advancement in cost efficiency.
Selected ingredients of high purity and homogeneous properties are weighed,mixed to formula specifications, and subjected to a grinding process. Vacuumextrusion presses form the plastic filter cake into cylindrical blanks ("body")which are subjected to a closely controlled drying process to condition them forthe following shaping steps.
Vertical lathes are used to machine the blank to its desired contour. After afurther precision drying stage the unfinished insulator already possesses a highstrength due to the clay bond and is ready for the application of the glazing by animmersion process. The subsequent firing stage creates the very hard ceramicstructure.
LONGROD INSULATOR
Suspension and tension towers in highvoltage power lines and railway systems
LONGROD INSULATORSPorcelain longrod insulators are produced according to international standards andcustomer specifications. They are used in power transmission lines and available up to400 kN mechanical tensile load. Lapp´s design experts are also capable of designingcomplete insulator strings including hardware accessories. Porcelain longrod insulatorsare also available with silicone rubber coating for improved pollution layer performance.
DIMENSIONSvoltage class 1 - 1100 kV (> 170 kV in strings)maximum length 2000 mmcore diameter 45 - 115 mmflexible creepage distances up to 50 mm / kVend fittings complying to IEC 60120, 60471 and DIN 48006special types availablePRODUCTION METHODwet turning processC130 high strength alumina porcelainglaze colours brown RAL 8017 and grey ANSI 70Experiencesince 1930SPECIFICATIONSIEC 60433, IEC 60383, IEC 60672FACTORIESWunsiedelJedlina ZdrojTurdaAPPLICATIONSsuspension and tension towers in high voltage power lines and railway systems.
POST INSULATORS
for busbar supports, disconnectswitches in high voltage substations
POST INSULATORSPorcelain station post insulators according to IEC, ANSI and other standards are used insubstations and related switching equipment. They are produced in single piece up to2300 mm and can operate voltages up to 1100 kV in stacked configuration. Post insulatorsare subjected to compression, cantilever and torsional loads during service.
Dimensions
voltage class 1 - 1100 kV (> 245 kV in stacked configuration)
maximum length 2300 mm
maximum core diameter 288 mm
flexible creepage distances up to 55 mm / kV
conical shape (mainly used when dimensioning acc. to IEC standards)
cylindrical shape (mainly used when dimensioning acc. to ANSI standards)
Production Method
wet turning process
C130 high strength alumina porcelain, ultra high strength available C130 HS
glaze colours brown RAL 8017 and grey ANSI 70
Specifications
IEC 60273, IEC 60168, IEC 60672
Experience
since 1930
Factories
Wunsiedel, Redwitz, LeRoy, Turda
Application
busbar supports in substations, disconnect switches (post insulator + operating insulators)
Platform supports for compensation systems
HOLLOW CORE INSULATORS
SF6 insulated switchgears, measuringequipment (CT, VT), bushings
HOLLOW CORE INSULATORSPorcelain hollow core insulators acc. to IEC, ANSI and customer standards are producedwith cylindrical, conical or straight inner and outer appearance up to a maximum lengthof 2800 mm in one piece. These insulator types are produced to withstand highmechanical forces such as inner pressure and cantilever. The design of these insulatorsis tailor-made to customer requirements. Lapp is capable of producing special shapesby applying latest state of the art manufacturing tools and technology.
Dimensions
voltage class 1 - 1100 kV
maximum length 2800 mm (with gluing technology up to 9000 mm)
maximum outside diameter 640 mm
flexible creepage distances up to 40 mm / kV
conical shape (mainly used in bushings and dead tank porcelains)
cylindrical shape (mainly used in live tank systems)
Production Method
wet turning process
C130 high strength alumina porcelain, ultra high strength available C130 HS
glaze colours brown RAL 8017 and grey ANSI 70
Specifications
IEC 62155, IEC 60672, IEC TS 62371
Experience
since 1930
Factories
Wunsiedel, Redwitz, LeRoy, Turda
Application
SF6-insulated switchgears, breakers (life and dead tank designs),
current and voltage transformers, surge arresters, bushings
MEDIUM VOLTAGE INSULATORS
rural electrification, railway power lines
MEDIUM VOLTAGE INSULATORSLapp offers a wide range of low and medium voltage insulators. For applications rangingfrom 10-100 kV Lapp produces bushings, line posts, string insulators, and railwayinsulators. All these parts are also subject to the stringent quality requirements that areadopted from our high voltage products. Product quality is checked throughoutproduction continuously.
Dimensions
For detailed information on our medium voltage insulators program please contact usfor a printed copy.
Production Method
wet turning process
C130 high strength alumina porcelain
glaze colours brown RAL 8017 and grey ANSI 70, special colour: green
coating of insulators with RTV silicone rubber acc. To customer request
Specifications
IEC 60433, IEC 60383, IEC 60672, EN 50119
Experience
since 1900
Factories
Jedlina Zdroj
Application
rural and railway electrification, medium voltage transformers
W E P O W E R T H E F U T U R E
COMPOSITE INSULATORS PRODUCT RANGE
MANUFACTORING TECHNOLOGYPatented manufacturing expertise for RODURFLEX® composite insulators
The first manufacturing stage is the continuous pultrusion process yielding theFRP rod. The combination of a hydrolysis resistant epoxy resin with acid resistantglass fibers (ECR glass) is a safe assurance against brittle fracture. Rods are cut tolength and visually inspected before being coated with a seamless sheath ofhigh-temperature vulcanized (HTV) silicone rubber ensuring optimum adhesion.Prefabricated sheds are mounted on to the rod to complete the insulator.
A subsequent vulcanizing stage creates a durable high-strength bond betweenthe sheds and the rod sheath. The metal hardware is mounted by a cold-formingprocess and all insulators are subjected to mechanical inspection, after which thejoints between the FRP rod and the metal components are sealed with a specialsilicone elastomer. This metastable compound creates a perfect seal whichprevents the ingress of moisture for an unlimited period of time. A modularsystem comprising FRP rods of different diameters and any desired length up to6 meters, various shed configurations (shapes, numbers, spacings) and a widerange of assorted end fittings allows the longrod insulator to be optimized forany specific application.
COMPOSITELONGROD INSULATORS
Suspension and tension insulators for highvoltage power transmission systems
LONGROD INSULATORSThe unique modular system of RODURFLEX® longrod Insulators is the key design featureto offer flexible connecting lengths, creepage distances, shed profiles and a wide rangeof end fittings matching exactly the customers requirements.
Dimensions
voltage class 1-1100 kV (>800 kV serial coupling of single pieces)
maximum connecting length 6 m as single design
max. core diameter 63 mm, up to 1500 kN SML
flexible creepage distances up to 55 mm / kV
end fittings according to IEC 60120, 60471
Production Method
Modular assembly system
HTV silicone rubber, Generation III
ECR-FRP rod, brittle-fracture resistant
metastable silicone rubber sealing
optimized shed profiles for all pollution classes available
patented shallow underrib shed profile for enhanced creepage distances
Standards
IEC 61109, ANSI C29.11, ANSI C29.12
Experience
since 1967
Factories
Wunsiedel, LeRoy
Application
suspension and tension towers in high voltage power lines and railway systems
LINE POST INSULATORS
compact high voltage powertransmission systems
LINE POST INSULATORSThe RODURFLEX product range features horizontal and vertical line post insulators withflexible top and bottom attachments meeting all application needs.
Dimensions
voltage class 1-550 kV
maximum core diameter 101,2 mm (4"), up to 50 kNm
flexible creepage distances up to 55 mm / kV
braced post design for increased mechanical stability available
complete assemblies including hardware fittings available
Production Method
Modular assembly system
HTV silicone rubber, Generation III
ECR-FRP rod, brittle-fracture resistant
metastable silicone rubber sealing
optimized shed profiles for all pollution classes available
patented shallow underrib shed profile for enhanced creepage distances
Standards
IEC 61952, ANSI C29.17, ANSI C29.18
Experience
since 1967
Factories
Wunsiedel, LeRoy
Application
suspension and tension towers in high voltage power lines in compact configuration
STATION POST INSULATORS
for busbar supports in high‐voltage substations
POST INSULATORSThe RODURFLEX® product range features vertical line post insulators with flexibletop and bottom attachments meeting all application needs.
Dimensions
voltage class 1-550 kV
maximum core diameter 101,2 mm (4"), bis 50 kNm
flexible creepage distances up to 55 mm / kV
DIN, IEC and ANSI flanges available
Production Method
Modular assembly system
HTV silicone rubber, Generation III
ECR-FRP rod, brittle-fracture resistant
metastable silicone rubber sealing
optimized shed profiles for all pollution classes available
patented shallow underrib shed profile for enhanced creepage distances
Standards
IEC 62231, ANSI C29.19, ANSI C29.9
Experience
since 1967
Factories
Wunsiedel, LeRoy
Application
switching equipment and busbar support in substations
MANUFACTORING TECHNOLOGYOptimized manufacturing expertise for SIMOTEC® composite insulators
Latest injection moulding technology is used for vulcanization of the siliconeshed to the epoxy resin tube for insulators which can be up to 6 m long. Using aspecial primer on the tube permits chemical bonding with the shed, providing adurable connection under any condition. The point of connection between thetube and the metal end fitting is coated with silicone and is generally of a gas-tight design.
The exact number of layers and wrapping angle for the tube is calculated todesign the tubes for defined compression and bending loads. In this way LAPPINSULATORS can use tubes that are exposed to combined compressive andbending loads. As an option tubes with an inner liner made of polyester forprotection against SF6-decay products can be provided.
COMPOSITEHOLLOW CORE INSULATORS
SF6 insulated switchgears,measuring equipment (CT, VT), bushings
HOLLOW CORE INSULATORSSIMOTEC® Hollow core composite insulators acc. to IEC, ANSI and customer standards areproduced with cylindrical, inner and outer appearance up to a maximum length of 6000 mmin one piece. These insulator types are produced to withstand high mechanical forces suchas inner pressure and cantilever. The design of these insulators is tailor-made to customerrequirements. Due to the use of high quality LSR silicone rubber these insulators performextremely well even under severe climatic conditions and under pollution eliminating theneed of maintenance or cleaning of the switches they are use in. Due to the compact andlight design SIMOTEC® hollow core composite insulators play a significant role in themanufacture of high-quality and reliable switchgears.
Dimensions
voltage class 1 - 800 kV
maximum connecting length 6 m as single design
multi-part designs available, maximum outside diameter 580 mm
creepage distances up to 31 mm/kV
Production Method
injection moulding technology, LSR-silicone rubber
FRP-tubes made by filament winding process for combined bending and pressure stress
Standards
IEC 61462 (2007)
Experience
since 1995
Factories
Redwitz
Application
SF6-insulated switchgears, breakers (life and dead tank designs),
current and voltage transformers, surge arresters, bushings, cable terminations
Insulating Materials
1. PORCELAIN
2. EPOXY RESIN(not in Lapp Portfolio)
3. RUBBERSSIR (Silicon Rubber)EPR (e.g. EPDM) Ethylen Prophylen RubberEVA (Ethylen Vinyl Acetat)Blends EPDM/SIR
4. GLASS( not in Lapp Portfolio)
Products - LAPP Insulators GmbH
Porcelain Insulators
• Longrod insulators (up to 550 kN, 2100 mm length)• Solid core post insulators (core diameter up to 275 mm, 2600 mm length)• Hollow insulators (outer diameter up to 580 mm, 2600 mm length)• Rotary insulators (operating stacks)• Medium voltage and line post insulators
Composite Insulators System Rodurflex ®
• Tailormade longrod insulators (up to 1.500 kN, up to 6.000 mm length)• Traction line insulators• Medium voltage and line post insulators• Hollow insulators• Tailormade insulation applications (fibre optic bushings, hot sticks...)
Company
Manufacturing process CeramicInsulators
Clay
AluminaKaolinFeldspar
Mixing andgrinding
ExtrusionPre-drying
Machining
Drying
Glazing
Sintering(Firing)
Mounting ofmetal parts
Manufacturing process Ceramic Insulators
Ceramical preparation
our raw materials:
kaolin, feldspar, quartz.
Delivered in silos,
grinding in tumbling mills:
96% Al2O3, 4% Mg2[Si2O6]
Manufacturing process Ceramic Insulators
Raw material / silo and preparation
25 silos / 50 t each
5 tumbling mills 3,5 t each
70% recycled / 30% new mass
Filter pressing
filtercake pressing (70% recycled mass, 30% new mass)
Manufacturing process Ceramic Insulators
Extrusion
breaking of filtercakes in the shredder and extrusion of the pugs
in the vacuum press (max. length of pugs 4 m, weight approx. 3 to)
Manufacturing process Ceramic Insulators
Shaping
electrical pre-drying of pugs and shape forming (CNC).
hollows: one-step machining in - and outside
Manufacturing process Ceramic Insulators
Drying
controlled conditions, temperature and air-humidity
(in dependence of shrinkage)
Manufacturing process Ceramic Insulators
Glazing
dipglazing (grey and brown) sprayglazing of special articles
Manufacturing process Ceramic Insulators
Firing
in reducing atmosphere using shuttle
kilns, firing times depending on the
corediameters
Manufacturing process Ceramic Insulators
Cutting and grindingwith diamond tools, depending on customers‘ requirements
Manufacturing process Ceramic Insulators
Mounting of end fittings
acc. to customers‘ requirements with lead antimon,
sulfur or portland cement;
conical or cylindrical with sanded ends.
Manufacturing process Ceramic Insulators
Testing
Tension, cantilever, inner pressure and ultrasonic
tests (thermal mechanical cycle tests)
Manufacturing process Ceramic Insulators
Final tests
type and design tests in our own laboratory
Manufacturing process Ceramic Insulators
Manufacturing Process of RodurflexInsulators
More than 40 Years
of Service Experience
Composite Insulators System
Rodurflex®
Introduction
Composite Insulators System Rodurflex®
The RODURFLEX® Module System
A modular system ofvariable lengths,different shed shapesand sizes ...
...and different types ofend fittings for allcommon SML levels...
...allow RODURFLEX®
insulators to be designed forany service condition
Composite Insulators System Rodurflex®
The RODURFLEX® Module System
Station Post Insulators
A modular system ofvariable lengths,different shed shapesand sizes ...
...allow RODURFLEX®
insulators to bedesigned for anyservice condition
Composite Insulators System Rodurflex®
Production Processporcelain
Bodypreparation
ExtrusionDrying
ShapingDrying
GlazingFiring
CuttingGrindingAssembling
composite
Rod pultrusionGrinding
Extrusion
Shed mountingand vulcanization
AssemblingSealing
Transparent rods providevisible quality
Pulltrusion of ECR( Electrical Grade Corrosion Resistant)
FRP (Fibre Reinforced Plastic) rod
Manufacturing Process of Rodurflex® Insulators
THE SILCONE SHEATH IS CURED ANDVULCANIZED TO THE ROD
HIGH TEMPOVEN
CURED ANDBONDEDRUBBER
CURED ANDBONDEDRUBBER
Manufacturing Process of Rodurflex® Insulators
Extrusion of seamless HTV silicone sheath
Manufacturing Process of Rodurflex® Insulators
Rod Cutting & Desleeving
Manufacturing Process of Rodurflex® Insulators
High pressure injection moulding of sheds
Data of rubber injection presses :
• clamping force : 5000 kN
• 2 Heating + clamping plates : 710x1050mm
• specific injection pressure : 2160 bar
• injection volume :
5200 cm³ ( 8 kg silicone)
• time effective
double tool systeme
Manufacturing Process of Rodurflex® Insulators
Pre-fabricated wheather sheds Rodurflex,seam not crossing gradients, nomechanical stress
Manufacturing Process of Rodurflex® Insulators
Weathersheds Rodurflex afterremoval of surplus from moulding
Manufacturing Process of Rodurflex® Insulators
Shed Mounting
Manufacturing Process of Rodurflex® Insulators
Duration depending onvolume of insulators
Temperature approx. 200°C
Vulcanization
Manufacturing Process of Rodurflex® Insulators
Compression of end fittings
Manufacturing Process of Rodurflex® Insulators
AUTOMIZEDAPPLICATION OF
META STABLESEALING SYSTEM
- permanent sticking
- permanent elastic
- no gaps: -50°C … +100°C(-58 °F … + 212 °F)
Manufacturing Process of Rodurflex® Insulators
END FITTING TO ROD / INSULATING BODYMETA STABLE SEALING SYSTEM
- 2K meta stable silicone (paste)- special end fitting design (lake)- non-RTV (no gap formation at cold temp.)- temperature range: -50°C … +100°C (-58 °F … + 212 °F)- experience since 1981 (development, field trials at RWE)
Manufacturing Process of Rodurflex® Insulators
RODURFLEX® Sealing System Application
Manufacturing Process of Rodurflex® Insulators
Packing
Manufacturing Process of Rodurflex® Insulators
Rodurflex
Field Experience
Worldwide experience with Rodurflex®
• more than 40 years• in more than 70 countriesup to Um=765 kV service voltage
Rodurflex Field Experience
EHV WORLD WIDE EXPERIENCERODURFLEX® POLYMER
KV LOCATION QTY SHIPPED
765 AEP 40 1980
765 HYDRO QUEBEC 184 1977-93
500 DC LADWP 213 1980-84500 GE/BPA 243 2003525 HYDRO QUEBEC 17 1982
525 CHINA 14,662 1992-2001
533 DC ESKOM – SO AF 637 1994-96
420 RWE – GERMANY 25,000 1979-2005
420 ESKOM – SO AF 11,195 1978-2004
420 EOS – SWITZERLAND 2,013 1992-2004
420 UAE, Iran, Middle East 18,690 1987-2005
420 VENEZUELA 2,734 1998
420 REE - SPAIN 16,108 1992-2005
SUB TOTAL >90,000
800 KEPCO - KOREA 168 1999 - 2005
Equals to approx. 8.000 km
420/550kV
765kV145/170/245/300/362kV
ADWEA,SCECO, RWE
HQ AEPBPA/LADWP
REE
Rodurflex Field Experience
Study Crossrope Design for 765 kVSouth Africa
Advanced
OHTL
Designs6 m
Rodurflex Field Experience
Design for 420 kV Compact Line „Palmiet – Stikland“
South Africa
Fv= 22 kN; Fh = 65 kN
Rodurflex Field Experience
Advanced
OHTL
Designs
Extreme SML Tensions Setse.g. River Crossings
SML=4 x 1500kN =6000kNcompare to 420 kV ElbeCrossing in Germany withPLRI: 4 x 300kN = 1200kN
Rodurflex Field Experience
2007 Mozambique Phase Spacer
Caia-Marromeo
Rodurflex Field Experience
1980/90s 533 kV HVDC line Cabora Bassa, RSA
HVDC
Rodurflex Field Experience
1984
500 kV HVDC line
Pacific Intertie, USA
HVDC
Rodurflex Field Experience
Rodurflex
Lahmeyer Presentation Abu Dhabi
SERVICE EXPERIENCE WITH RODURFLEXCOMPOSITE INSULATORS AT ADWEA
(ABU DHABI WATER AND ELECTRICITYAUTHORITY, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
Dipl.-Ing. Peter Kleyersburg
former Lahmeyer International GmbH
Abu Dhabi, UAE
Situation 30 years ago, Arabian Peninsula
Situation with conventional insulators
Reasons for the use of composite insulators
Rodurflex Insulators as counter measure of pollutioncaused problems
Conclusion
Situation 30 years ago, Arabian Peninsula
Situation 30 years ago – A challenge for Lahmeyer International:
• 1977 oil boom: increased need for energy in Abu Dhabi
• problems with porcelain long-rod insulators, open shed profile cd = 43 mm/ kV
• new proposed OHTL 220 kV Abu Dhabi – Al Ain as well as power supply to Abu Dhabiairport by 132 kV OHTL (80ies)
• common standard IEC 815 – 1986 (still valid today)
• pollution problems during operation on OHTL with conventional insulators
• typical failure mode: flashovers during night and early morning hours
• cause: condensation on hydrophilic surfaces which have been heavily contaminated byindustrial and natural (desert, coast) pollution
• main problem: pollution accumulation happens in extreme short period of time (few months, even few days)
• power supply of expanding projects (airport, urban development, oil fields and industry)on risk
Situation with conventional insulators
1. Cleaning of existing insulation– by hand, dry and wet, of course in de-engergized surrounding– energized, with de-mineralised water and permanently installed washing
devices– energized, with de-mineralised water and mobile washing devices
2. Hydrophobication of existing insulation– with Silicone-grease– with RTV Silicone-Elastomere (Sylgard)
Situation with conventional insulators
• unsatisfying results with adopted cleaning methods
• unreliable equipment, especially by energized cleaning method (mobilewashing systems)
• cleaning by hand is often required de-energization of transmission lines
• generally good experience with use of hydrophobic media on existinginsulators (greases, coating), however, difficult handling and high cost ofRTV coatings
• silicone greases were not widely used due to existing difficulties in service(tendancy to pollution)
Situation with conventional insulators
Reasons for the use of composite insulators
• positive experience with hydrophobic surfaces investigations ofcomposite insulators
• Selection of Rodurflex composite insulators Generation III which wasproven in service for more than 10 years already and therefore had themost successful reference available
• Rodurflex Generation III (ECR-FRP, HTV-sheds and housing, crimpedend fittings, meta stable sealing) quickly resulted in an adequate countermeasure to all encountered problems
• due to extensive electrification in the 90ies the customer (ADWEA) „wasforced to accept“ a completely new technology due to the existingproblems and so they decided to use Rodurflex composite insulators on acomplete transmission line for the first time
• this decision was backed by positive service performance of Rodurflexcomposite insulators in other parts of the world
Reasons for the use of composite insulators
Rodurflex Insulators as counter measure ofpollution caused problems
• Rodurflex 37 mm / kV
• not a single insulator related outage after 14 years continuous operation
• after 15 years of service the OHTL was removed and replaced by a cabledue to urban development; the removed insulators were then returned toLapp for intensive research work
• the successful performance of this line was the justification for all later 245kV and 420 kV
lines equipped with composite insulators in Abu Dhabi
Example Abu Dhabi Airport 132 kV OHTL
Example Abu Dhabi Airport 132 kV OHTL
Design: HTV Silicone Rubber Composite Insulator GENERATION IIIwith assembled pre-moulded HTV silicone sheds, vulcanisedto an extruded HTV silicone sleeve.
Type: 30/39(148)1855Production: 1989/1990Um: 145 kVUB: 132 kVService time: 14 yearsCD’: 37 mm/kV related to UmSML: 225 kNFittings: Crimped design, forged steel, clevis
Example Abu Dhabi Airport 132 kV OHTL
Example Abu Dhabi Airport 132 kV OHTL
Lab. No. Position ESDD inmg/cm²
NSDDi nmg/cm²
2989/1(V)
1st
shedbottom side
0,85 2,78
2989/1(V)
shankbetween 2
nd
and 3rd
shed
1,78 7,48
2989/1(V)
4th
shed topside
0,30 1,84
2989/8(H)
1st
shedbottom side
0,17 0,94
2989/8(H)
shankbetween 2
nd
and 3rd
shed
0,31 3,18
2989/8(H)
4th
shed top 0,18 0,64
Note: V: vertical mounting; H: horizontal mounting:
Example Abu Dhabi Airport 132 kV OHTL Pollution severity
Values Measured Measured
Characteristic perdrawing
Lab.No. 2989/2 Lab.No. 2989/6
polluted cleaned polluted cleaned
[kV] [kV] [kV] [kV] [kV]
BIL pos. 965 957 969 960 966
BIL pos. 965 996 1004 1002 997
50% LIFOpos.
985 1000 988 996
50% LIFOneg.
1024 1004 1031 1027
PF Wet 490 355 550 410 544
PF CFO Wet 452 564 466 567
PF Dry 575 575 590 575 603
PF CFO Dry 590 610 598 617
[µA] [µA] [µA] [µA]
Leakagecurrent @84kV
325-314 285-278
320-318 290-280
Example Abu Dhabi Airport 132 kV OHTLResults of electrical tests
Lab. No. UTSBreaking
Load in kN
Kind of rupture
2989/1 275 Pull out top fitting
2989/2 299 Pull out top fitting
2989/3 285 Pull out bottom fitting
2989/4 304 Pull out bottom fitting
2989/5 286 Pull out bottom fitting
2989/6 301 FRP rod fracture bottomfitting
Example Abu Dhabi Airport 132 kV OHTLResults of mechanical tests (SML = 225 kN)
Conclusion
Conclusion
• severe pollution problems lead to the pioneer use of Rodurflex compositeinsulators in UAE
• Rodurflex insulators used for more than 14 years showed no problemsand secured the interference free power transmission in Abu Dhabi andare by far superior to the conventional insulators
realized with less specific creepage distance (37 mm / kV vs. 52 mm /kV)
• A detailed study on Rodurflex insulators used in service for 15 yearsshowed
– electrical and mechanical performance was equal to the new state– no signs of erosion or traces of electrical activity– no signs of ageing
• since the 90ies ALL new OHTLs in Abu Dhabi up to 420 kV areexclusively designed with composite insulators
Conclusion
• in total more than 500.000 insulator years of positive service performanceunder extreme conditions are available
• further to just being a solution to pollution related line problems Rodurflexcomposite insulators help to cut costs, for example the tower cost for a400 kV line can be reduced by approx. 25% and so the total cost of theline gets reduced by 8% because composite insulators offer equal orsuperior insulating performance with reduced section length.
• Similar composite insulators of other manufacturers have been introducedto the UAE market and also showed no failure up to now, however,without the RODURFLEX-typical long reference period
Advantages of Composite Insulators compared toCap & Pin Insulators
1. Insulators with passiv surface
2. Insulators with active surface
and this means: is there interaction with the pollution layer?
CLASSIFICATION OF INSULATORS
the insulating material interacts with the pollution layere.g. transferring hydrophobicity
Interaction means:
What is Hydrophobicity?
New Surface
New ceramic surface
In a new, non-polluted stage most surfaces arewater repellent = hydrophobic.
New silicone surface
HydrophobicityTransfer
Comparision Rodurflex® with Ceramic Surface
(Pollution Conditions IEC 815)
Polluted passiv surface
E.G.:The pollution layer on a ceramic/glass/EPR surface is hydrophilic.E.G.:The pollution layer on a silicone surface becomes hydrophobic.
Polluted active surface
Hydrophobicity Transfer
Surface polluted by quartz slurry
Comparision Rodurflex® with CeramicSurface
Polluted ceramic surface
The pollution layer on a ceramic or glass surface is wettable.The pollution layer on a silicone surface becomes hydrophobic.
Polluted silicone surface
Hydrophobicity Transfer
Surface polluted by sand
Comparision Rodurflex® with Ceramic Surface
Effect of Hydrophobicity
• pollution layer waterrepellent
• low leakagecurrents
• low risk offlashover
• low line losses
• no cleaningrequired
Composite Insulators System Rodurflex®
Hydrophobicity
Characteristics of Hydrophobicity Transferof Silicone rubbers (SIR)
Effect: - Hydrophobization of surface/pollution layers- Recovery of temporarily reduced hydrophobicity,
e.g. by excessive sparking
Mechanism: Diffusion of low molecular weight silicone components
Speed: depending on:- type of SIR material- thickness of surface layer- thickness of bulk material- temperature- age
Losses: with Rodurflex silicone rubber no loss of siliconerubber material is measureable
Composite Insulators System Rodurflex®
Hydrophobicity
Hydrophobicity of a 0.6 mm Layer on SIR Plates of VariousThickness After a Storage of 16 Days at T = 20 °C
Wett
ing
an
gle
[d
eg
]
thickness of silicone rubber plate [mm]
Hydrophobicitytransfer depends on :
thickness of SIRmaterial
Composite Insulators System Rodurflex®
Hydrophobicity
Hydrophobic Effect
MolecularSiliconeLMW(low molecular weights)
Hydrophobicity
Water
Pollution Layer
Silicone Shed HTV SIRthe best solution to have
-> excellenthydrophobicity
-> good trackingbehaviour
Hydrophobic Effect
Outdoorperformance
ATH content in % by weightSilicone content in % by weight
100% PDMS0% ATH
0% PDMS100% ATH
41% PDMS46% ATH
Performance of HydrophobicityTransfer Effect
T&E (creepage) Resistance
80% PDMS10% ATH
30-35% PDMS60-70% ATH
Balanced filling
Highly ATH filled silicone rubber
RTV2/LSR
Performance and SiliconeCompoundation
BREAK ?
Brittle Fracture
Normal fracture caused by overloadDelamination of the rod occurs
Composite Insulators System Rodurflex®
Brittle Fracture
Brittle fracture:
The fracture surface is mainlyperpenticular to the rod axis.
Most of the E-glass fibres seemsto be cut.
The remaining fibres cannotbear the load => fracture due tooverload.
Insulator with widely used standard E-Glass fibres
Composite Insulators System Rodurflex®
Brittle Fracture
Standard E-glass fibreafter 10 days ofimmersion in 1nHNO3.
(nitric acid)
The glass fibre isdestroyed due to adissolving process ofthe glass network.
The mechanicalstrength is drasticallyreduced.
Composite Insulators System Rodurflex®
Brittle Fracture
ECR( Electrical GradeCorosion Resistant)-glass fibre after 30 daysof immersion in 1nHNO3.
(nitric acid)
The glass fibre isresistant to the acid dueto modification of theglass network.
The mechanicalstrength is notinfluenced.
Composite Insulators System Rodurflex®
Brittle Fracture
Stress corrosion or brittle fracture can occurif acid attacks glass fibres under tensile load.
Acids are already in the environment or may be produced underinfluence of moisture and electrical discharges.
Combination of moisture and electrical discharges can result inthe creation of nitric acid (HNO3).
To avoid line dropping due to stress corrosion brittle fractureresistant FRP( Fibre Reinforced Plastic) rods must be used.
Brittle fracture resistant rods can be produced by usingcorrosion resistant glass fibres, such as ECR fibres (Electricalgrade corrosion resistant).
Composite Insulators System Rodurflex®
Brittle Fracture
Test set-up for stress corrosion test of FRP rods
weight(equivalentto 67% SML)
ball bearing
sample
acid container(1n nitric acid)
The test is passed if no fracture of the core occurs within 96h under load.
Composite Insulators System Rodurflex®
Brittle Fracture
Back
Advantages of Composite Insulators comparedto
Cap & Pin Insulators
Design of Rodurflex® Generation III
chemicalbonding
ECR- 1983INTRODUCTION
HTV silicone
1979FORMULATION
HTV silicone
1979FORMULATION
Forgedsteel
1985
silicone rubber
sealing 1982
Advantages of Composite Insulators compared toCap & Pin Insulators
“Kaerner‘s Matrix“ (1994)
Design
Materialsbad
bad
good
good
Impossible
Know howneeded
Verydifficult
Usual Case
What makes a good composite insulator?
RODURFLEX®
Advantages of Composite Insulators compared toCap & Pin Insulators
• pollution layer waterrepellent
• low leakagecurrents
• low risk offlashover
• low line losses
• no cleaningrequired
Hydrophobicity Transfer Mechanism (HTM), CIGRE D1.14
Prof. Kindersberger (1989)
Advantages of Composite Insulators compared toCap & Pin Insulators
Pollution Performance - Comparison
Required geometrical Creepage distances to obtain the same electrical performance under pollution
(KIWIT 1970: „Practical Experience with Outdoor Insulation)
Silicone Rubber Composite Porcelain Longrod Glass/Porcelain Disk
75% 100% 120%
reference-45%
CONCLUSION: To operate under same pollution conditions, a silicone rubber composite insulator
only requires 40..45% of the CD required for Glass/Porcelain Disks. A silicone rubber composite is
Therefore more economical or can withstand a level of 2 pollution classes higher than glass.
Advantages of Composite Insulators compared to
Cap & Pin Insulators
HTM impact on LCC and Service Costs
0
50
100
150
200
250[$/year]
132 kV line 275 kV line
Silicone insulator
coated ceramic disc
ceramic disc with washing
Calculated by M/s Powerlink, Australia
Advantages of Composite Insulators compared toCap & Pin Insulators
Pin Corrosion
Glass/Porcelain Disks: nothydrophobic surface highLeakage currents DCcomponent in Leakage current
galvanic cell PIN CORROSION
Silicone rubber composite withHTM & hydrophobic surface: nothydrophobic surface very lowLeakage currents no DCcomponent in Leakage current
no galvanic cell NO PROBLEMS
Maintenancecosts, lowerlifetime, worseLCA
Life expectancy: 17…30a
Advantages of Composite Insulators compared to
Cap & Pin Insulators
Composite insulatorsoffer low weight
=> low transport andinstallation costs
Advantages of Composite Insulators compared toCap & Pin Insulators
Advantages of RODURFLEX® Composite Insulators Enables new OHTL Insulation Design (Crossarms,Crossropes etc.)
Superior Pollution Performance (Hydrophobicity Transfer Mechanism)
Extreme UV, Weather and Environmental Resistant HTV Silicone Housing
Enables Extreme Creepage Designs (Patented Underrib Sheds)
Earthquake Resistant
Brittle Fracture Resistant (ECR Glass Epoxy FRP Core)
Fail-safe meta stable sealing system
Extreme strength classes SML up to 2000 kN possible for single unit
Vandalism Proof
Able to withstand Extreme Dynamic and Impact loads
Light Weight: Easy Transport, Handling, Installation
Light Weight: offers EHV OHTL designs
Short Lead-Time
Flexible in Design
Reduced Life-Cycle Costs
Proven for more than 40 years
Advantages of Composite Insulators compared toCap & Pin Insulators
Main Advantages (Summary):
Advantages of Composite Insulators compared toCap & Pin Insulators
RODURFLEX®: High Pollution Applications
• China (525, 750 kV)
• Arabic Peninsula (420 kV*) UAE, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Jemen
• REE Spain (420 kV*)
• USA California (525 kV*)
• USA Florida (525 kV*)
• South Africa (420, 765 kV*)
• India (420, 765 kV)
• Australia (525 kV*)
• North Africa (420 kV*)
• Chile, Peru (245 kV*)
• Iran (420 kV*)
* up to
Advantages of Composite Insulators compared toCap & Pin Insulators
• Applications of Composite Insulators• New Transmission Lines• Due to the light weight and compact design of composite insulators new line and
new tower designs are possible resulting in lower construction and erection costs.•• Replacement of Conventional Insulators,• which experienced flashover or require extensive maintenance. Line hardware need
not to be changed. Silicone rubber insulators offer superior performance in pollutedareas.
• Upgrading of existing lines or designing Compact Lines• Composite insulator strings are in many cases shorter than conventional ones.
• Interphase spacers• to prevent galopping conductors from clashing together.
Composite insulators offer light weight combined with high mechanical strength andhigh flexibility.
• Post and Line Post insulators• Due to their light weight composite line post insulators may be mounted directly on
the pole without using crossarms.
• Hollow insulators/Line Arrestors• Housings for current transformers, bushings or surge arresters.
Advantages of Composite Insulatorscompared to Cap& Pin Insulators
optimalself cleaningPerformanceHydrophobicity
limitedself cleaningperformance
protectableagainstpower arcs(arcing devices)
not fullyprotectableagainstpower arcs
lower radiointerferencevoltage
higher radiointerferencevoltage
Long Rod Types Cap & Pin Types
Easier tohandle
6 times the weightand erection atsite
no cascadeflashovers
cascadeflashoverspossible
no thermalpuncture
no self fractures
V-strings:narrow stringspossible withspecial intermediatefittings
thermal puncturepossible
self fractureswith glass(shattering)
V-strings:angel betweentwo substringsdepends onwind/weight load
Long Rod Types Cap & Pin Types
CompositeLongrod vs. Cap & Pin
Price 20-30% lower
Long Rod Types Cap & Pin Types
CompositeLongrod vs. Cap & Pin
Reseach & Development
R&D Partners
Prof. Kindersberger
Prof. Kurrat
Prof. Bärsch
Prof. Hinrichsen
Prof. Clemens
Prof. Grossmann
Reseach & Development
„Technology Survey“
Transmission Distance in km
Ca
pa
cit
yin
GW
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
0.0011 10 100 1000 10000
UHV
1200kV
HVDC
765kV
400/500kV
Subtransmission
„Smartgrids“HVDC - Smart
R&D: New Design Tools (FEM)
Reseach & Development
R&D : FEM/BEM Tools
Reseach & Development
R&D on Field Calculations (HSU Hamburg)
Reseach & Development
R&D: New Design Tools (STRI Insulator Selection Tool IST®)
HVAC
HVDC
AC/DCSolid Layer
AC / KIPTS
Reseach & Development
Reseach & Development
Pollution Severity: 2% ESDD Level (mg/cm²)0,001 0,01 0,1 1
Insula
tion
Length
(m)
1,8
1,7
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3
1,2
1,1
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
Specific
Cre
epage
Dis
tance
(mm
/kV
syste
m)
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
AC KIPTS Natural Pollution Performance 123kV
Glass Antifog 33mm/kV
Pollution Severity: 2% ESDD Level (mg/cm²)0,001 0,01 0,1 1
Insula
tion
Length
(m)
1,1
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
Specific
Cre
epage
Dis
tance
(mm
/kV
syste
m)
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
Rodurflex ® 31mm/kV
AC KIPTS Natural Pollution Performance 245kV
Pollution Severity: 2% ESDD Level (mg/cm²)0,001 0,01 0,1 1
Insula
tion
Length
(m)
3,6
3,4
3,2
3,0
2,8
2,6
2,4
2,2
2,0
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
1,0
Specific
Cre
epage
Dis
tance
(mm
/kV
syste
m)
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
Pollution Severity: 2% ESDD Level (mg/cm²)0,001 0,01 0,1 1
Insula
tion
Length
(m)
2,2
2,1
2,0
1,9
1,8
1,7
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3
1,2
1,1
1,0
0,9
Specific
Cre
epage
Dis
tance
(mm
/kV
syste
m)
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
Glass Antifog 29mm/kV
Rodurflex ® 31mm/kV
Pollution Severity: 2% ESDD Level (mg/cm²)0,001 0,01 0,1 1
Insula
tion
Length
(m)
6,0
5,5
5,0
4,5
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0 Specific
Cre
epage
Dis
tance
(mm
/kV
syste
m)
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
Pollution Severity: 2% ESDD Level (mg/cm²)0,001 0,01 0,1 1
Insula
tion
Length
(m)
3,8
3,6
3,4
3,2
3,0
2,8
2,6
2,4
2,2
2,0
1,8
1,6 Specific
Cre
epage
Dis
tance
(mm
/kV
syste
m)
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
AC KIPTS Natural Pollution Performance 420kV
Glass Antifog 25mm/kV
Rodurflex® 25mm/kV
Pollution Severity: 2% ESDD Level (mg/cm²)0,001 0,01 0,1 1
Insula
tion
Length
(m)
8,0
7,5
7,0
6,5
6,0
5,5
5,0
4,5
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5 Specific
Cre
epage
Dis
tance
(mm
/kV
syste
m)
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
AC KIPTS Natural Pollution Performance 550kV
Pollution Severity: 2% ESDD Level (mg/cm²)0,001 0,01 0,1 1
Insula
tion
Length
(m)
5,0
4,8
4,6
4,4
4,2
4,0
3,8
3,6
3,4
3,2
3,0
2,8
2,6
2,4
2,2
2,0
Specific
Cre
epage
Dis
tance
(mm
/kV
syste
m)
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
Rodurflex® 28mm/kV
Glass Antifog 26mm/kV
Pollution Severity: 2% ESDD Level (mg/cm²)0,001 0,01 0,1 1
Insula
tion
Length
(m)
12,0
11,5
11,0
10,5
10,0
9,5
9,0
8,5
8,0
7,5
7,0
6,5
6,0
5,5
5,0
4,5
4,0
3,5
Specific
Cre
epage
Dis
tance
(mm
/kV
syste
m)
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
AC KIPTS Natural Pollution Performance 765/800kV
Pollution Severity: 2% ESDD Level (mg/cm²)0,001 0,01 0,1 1
Insula
tion
Length
(m)
7,0
6,5
6,0
5,5
5,0
4,5
4,0
3,5
3,0 Specific
Cre
epage
Dis
tance
(mm
/kV
syste
m)
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
Glass Antifog 24mm/kV
Rodurflex® 24mm/kV
800kV Design for Pollution
Pollution Severity: 2% ESDD Level (mg/cm²)0,001 0,01 0,1 1
Insula
tion
Length
(m)
13,0
12,0
11,0
10,0
9,0
8,0
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0 Specific
Cre
epage
Dis
tance
(mm
/kV
syste
m)42
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
Pollution Severity: 2% ESDD Level (mg/cm²)0,001 0,01 0,1 1
Insu
latio
nLe
ngth
(m)
6,2
6,0
5,8
5,6
5,4
5,2
5,0
4,8
4,6
4,4
4,2
4,0
3,8
3,6
3,4
3,2
3,0
2,8
2,6
Spec
ific
Cre
epage
Dis
tanc
e(m
m/k
Vsys
tem
)
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
Very Light Light Medium Heavy Very Heavy
RODURFLEX - IST
Disk String:
Heavy: 9.0 m
Very Heavy: 12.0 m
RODURFLEX String:
Heavy: 5.0 m
Very Heavy: 5.9 m
Required Insulation Length:
Reseach & Development
Materials – Functional Properties
Electrical Field Control (µVars, BaTiO3…)
Research & Development
Mikro Varistors
Reseach & Development
Mikro Varistors
Research & Development
Voltage
Resi
sta
nce
µ Varistors – Field Control(prevent so called dry band arcing)
„Discharge free Insulators“
Reseach & Development
Water Film
ARC
µ varistor filled Silicon
Current Flow through Insulating Material
µ Varistors – Field ControlBlack=µVars applied to sheds (patent PCT/EP2009/000983), owner Lapp
Reseach & Development
µ Varistors – Field Control
Reseach & Development
µ Varistors – Field Control
Reseach & Development
Normal Insulator µ Varistor ControlledInsulator
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Linear (A-B: 2915mm) "Referenz
3 x LG 75/22/1270 (A-B: 3215mm))
1 x CS160 30/65(134)3000
(A-B: 2600mm)
Lichtbogenzwischenarmaturen
xA-B
mm
U(x)/Uo
µ Varistors – Field Control
Reseach & Development