™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›· Î·È ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·.∏ ·Ó·ÁηÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ‰È·ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘

¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙ˘ ª·ÓÈ¿Ù˘25Ô ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎfi ™¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ∞ı‹Ó·˜

¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë

∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ ÂΛÓË ÙË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ۯÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂıÓÈ΋ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·. ∞ÊԇηٷÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÁÂÓÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜Î·È ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓÒÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ› Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË˜Î·È ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ ÙÔ˘, ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ·Ó·˙ËÙÒÓÙ·È Ù· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈοÂΛӢ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂıÓÈ΋ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ÂÙÂ-ÚfiÙËÙ·, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛ‹ Ù˘ Ì ٷ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÙÛÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌÔ‡. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÛÎÈ·ÁÚ·ÊÂ›Ù·È Ë ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤-ÓÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓηÈ, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ÂηÈ-‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ì ‰È·ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi ˆ˜ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ·ÙËÓ ¿Ì‚Ï˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛˆÓ.

§¤ÍÂȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ: Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›·, ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌfi˜, ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ‰È·ÔÏÈ-ÙÈÛÌÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË.

Abstract

This current essay examines the aspect of school violence which concernsnational and cultural diversity. After registering the general characteristics of this

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√ Î. ¶. ª·ÓÈ¿Ù˘, ¢Ú, Â›Ó·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ù˘ ¶.∂. ‰È‰¿ÛÎˆÓ (¶.¢. 407/1980) ÛÙÔ ¶∆¢∂ ÙÔ˘¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ.

phenomenon as well as all the social and cultural facts that form and interpret it,we search out the special features of school violence. More specifically our aim isto find out whether those features are connected with racism and socialexclusion. Afterwards, we outline the extent bullying in Greece through researchfacts. At the end, we point out the need of a policy with an interculturalorientation as an important way for an alleviation of intercultural conflicts.

Keywords: school violence, bullying, multiculturalism, intercultural educa-tion.

∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹

∆ÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜ ¤Ó·Úfi‚ÏËÌ·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ¤¯ÂÈ Ï¿‚ÂÈ, ηٿÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜, ·ÓËÛ˘¯ËÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfi-ÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜/ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ì ÌÈ· ÔÏ˘-‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙË Ê‡ÛË ÙfiÛÔ Û fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙȘ ·Èٛ˜, fiÛÔ Î·È ÙȘ ÂΉËÏÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘.∞Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌ·ÛÙ Û ʷÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂÚÈ-Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ‚›· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÔÓ ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌfi Ì·ıËÙÒÓÎ·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ. ªÈ· ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ¯Ú‹˙ÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂ-Ú˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘, ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ Ë ÂÈıÂÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Û˘Ó·ÚÙ¿-Ù·È Ì ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂıÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰ÈÔ-Ì·‰ÈΤ˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Ì·ıË-ÙÒÓ Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ.

∫¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁˆÁ‹ ·fi ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Â‰›Ô Û ÌÈ· ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ıÂ-ÒÚËÛË ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÈÙÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó·ÁˆÁÒÓ, Ë Û˘˙‹ÙË-ÛË Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÈËÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜, ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ Ù˘ ÔÈ-ÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi„Ë ÙËÓ ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙË ÌÂ-ÙÂͤÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ Ù˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ΢ڛˆ˜ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Î·È ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ Î·È Ó· ÂÓÛˆ-Ì·ÙÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·.

To Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜: ∆· ·›ÙÈ· Î·È ÔÈ Û˘Ó·ÚÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘

∏ ÂÓ·Û¯fiÏËÛË Ì ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ‚›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi¯ÒÚÔ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰È·Û·Ê‹ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ÙÔÔÔ›Ô Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘

™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›· Î·È ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·

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·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ Â·ÚΤÛÙÂÚË ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘.1 ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ‰›Ô ÛÙÔÔÔ›Ô Û˘Ó·ÓÙÒÓÙ·È ÔÏÏÔ› Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ› ÎÏ¿‰ÔÈ, ÁÈ’ ·˘ÙfiÎ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٿ ηÈÚÔ‡˜ ÂÈÛÙÚ·Ù¢Ù› ÔÏÏ¿ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔ-ÚÂÙÈο ıˆÚËÙÈο, ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈο Î·È ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Ô˘ ÂÎÎÈÓÔ‡Ó·fi ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‹ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ıˆڋÛÂȘ. ∏ ªÂ˙¤ (1998) ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈfiÙÈ Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ·ÊÂÙËÚ›· ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂˆÓ Û˘¯Ó¿ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÂÔÈΛϷ ·ÓÙÈÎÚÔ˘fiÌÂÓ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë ‡·ÚÍË ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ·Ó·Ï‡-ÛÂˆÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÒÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÏÔ‡ÙÔ ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÂÈ-ϤÔÓ Ó· ‰È¢ڇÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘fi ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Â‰›Ô˘.

À¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÛÙËÓ ÔÚÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ fiˆ˜ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›·, ÂÎÊÔ-‚ÈÛÌfi˜, ·Ú·‚·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ·ÊÔ‡ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ-Îfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙȘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ˘fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ‰È·-Ù˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È (∞ÚÙÈÓÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, 2001). ∏ ·ÚÂÎÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Û·Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÂ›Ù·È ˆ˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈ· Ì ‚¿ÛË ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Ù· ÔÔ›·‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔÓ ÙfiÔ ‹ ÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Ô˘ ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·È. ∞ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿-ÓÂÙ·È Î·Ó›˜ ÙË ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÚԂԇ̠ÛÙËÓ ÔÚÈÔı¤-ÙËÛË Ù˘ «Î·ÓÔÓÈ΋˜» ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·‚·ÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ·ÊÔ‡ ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈηÓÔ-ÓÈ΋ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ıˆÚËı› οıÂ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Ë ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙȘÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Û˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÓfiÚ̘.

∏ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÓ·Û¯fiÏËÛË Ì ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÍÂΛÓËÛ ΢ڛˆ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ™Î·Ó‰È-Ó·‚ÈΤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜, Ì ڈÙÔfiÚÔ ÙÔÓ Olweus (1993), ÂÓÒ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ Û ÔÏϤ˜ Â˘Úˆ-·˚Τ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ (Smith & Brain, 2000). ™ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ›-Ù·È Ô fiÚÔ˜ «bullying» ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜ ÛÙËÓ¢ڇÙÂÚ‹ Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎÊÔ‚È-ÛÌÔ‡. E›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ·Ô‰Ôı› ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ o fiÚÔ˜ ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο. øÛÙfiÛÔ,ÌÔÚ› ηÓ›˜ Ó· ÙÔ˘ ·Ô‰ÒÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ›· Ì ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›·Î·È Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ™ÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó «Ù¯ÓÈÎfi» fiÚÔ, ÔÔÔ›Ô˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Û ڿÍÂȘ ·Ú·‚·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·, Ô˘ ÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi·Ó‹ÏÈÎÔ˘˜ ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ·ÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ӷϷ̂·ÓfiÌÂÓÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·. ∏µ. ∞ÚÙÈÓÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ (2001) ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ ÛÙ·ÂÏÏËÓÈο Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ «Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›·» Î·È «·Ú·‚·ÙÈÎfi-ÙËÙ·» Î·È Î·Ù’ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Û ÌÈ· ÛÙÂÚÂÔÙ˘È΋ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘.√ ÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ì ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Olweus (1993) ÔÔÔ›Ô˜ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ ¤Ó·˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÎÙÂıÂÈ-̤ÓÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÛÙȘ ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ οÔÈÔ˘ Û˘Ì-Ì·ıËÙ‹ ÙÔ˘. √ Rigby (1996) ÙËÓ ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÛÎÏËÚ‹ Î·È Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚·ÓfiÌÂÓËηٷ›ÂÛË, Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ‹ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ʇÛ˘, ·fi ÙÔÓ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ·Ó›Û¯˘-ÚÔ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ η̛· ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁ›·. Ÿˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È, ‰‡Ô Â›Ó·È Ù· ‚·ÛÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈ-ÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ‚›·˜/ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ (bullying), Ù· ÔÔ›· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È

M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜

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¢ڤˆ˜ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¿: Ë Â·Ó¿ÏË„Ë Î·È Ë ‡·ÚÍË ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜, ‰‡Ó·ÌË˜Î·È ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜. √ Farrington (1993), Û˘ÓÔ„›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜,‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ˆ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜/ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙË Ê˘-ÛÈ΋, ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ‹ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ›ıÂÛË ‹ ÚÔÛ‚ÔÏ‹, ÙËÓ ÚfiıÂÛË ÚfiÎÏËÛ˘Êfi‚Ô˘, ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·˜ ‹ fiÓÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ı‡Ì·, ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÌÈ· ·ÓÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜,Ì ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙÂÚÔ ·È‰› Ó· Ȥ˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ·‰‡Ó·ÌÔ, ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÚfiÎÏËÛ˘ ·fiÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙÔ˘ ı‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙËÓ Â·Ó¿ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ·.

√È Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ˘„ËÏ¿ ›‰· ¿Á-¯Ô˘˜, ÌÂÏ·Á¯ÔÏ›·˜, ÂÛˆÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÈ·˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È „˘¯Ôۈ̷ÙÈ-ÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙˆÓ ı˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ (Neary & Joseph, 1994 ;Roland, 2002). ÕÏÏ· ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ ı‡Ì·Ù· Â›Ó·È ËÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿ÚÎÂÈ· Î·È ÔÈ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, Ë ·-Ú·ÙÂٷ̤ÓË ·Ô˘Û›· ·fi ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ›-‰ÔÛË (Craig, 1998). ø˜ ‚·ÛÈÎfiÙÂÚË Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÎÚÔ˘ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‚›·˜ Î·È ÂÎÊÔ-‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ¯·ÌËÏfi ‚·ıÌfi ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ Ô˘ ·˘Ù¿ÂÈʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿-ı‡Ì·Ù·, ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Î·ıÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ÙÔ˘˜ ˙ˆ‹ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙË Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÚ›·.2

√È ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó, ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿-ÓÈÛË Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜ Î·È ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ¤Ó· ‡ÚÔ˜Î·È ÂÎÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ¤Ó· Ê¿ÛÌ· Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓÔ˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙȘ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜Î·È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜, ¤ˆ˜ ¿ÏψÓ, «ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÁÂÓÒÓ», Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Ù·¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ (ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜, ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ, ÙÔ ÁÂÓÈ-Îfi Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Îϛ̷ Î.Ï.), Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÔÌËϛΈÓ. ∏Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË ‰È·Ù‡ˆ-ÛË ÌÈ·˜ Ù˘ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· Ù· ·ÙÔÌÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙË-ÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘, ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·-ÛË Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÔÌËϛΈÓ, ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓÂıÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ (∞ÚÙÈÓÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, 2001: 148). Œ¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·Ù˘ˆı› ÔÏ-Ï¿ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜ˆ˜ ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÌÈ·˜ Û˘Ó¿ÚıÚˆÛ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ, Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ‹Â͈ۯÔÏÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ (Li, 2008).

øÛÙfiÛÔ, ·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ¤Ó·˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓÎ·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ Î·È ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘Ù˘ ‚›·˜, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË Ù¿ÛË ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ‰ËÂÓfi˜ Ì˯‚ÈÔÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·ÌÈ· ˘Ô‚¿ıÌÈÛË Ù˘ ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡, ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Ù· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Ù˘ۯÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ÂΉËÏÒÓÔÓÙ·È (Kelly, 1994). ™˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÌÈ·˜

™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›· Î·È ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·

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Ù¤ÙÔÈ·˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë Ù¿ÛË ÔÛÔÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ وӉ‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ù¿ÛË Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿ ηÓ›˜ ÛÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô Ù˘ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜.ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· Û˘¯Ó¿ ÛÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· Ë ¿Ô„Ë fiÙÈ Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ-΋ ‚›·/ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ù˘ ·Ó·Ù˘Íȷ΋˜ ÔÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘·ÙfiÌÔ˘, ¤Ó· ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÓËÏÈ-ΛˆÛË (O’Moore, 2000)3.

∏ ˘¤Ú‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÌËÓÂÈÒÓ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ-΋˜ ‚›·˜ ˆ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡-ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘. ™’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛˤ¯ÂÈ ÙȘ ·Ó·ÁˆÁ¤˜ Ù˘ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·-Ú¿ÁÂÙ·È, ÂÓÒ ÂÎÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È Î·È ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ‡·Ú͢ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ›‰· ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ Î·È ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ (Rigby,2004). ∏ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÚˆÙ›ÛÙˆ˜ ·ÓÙ·Ó¿ÎÏ·ÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ, ÂÓÒ Û¯ÂÙ›-˙ÂÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ, ÙȘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ˜, ÙȘÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ô‰fiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ. ∫·Ù¿Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÔÈ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, fiˆ˜ Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔ-Ô›ËÛË Î·È Ë Â·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıË ‰È‡ڢÓÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÈÛÔًوÓ, ÂËÚ¿-˙Ô˘Ó ·˘ÍËÙÈο Ù· ÎÚÔ‡ÛÌ·Ù· Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜ (Debarbieux, 2003). ∂›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔ-Ófi˜ fiÙÈ ÛÙȘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, Ë ÔÚ›· ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÂÎÛ˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌfi ÂÚӿ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ ıÚ˘ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ‚ÈfiÎÔÛÌÔ˘, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ÎÔÈÓˆ-ÓÈ΋˜ ·ıÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜. ∏ ÌÂÙ·ÓˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ÂÔ¯‹ Ô˘ ‰È·Ó‡Ô˘Ì ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂٷȈ˜ ÔχÏÔÎË, ·‚¤‚·ÈË Î·È ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈ΋, ÂÓÒ Ë Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ‰È·Û¿Ù·È ÛÂÔÏÏ·Ï¿ ˘ÔÛ˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÂȯÂÈÚ› Ó· ÂÓÙ·¯ı›. ™ÙËÓ Ô˘-Û›· ı¤ÙÂÈ ÂÓ ·ÌÊÈ‚fiψ ÔÏϤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ·˘ÙÔÓfiËÙ˜ ·Ú·‰Ô¯¤˜, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜Î·È ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ, Ù·˘Ù›ÛÂȘ Î·È Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ. ŒÙÛÈ Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙË-Û˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Î·È Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Ù·˘ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È È· ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË Î·ÈÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹, ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ Î·È ‰ÂÛÌ¢ÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· ηٿ-ÛÙ·ÛË ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÈ· «˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ Î·È ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈο ·ÓÔÈÎÙ‹ ‰Ú¿ÛË» (æËÌ›Ù˘,2006: 309). √È ¤ˆ˜ ÙÒÚ·, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ÁÓˆÛÙÔ› Î·È ·Ó·-ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÈÌÔÈ fiÚÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ ˙ˆ‹˜, ˘fiÎÂÈ-ÓÙ·È Ï¤ÔÓ Û ̛· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰È·ÚÎÔ‡˜ ÂͤÏÈ͢ Î·È ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ÂÓÒηٿ ÙË ÓÂÔÙÂÚÈ΋ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Ù· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Â›Ó·È ÈÔ Û·Ê‹ Î·È ÍÂοı·Ú·, ÔfiÙÂÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ¤ıÓÔ˘˜/ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi-ÙËÙ·, ˆ˜ › ÙÔ Ï›ÛÙÔÓ, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô ÂÚÌËÓ¢ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ, Û‹ÌÂÚ·,ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ ÏÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ - ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓˆ-ÓÈÒÓ, Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÔÏÏÒÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÌËÓ¢ÙÈÎÒÓ Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÓ Ô‰ËÁ› Û˘¯Ó¿Û ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ.

∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈʤÚÂÈηıÔÚÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘. √È ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ÛÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Î·È ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ıÂÛÌÔ‡ (.¯. ÌÔÓÔÁÔÓÂ˚ÎfiÙËÙ·,

M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜

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ηٷÎÂÚÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Î.Ï), Ë Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔ¯‹˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ‰È·-ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ (Ê›ÏÔÈ, ÌÈÎÚfiÎÔÛÌÔ˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜- ÁÂÈÙÔÓÈ¿), Ë ·Ô-‰fiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÈʤÚÂÈ Ô Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ˙ˆ‹˜, ÔÎ·Ù·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ªª∂4 Â›Ó·È ÌÂÚÈÎÔ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂÚÌË-ÓÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÚÔ˘ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜.

∂¿Ó ıˆڋÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ÙˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ӈÓÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜ ÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È ÛÙ· fiÚÈ· ÙˆÓ ‰Ú¿ÛˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿-ÛÂˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ ÂÌÏÂÎÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ï¢ÚÒÓ, ı‡ÙË, ı‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ «ÂÈÊÔÚÙÈṲ̂ӈÓÌ ÙÔÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ‰ÔÌÒÓ Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÒÓ (.¯. ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·, Û¯ÔÏ›Ô,ÁÂÈÙÔÓÈ¿)» (∆Û›ÁηÓÔ˘, 2008: 19), ı· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙·Ì fiÙÈ Ë ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ-·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ıÂÛÌÔ‡ (̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ, ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Û¯¤-ÛÂȘ Î.Ï.), Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ ηıÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ˆ˜¤Ó· ‚·ıÌfi «˘·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÈ» ÙȘ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ. ∆Ô Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ·Ô-ÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ Î·È ÈÂÚ·Ú¯Èο ‰È·ÌÔÚʈ-̤Ó˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ Î·È Î·Ù’ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ËÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙ‹ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ÎÔÈÓˆ-ÓÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ˆ˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡(Yoneyama & Naito, 2003). ¶ÚˆÙ›ÛÙˆ˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ÔÏÈ-ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·, Ë ˘¤Ú‚·ÛË ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ù˘ ·Ï‹˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ÌÂÙ¿‰ÔÛ˘ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ Î·È ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È Ë Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ÛÙȘÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ηٷÌÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ̤-Û· ·fi ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘-Û›·˜ Û ۯÔÏÈ΋ (∆Û›ÁηÓÔ˘, 2008; ª·˘ÚÔÁÈÒÚÁÔ˜, 1995). ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ¤Ó· ̤-ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÚÔ˘ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜ ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È-ÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Î·Ófi-Ó˜, ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Î·È ÂÈı·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜.

™Â οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ë ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ·Ô-ÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÈËÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. ªÔ-Úԇ̠ӷ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÔÎÙ¿ ϤÔÓ ¤Ó· Ù˘ÈÎfi-ÂÚÁ·ÏÂÈ·Îfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ¯ÔÚ‹-ÁËÛ˘ Ù›ÙÏˆÓ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ, ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ fiÏÔ Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÛËÌ·Û›· Û ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÚÔˆıÔ‡Ó ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· ‹ ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋-·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋ÛΤ„Ë (°Î›‚·ÏÔ˜, 2006). ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ¢ÓÔ› ¤Ó· ¿ÎÚ·ÙÔ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi Ó‡-Ì· ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ˘Ôı¿ÏÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÂÓfi˜ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Ó‡̷ÙÔ˜.™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ë ÚÔÛ¤Á-ÁÈÛË Ù˘ Baker (1998) Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›· ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi-ÙËÙ· ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ «ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜» ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ-‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙËÓ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ‰ÂÛÌÒÓ Î·È ·ÍÈÒÓ ÌÂ-ٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfïÓ. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË Baker (1998) Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›· Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· ÌÂÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÂÓfi˜

™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›· Î·È ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·

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Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·, οÙÈ Ô˘ ·Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÚÒÈ̘ ȉ¤Â˜ÙÔ˘ Dewey.

∏ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÂÈÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú·‰Ô¯¤˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÈÎÔÛ˘ÛÙË-ÌÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‚›·˜ Î·È ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ¯Ò-ÚÔ, Ë ÔÔ›· ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡-ÓÙ·È Î·È ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó, ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó Î·È Û˘ÓÙËÚÔ‡Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ù· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·(Molnar & Lindquist, 1998). ∆Ô Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ˆ˜ ÔÈÎÔÛ‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›-Ô˘ Ù· ̤ÚË ÙÔ˘ ·ÏÏËÏԉȷϤÎÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Ô˘ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó Û ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Û‡ÓıÂÙ· ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙ¢ÙÈ΋ ÂÚ-ÌËÓ›· Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ «·›ÙÈÔ –·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·». ∂Ô̤ӈ˜ οı ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Â›Ï˘-Û˘ Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ˘ÂÚ‚·›ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Î·ÈÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘.

∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂͤٷÛË Ù˘ ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿-ÓÈÛË Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜ Î·È ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ÛËÌ·Û›· ¤¯ÂÈ ËÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË.™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ë Û¯¤ÛË ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡-Ì·ıËÙ‹, fiˆ˜ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÂÈ-ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ·Îfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‚·ÛÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘,‰˘ÓËÙÈο, «·Ú·‚·ÙÈÎÒÓ» Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ıˆڛ·˜ Ù˘ «ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÂÙÈΤٷ˜», Ë ÔÔ›· ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÂÚ-ÌËÓ›·˜ -Ì ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜- Ù˘ ·ÔÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Û·˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜,·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ı¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘. ™‡Ì-ʈӷ Ì ·˘Ù‹, ÔÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÌÔ› Ô˘ ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È ·Ô‰›‰ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, Û·Ó ÂÙÈΤÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÎÔÏÏÒÓÙ·È, ¤¯Ô˘Ó Î·Ù·Ï˘ÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÛÙËÛ˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙËÓ Â›‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ (§¿ÌÓÈ·˜, 2002). ŒÙÛÈ, ¿ÓË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÂÓfi˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙ› ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ˆ˜ ·ÔÎÏ›-ÓÔ˘Û·, Ô ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÌfi˜ ı· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹, ·ÓÂÍ·Ú-ًو˜ Ù˘ ‚·ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯ÈÎÔ‡ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌÔ‡.ª¿ÏÈÛÙ· ¤Ó· ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓÔ, ηٿ ÙÔ Hargreaves, Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÏÏËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-΋˜ ÂÙÈΤٷ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ «‰Â˘ÙÂÚÂ‡Ô˘Û·˜ ·fiÎÏÈÛ˘» fiÔ˘ ÂÎÂ›Ë ·Ú·‚·ÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ‰È¢ڇÓÂÙ·È, ÔÏÏ·Ï·ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ·ÔÎÙ¿ ÌÔ-ÓÈÌfiÙÂÚÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· (§¿ÌÓÈ·˜, 2002: 227).

™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›· Î·È ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·

ŒÓ· ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ ·Ó·Î‡ÙÂÈ, ÛÙÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfiÏ·›ÛÈÔ, ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ Ô˘ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÂıÓÈÎfi ηÈÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Ê·È-ÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜. ∞Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌ·ÛÙ ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ-΋˜ ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ ˆ˜ ‚¿ÛË ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ‚›·È˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô.

M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜

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∏ ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó·Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛȷΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ Û˘Ó‡·Ú͢ ÔÏÏÒÓ Î·È‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÎfiÏ·›ÛÈÔ. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ô, ·ÚÈıÌË-ÙÈο ‹ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈο, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ÚfiÙ˘Ô, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÙ·È ËÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹ Û fiϘ Ù˘ ÙȘ ÂÎÊ¿ÓÛÂȘ, ÂÓÒ ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÔÈ ÌÂÈÔ-ÓÔÙÈΤ˜-ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙ¢ÙÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ‰ÈÂΉÈÎÔ‡Ó ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Î·È ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÛÙÔ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ¯ÒÚÔ. ∏ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÔÈ ‰ÈÂΉÈ΋ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙ¢ÙÈÎÒÓÎ·È ÌÂÈÔÓÔÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ, Û ÎÔÈӈӛ˜ Ô˘, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ‰ÂÓ ·˘ÙÔÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙Ô-ÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜, Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û˘¯Ó¿ ÙȘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ˆ˜ ·˘ıfiÚÌËÙË ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·-ÛË, ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·‰›ÏˆÛË ÛÙËÓ ÔÈΛ· Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·, ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Î·È ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛËÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ˘fiÛÙ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ÂÈÙ›ÓÂÈ ÙȘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛȷΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ.5

∆Ô Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· Ì›ÓÂÈ ·Ì¤ÙÔ¯Ô. ∏ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ Û‡ÓıÂÛËÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·ÏfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ·Ú·ÙËÚ›ٷÈÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ÂÓÒ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Â›Ó·È ÊÔÚ›˜ ÙˆÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ·Ó·-·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Â˜ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Î·È Ì ‚¿ÛË·˘Ù¤˜, ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜.

∏ Û˘Ó‡Ê·ÓÛË Ù˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Ì ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›· ·Ô-ÎÙ¿ ÌÈ· ‰ÈÙÙ‹ ı¤·ÛË, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ ÔÈÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ı‡Ù˘ Î·È ÔÈÔ˜ ÙÔ ı‡Ì·,ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·Û‡ÌÌÂÙÚ˘ ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÏÂ-ÎÔ̤ӈÓ. ∏ ÚÒÙË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË fiÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ‰È·ÊÔ-ÚÂÙÈÎfi ÂıÓÈÎÔ-ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù·. ∆fiÙÂ, Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ·Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜/ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Û˘Ó·ÚÙ¿Ù·È Ì ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÙÛÈÛÌÔ‡. ™˘¯Ó¿Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÏÂÙËÙ¤˜ ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ‹ ˘ÔηÙËÁÔÚ›·(racist bullying) ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ, Û‡ÌʈӷÌ ÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ DfES (2006), Û ÌÈ· ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ‹ „˘-¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋, Ë ÔÔ›· ηıÈÛÙ¿ ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ, ·ÔÎÏÂÈṲ̂ÓÔ Î·È·‰‡Ó·ÌÔ, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘, Ù˘ ÂıÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ù˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘›ÛÙ˘ Î.Ï.

¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ÂÍ’ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÂ›Ù·È Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔ ÛÙ›ÁÌ· Ù˘ ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜, Ù˘ ·fiÎÏÈÛ˘·fi οÔÈÔÓ ÎÔÈÓ¿ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙfi ̤ÛÔ fiÚÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ.™ÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· ÚÔηÏ›ٷÈ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ·fi ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ›Ù ·˘Ù‹ ·ÊÔÚ¿·ÙÔÌÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ›Ù ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘Ô-ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, Ù· ÔÔ›· ·ÔÚÚ¤Ô˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ˘·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ Û ÌÈ· Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·.¢È¢ڇÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹, ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ë ÂÙÂÚfi-ÙËÙ· ÚÔηÏ› ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ô «¿ÏÏÔ˜»-‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ-Îfi˜ Ó· ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈ› ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ·ÛÙÈο Êfi‚Ô˘ Î·È ·fiÚÚȄ˘. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·-ÙÚ¤ÍÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÙȘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜

™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›· Î·È ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·

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Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙ‹ Ë ÛÙ¿ÛË ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi. ∏ ¤Ó-ÓÔÈ· Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÌÈ· ·ÌÊÈÛËÌ›· ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ·fiÏ˘Ù˘ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ì ÚfiÛˆ· ‹ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Ù˘ ·fiÏ˘Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›-ËÛ˘ ·fi οÔÈ· ¿ÏÏ· (‚Ï. Û¯ÂÙÈο ¡·˘Ú›‰Ë & ÃÚËÛÙ¿ÎË, 1997 Î·È ∫ˆÓÛÙ·-ÓÙÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, 2000). µ·ÛÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰fiÌËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË, Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ ‰È¿-ÊÔÚ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Ù·˘Ù›ÛÂȘ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ıÂÙÈΤ˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛËÌ ¿ÏϘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Ì ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÙÔ ˘ÔΛÌÂÓÔ ‰ÂÓ Ù·˘Ù›˙ÂÙ·È. ªÂ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ë ˘·ÁˆÁ‹ Û ÌÈ· ÔÌ¿‰· (ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋, ÂıÓÈ΋, ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋Î.Ï) ·ÔÎÙ¿ ıÂÙÈ΋ ·Í›·. ∏ ·Í›· ÙÔ˘ Ó· Â›Ó·È Î·Ó›˜ ŒÏÏËÓ·˜, ¿Ó‰Ú·˜ ‹ ‰¿-ÛηÏÔ˜ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË Ì ¿ÏϘ ÂıÓÈΤ˜, ¤ÌÊ˘Ï˜ ‹ ·Á-ÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜. ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ›ٷÈ̤۷ ·fi ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·Ó·ÁηÛÙÈ΋˜ ˘ÔÙ›ÌËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Î·È˘ÂÚÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ÔÈΛ·˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜, ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ë ÔÔ›· ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ·ÒÙÂÚÔÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ıÂÙÈ΋˜ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ (Tajfel & Turner, 1979).

ŒÓ· ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ Â›Ó·È Â¿Ó Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›·/ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌfi˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ-ηÏÂ›Ù·È ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ¿ÏÏ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙË-ÚÈÛÙÈο, ¿ÏÏË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Î·È ¿ÏϘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ·fi ÙȘ ˘fiÏÔȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ‚›·˜. ∏ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÚÙ¿Ù·È Ì ÙÔ Ú·ÙÛÈÛÌfi ¯·Ú·-ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ¤ÓÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙÚ·˘Ì·ÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·, ηıÒ˜ ηÈÌÈ· ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ù˘ ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌÔ‡. ŒÙÛÈ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿-‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÂÓÒ Ë ·ÂÈÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ «ÌË ·Ó‹ÎÂÈÓ» Ô˘ Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÈ ÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜‚›·˜, ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¤·, ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ·È¯ÓȉÈÔ‡ Î.Ï, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛËÙ˘ Ú·ÙÛÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜ Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ «ÌË ·Ó‹ÎÂÈÓ» ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË ¯ÒÚ·, ÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ-ÛÌfi Î.Ï. (Richardson, 2006).

∏ Ú·ÙÛÈÛÙÈ΋ ‚›· ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ì ÙȘ ¿ÏϘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜‚›·˜ Î·È ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ (DfES, 2004).¢È·ÈÛÙÒÓÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ë ÛÎfiÈÌË ‰Ú¿ÛË, ËÔÔ›· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¯ÒÚ· ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÙËÓ ÚÔηϤÛÂÈ ÙÔ ı‡Ì·, ÂÓÒ Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈÌÈ· ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË ‰‡Ó·ÌË. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ˜Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ô Ú·ÙÛÈÛÌfi˜ ‰Ú· Û ÔÏÏ·Ï¿ ›‰·,fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi, ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·Îfi, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi, Î.Ï (Eslea & Mukhtar, 2000).ªÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÔ˘Ì ‰‡Ô Ôχ ‚·ÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Ù·Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Ú·ÙÛÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜ Î·È ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·fi Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ·:ÚÒÙÔÓ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ˆ˜ ÚfiÛˆÔ, fiˆ˜ Û ¿ÏϘ Â-ÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, ·ÏÏ¿ ˆ˜ ̤ÏÔ˜ ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Î·Ù’ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›-ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ ı›ÁÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ/ı‡Ì· ·ÏÏ¿ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË Ë ÔÌ¿‰· ÛÙËÓÔÔ›· ·˘Ùfi ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ, Î·È ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ Ë ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ Ú¿Í˘ ÛÙË Û˘Ó›‰ËÛËÙÔ˘ ‰Ú¿ÛÙË, Ë ·ÂÓÔ¯ÔÔ›ËÛË Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ·›ÛıËÛË fiÙÈ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›ˆ˜ ˘ÂÚ·ÛÈÛÙ‹˜ Î·È ˘¤ÚÌ·¯Ô˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÙÔ˘.

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∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ-Îfi ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ı‡Ù˜ Î·È ÙfiÙÂ Ô ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ÔÌ·Ï‹˜ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¤ÓÙ·Í˘ Î·È Û˘Ó-‰¤ÂÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ʷÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌÔ‡.ªÂ ‚¿ÛË fiÛ· ÂÈÒıËÎ·Ó ÈÔ ¿Óˆ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‚›·˜, ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Û˘ÓÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏÔ‰·ÒÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ: ¯·ÌËÏfiÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi ›‰Ô, ·ÔÛÙ¤ÚËÛË, Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·, ˘Ô‚·ıÌÈ-Ṳ̂ÓË ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ηÙÔÈΛ·˜, Î.Ï. √ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi˜ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi˜, Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ÓÈ-ÛfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë Ì·Ù·›ˆÛË Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û˘¯Ó¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏÔ‰·Ô‡˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤-ÙËÛË ‚›·È˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. º·›ÓÂÙ·È ‰ËÏ·‰‹ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔ-Ú¿ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Û ÌÈ· Û¯¤ÛË ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ Ì ÙÔÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi, ÔÔÔ›Ô˜ ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙ› ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›· Î·È ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi ·˘Ù‹, ·ÊÔ‡ Ë ‚›·Â›Ó·È ·›ÙÈÔ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û‡Ìو̷ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌÔ‡.6

™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›· Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ٷ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÁÎÚfi-ÙËÛ˘ ıÂÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿ ηÓ›˜ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ. √È ÂıÓÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ Ù·˘Ù›ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÎÔÈ-ÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙ¢ÙÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· ÂÓ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜·Û˘Ì‚·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ËÁ¿˙Ô˘Ó ·fi ÙË ‰ÈÏ‹ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-Ô›ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi Ù· ‰‡Ô Ï·›ÛÈ·: Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜ ÚÔ-¤Ï¢Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜ ‰È·ÌÔÓ‹˜.7 ™Â ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ë ‰fiÌËÛË Ù˘ٷ˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ‰ÂÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ·ıÚÔÈÛÙÈο ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛ‹˜ Ù˘·ÔÎÙ¿ ÙÔÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÌÈ·˜ ·¤Ó·Ë˜ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢Û˘ Ù˘ ı¤Û˘ Ô˘ η٤-¯Ô˘Ó Û ·˘Ù‹ Ù· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›·. ŸÙ·Ó Ë Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë ÔÌ¿‰· ı¤ÙÂÈ ·‰È·-¤Ú·ÛÙ· fiÚÈ· Î·È ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ˆ˜ ÌÔÓ·‰È-Îfi, Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙ¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ‹ ÌÂÈÔÓÔÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÛÙÚ¤ÊÔÓÙ·È ÚÔ˜ÙËÓ ÂÛˆ-ÔÌ¿‰·, ˘ÂÚÙÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÔÎÙ¿ ÌÈ·Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈο ÊÔÚÙÈṲ̂ÓË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛȷΤ˜ ηٷ-ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ.

™˘¯Ó¿ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÂıÓÈÎfi Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ‚ÈÒ-ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂıÓÔÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ηٷÁˆÁ‹ ‹ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ˆ˜ ·ÈÙ›·ÛÙÈÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡, ÂȯÂÈÚÒÓÙ·˜ Ó· ÂÓÙ·¯ıÔ‡Ó Û ¤Ó· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙÔÔÔ›Ô ‰ÂÓ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ È‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ. ∏·Ô˘Û›· ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ù˘ ÂıÓÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘ ·fi ÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘-ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ô‰ËÁ› Û ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛȷΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ÂÈÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘ «ÔÈΛԢ» Î·È ÙÔ˘ «·ÓÔ›-ÎÂÈÔ˘», ÙÔ˘ «ÂÌ›˜» Î·È ÙÔ˘ «·˘ÙÔ›», Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙË-Ù· ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ.∏ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Â›Ó·È ·fiÏ˘Ù· Û˘Ì‚·Ù‹ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÙˆÓ ·È-‰ÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ΢ڛ·Ú¯· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÛÙÚÒÌ·Ù· Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó·

™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›· Î·È ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·

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˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔÁÂÓ‹ ÛÙË ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-ÎÔÔ›ËÛË. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ·È‰È¿, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ·ÏÏÔ‰·Ô› Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ‚ÈÒ-ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ·Û˘Ì‚·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·. ∫·Ù¿ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfi-Ô ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈ› ÙËÓ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÙˆÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯ˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿-‰ˆÓ, ·ÛÎÒÓÙ·˜, ηٿ ÙÔÓ Bourdieu, ÌÈ· «Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›·» (Bourdieu &Passeron, 1977).8 °È· ÙȘ ˘fiÏÔȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, fiˆ˜ Î·È ÁÈ· Ù· ·È-‰È¿ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÈÔÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ‹ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ, ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ fiÔ˘ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ë ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÂÊ¿-Ï·ÈÔ Û ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ.

∏ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·

ŒÓ· ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ, ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ-̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜, Â›Ó·È Ë ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· Û‡ÓıÂÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎfi-Ó·˜ Ù˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ-΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎÒÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ. ∏ ÁÂÓÈ΋ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛËÔ˘ ·ÔÎÔÌ›˙ÂÈ Ô ÌÂÏÂÙËÙ‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋˜ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›ˆÓÂÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, ·Ó Î·È ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈÙËÓ ›‰È· ¤ÓÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ì ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÈ Û ¿ÏϘ Â˘Úˆ-·˚Τ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜, Â›Ó·È ˘·ÚÎÙfi, ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ·˘ÍËÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÛË Î·È ¯Ú‹˙ÂÈ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒ-ÈÛ˘.9

To ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎfi ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 2000. ∏ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋ ¤ÎıÂÛË ÛÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Connect UK -001 η٤‰ÂÈÍ ÙËÓ ·Ô˘Û›· ·ÚÎÒÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÈÏÔÙÈÎÒÓÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘.10 ™Ù·‰È·Î¿ fï˜ Ô ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi˜ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜ ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÛÙË ıÂÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ ˙‹-ÙËÌ· Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜. ∂Ú¢ÓËÙÈο ΤÓÙÚ·, ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ› ÊÔÚ›˜, ÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹-ÚÈ· ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·ÎÒÓ Û¯ÔÏÒÓ Î·È ÙÌËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó, ÌÂÏÂÙÔ‡Ó Î·È·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó Ì¤ÙÚ· ÚfiÏË„‹˜ ÙÔ˘ (ª·ÓÈ¿Ù˘,2008). ∂ÈϤÔÓ Ë ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙȘ Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Û˘ÌÚ¿-ÍÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜.11

™Â ÌÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ÚÒÙ˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ-ÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡, Û ̷ıËÙ¤˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ 8 ¤ˆ˜ 12 ÂÙÒÓ, ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÙÔ 14.7% ·˘-ÙÒÓ ·˘ÙÔ-¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ı‡Ì·Ù·, ÙÔ 6.3 % ˆ˜ ı‡Ù˜, Î·È ÙÔ 4.8 % ˆ˜ ı‡-Ù˜ Î·È ı‡Ì·Ù· Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·.12 ∏ ÈÔ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ‚›·˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘ÓÔÈ ı‡Ù˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ¿ÌÂÛË ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ٷ ·È‰È¿-ı‡Ì·Ù· Ô˘, ·Ô-ÎÚ‡ÙÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙËÓ, ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ Û˘ÓËı¤ÛÙÂÚË ÙËÓ ¿ÌÂÛË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ (‚Ï. ›Û˘¶·ÙÂÚ¿ÎË Î.·., 2000).

M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜

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™Â ÌÈ· ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ¤Ú¢ӷ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËΠfiÙÈ ÙÔ 10%-13% ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÔÛÙ› οÔÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡, ¤Ó·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰¤Î· ·-Ú·‰¤¯ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÎÊÔ‚›ÛÂÈ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ‹ ÙÔ˘, ÂÓÒ ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÔÛÔÛÙfi, 10 %ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ¤¯ÂÈ ıÂÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡.13 ™ÂÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË, ›Û˘ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ¤Ú¢ӷ ÁÈ· ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›·, Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÓ‹ÚÁËÛ ÙÔ ∂ıÓÈ-Îfi ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ∂Ú¢ÓÒÓ ‰È·Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÙÔ 37% ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ¢Ë-ÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ™¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ¤¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙ› ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ ‚›· ÂÓÒ ÙÔ 13% ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·Ù·ÁÚ¿-ÊÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ı‡Ù˜. ™˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈο Ì ÙÔ °˘ÌÓ¿ÛÈÔ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ú¿ÍÂȘ ‚›·˜,Î·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ۈ̷ÙÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜, Â›Ó·È Û˘¯ÓfiÙÂÚ˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡.14

∆· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ηٷ‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂȷ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ˆ˜¤Ó·Ó ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Û ¿ÌÂÛË Û¯¤ÛË Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜ Ì ٷ ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈ-ο ‚›·˜. √È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ‚›·˜ ·Ô‰›‰ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂ-ˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÈηÓÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤-ÓÂÈ·, ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ‰ËÏ. ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ıÂÒ-ÚËÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ·ÓÂÎÏ‹ÚˆÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ-ÎÒÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ, Ì·Ù·ÈÒÛÂˆÓ ‰ËÏ. Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ (¶··ÛÙ˘ÏÈ·-ÓÔ‡, 2000). ø˜ ·Ó·Û¯ÂÙÈÎÔ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈ-ÎÒÓ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Îϛ̷, Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ›‰ÔÛË, Ë ÛÙ¿ÛË Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔ-Á¤ÓÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ıÚËÛΛ·˜, ÂÓÒ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÌÂÚÈÎÔ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Â›Ó·È Ô Ù‡Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ (Û˘-ÛÙ¤Á·ÛË, «·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·», ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ). (¶ÂÙÚfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, 2000, ÛÂÏ. 32).

∏ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È Î·Ù·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÌÈ· Û·Ê‹ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›-¯ÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ Â˘ÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì ·˘Ù¿ ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ÈÂÍ·¯ı› Û ¿Ï-Ϙ ¯ÒÚ˜, ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Ù˘ ‚›·˜, Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈοı˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ı˘ÙÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È,‰ËÏ Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜, Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜, Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜. ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ÏÂÈÔ„Ë-Ê›· ÙˆÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎÒÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ, ÛÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· Î·È ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· Âη›-‰Â˘ÛË, ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓÂÈ ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ, ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›· ˆ˜ ·Ó‰ÚÈ΋ ˘fiıÂÛË. ™Â ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ Ù· ·ÁfiÚÈ· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘ÓÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈο ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÓÒ fï˜ Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó ÈԢ‡ı˘Ó· ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ·’ fi,ÙÈ Ù· ·Áfi-ÚÈ· (∫·ÏÏÈÒÙ˘ Î.·., 2002, Andreou & Metallidou, 2004, º·ÎÈÔÏ¿˜, & ∞ÚÌÂ-Ó¿Î˘, 1995).15 ¶·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È Â›Û˘ ÌÈ· Û¯¤ÛË Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜ Ì ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ·,·ÊÔ‡, fiÛÔ ·˘Ù‹ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È, ÌÂÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÂÌÏÔ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ‚›-·È· ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈο, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ Ù›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ·›ÚÓÔ˘Ó ÌË ÂÌÊ·Ó›˜ ηȿÌÂÛ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ (Houndoumadi et al., 2001). ŒÓ·˜ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ·-Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‚›·˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ·ÛÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ. HÛ˘Ó¯‹˜ ·ÛÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ì ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÈËÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜,ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘·˘Ù‹ ÂÈʤÚÂÈ, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁ› Û ÌÈ· ·‡ÍËÛË

™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›· Î·È ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·

129

ÙˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜. ∂ÈÚÔÛı¤Ùˆ˜, ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ·Ô-ÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ηıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ ‹ fi¯È Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜, ÌÈ·˜ ηÈÙ· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚ο ·Ú΋, ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È Û·ÓÈfiÙÂÚ· Û η-Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜/ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (Andreou & Metallidou, 2004). ™Ë-Ì·ÓÙÈÎfi˜, ›Û˘, Â›Ó·È Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ª¤ÛˆÓ ª·˙È΋˜ ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfi-Ô Ô˘ «Î·Ù·Û΢¿˙Ô˘Ó» ÌÈ· Ê·ÓÙ·Ûȷ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· Ù˘ ‚›·˜ Ë ÔÔ›· ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤-¯ÂÈ· ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ (∆Û›ÁηÓÔ˘ Î.·., 2004).

∞˜ ‰Ô‡Ì ÙÒÚ· ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜/ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙË Û˘-Ó¿ÚıÚˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ÂıÓÈ΋ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ Ú·Á-Ì·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ∆ÂÏÂ˘Ù·›·, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ÂÈ ÙÔ Êˆ˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· ‰È·-Ô-ÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘ Ì ·ÎÚ·›Â˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‚›·˜ ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ʤÚÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÓ˘-¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· Ú·ÙÛÈÛÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË.16 ∂›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË Ù˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈ-΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ·fi ¤Ó· ÌÔÓÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ, Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‹ Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÈ·Îfi,Û ¤Ó· ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi, Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ¤ÓÙÔÓˆÓ ÙÚÈÁÌÒÓÛ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÍÂÓfiÊÔ‚ˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ Î·È Ú·-ÙÛÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÊÔ‚ÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÛÒÌ·, ÂÚ› ·ÏÏÔ›ˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂıÓÔÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ ÔÌÔÈÔ-Á¤ÓÂÈ·˜ (¢Ò‰Ô˜ Î.·., 1996). ∆Ô ÈÔ ·ÓËÛ˘¯ËÙÈÎfi ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÛÙ·‰È·Î‹‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÌÈ·˜ Ù¿Û˘ «Ê˘ÛÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘» ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÙÛÈ-ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ú·ÙÛÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ÌÈ· Ù·‡-ÙÈÛË ÙˆÓ Ú·ÙÛÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÏÔÁÈ΋ (§·ÏÈÒÙÔ˘, 2006). ™Â·˘Ùfi Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù· ª¤Û· ª·˙È΋˜∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ (∞ÓıfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, 1998).

ŒÓ· «·Ú¿‰ÔÍÔ» Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓÔ˘ÌÂ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ ÛÔ‚·Úfi-Ù·ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜, fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ù‹ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ‹ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ‡ÏfiÁÔ˘, ÂÓfi˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ‰ËÏ. Ô˘ ÂÎ ÙˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÂÚÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ ÂÚÌËÓ¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›-ˆÓ, ÂÁ›ÚÔÓÙ·˜ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ¤Ó· ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÂÓ·Û¯fiÏËÛËÌ ·˘Ùfi, ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ· ¤¯ÂÈ ··Û¯ÔÏ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ, ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÏÂÙËÙ¤˜ÙˆÓ ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜. √È fiÔȘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛËÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›-ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ˆÛÙfiÛÔ Ó·˘ÂÈÛ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ÏËÚ¤ÛÙÂÚË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∏ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙËÙ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋˜ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜,ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÎÚ˘ÙÔÁÚ·Ê‹ÛÂÈ, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ÁÂÓÈο Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù·, ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜/ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ∏¤Ú¢ӷ Ù˘ °ÂÓÈ΋˜ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù›·˜ ¡¤·˜ °ÂÓÈ¿˜ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓÂÈ ÌÈ· Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ·˘-Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË ‚›· ÌÂٷ͇ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ Î·È ·ÏÏÔ‰·ÒÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ÂÓÒ ¤Ó·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ÙÚÂȘ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Á›ÓÂÈ Ì¿ÚÙ˘Ú˜ ‚›·È˘ Û˘ÌÏÔ΋˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ Î·È

M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜

130

·ÏÏÔ‰·ÒÓ. ∆Ô 29% ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ ÂÂÈÛÔ‰›ˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÌÂ-ٷ͇ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ Î·È ·ÏÏÔ‰·ÒÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ 26% ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÏÔ-΋ ·ÏÏÔ‰·ÒÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜.17 ™Ù· ›‰È· ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ (29,4%) ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿-˙ÂÈ Ù· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ‚›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ Î·È ·ÏÏÔ‰·ÒÓ Î·È Ë ·ÓÂÏÏ·‰È΋¤Ú¢ӷ Ù˘ V-PRC.18

™ÙËÓ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ¤Ú¢ӷ ÙÔ˘ ∂ıÓÈÎÔ‡ ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ˘ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ∂Ú¢ÓÒÓ ‰È·-Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·, Ì ÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Úfi-ÎÏËÛ˘ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ∫ÚÔ‡ÛÌ·Ù· ‚›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ·ÏÏÔ‰·ÒÓ Î·È ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓÌ·ıËÙÒÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ú·ÙËÚËı› Û ÔÛÔÛÙfi 30%. ∂›Û˘, ¿Óˆ ·fi ÙÔ 60%,ÙˆÓ ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÎ-‰Ëψı› ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Û ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ·‰˘Ó¿ÙˆÓ, ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÁȈÓ, ‰˘ÛÚÔÛ¿ÚÌÔÛÙˆÓÎ·È ÁÂÓÈο ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ. ∆Ô 16 % ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ 17%ÙˆÓ ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙÒÓ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ¤ÓÙ·Í˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏÔ-‰·ÒÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË.19

∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ηٷ‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó Ù· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ÔÛÔÛÙfi Ù˘ ÂΉËÏÔ‡ÌÂÓ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÂÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. º·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÍÂÓfiÊԂ˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ Ú·ÙÛÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙ¿-ÛÂȘ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ù˘ ÂÈÛ-ÚÔ‹˜ ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ, ÌÂٷʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ (Dimakos &Tasiopoulou, 2003). √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Ì ÛÙÂÚÂfiÙ˘· ηÈÚÔηٷϋ„ÂȘ, ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜,Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ Ì·˙È΋˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ÂÓÙ¤-ÏÂÈ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏÔ‰·Ô‡˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜,·Ó··Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙË ÛÙÂÚÂÔÙ˘È΋ ÛΤ„Ë Î·È ÙȘ ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓÂÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ (ªÈÙ›Ï˘, 1998).

∞ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË - ¶ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ

∂ÎÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ˆ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi Ê·È-ÓfiÌÂÓÔ, Ë ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ‰È·-ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂˆÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Û‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ-ÎfiÙËÙ·. ŸÙ·Ó Ë ÂıÓÈ΋ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔÓ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·Ô˘ ˘ÚÔ‰ÔÙ› Ù· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜ Î·È ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡, ÙfiÙ ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ·Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·, ›Ù ÛÙÔ Ì·ÎÚÔÂ›Â‰Ô Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Û¯Â-‰È·ÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ, ›Ù ÛÙÔ ÌÈÎÚÔÂ›Â‰Ô Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿ÍË˜Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ. ∂›Ó·È ۷ʤ˜, ·fi Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿-ÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎÒÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· ÂÈηÈÚfiÙËÙ·, fiÙÈ

™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›· Î·È ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·

131

ÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·‰˘Ó·Ù› Ó· ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ› ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο, Ì ÙÔ ˘¿Ú-¯ÔÓ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜, ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ÂÓۈ̿وÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏÔ‰·ÒÓ Ì·ıË-ÙÒÓ. ∏ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ë ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Ô˘ ‰È¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ Â›ÛËÌË ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË Ù˘ ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ˆ˜ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·Ú¿ˆ˜ ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·, ÂÍ·ÓÙÏÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘÛÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ·ÓÙÈÛÙ·ıÌÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Ù¿ÍÂȘ ˘Ô‰Ô¯‹˜ ηÈÙ· ÊÚÔÓÙÈÛÙËÚȷο ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· (¢·Ì·Ó¿Î˘, 1997, 2000). ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· Ô-ÏÈÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹ ÂÚ› ÂÏÏÂÈÌÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ÎÂ-Ê·Ï·›Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏÔ‰·ÒÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘˜.

∏ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜ Ô˘ ÂÎÎÈÓ› ·fi ÂıÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ··ÈÙ› ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÌÈ·˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ì ‰È·ÔÏÈÙÈ-ÛÌÈÎfi ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi, Ë ÔÔ›· ı¤ÙÂÈ ˆ˜ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ‰È·ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË Ù˘ ÈÛÔÙÈÌ›·˜ ÙˆÓ Ù·˘ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ô-ÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÓ. ¶¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ «‰ÔÌÈÎÔ‡˜» ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘ÓÎ·È ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙË ‚›·, Ë ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ϤÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ‰˘Ó·-ÌÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÏÂÎÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰ÔÙ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ ‹ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‚·ÛÈ΋ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛËηٷÔϤÌËÛ˘ Ù˘ ‚›·˜ (¶·ÓÔ‡Û˘, 2008). ∂Âȉ‹ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÔÈ ‰È·ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ-Τ˜ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ÚÔηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ÓÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ, Ì‹‰Ë ‰È·ÌÔÚʈ̤Ó˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ Î·È ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘ Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛ˘ (.¯. ¿ÓÈÛÔ status), ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚË·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ Î·È ·ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·fi οı ¿ÏÏË ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋ÂÚ›ÛÙ·ÛË. °È’ ·˘Ùfi, Ë ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ ÌÔÚ›ӷ ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› ̤ۈ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Ù˘ ‰È·ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ˘Ô-ÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, Ù˘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÛΤÊÙÔÓÙ·È, Ó· ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ó· ‰ÚÔ˘ÓÌ ٤ÙÔÈÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó, Ó· Û¤‚ÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘ÓÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ Î·È ÁψÛÛÈ΋˜ ÔÈÎÈÏ›·˜ Û ÌÈ· Ô-Ï˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· (Lynch, 1999).

∆Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË Ù˘ ‰È·ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ˘ÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÌÈ·˜ ‰È·ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘-ÍË ÌÈ·˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·Ô‰fiÌËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÂÚÂÔÙ‡ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔ-ηٷϋ„ˆÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¿Ï-ÏÔ˘. Ÿˆ˜ ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓıËΠÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÌÂϤÙË, ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ÙÂÎÌË-Ú›ˆÛË fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ë ÛÙÂÚÂÔÙ˘È΋ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔÓ ˘Ú‹Ó· ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ‰ÔÌÂ›Ù·È Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›· ÌÂÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜.

∂ÈϤÔÓ, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÂı› ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ë ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ‰È·‡ÏÔ˘ ÂÈ-ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÓ/¯ÒÚˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈ-ÎÒÓ Ô˘ Ô Î¿ı ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ. ∆›ıÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ·Ó·ÁηÈfiÙËÙ· Ë ÂÁηı›‰Ú˘ÛË

M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜

132

ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹, Î·È Ë ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÌÈ·˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ Û¯¤Û˘ Ì ÙËÓÙÔÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· (∞ÚÙÈÓÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, 2008) Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Ë Â›Ù¢ÍË ÌÈ·˜ Û˘Ó¿-ÓÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ Î·È Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Ì ÙÔÛ¯ÔÏÈÎfi, Ì fiÛ· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ Î·ı¤Ó· ·fi ·˘Ù¿ ʤÚÂÈ Î·È ÂÈ‚¿Ï-ÏÂÈ.

∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Â›Ó·È Ó· «“·ÓÂʇ-ÚÔ˘Ì” ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ի (¶·ÓÔ‡Û˘, 2008: 40). ∞·ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÌÈ· ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ıÂ-ÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ÂȉÈÒÍÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜, ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÂ-¯Ô̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜Î·È ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ÙÔ˘. ∆Ô Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ì ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Ó· ·Ì‚χÓÂÈÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓfi-ÙËÙ· Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·ÏfiÙËÙ· ¤ÎÊÚ·Û˘ Î·È ·ÚÔ˘Û›·˜ Î·È Û¤‚ÂÙ·È,ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜, ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· ÛÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿. ø˜ ÚÔ¸-fiıÂÛË Ù›ıÂÙ·È Ë ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ̤ۈ Ù˘ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ (ÁÏÒÛÛ· Î·È ÛÙÔÈ-¯Â›· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡) Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚ›ÏË„‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·(Cummins, 1999).

ŸÌˆ˜, ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Û˘¯Ó¿ Ó· ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÂÈ ÙËÓ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ó· Û˘ÓÙËÚ› ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ô˘ ÁÂÓÓÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈıÂÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈ-ÊÔÚ¿, Î·È ·˘Ùfi Á›ÓÂÙ·È Â›Ù ¿ÌÂÛ· Î·È ıÂÛÌÈο ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ, ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ‰ÔÌÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (Ù· ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿Ì-Ì·Ù·, Ù· Û¯ÔÏÈο ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È·, ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Î·È Ë ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û¯Ô-Ï›Ԣ, ÙȘ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜), ›Ù ¤ÌÌÂÛ· ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÛȈ‹ÛÂˆÓ ‹ÙˆÓ ·Ú·Ï›„ÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ›ÛËÌÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‹ ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÚÔ-ÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó¿ÙÔÓÙ·È. ªÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ·Ú¿-‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›ˆÓ Ù·ÔÔ›·, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÂÓfi˜ ÂıÓÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡, ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÔ˘ÓÛÙÂÚÂÔÙ˘ÈΤ˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂıÓÈÎfi Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi «¿ÏÏÔ». ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ·Ó·-·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÂÚÂÔÙ˘ÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ Ô˘ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Î·È Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÔ-ÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ «¿ÏÏÔÓ» ˆ˜ ÎϤÊÙË, ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙÔ Î.Ï. ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· ÌÈ·Ú¿ÍË ‚›·˜, ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, Ë ÔÔ›· ‡ÎÔÏ· ÌÂÙ·Î˘Ï‡ÂÙ·ÈÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜. ∆Ô ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ ¯·ÌËÏÒÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏÔ‰·Ô‡˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÔÈ Û˘Ó¤ÂȤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜, Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·ÎfiÌË ·Ú¿-‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÙÛÈÛÌÔ‡.

To ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ηıÈÛÙ¿ fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ÈηÓÔ‡˜ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ù˘ٷ˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ó· Ô‰ËÁ› Û ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ·,·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒ-ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ·ÓÙÈÚ·ÙÛÈÛÙÈ΋ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ¤Ó· ·ÓÙÈÚ·ÙÛÈÛÙÈÎfi ·È‰·-ÁˆÁÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ Î·È ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ªÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË

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ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ ÙÔ Ú·ÙÛÈÛÌfi ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Û˘-ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ‰ÔÌÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÈÛÔًوÓ. ø˜ ηٷÎÏ›‰· ·Ú·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ì Ùˉȷ›ÛÙˆÛË Ù˘ π. §·ÏÈÒÙÔ˘ (2006), Ì ·ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÙÔ ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi Ù˘ Ú·ÙÛÈÛÙÈ-΋˜ ‚›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞Ì¿Ú˘ÓıÔ: «Ù· ÂÏÏËÓÈο Û¯ÔÏ›· ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÓÂÚÁ¤˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ-Τ˜ ·ÓÙÈÚ·ÙÛÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔ Ì›ÛÔ˜.ª¤Û· Î·È ¤Íˆ ·fi ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ùԇ̠ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ-ο, Ó· ·ÊÔÌÔÈÒÛÔ˘Ì ıÂÙÈο ÚfiÙ˘·, ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ÙÔ˘ «Í¤-ÓÔ˘», Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ ÊÔ‚Èο ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ·ÛÙÈο Ì·˜ ÁÈ· fiÛ· ·ÏÏ¿˙Ô˘ÓÁ‡Úˆ Ì·˜, Ó· ÂÍÔÈÎÂȈıԇ̠̠ÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙȘ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·-Ó·ÛÙ¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ·ÙÚ›‰·˜ Ì·˜ ÎÙÏ. ∏ ·ÓÙÈÚ·ÙÛÈÛÙÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË··ÈÙ› ¯ÚfiÓÔ, ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi, fiÚÔ˘˜ Î·È ¿Óˆ ·fi fiÏ· ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ‚Ô‡ÏËÛË Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ì Úfi‚ÏËÌ·».

™ËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ

1. ∏ §. ªÂ˙¤ (1998: 63-69) ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÂÈ ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÚÈÔı¤ÙËÛË Ù˘¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ Ù˘ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÔÚÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÛÙȘ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ,ÙȘ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÚÔ‚·›ÓÔ˘ÌÂ. ŒÙÛÈ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ë ÌÂÙ·‚›-‚·ÛË ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÂÓfi˜ ·ÍÈ·ÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ·fi ·˘Ùfi ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ,ÌÔÚ› Ó· ıˆÚËı› ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂÈıÂÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ (ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜). 2. µ¤‚·È· Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ·Ô‰Â›ÍÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ·ÈÙ›·˜ – ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ ·Ó·-ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÈ Â¿Ó Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ‹ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÛÙ·-ÙÈÎÒÓ ‚›·˜ Ô˘ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜. µÏ. Hodges & Perry, 1999.3. √ Rigby (1996) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË fiÔ˘ ·ÚÎÂÙÔ› ‰¿ÛηÏÔÈ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó Ù· ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈοÂÈıÂÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊoÚ¿˜ ˆ˜ ıÂÙÈο, ·ÊÔ‡ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ó· ˙‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ Ú·ÁÌ·-ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ.4. √ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ª.ª.∂. Â›Ó·È Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi˜, ·ÊÔ‡ ·˘Ù¿ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· Ù˘‚›·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÛÙ·‰È·Î‹, ÌË Û˘ÓÂȉËÙ‹ ÂÍÔÈΛˆÛË Ì ·˘Ù‹. O J. Young (2004) ÂÈ-ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ̤۷ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ÙË ‚›· ·ÏÏ¿ Ó· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ¤Ó·ÛÂÓ¿ÚÈÔ, ÌÈ· ·Ê‹ÁËÛË ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÛÎÈ·ÁÚ·Ê› ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘ ‚›·˜: fiÙ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È, ÁÈ·ÔÈÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜, ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ Ù›ÓÔ˜ Î.Ï. 5. °ÂÓÈο, ·˘Ù‹ Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·Ó·‰›ÏˆÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ «·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·» Ù˘ ÔÈΛ·˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ·Ú·ÙË-ÚÂ›Ù·È ÛÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÂÔ¯‹ Î·È ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ «ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÔÍÔ», ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ·ÓٛʷÛË ÌÂÙ·-͇ Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ·fi ÙË ÌÈ· ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ì ÙË ‰È‡ڢÓÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÈ-ÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ˙ˆ‹˜, Î·È ÙËÓ ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÙÔÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, Ì ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈ-̤ÚÔ˘˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Ù·˘ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙ˆ‡ÚˆÛË ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ù¿ÛˆÓ. µÏ. Û¯ÂÙÈοBeck, 1999. 6. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi Ô‰ËÁ› Û ۯÔÏÈ΋ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·, Ë ÔÔ›· Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ Ù˘ ˆı› ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ÙÔÓ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ù˘¯·›Ô fiÙÈ ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ̤ÙÚ· Ô˘ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÂÓۈ̿-ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏÔ‰·ÒÓ Î·È ·ÏÈÓÓÔÛÙÔ‡ÓÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ (∞ÚÙÈÓÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, 2001).7. ™Â ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ‰ÂÓ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Ë «‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ Û˘Á¯ÚÔÓ›·» Ù˘ ÂıÓÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ Ù·˘Ùfi-ÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ Ô Anderson (1983), Ë Û˘Ìʈӛ· ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ˘·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÛÂÌÈ· Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‚ÈÒÌ·Ùfi˜ ÙÔ˘, Ù˘ ÂÌÏÔ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ¿ÌÂÛÔ Û˘ÁΛÌÂÓÔ.

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8. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ Bourdieu ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ‚·ÛÈ˙fiÌÂÓ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Û˘ÌÌÂÙÚ›· ηÈÙËÓ ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ·. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ Ù˘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ Û οı ¤Î-Ê·ÓÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ˙ˆ‹˜. ª¤Û· ·fi ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ ·ÛÎÂ›Ù·È ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡-ÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Ë Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›·, ÌÈ· ‚›· Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ‹È· Î·È ·ı¤·ÙË Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂٷȈ˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ‹ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÛÎÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙËÓ Û˘ÁηٿıÂÛË ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ ÙˆÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡ÌÂÓˆÓ. 9. √ ËÌÂÚ‹ÛÈÔ˜ Ù‡Ô˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÂÈ Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ Ô˘ ηٷ‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ‡·ÚÍË ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ·˘ÍËÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì ™. ¡¤Ù· «∂Ó·˜ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ÂÊ‹‚Ô˘˜ ı‡Ì· ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡», ∂Ï¢ıÂÚÔÙ˘›· 16/6/2006, http://www.enet.gr/on-line/online_hprint?q=&a=%3F%3F%3F%3F&id=75300772, ª. ¶··Ì·Ùı·›Ô˘ & µ. ¡¤‰Ô˜«∂ÓÙ·ÙÈο Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù· ‚›·˜ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›·», ∆Ô µ‹Ì· Ù˘ ∫˘Úȷ΋˜, 2/5/2005, http://tovima.dol-net.gr/print_article.php?e=B&f=14580&m=A38&aa=1 10. ∆Ô ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· CONNECT, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÏÂÈÙÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ·fi ÙÔ 1998, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· ÙÔÚÒÙÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô «¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ» ÙȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ Û¯Ô-ÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜ Û fiϘ ÙȘ ÙfiÙ ¯ÒÚ˜-̤ÏË Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ¤ıÂÛ ÙȘ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰È·ÌfiÚ-ʈÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ (ª·ÓÈ¿Ù˘, 2008). µÏ. http://www.gold.ac.uk/connect/reportgreece.html 11. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ¢ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË∞Ó·ÁÎÒÓ Î·È ∂˘·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ º·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡-£˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ (Bullying)ÛÙ· ™¯ÔÏ›· ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Daphne-II (2004-2008)Î·È ˘ÏÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ·fi ÙËÓ ∂Ù·ÈÚ›· æ˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÀÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·È‰ÈÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘∂Ê‹‚Ô˘ (∂.æ.À.¶.∂), Ì ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÚÈÒÓ ·ÎfiÌ· Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ: Ù˘ °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·˜, Ù˘∫‡ÚÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ §ÈıÔ˘·Ó›·˜. http://www.epsype.gr/daphne.asp. 12. Ÿˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Houndoumadi, A., Pateraki, L., Doanidou M., 2001.13. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ Ì ٛÙÏÔ «∆·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ʇÏÔ˘, ÂıÓÈΤ˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È Û¯ÔÏÈ΋‚›·: ¢ÈÂÚ¢ÓÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË ‚›· Î·È ÙË ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ», Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÍ‹¯ıË ÙË ¯ÚÔÓÈ-΋ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô 2004-2006Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠ۠‰Â›ÁÌ· 3.875 Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È 200 ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ Î·È ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ «¶˘ı·ÁfiÚ·˜ π» ÙÔ˘ ∞¶£. µÏ. Û¯ÂÙÈο http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=11424&subid=2&pubid=134324. 14. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÁÈ· ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚›· ÙÔ˘ ∂ıÓÈÎÔ‡ ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ˘ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ∂Ú¢ÓÒÓÎ·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÙÔ˘ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, Ì ı¤Ì·: «µ›· Î·È ·Ú·‚·ÙÈ΋ Û˘-ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ù˘ ∞ı‹Ó·˜», ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂Ú¢ÓËÙÈÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜«ªÂÁ·ÏÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó·-¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ∑ˆ‹˜ ¶·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ∂Ê‹‚ˆÓ». µÏ. Û¯ÂÙÈο ÛÙÔ ∫ÔÙÙ·-Ú›‰Ë Î.·., 2007, ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ ÛÙÔ http://www.ekke.gr/files/poiotita_zohs.pdf . 15. ∂›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ô ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌfi˜ (bullying) Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ̛· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıË-Û˘. ∆· ·ÁfiÚÈ· ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‚›· Î·È ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ·Ô‰ÂÎÙfi ·fi ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ÂÓÒ ·˘Ùfi˜‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ·Ô‰ÂÎÙfi˜ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ·. µÏ. Û¯ÂÙÈο Andreou & Metallidou,2004.16. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ‰‡Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· Ô˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹ıËÎ·Ó Î·Ù¿ ÎfiÚÔÓ Ûٷ̤۷ Ì·˙È΋˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜: ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ µ¤ÚÔÈ·˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÍ·Ê¿ÓÈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÌÈÎÚÔ‡ ·ÁÔÚÈÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘∞Ì·Ú‡ÓıÔ˘, Ì ÙÔ Î·Ù·ÁÁÂÏÏfiÌÂÓÔ ‚È·ÛÌfi ÌÈ·˜ Ì·ı‹ÙÚÈ·˜ µÔ˘ÏÁ·ÚÈ΋˜ ηٷÁˆÁ‹˜. µÏ. ÂÓ-‰ÂÈÎÙÈο Ù· ‰ËÌÔÛȇ̷ٷ, ∆ÛȿηÏÔ˜ °. «Bullying Î·È Ú·ÙÛÈÛÌfi˜», ∂Ï¢ıÂÚÔÙ˘›· 5/62006,°ÂˆÚÁ›Ô˘ Ã. «∞ӷ΢ÎÏÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜ Ú·ÙÛÈÛÌfi˜», ∂Ï¢ıÂÚÔÙ˘›· 12/11/2006.17. Ÿˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Houndoumadi, Pateraki, Doanidou, 2001.18. ¶··Ì·Ùı·›Ô˘ & µ. ¡¤‰Ô˜ «∂ÓÙ·ÙÈο Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù· ‚›·˜ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›·», ∆Ô µ‹Ì· Ù˘ ∫˘ÚÈ·-΋˜, 2/5/2005, http://tovima.dolnet.gr/print_article.php?e=B&f=14580&m=A38&aa=1 19. ∂ÊËÌÂÚ›‰· ∫·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹, 16 πÔ˘Ó›Ô˘ 2006.

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