a vindication of natural diet_shelley

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Title:AVindicationofNaturalDiet.

Author:PercyByssheShelley

ReleaseDate:January31,2012[EBook#38727]

Language:English

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AVINDICATION

OFNATURALDIET.

BYPERCYBYSSHESHELLEY.

ANEWEDITION.

"Oursimplelifewantslittle,andtruetasteHiresnotthepaledrudgeLuxurytowasteThesceneitwouldadorn,andthereforestill

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Nature,withallherchildren,hauntsthehill."Epipsychidion.

LONDON:F.PITMAN,20,PATERNOSTERROW.MANCHESTER:JOHNHEYWOOD,RIDGEFIELDANDOFFICES

OFTHEVEGETARIANSOCIETY,75,PRINCESSSTREET.1884.

PREFATORYNOTICE.

Shelley's "Vindication of Natural Diet" was first written as part of the notes to"Queen Mab," which was privately issued in 1813. Later in the same year the"Vindication" was separately published as a pamphlet, and it is from this laterpublication that the present reprint is made. The original pamphlet is nowexceedinglyscarce,butitissaidtohavebeenreprintedin1835,asanappendixtoan American medical work, the "Manual on Health," by Dr. Turnbull, of NewYork.Twocopiesonlyareknowntohavebeenpreservedofthisexcessivelyrarepamphlet,thoughpossiblyothersmaybehiddeninunfrequentedlibrariesandoutofthewaycountryhouses.OnecopyisintheBritishMuseum,andtheotherisinthepossessionofMr.H.BuxtonForman,whohasreprinteditinhisgreateditionofShelley, where it forms the opening part of the second volume of the "ProseWorks."

ThemainobjectofShelley'spamphletwastoshowthatavegetabledietisthemostnatural, and therefore the best for mankind. It is not an appeal to humanitariansentiment,butanargumentbasedonindividualexperience,concerningtheintimateconnectionofhealth andmoralitywith food. Ithasnoclaim tooriginality in thearguments adduced its materials being avowedly drawn from the works of Dr.Lambe and Mr. Newton, of whom an account may be read in Mr. HowardWilliams' "Catena," but the style is Shelley's own, and the pamphlet is inmanywaysoneofthemostinterestingandcharacteristicofhisproseworks.Perhapsitsmost remarkable feature is to be found in the very pertinent remarks as to thebearingofVegetarianismonthosequestionsofeconomyandsocialreform,whicharenowforcingthemselvesmoreandmoreontheattentionoftheEnglishpeople.[1]

At the timeofwritinghis"VindicationofNaturalDiet,"Shelleyhadhimself, forsome months past, adopted a Vegetarian diet, chiefly, no doubt, through hisintimacywiththeNewtonfamily.ThereseemsnoreasontodoubtthathecontinuedtopractiseVegetarianismduringtherestofhisstayinEngland,thatisfrom1813tothe spring of 1818. Leigh Hunt's account of his life at Marlow, in 1817, is asfollows:"This was the round of his daily life. He was up early, breakfastedsparingly,wrotethis'RevoltofIslam'allthemorningwentoutinhisboat,orinthewoods,withsomeGreekauthorortheBibleinhishandscamehometoadinnerofvegetables (forhe tookneithermeatnorwine)visited, ifnecessary, thesickandfatherless,whomothersgaveBiblestoandnohelpwroteorstudiedagain,orreadtohiswifeandfriendsthewholeeveningtookacrustofbreadoraglassofwheyforhissupper,andwentearlytobed."

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In1818,heleftEnglandforItaly,andduringhislastfouryears,themostdreamyand speculative period of his life, he seems to have been less strict in hisobservanceofVegetarianpractice. It isnot truehowever, ashas sometimesbeenasserted,thatShelleylostfaithintheprinciplesofVegetarianismforhischangeindietwasowingpartlytohiswellknowncarelessnessabouthisfood,whichbecamemoremarkedatthistime,andpartlytoadesiretoavoidgivingtroubletotheothermembers of his household, which, as we see from a line in his letter to MariaGisborne,writtenin1820,"Thoughweeatlittlefleshanddrinknowine"wasnotentirely a Vegetarian one. Yet, even at this period of his life, he himself waspractically, if not systematically, a Vegetarian, for all his biographers agree ininformingusthatbreadwasliterallyhis"staffoflife."Wecannotdoubtthatifhehadlivedinthepresenttimehewouldhavetakenaleadingpartinthemovementtowards Food Reform. As it is, he has left us an invaluable legacy in his"VindicationofNaturalDiet," perhaps themost powerful and eloquent plea everputforwardinfavouroftheVegetariancause.

He found in this the presage of his ideal future. To his enthusiastic faith in thetransformingeffectoftheVegetarianprinciple,weowesomeofthefinestpassagesinhispoetry.Inthecloseoftheeighthcantoof"QueenMab,"wehaveapictureofatimewhenmannomore

Slaysthelambthatlookshimintheface.

It is the same ideal of bloodless innocence as that of Israel's prophetpoet, whodeclaresthatintheHolyMountaintheyshallnothurtnordestroy.Neverdidsageor singer, prophet or priest, or poet, see a brighter vision of the future than thatwhich is imaged in the description of a glorified earth, from which cruelty,bloodshed,andtyranny,havebeenbanished.

"Mybrethren,wearefree!ThefruitsareglowingBeneaththestars,andthenightwindsareflowingO'ertheripecorn.Thebirdsandbeastsaredreaming.

NeveragainmaybloodofbirdorbeastStainwithitsvenomousstreamahumanfeast,

TothepureskiesinaccusationsteamingAvengingpoisonsshallhaveceased

TofeeddiseaseandfearandmadnessThedwellersoftheearthandair

Shallthrongaroundourstepsingladness,Seekingtheirfoodorrefugethere.

Ourtoilfromthoughtallgloriousformsshallcull,Tomakethisearth,ourhome,morebeautifulAndScience,andhersisterPoesy,Shallclotheinlightthefieldsandcitiesofthefree!"

******

OvertheplainthethrongswerescatteredthenIngroupsaroundthefires,whichfromthesea

EventothegorgeofthefirstmountainglenBlazedwideandfar.ThebanquetofthefreeWasspreadbeneathmanyadarkcypresstree

BeneathwhosespireswhichswayedintheredflameRecliningastheyate,ofliberty,

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Andhope,andjustice,andLaone'sname,Earth'schildrendidawoofofhappyconverseframe.

TheirfeastwassuchasEarth,thegeneralmother,Poursfromherfairestbosom,whenshesmiles

IntheembraceofAutumn.ToeachotherAswhensomeparentfondlyreconcilesHerwarringchildren,shetheirwrathbeguiles

Withherownsustenancetheyrelentingweep:Suchwasthisfestival,which,fromtheirisles

Andcontinentsandwindsandoceansdeep,Allshapesmightthrongtosharethatflyorwalkorcreep.

That thiswas nomere poetic sentiment is proved by this pamphlet,which is anearnestvindicationofVegetarianism.

H.S.S.W.E.A.A.

[ORIGINALTITLEPAGE.]

A

VINDICATION

OF

NATURALDIET.

BEINGONEINASERIESOFNOTESTOQUEENMAB

(APHILOSOPHICALPOEM).

,,,'.',,.

.Op.etDies.1,54.

[Greek:Iapetionid,pantnperimdeaeids,Chaireispurklepsas,kaiemasphrenasperopeusasSoit'autmegapmakaiandrasinessomenoisi.Toisd'egantipurosdskakon,kenapantesTerpntaikatathumon,eonkakonamphagapntes.]

[Greek:SID.]Op.etDies.1,54.

LONDON:PRINTEDFORJ.CALLOW,MEDICALBOOKSELLER,CROWNCOURT,

PRINCE'SSTREET,SOHO,BYSMITH&DAVY,QUEENSTREET,SEVENDIALS.

1813.

PRICEONESHILLINGANDSIXPENCE.

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AVINDICATIONOFNATURALDIET.

Iholdthatthedepravityofthephysicalandmoralnatureofmanoriginatedinhisunnaturalhabitsoflife.Theoriginofman,likethatoftheuniverseofwhichheisapart,isenvelopedinimpenetrablemystery.Hisgenerationseitherhadabeginning,or they had not. Theweight of evidence in favour of each of these suppositionsseems tolerably equal and it is perfectly unimportant to the present argumentwhichisassumed.Thelanguagespoken,however,bythemythologyofnearlyallreligionsseemstoprove,thatatsomedistantperiodmanforsookthepathofnature,andsacrificedthepurityandhappinessofhisbeingtounnaturalappetites.Thedateofthiseventseemstohavealsobeenthatofsomegreatchangeintheclimatesoftheearth,withwhichithasanobviouscorrespondence.TheallegoryofAdamandEveeatingofthetreeofevil,andentailingupontheirposteritythewrathofGod,andthelossofeverlastinglife,admitsofnootherexplanationthanthediseaseandcrimethathaveflowedfromunnaturaldiet.Miltonwassowellawareofthis,thathemakesRaphaelthusexhibittoAdamtheconsequenceofhisdisobedience:

...ImmediatelyaplaceBeforehiseyesappeared:sad,noisome,dark:AlazarhouseitseemedwhereinwerelaidNumbersofalldiseased:allmaladiesOfghastlyspasm,orrackingtorture,qualmsOfheartsickagony,allfeverouskinds,Convulsions,epilepsies,fiercecatarrhsIntestinestoneandulcer,cholicpangs,Dmoniacfrenzy,mopingmelancholy,Andmoonstruckmadness,piningatrophy,Marasmus,andwidewastingpestilence,Dropsies,andasthmas,andjointrackingrheums.

Andhowmanythousandsmoremightnotbeaddedtothisfrightfulcatalogue!

ThestoryofPrometheusisonelikewisewhich,althoughuniversallyadmittedtobeallegorical, has never been satisfactorily explained. Prometheus stole fire fromheaven, and was chained for this crime to Mount Caucasus, where a vulturecontinually devoured his liver, that grew to meet its hunger. Hesiod says, that,before the time of Prometheus, mankind were exempt from suffering that theyenjoyedavigorousyouth,andthatdeath,whenatlengthitcame,approachedlikesleep,andgentlyclosedtheireyes.Again,sogeneralwasthisopinion,thatHorace,apoetoftheAugustanage,writes:

Audaxomniaperpeti,Genshumanaruitpervetitumnefas,AudaxIapetigenusIgnemfraudemalagentibusintulit,PostignemtheredomoSubductum,maciesetnovafebriumTerrisincubuitcohorsSemotiquepriustardanecessitasLethicorripuitgradum.

Howplainalanguageisspokenbyallthis.Prometheus(whorepresentsthehuman

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race)effectedsomegreatchangeintheconditionofhisnature,andappliedfiretoculinarypurposes thus inventinganexpedient for screening fromhis disgust thehorrorsoftheshambles.Fromthismomenthisvitalsweredevouredbythevultureof disease. It consumed his being in every shape of its loathsome and infinitevariety,inducingthesoulquellingsinkingsofprematureandviolentdeath.Allvicearose from the ruinofhealthful innocence.Tyranny, superstition, commerce, andinequality, were then first known, when reason vainly attempted to guide thewanderings of exacerbated passion. I conclude this part of the subject with anextract from Mr. Newton's Defence of Vegetable Regimen, from whom I haveborrowedthisinterpretationofthefableofPrometheus.

"Making allowance for such transposition of the events of the allegory as timemightproduceafter the important truthswereforgotten,whichthisportionof theancientmythologywasintendedtotransmit,thedriftofthefableseemstobethis:Manathiscreationwasendowedwiththegiftofperpetualyouth that is,hewasnotformedtobeasicklysufferingcreatureaswenowseehim,buttoenjoyhealth,andtosinkbyslowdegreesintothebosomofhisparentearthwithoutdiseaseorpain. Prometheus first taught the use of animal food (primus bovem occiditPrometheus)[2]andoffire,withwhichtorenderitmoredigestibleandpleasingtothe taste. Jupiter, and the rest of the gods, foreseeing the consequences of theseinventions, were amused or irritated at the shortsighted devices of the newlyformed creature, and left him to experience the sad effects of them. Thirst, thenecessary concomitant of a flesh diet," (perhaps of all diet vitiated by culinarypreparation)"ensuedwaterwasresortedto,andmanforfeitedtheinestimablegiftofhealthwhichhehadreceivedfromheavenhebecamediseased,thepartakerofaprecariousexistenceandnolongerdescendedslowlytohisgrave."[3]

Butjustdiseasetoluxurysucceeds,AndeverydeathitsownavengerbreedsThefurypassionsfromthatbloodbegan,AndturnedonmanafiercersavageMan.

Man and the animalswhomhe has infectedwith his society, or depraved by hisdominion,arealonediseased.Thewildhog, themouflon, thebison,andthewolfareperfectlyexemptfrommalady,andinvariablydieeitherfromexternalviolenceor natural old age. But the domestic hog, the sheep, the cow, and the dog aresubject to an incredible variety of distempers and, like the corrupters of theirnature,havephysicianswhothriveupontheirmiseries.ThesupereminenceofmanislikeSatan's,asupereminenceofpainandthemajorityofhisspecies,doomedtopenury, disease, and crime, have reason to curse the untoward event that, byenabling him to communicate his sensations, raised him above the level of hisfellowanimals.But the steps that havebeen takenare irrevocable.ThewholeofhumanscienceiscomprisedinonequestionHowcantheadvantagesofintellectand civilisation be reconciledwith the liberty and pure pleasures of natural life?How can we take the benefits and reject the evils of the system which is nowinterwovenwithall thefibresofourbeing?Ibelievethatabstinencefromanimalfoodandspirituousliquorswouldinagreatmeasurecapacitateusforthesolutionofthisimportantquestion.

Comparative anatomy teaches us that man resembles frugivorous animals ineverything,andcarnivorousinnothing:hehasneitherclawswherewithtoseizehisprey,nordistinctandpointedteethtotearthelivingfibre.Amandarinofthefirstclass, with nails two inches long, would probably find them alone inefficient toholdevenahare.Aftereverysubterfugeofgluttony,thebullmustbedegradedintotheox,andtheramintothewether,byanunnaturalandinhumanoperation,thatthe

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flaccid fibre may offer a fainter resistance to rebellious nature. It is only bysoftening and disguising dead flesh by culinary preparation that it is renderedsusceptibleofmasticationordigestion,and that thesightof itsbloody juicesandraw horror does not excite intolerable loathing and disgust. Let the advocate ofanimalfoodforcehimselftoadecisiveexperimentonitsfitness,and,asPlutarchrecommends,tearalivinglambwithhisteeth,andplunginghisheadintoitsvitals,slakehisthirstwiththesteamingbloodwhenfreshfromthedeedofhorror,lethimrevert to the irresistible instinctsofnature thatwould rise in judgment against it,andsay,Natureformedmeforsuchworkasthis.Then,andthenonly,wouldhebeconsistent.

Manresemblesnocarnivorousanimal.Thereisnoexception,exceptmanbeone,totheruleofherbivorousanimalshavingcellulatedcolons.

The orangoutang perfectly resembles man both in the order and number of histeeth.Theorangoutangisthemostanthropomorphousoftheapetribe,allofwhicharestrictlyfrugivorous.Thereisnootherspeciesofanimalsinwhichthisanalogyexists.[4] In many frugivorous animals, the canine teeth are more pointed anddistinctthanthoseofman.Theresemblancealsoofthehumanstomachtothatoftheorangoutangisgreaterthantothatofanyotheranimal.

Theintestinesarealsoidenticalwiththoseofherbivorousanimals,whichpresentalarge surface for absorption, and have ample and cellulated colons. The ccumalso, though short, is larger than that of carnivorous animals and even here theorangoutangretainsitsaccustomedsimilarity.

Thestructureofthehumanframethenisthatofonefittedtoapurevegetablediet,in every essential particular. It is true that the reluctance to abstain from animalfood,inthosewhohavebeenlongaccustomedtoitsstimulus,issogreatinsomepersonsofweakminds, as tobe scarcelyovercomebut this is far frombringingany argument in its favour.A lambwhichwas fed for some time on flesh by aship'screw, refused itsnaturaldietat theendof thevoyage.Therearenumerousinstances of horses, sheep, oxen, and evenwoodpigeons, having been taught tolive upon flesh, until they have loathed their natural aliment. Young childrenevidently prefer pastry, oranges, apples, and other fruit, to the flesh of animals,until,bythegradualdepravationofthedigestiveorgans,thefreeuseofvegetableshas,foratime,producedseriousinconveniencesforatime,Isay,sincethereneverwas an instance wherein a change from spirituous liquors and animal food tovegetables and pure water, has failed ultimately to invigorate the body, byrendering its juices bland and consentaneous, and to restore to the mind thatcheerfulnessandelasticity,whichnotoneinfiftypossessesonthepresentsystem.Aloveofstrongliquorsisalsowithdifficultytaughttoinfants.Almosteveryoneremembersthewryfacesthefirstglassofportproduced.Unsophisticatedinstinctisinvariablyunerringbuttodecideonthefitnessofanimalfood,fromthepervertedappetiteswhichitsconstrainedadoptionproduce,istomakethecriminalajudgeinhis own cause it is even worse, it is appealing to the infatuated drunkard in aquestionofthesalubrityofbrandy.

What is thecauseofmorbidactionin theanimalsystem?Not theairwebreathe,for our fellow denizens of nature breathe the same uninjured not the water wedrink,ifremotefromthepollutionsofmanandhisinventions,fortheanimalsdrinkittoonottheearthwetreaduponnottheunobscuredsightofgloriousnature,inthewood,thefield,ortheexpanseofskyandoceannothingthatweareordoincommonwiththeundiseasedinhabitantsoftheforest.Somethingthenwhereinwediffer fromthemourhabitofalteringour foodbyfire, so thatourappetite isnolonger a just criterion for the fitness of its gratification. Except in children there

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remains no traces of that instinct which determines, in all other animals, whataliment is natural or otherwise and so perfectly obliterated are they in thereasoningadultsofourspecies,thatithasbecomenecessarytourgeconsiderations,drawnfromcomparativeanatomy,toprovethatwearenaturallyfrugivorous.

Crime is madness. Madness is disease. Whenever the cause of disease shall bediscovered, the root, fromwhichall vice andmiseryhave so longovershadowedtheglobe,willliebaretotheaxe.Alltheexertionsofman,fromthatmoment,maybeconsideredastendingtotheclearprofitofhisspecies.Nosanemindinasanebodyresolvesuponarealcrime.Itisamanofviolentpassions,bloodshoteyes,andswollenveins,thatalonecangrasptheknifeofmurder.Thesystemofasimpledietpromises no Utopian advantages. It is no mere reform of legislation, whilst thefuriouspassionsandevilpropensitiesofthehumanheart,inwhichithaditsorigin,are still unassuaged. It strikes at the root of all evil, and is an experimentwhichmaybe triedwith success, not alonebynations, but by small societies, families,andevenindividuals.

Innocaseshasareturn tovegetabledietproducedtheslightest injury: inmost ithasbeenattendedwithchangesundeniablybeneficial.Shouldeveraphysicianbebornwith thegeniusofLocke, Iampersuaded thathemight traceallbodilyandmental derangements to our unnatural habits, as clearly as that philosopher hastraced all knowledge to sensation.What prolific sources of disease are not thosemineralandvegetablepoisons thathavebeen introducedfor itsextirpation?Howmanythousandshavebecomemurderersandrobbers,bigotsanddomestictyrants,dissoluteandabandonedadventurers,fromtheuseoffermentedliquorswhohadtheyslakedtheirthirstonlyatthemountainstream,wouldhavelivedbuttodiffusethe happiness of their own unperverted feelings.Howmany groundless opinionsand absurd institutions have not received a general sanction from the sottishnessand intemperanceof individuals?Whowill assert that, had thepopulaceofParisdrank at the pure source of the Seine, and satisfied their hunger at the everfurnishedtableofvegetablenaturethattheywouldhavelenttheirbrutalsuffragetotheproscriptionlistofRobespierre?Couldasetofmen,whosepassionswerenotperverted by unnatural stimuli, lookwith coolness on an auto da f? Is it to bebelievedthatabeingofgentlefeelings,risingfromhismealofroots,wouldtakedelightinsportsofblood?

Was Nero a man of temperate life? Could you read calm health in his cheek,flushedwithungovernablepropensitiesofhatred for thehuman race?DidMuleyIsmael's pulse beat evenly, was his skin transparent, did his eyes beam withhealthfulness,anditsinvariableconcomitants,cheerfulnessandbenignity?Thoughhistoryhasdecidednoneofthesequestions,achildcouldnothesitatetoanswerinthenegative.SurelythebilesuffusedcheekofBuonaparte,hiswrinkledbrow,andyelloweye, theceaseless inquietudeofhisnervous system, speakno lessplainlythe character of his unresting ambition than his murders and his victories. It isimpossiblehadBonapartedescendedfromaraceofvegetablefeeders,thathecouldhaveeithertheinclinationorthepowertoascendthethroneoftheBourbons.Thedesireoftyrannycouldscarcelybeexcitedintheindividualthepowertotyrannisewouldcertainlynotbedelegatedbya societyneither frenziedby inebriation,norrendered impotent or irrational by disease. Pregnant, indeed, with inexhaustiblecalamity is the renunciation of instinct, as it concerns our physical naturearithmeticcannotenumerate,norreasonperhapssuspect,themultitudinoussourcesof disease in civilised life. Even common water, that apparently innoxiouspabulum,whencorruptedbythefilthofpopulouscities,isadeadlyandinsidiousdestroyer.[5]WhocanwonderthatalltheinducementsheldoutbyGodhimselfinthe Bible to virtue should have been vainer than a nurse's tale and that those

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dogmas, apparently favourable to the intolerant and angry passions, should havealonebeendeemedessentialwhilstChristiansareinthedailypracticeofallthosehabitswhichhaveinfectedwithdiseaseandcrime,notonlythereprobatesons,butthesefavouredchildrenofthecommonFather'slove.Omnipotenceitselfcouldnotsavethemfromtheconsequencesofthisoriginalanduniversalsin.

There is nodisease, bodilyormental,which adoptionofvegetablediet andpurewater has not infalliblymitigated,wherever the experiment has been fairly tried.Debility isgraduallyconverted into strength,disease intohealthfulness:madness,in all its hideous variety, from the ravings of the fettered maniac, to theunaccountableirrationalitiesofilltemper,thatmakeahellofdomesticlife,intoacalmandconsiderableevennessoftemper,thatalonemightofferacertainpledgeof the futuremoral reformation of society. On a natural system of diet, old agewould be our last and our only malady: the term of our existence would beprotractedweshouldenjoylife,andnolongerprecludeothersfromtheenjoymentof it all sensational delights would be infinitelymore exquisite and perfect theverysenseofbeingwouldthenbeacontinuedpleasure,suchaswenowfeelitinsomefewandfavouredmomentsofouryouth.Byallthatissacredinourhopesforthehumanrace,Iconjurethosewholovehappinessandtruth,togiveafairtrialtothevegetablesystem.Reasoningissurelysuperfluousonasubjectwhosemeritsanexperience of six months would set for ever at rest. But it is only among theenlightenedandbenevolentthatsogreatasacrificeofappetiteandprejudicecanbeexpected,eventhoughitsultimateexcellenceshouldnotadmitofdispute.

Itisfoundeasier,bytheshortsightedvictimsofdisease,topalliatetheirtormentsby medicine, than to prevent them by regimen. The vulgar of all ranks areinvariablysensualandindocileyetIcannotbutfeelmyselfpersuaded,thatwhenthebenefitsofvegetablediet aremathematicallyprovedwhen it is asclear, thatthosewholivenaturallyareexemptfromprematuredeath,asthatnineisnotone,the most sottish of mankind will feel a preference towards a long and tranquil,contrastedwithashortandpainfullife.Ontheaverage,outofsixtypersons,fourdieinthreeyears.InApril,1814,astatementwillbegiventhatsixtypersons,allhavinglivedmorethanthreeyearsonvegetablesandpurewater,aretheninperfecthealth.Morethantwoyearshavenowelapsednotoneofthemhasdiednosuchexamplewillbefoundinanysixtypersonstakenatrandom.Seventeenpersonsofallages(thefamiliesofDr.LambeandMr.Newton)havelivedforsevenyearsonthisdietwithoutadeath,andalmostwithouttheslightestillness.Surely,whenweconsiderthatsomeofthesewereinfants,andoneamartyr toasthma,nownearlysubdued,wemaychallengeanyseventeenpersonstakenatrandominthiscity toexhibitaparallelcase.Thosewhomayhavebeenexcitedtoquestiontherectitudeofestablishedhabitsofdiet,bytheselooseremarks,shouldconsultMr.Newton'sluminousandeloquentessay.[6]Itisfromthatbook,andfromtheconversationofitsexcellentandenlightenedauthor,thatIhavederivedthematerialswhichIherepresenttothepublic.

When theseproofscome fairlybefore theworld, andareclearly seenbyallwhounderstand arithmetic, it is scarcely possible that abstinence from alimentsdemonstrablyperniciousshouldnotbecomeuniversal.

Inproportion to thenumberofproselytes, sowillbe theweightofevidenceandwhenathousandpersonscanbeproduced,livingonvegetablesanddistilledwater,whohave todreadnodiseasebutoldage, theworldwillbecompelled to regardanimal fleshandfermented liquorsasslowbutcertainpoison.Thechangewhich

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would be produced by simpler habits on political economy is sufficientlyremarkable.Themonopolising eater of animal fleshwould no longer destroy hisconstitutionbydevouringanacreatameal,andmanyloavesofbreadwouldceasetocontributetogout,madness,andapoplexy,intheshapeofapintofporteroradram of gin, when appeasing the longprotracted famine of the hardworkingpeasant's hungry babes. The quantity of nutritious vegetablematter consumed infatteningthecarcaseofanox,wouldaffordtentimesthesustenance,undepravingindeed, and incapable of generating disease, if gathered immediately from thebosomoftheearth.

Themostfertiledistrictsofthehabitableglobearenowactuallycultivatedbymenforanimals,atadelayandwasteofalimentabsolutelyincapableofcalculation.Itisonly thewealthy that can, to any great degree, even now, indulge the unnaturalcraving for dead flesh, and they pay for the greater licence of the privilege, bysubjection to supernumerary diseases. Again, the spirit of the nation that shouldtaketheleadinthisgreatreformwouldinsensiblybecomeagricultural:commerce,withallitsvice,selfishness,andcorruption,wouldgraduallydeclinemorenaturalhabitswouldproducegentlermanners,andtheexcessivecomplicationofpoliticalrelationswouldbesofarsimplifiedthateveryindividualmightfeelandunderstandwhyhe lovedhiscountry,and tookapersonal interest in itswelfare.HowwouldEngland, for example, depend on the caprices of foreign rulers, if she containedwithin herself all the necessaries, and despised whatever they possessed of theluxuriesof life?Howcould theystarveher intocompliancewith theirviews?Ofwhatconsequencewoulditbethattheyrefusedtotakeherwoollenmanufactures,when large and fertile tracts of the island ceased to be allotted to the waste ofpasturage?Onanaturalsystemofdiet,weshouldrequirenospicesfromIndianowines from Portugal, Spain, France, or Madeira none of those multitudinousarticlesofluxury,forwhicheverycorneroftheglobeisrifled,andwhicharethecauses of somuch individual rivalship, such calamitous and sanguinary nationaldisputes.

Inthehistoryofmoderntimes,theavariceofcommercialmonopoly,nolessthanthe ambition of weak and wicked chiefs, seems to have fomented the universaldiscord, tohaveaddedstubbornness to themistakesofcabinets,and indocility tothe infatuation of the people. Let it ever be remembered, that it is the directinfluence of commerce tomake the interval between the richest and the poorestmanwiderandmoreunconquerable.Letitberememberedthatitisafoetoeverything of real worth and excellence in the human character. The odious anddisgusting aristocracy of wealth, is built upon the ruins of all that is good inchivalry or republicanism and luxury is the forerunner of a barbarism scarcecapableofcure.Isitimpossibletorealizeastateofsociety,wherealltheenergiesofmanshallbedirectedtotheproductionofhissolidhappiness?

Certainly,ifthisadvantage(theobjectofallpoliticalspeculation)beinanydegreeattainable, it is attainable only by a community which holds out no factitiousincentivestotheavariceandambitionofthefew,andwhichisinternallyorganizedfor the liberty, security, and comfort of themany. Nonemust be entrustedwithpower(andmoneyisthecompletestspeciesofpower)whodonotstandpledgedtouseitexclusivelyforthegeneralbenefit.Buttheuseofanimalfleshandfermentedliquors,directlymilitateswiththisequalityoftherightsofman.Thepeasantcannotgratify these fashionable cravings without leaving his family to starve. Withoutdiseaseandwar,thosesweepingcurtailersofpopulation,pasturagewouldincludeawaste too great to be afforded. The labour requisite to support a family is farlighter[7]thanisusuallysupposed.Thepeasantrywork,notonlyforthemselves,butforthearistocracy,thearmy,andthemanufacturers.

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The advantage of a reform in diet is obviously greater than that of any other. Itstrikes at the root of the evil. To remedy the abuses of legislation, before weannihilatethepropensitiesbywhichtheyareproduced,istosuppose,thatbytakingaway the effect, the causewill cease to operate. But the efficacy of this systemdepends entirely on the proselytism of individuals, and grounds its merits, as abenefit to the community, upon the total change of the dietetic habits in itsmembers. It proceeds securely from a number of particular cases to one that isuniversal,andhas thisadvantageover thecontrarymode, thatoneerrordoesnotinvalidateallthathasgonebefore.

Letnottoomuch,however,beexpectedfromthissystem.Thehealthiestamongusis not exempt fromhereditary disease.Themost symmetrical, athletic, and longlived, is a being inexpressibly inferior towhat hewould have been, had not theunnaturalhabitsofhisancestorsaccumulatedforhimacertainportionofmaladyand deformity. In the most perfect specimen of civilized man something is stillfound wanting by the physiological critic. Can a return to nature, then,instantaneously eradicatepredispositions thathavebeen slowly taking root in thesilenceofinnumerableages?Indubitablynot.AllthatIcontendforis,thatfromthemomentoftherelinquishingallunnaturalhabits,nonewdiseaseisgeneratedandthat the predisposition to hereditary maladies gradually perishes for want of itsaccustomed supply. In cases of consumption, cancer, gout, asthma, and scrofula,suchistheinvariabletendencyofadietofvegetablesandpurewater.

Thosewhomaybe inducedby these remarks togive thevegetable systema fairtrial, should, in the firstplace,date thecommencementof theirpractice from themoment of their conviction.All depends upon the breaking through a pernicioushabit resolutely and at once. Dr. Trotter[8] asserts that no drunkard was everreformed by gradually relinquishing his dram.Animal flesh, in its effects on thehumanstomach,isanalogoustoadram.Itissimilarinthekind,thoughdifferinginthedegree,ofitsoperation.Theproselytetoapuredietmustbewarnedtoexpectatemporarydiminutionofmuscularstrength.Thesubtractionofapowerfulstimuluswillsufficetoaccountforthisevent.Butitisonlytemporary,andissucceededbyanequablecapabilityforexertionfarsurpassinghisformervariousandfluctuatingstrength.Above all, hewill acquire an easiness of breathing, bywhich the sameexertionisperformedwitharemarkableexemptionfromthatpainfulanddifficultpantingnowfeltbyalmosteveryoneafterhastilyclimbinganordinarymountain.Hewillbeequallycapableofbodilyexertionormentalapplicationafterasbeforehis simple meal. He will feel none of the narcotic effects of ordinary diet.Irritability,thedirectconsequenceofexhaustingstimuli,wouldyieldtothepowerofnaturalandtranquilimpulses.Hewillnolongerpineunderthelethargyofennui,thatunconquerablewearinessoflife,moredreadedthandeathitself.HewillescapetheepidemicmadnessthatbroodsoveritsowninjuriousnotionsoftheDeity,and"realizesthehellthatpriestsandbeldamsfeign."Everymanforms,asitwere,hisgod from his own character to the divinity of one of simple habits, no offeringwould be more acceptable than the happiness of his creatures. He would beincapable of hating or persecuting others for the love of God. He will find,moreover,asystemofsimplediettobeasystemofperfectepicurism.Hewillnolongerbeincessantlyoccupiedinbluntinganddestroyingthoseorgansfromwhichheexpectshisgratification.

Thepleasuresoftastetobederivedfromadinnerofpotatoes,beans,peas,turnips,lettuces,withadessertofapples,gooseberries,strawberries,currants, raspberries,andinwinter,oranges,apples,andpears,isfargreaterthanissupposed.Thosewhowaituntil theycaneat thisplainfarewith thesauceofappetitewillscarcely joinwith the hypocritical sensualist at a lordmayor's feast,whodeclaims against the

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pleasuresofthetable.Solomonkeptathousandconcubines,andownedindespairthatallwasvanity.Themanwhosehappinessisconstitutedbythesocietyofoneamiable woman would find some difficulty in sympathising with thedisappointmentofthisvenerabledebauchee.

Iaddressmyselfnotonlytotheyoungenthusiast, theardentdevoteeof truthandvirtue, the pure and passionate moralist, yet unvitiated by the contagion of theworld. He will embrace a pure system, from its abstract truth, its beauty, itssimplicity and its promise of wideextended benefit unless custom has turnedpoisonintofood,hewillhatethebrutalpleasuresofthechasebyinstinctitwillbeacontemplationfullofhorroranddisappointmenttohismind,thatbeingscapableof the gentlest andmost admirable sympathies, should take delight in the deathpangs and last convulsions of dying animals. The elderly man whose youth hasbeenpoisonedbyintemperance,orwhohaslivedwithapparentmoderation,andisafflictedwithavarietyofpainfulmaladies,wouldfindhisaccountinabeneficialchange,producedwithouttheriskofpoisonousmedicines.[9]Themother,towhomthe perpetual restlessness of disease, and unaccountable deaths incident to herchildren,arethecausesofincurableunhappiness,wouldonthisdietexperiencethesatisfactionofbeholdingtheirperpetualhealthandnaturalplayfulness.

The most valuable lives are daily destroyed by diseases, that it is dangerous topalliateandimpossibletocurebymedicine.Howmuchlongerwillmancontinuetopimpforthegluttonyofdeath,hismostinsidious,implacable,andeternalfoe?Theproselytetoasimpleandnaturaldiet,whodesireshealth,mustfromthemomentofhisconversionattendtotheserules

NEVERTAKEANYSUBSTANCEINTOTHESTOMACHTHATONCEHADLIFE.

DRINK NO LIQUID BUT WATER RESTORED TO ITS ORIGINAL PURITY BYDISTILLATION.

FOOTNOTES:

[1]Shelley'spamphletappearedin1813.TheVegetarianSocietywasnotfoundeduntil1847.InformationastothisSociety,withlistof itspublications,canbehadfreeonapplicationtotheSecretary,75,PrincessStreet,Manchester.

[2]"Plin.NatHist.,"Lib.vii,Soc.57.

[3]"ReturntoNature."Cadell,1811.

[4] Cuvier, Leons d'Anat. Comp. tom. iii., pages 169, 373, 448, 465, and 480.Rees'sCyclopdia,articleMan.

[5]SeeDr.Lambe's"ReportonCancer."

[6]ReturntoNature,orDefenceofVegetableRegimen.Cadell,1811.

[7] It has come under the author's experience that some of the workmen on anembankmentinNorthWaleswho,inconsequenceoftheinabilityoftheproprietorto pay them, seldom received their wages, have supported large families bycultivatingsmallspotsofsterilegroundbymoonlight.InthenotestoPratt'sPoem,"BreadforthePoor,"isanaccountofanindustriouslabourer,whobyworkinginasmall garden, before and after his day's task, attained to an enviable state ofindependence.

[8]SeeTrotteron"TheNervousTemperament."

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[9] See Mr. Newton's book. His children are the most beautiful and healthycreaturesitispossibletoconceivethegirlsareperfectmodelsforasculptortheirdispositionsarealsothemostgentleandconciliatingthejudicioustreatmentwhichtheyexperienceinotherpoints,maybeacorrelativecauseofthis.Inthefirstfiveyearsof their life,of18,000childrenthatareborn,7,500dieofvariousdiseasesandhowmanymoreofthosethatsurvivearerenderedmiserablebymaladiesnotimmediately mortal? The quality and quantity of a woman's milk are materiallyinjuredbytheuseofdeadflesh.Inanisland,nearIceland,wherenovegetablesaretobegot, the children invariablydieof tetanus, before they are threeweeksold,andthepopulationissuppliedfromthemainland.SirG.Mackenzie'sHistoryofIceland.SeealsoEmile,chap,i.,p.53,55,56.

APPENDIX.

Personsonvegetablediethavebeenremarkableforlongevity.ThefirstChristianspractisedabstinence fromanimal flesh,onaprincipleof selfmortification.Otherinstancesare,OldParr152MaryPatten136AShepherdinHungary126PatrickO'Neale 113 Joseph Elkins 103 Elizabeth de Val 101 Aurungzebe 100 St.Anthony105 James, theHermit104Arsenius120St.Epiphanius115Simeon112andRombald120.

Mr.Newton'smode of reasoning on longevity is ingenious and conclusive. "OldParr,healthyasthewildanimals,attainedtotheageof152years.Allmenmightbeas healthy as thewild animals.Therefore allmenmight attain to the age of 152years."Theconclusionissufficientlymodest.OldParrcannotbesupposedtohaveescapedtheinheritanceofdisease,amassedbytheunnaturalhabitsofhisancestors.The term of human lifemay be expected to be infinitely greater, taking into theconsiderationallthecircumstancesthatmusthavecontributedtoabridgeeventhatofParr.

Itmaybehereremarked,thattheauthorandhiswifehavelivedonvegetablesforeightmonths.Theimprovementsofhealthandtemperherestated, is theresultofhisownexperience.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THEETHICSOFDIET.

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ACATENAOFAUTHORITIESDEPRECATORYOFTHEPRACTICEOFFLESHEATING.

348pp.,8vo.

BYHOWARDWILLIAMS,M.A.

"Iconsideritaveryvaluablework."COLONELJ.M.EARLE.

"THECATENAisgoodanduseful."FRANCESE.HOGGAN,M.D.

"'TheEthicsofDiet'muchpleasesme."T.K.CHEYNE,M.A.

PriceFiveShillingsPostfreefromtheOfficeoftheVegetarianSociety,75,PrincessStreet,Manchester.

ESSAYSONDIET,

BEING

CollectedLecturesandPapersonVegetarianDiet.

BYFRANCISWILLIAMNEWMAN.

LONDON:KEGANPAUL,TRENCH,ANDCO.ANDTHEVEGETARIANSOCIETY,75,PRINCESSSTREET,MANCHESTER.

PRICEONEFLORIN.

THE

PERFECTWAYINDIET:

ATREATISEADVOCATINGARETURNTOTHENATURALANDANCIENTFOODOFOURRACE.

ByANNAKINGSFORD,

DoctorofMedicineoftheFacultyofParis.

London:KeganPaul,Trench,andCo.,1,PaternosterSquareorfromtheVegetarianSociety,75,PrincessStreet,Manchester.

PRICEONEFLORIN.

Price6d.64pp.,8vo.Postfree,7d.

"ALMONDSANDRAISINS"FOR1884.

EditedbyR.BAILEYWALKER,F.S.S.

CONTAINS:

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MushroomsandToadstools.ByH.S.S.AHuntingoftheDeer.ByE.DudleyWarner.AChristmasGhost.ByE.GrenvilleWaller.TheRibblesdalePapersNos.I.IV.By"Dora."RubiesfromRuskin.TheMinistryofFood.ByR.BaileyWalker.TheAbbot'sReply.ByW.E.A.Axon.AlmondsandRaisins.ByE.J.Baillie.TheTorquoiseRing.AStorybyMrs.AnnaKingsford,M.D.KalendarandNotesfor1884.FruitsinSeasonforeachMonth,&c.,&c.

75,PrincessStreet,Manchester.

PRICESIXPENCE.POSTFREE,SEVENPENCE.

THEHYGEIANHOMECOOKBOOK:

HEALTHFULANDPALATABLEFOODWITHOUTCONDIMENTS.

ByR.T.TRALL,M.D.

FirstEnglishEdition,withChaptersonBread,Pies,Puddings,Soups,Sauces,Vegetables,Fruits,&c.AlsowithAppendixon

HygienicBreadMaking,FruitPreserving,&c.

ByMrs.MATTIEJONES.

VEGETIST'SDIETARY

ANDMANUALOFVEGETABLECOOKERY.

By"Domestica."

FourthEdition.Revised.PriceSixpence.Cloth,OneShilling.

PRICESIXPENCE.

OUTDOORFRUITFORTHEMILLION:

HOWTOGROWITINLARGEANDCONTINUOUSQUANTITY,BYSIMPLEANDINEXPENSIVEMEANS.

FIFTH,ANDAUTHORISEDEDITION,REVISEDANDILLUSTRATED.

By"HeadGardener."

Manchester:OfficesoftheVegetarianSociety,75,PrincessStreet.

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THESHELLEYSOCIETY

PUBLICATIONSFOR1886.

The Society's Publications for 1886 will be at least twelve of the followingfourteen:

1.Shelley'sAdonais:anElegyon theDeathofJohnKeats.Pisa,4to,1821. A Facsimile Reprint on handmade Paper, edited, with aBibliographical Introduction, by Thomas J. Wise. (Second Edition,Revised.)10s.

[Issued.

2. Shelley's Review of Hogg's novel, "Memoirs of Prince AlexyHaimatoff."NowfirstreprintedfromTheCriticalReview,Dec.1814,on handmade Paper, with an Extract from Prof. Dowden's article,"SomeEarlyWritingsofShelley"(Contemp.Rev.,Sept.1884).Edited,with an Introductory Note, by Thos. J. Wise. (Second Edition,Revised.)2s.6d.

[Issued.

3. Shelley's Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude and other Poems.London, fcap. 8vo., 1816.AFacsimileReprint on handmadePaper,withanewPrefacebyBertramDobell.(SecondEdition,Revised.)6s.

[Issued.

4. A Shelley Bibliography, or "The Shelley Library." Part I. FirstEditionsandtheirReproductions.ByH.BuxtonForman.

[Issued.

5. Shelley's Vindication of Natural Diet. London, 12mo, 1813. AReprint,1882,withaPrefatoryNotebyH.S.SaltandW.E.A.Axon.PresentedbyMr.Axon.(SecondEdition.)

[Issued.

6. A Memoir of Shelley, with a fresh Preface, by William MichaelRossettiaPortraitofShelleyandanengravingofhisTomb.

[Issued.

7. Shelley's Cenci, (for the Society's performance in May), with aprologue by Dr. John Todhunter, and an Introduction and Notes byHarryBuxtonForman andAlfredForman and aPortrait ofBeatriceCenci.2s.6d.

[Issued.

EndoftheProjectGutenbergEBookofAVindicationofNaturalDiet.,byPercyByssheShelley

***ENDOFTHISPROJECTGUTENBERGEBOOKAVINDICATIONOFNATURALDIET.***

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a vindication of natural diet_shelley

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