a2 pe comparative studies history 11/1/13. learning objectives understand how people spent their...
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A2 PE
Comparative Studies
History11/1/13
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Learning Objectives
• Understand how people spent their leisure time before the industrial revolution
• Relate how sport of pre-industrial Britain reflected the society of the time
• Be able to give example of popular recreation• Understand the key characteristics of popular
sports & recreations
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PracticalName Sport
S.P Judo
E.D Netball
C.G Dressage
S.B Football
M.B Rugby
M.H Basketball – DVD √
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Focus
• Written communication• Spelling• Grammar • Punctuation• Sentence construction• Technical language• Paragraphs
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History
• Factors that have impacted physical activity• Thinking as a historian• Social class and gender• Popular recreation• Social and cultural factors• Pre-industrial Britain
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History
1 Popular recreation; pre industrial
2 Rational recreation; post
industrial
5. Drill, physical Ed
in state
4. Case Studies
3 . 19th Century public schools
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Remember the questions:-
• WHERE is it? • WHO is involved? • WHEN is it taking place? • WHY?• HOW?
• Then and now, why and how?
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Four aspects of Sports HistoryImportant to understand the characteristics of each
century ~ Influence on each aspect
1700
1800
1900
2000
Pre-industrial18th century
Post-industrial
20th century19th century
Popular recreation
Public school athleticism
Rational recreation
State elementary education
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Social and Cultural factors of popular recreation (18th cent)
Life was difficult; High mortality rates, Public hangings (uncivilised) Low literacy amongst the poor, Poor communications (transport and communication), No technological advancements.
Task:Think and draw the characteristics of popular recreation based on the above facts.
Eg; Played locally due to poor transport.
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Life in Pre-industrial BritainSocietal background
• Life expectancy was 35 Years• Pre-Christian rituals often
involved competition – hunts & fights.
• Mob games had origins in pagan times.
• Often ball games Ashbourne in Derbyshire & Alnwick in Northumberland.
• Others, such as Haxey Hood game, were based on folk tales. www.mercia.f9.co.uk/haxey_hood.htm
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Life in Pre-industrial BritainThe medieval sporting year
• Spring fertility festivals• New Years Day & Plough
Monday (1st Monday after Christmas
• Most at Easter - Shrove Tuesday popular for ‘mob games’, (football, tug of war & animal baiting). Before lent.
• May Day – men chased women, ritual of fertility.
• Whitsuntide – dancing & games• Cotswold games in summer –
running, jumping & throwing.
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Life in Pre-industrial BritainThe medieval sporting year
• Population was totally rural
• Largest town had a population of 20,000
• 30 ‘holy’ days when sport could be played
• Gentry & peasants• Some sports
overlapped
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16th – 17th Century• Henry VIII did not wish to change religious, social or sporting habits
when he broke with Rome• After the Reformation (religious movement in the sixteenth century,
reform of the Roman Catholic Church: Protestantism, Puritism) came an attack on sports and pastimes
• Puritans were fiercely opposed to the excess, unruliness, spontaneity, swearing and drinking associated with contemporary recreations
• Protestantism believed idleness and playfullness were sinful and that salvation could only be earned through a lofe of prayer and self discipline
• Bleak time for Popular Sports and pastimes• Puritan ethic gave way to work ethic and spreading of Protestantism,
where by leisure pursuits were acceptable only by restoring people for work
• Protestantism 1700 – 1800: provided feast days and space for gatherings• Church criticised the excess violence linked with Pop Rec. Result was a
decline in community participation
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18th Century• Life for peasants was tough• Sports and pastimes echoed this harshness• Baiting and blood sports attracted large crowds
– Trained dogs attacked tethered bears or bulls
• Ratting contests saw dogs released into an enclosed pit to kill as many rats as possible
• Crowds would bet on the outcome• Cock fighting saw prize birds with sharp spurs attached to their claws to
ensure maximum damage to the opponent. This was comparatively well organised which would take place in an inn’s yard
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18th century Village life• Pub or drinking house was central to village life
– Socialise– Do business– Find work– Receive wages– Organise political activity– Stopping station for horse coaches– Focus of leisure activities for the community
• It hosted bear and badger baiting• Also, less barbaric pursuits such as quoits, bowls and billiards• Landlords would provide prizes and popularity of these would
boost profit• A famous example of this is the public house in Hampshire at the
Bat and Ball Inn. Hambledon Cricket Club was the nurturing home of cricket between 1750 - 1780
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Characteristics of
popular recreation
Natural/SimpleLack of technology,
Purpose-built facilities and money for the
masses.
LocalLimited transport and
communications. Played locally.
Simple, unwritten rulesIlliteracy, no National
Governing Bodies.
Cruel/violentReflecting the harshness of
18th cent rural life.
OccasionalLimited free time due to work. Free time on Holy
days and annual holidays.
Courtly/popularPre-industrial Britain was a
two-class system;Upper and peasant .
RuralBefore the Industrial
Revolution, Britain was agricultural and rural.
OccupationalWork often became the
basis of play.
WageringA chance to go from rags to
riches
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How many characteristics of Popular Recreation can you see?
18
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How many characteristics of Popular Recreation can you see?
19
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Popular Recreation
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Tracing the developments
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Tracing the developments
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Pre-Industrial Britain?
• Transport• Industry…
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Remember the questions:-
• WHERE is it? (rural; urban; natural)• WHO is involved? (class/gender)• WHEN is it taking place? (occasional/regular)• WHY are participants involved? Amateur;
professional; entertainment; wager?• HOW is it being performed? (simple? rules;
cruelty? violence?; sportsmanship?)
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The Village Ba’ Game
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Popular recreation Characteristics?
• P• L• O• C• R• O• W• S
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Popular recreation Characteristics?
• Popular/courtly• Localised• Occasional • Cruel/Violent• Rural• Occupational (we’ll look at this later)• Wagering• Simple/Un-written rules• Simple/Natural
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Popular/courtly• Britain was a 2 class society: • Aristocracy/ gentry/courtly; Upper class; these were
the very wealthy; owned the land• Peasantry; Lower class; Popular; extremely poor;
worked on the land• Both classes loved play; they rarely mixed
(sometimes they did though) however so activities could be either popular or courtly.
• EXAMPLE: Courtly played Real Tennis; Popular played mob games
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Local
• Many games/activities were localised to a region/town/village/area.
• Example: The Ashbourne football game was only played in Ashbourne, Derbyshire.
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Occasional
• Many of these activities only took place on special Annual occasions or Saints Days.
• EXAMPLE: Ashbourne Football takes place during the Shrovetide holiday
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Cruel/Violent• Violence between humans was commonplace; cruelty to
animals was popular amongst both classes. Drinking was also excessive (and not considered ill-bred) and fuelled this behaviour.
• EXAMPLE: the ‘Cock Shy’; bear and bull baiting; bull running; the prize ring and ‘rampaging’!
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Rural• Britain was in a ‘pre-industrial’ state. Agriculture was
the main industry and most activities took place on natural rural environments.
• EXAMPLE: Swimming and bathing in natural rivers; cricket on open fields
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Wagering• Gambling (you must call it wagering in Popular rec.
contexts) was a compulsion amongst both the peasantry (to win money) and aristocracy (to demonstrate wealth and spice up mundane lifestyles). Huge sums were wagered. They bet on pretty much anything!
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Simple Unwritten rules/Un-coded• Many activities and local customs were past down by
word of mouth. The lower classes were illiterate and only occasionally (specifically cricket and real tennis) were regulations written down.
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“Pre-industrial popular recreation reflected the society, life and time in which it existed”
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Pre-industrial society
• Two class system: feudal system• Cottage/Agriculture industry• Limited communication/transport• Poor literacy• Harsh society/poor law and order• Limited free time• Rags to riches
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Popular games and recreations of pre-industrial Britain
This is to provide case studies of pastimes undertaken in this era.
• Real Tennis – sport confined to the gentry• Football – a game of the peasants• Cricket – a game with some degree of social
mix was permissible.
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Effects on Health• Varying opportunities for participation• Class system• Upper class and Lower class• Gender• Class• Prepare a note presentation on the factors that
differentiate opportunities for the varying classes and genders
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Then and Now, why and how?
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Pop rec overview to be linked to rational recreation
• Seasonal time• Limited transport and communication• Illiteracy• Harsh rural lifestyle• Feudal system/ two-class society• Agricultural• Uncivilised, lack of policing system• Lack of technology
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• Games were occasional; • Skill competency not developed in working class.• More force used.• Health benefits questionable.• No rules = injury, mortality and recovery time.• Male dominated.• Some skill development in middle class, as they used
equipment.• Legacy of pop rec games is significant.• Ashbourne football.• Rural areas still have festivals.• Surviving ethnic sports – Highland Games and Cheese Rolling
(AS link).• Blood sports banned. Fox hunting survived longer as favoured
by upper class.
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Rational recreation
• Industrial revolution transformed society from a rural agricultural system to an urban factory system
• Middle class was developed in post-industrial Britain and became a dominant social and sporting force
• Meanwhile, the rural peasants who had migrated to towns to find factory work became known as the working class
• Working class opportunities and provision fell way below that of their social superiors. Long hours, low wages, anxiety, low age workers
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Case study information
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Mob/folk games – mob football
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Mob/folk games – Case Studies
• Ashbourne Shrovetide Football
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Mob/folk games – Case Studies
• The Ba’ Game
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How closely did mob football match pop. Rec. characteristics?
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Mob football: Popular recreation Characteristics?
• Popular/courtly? Yes, how?• Localised? Yes, how?• Occasional? Yes, how? • Cruel/Violent? Yes, how?• Rural? Yes, how?• Occupational (we’ll look at this later)• Wagering? Yes, how?• Simple/Un-coded? Yes, how?
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The games of the court & the gentry
• Time available• Economic reasons• Social Advantage• The horse• Soldier• Literature• Gambling (bowling,
horse racing, cock fighting & archery
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The games and recreations of the populace
• Holy Days• Localised (ready to hand
materials)• Recreations changed• Mass football or ‘stick games
(hurling)• Teams selected on simple criteria
such as ‘Uppers’ & ‘downers’• Few rules• In summer strength tests & races• Baiting sports between dogs,
cockerels, or dogs & bulls and bears.
• Military preparation
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Festivals and the role of the Church
• National Celebrations• Urbanisation• The Reformation –
Puritanism, Sacrilegious to play on Sundays & Holy days, frivolous & non-productive.
• The Restoration – Return of King Charles II, Active Church approach to sport.
‘The gates to salvation can only be opened by what a person believes, thinks or feels during their earthly life’.
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Real Tennis• Originated in France• Popular in Britain in 14
Cent.• Kings, Nobles &
Merchants.• Originally constructed
from courtyards• Net was a rope or cord.• Gloves then short handled
rackets.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYvbHCMBxuU
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Real/Royal tennis
“The sophisticated exclusivity of
real tennis was the exact
opposite to the rustic
simplicity of folk games” (Davis, 1997)
?
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Some characteristics of Real/Royal Tennis?
• Sophisticated• Exclusive• Skill over force• Regulated• Artificial facilities• (OHP)
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So how does Real Tennis fit into our general characteristics of popular recreation?
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Real tennis: Popular recreation Characteristics?
• Popular/courtly? Yes, how?• Localised? • Occasional? • Cruel/Violent? • Rural? • Occupational?• Wagering? • Simple/Un-coded?
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Football• New & Shrovetide
celebrations• Referred to as street
football – maintaining rights of way
• Alnwick in Northumberland moved to fields – St. Michaels & St. Peter’s (parishes)
• Few rules, distinct teams & goals
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Cricket• Ancient origins• Ancient Celts & Romans• Weald of Southern
England in 1700 – downland grass, a ball of wool & a crook
• Bat & Ball Inn, Hambledon• 1744 published rules
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Key Revision Points
• Pop rec took place in pre-industrial Britain• Church calendar allowed regular time for leisure and
sport• Social distinction between court & peasantry – mob,
informal, large scale & violent• Cricket a game where classes could intermix• Animal sports were popular – baiting for lower
classes, hunting for upper classes.