a train station
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A train station, also called a railway station (mainly British Commonwealth)
or railroad station (mainly US), and often shortened to just station, is a
railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight
(goods). It generally consists of a platform next to the tracks and a station
building (depot) providing related services such as ticket sales and waiting
rooms. If a station is on a single track main line, it usually has a passing loop to
facilitate the traffic. Smallest stations are referred as stops or halts (flag stops).
Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other transport modes
such as buses or rapid transit (metro) systems.
The world's oldest railway station built for steam locomotives still in use is Edge Hill in
Liverpool, also on the Liverpool to Manchester line. The current station was opened in 1836
and has been in continual use ever since. The remains of the original Edge Hill Station, which
like Liverpool Road Station opened in 1830, are a few hundred metres from the current Edge
Hill Station.
In October 2010 The World's Oldest Working Railway Station Society was established in
Liverpool to help promote recognition of Edge Hill as part of transportation history. The aim
of the society is to encourage the creation of a World Rail Expo at Edge Hill as a tourist
attraction and as a celebration of rail transportation around the globe. The concept of
celebrating Edge Hill Station's historic significance was embraced by the local passenger
transport executive, Merseytravel, at a meeting of its Rail Services Committee held on
October 6, 2010. The Chair of Merseytravel, Councillor Mark Dowd, a former train driver
who drove steam trains in his early career, has launched the idea of celebrating Edge Hill as
the World's Oldest Working Railway Station. Merseytravel has established a Working Group
to discuss the feasibility issues around the proposal to develop the station and its environs by
utilising its unique heritage.
The first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the
modern sense were on theLiverpool and Manchester Railway, opened in 1830. As of 2008,
Manchester'sLiverpool Road Station is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and
Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row ofGeorgianhouses. Early stations were
sometimes built with both passenger and goods facilities, though some railway lines were
goods-only or passenger-only, and if a line was dual-purpose there would often be a goods
depot apart from the passenger station. Dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found
today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and
remote communities across Canadaand the United States, passengers wanting to board the
train had to flag the train down in order for it to stop. Such stations were known as "flag
stops" or "flag stations".
Many railway stations date from the 19th century and reflect the grandiose architecture of the
time, lending prestige to the city as well as to railway operations. Countries where railways
arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century
styles.Berlin Central Station (Berlin Hauptbahnhof), Various forms of architecture have been
used in the construction of railway stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or
Gothic-style edifices, to plainerutilitarian ormodernist styles. Stations in Europe tended to
follow British designs, and were in some countries, like Italy, financed by British railway
companies.
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Stations built more recently, often have a similar feel to airports, with a simple abstract style.
Examples of modern stations include those on newerhigh-speed railnetworks, such as the
Shinkansen in Japan, TGV lines in Franceand ICE lines in Germany.
A "terminal" or "terminus" is a station at the end of a railway line. Trains arriving there have
to end their journeys (terminate) or reverse out of the station. Depending on the layout of thestation, this usually permits travellers to reach all theplatforms without the need to cross any
tracks the public entrance to the station and the main reception facilities being at the far end
of the platforms.
Sometimes, however, the railway line continues for a short distance beyond the station, and
terminating trains continue forwards after depositing their passengers, before either
proceeding to sidings or reversing back to the station to pick up departing passengers.
A terminus is frequently, but not always, the final destination of trains arriving at the station.
However a number of cities, especially in continental Europe, have a terminus as their main
railway stations, and all main lines converge on this station. There may also be a bypass line,used by freight trains that do not need to stop at the main station. In such cases all trains
passing through that main station must leave in the reverse direction from that of their arrival.
There are several ways in which this can be accomplished:
arranging for the service to be provided by a multiple unit, orpush-pull train, both of
which are capable of operating in either direction. The driver simply walks to the
other end of the train and takes control from the other cab. This is increasingly the
normal method in Europe.
by detaching the locomotive which brought the train into the station and then either
o using another track to "run it around" to the other end of the train, to which it
then re-attaches;
o attaching a second locomotive to the outbound end of the train; or
by the use of a "wye", a roughly triangular arrangement of track and switches (points)
where a train can reverse direction and back into the terminal.
The Grand Central Terminal inNew York Cityis the world's largest railway station by
number of platforms, having 67 tracks on two levels. In American usage, 'platform' refers to
the island platforms and 'tracks' refers to the number of places where trains are able to stop.
Some former termini have a newer set of through platforms underneath (or above, or
alongside) the terminal platforms on the main level. They are used by a cross-city extension
of the main line, often forcommuter trains, while the terminal platforms may serve long-
distance services. Examples of underground through lines include theThameslinkplatforms
at St. Pancras in London, theArgyle andNorth Clyde lines ofGlasgow's suburban rail
network, the recently built Malm City Tunnel, in Antwerpin Belgium, the RERat the Gare
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du Nord in Paris, and many of the numerous S-Bahn lines at terminal stations in Germany,
Austria and Switzerland, such as atZurich Hauptbahnhof.
An American example of a terminal with this feature is Washington, DC'sUnion Station,
where there are higher-level platforms, Gates A through G serving the terminating trains,
such as someNortheast Regionals, theVermonterand all Acela Expresses. Some otherNortheast Regional trains and Atlantic Coast service trains use lower-level platforms, Gates
H through L (there is no Gate I), that tunnel right under the station concourse and continue to
Virginia and beyond. Auto Train uses Lorton, Virginia Station for three primary reasons:
the tri-level auto racks used to carry the cars are too tall to fit in the tunnels;
the platforms would be too short to accommodate the 30-60 coach trainset;
there is not enough room and there are too many tracks, trains, buildings and people
around, so loading cars would be quite tricky.
Terminus stations in large cities are by far the biggest stations, with the largest being the
Grand Central TerminalinNew York City, United States. Often major cities, such asLondon,Boston,Paris,Tokyo and Milan have more than one terminus, rather than routes
straight through the city. Train journeys through such cities often require alternative transport
(metro,bus ortaxi) from one terminus to the other. Some cities, including New York, have
both termini and through lines.
Terminals that have competing rail lines using the station frequently set up a jointly owned
terminal railroadto own and operate the station and its associated tracks and switching
operations.
Railway stations usually have ticket booths (British English: "ticket office" or "booking
office"), ticket machines, or both, although on some lines tickets are sold on board the trains.
Ticket sales may also be combined with customer service desks orconvenience stores. Many
stations include some form of convenience store. Larger stations usually have fast-foodor
restaurantfacilities. In some countries, stations may also have abarorpub. Other station
facilities may include:toilets, left-luggage, lost-and-found,departures and arrivals boards,
luggage carts, waiting rooms, taxi ranks andbus bays. Larger or manned stations tend to have
a greater range of facilities. A most basic station might only have platforms, though it might
still be distinguished from a halt, a stopping or halting place that may not even have
platforms.
In many Africanand South American countries, and in many places inIndia, stations areused as a place for public markets and other informal business. This is especially true on
tourist routes or stations neartourist destinations, as souvenirs can be made and sold to
"wealthy" visitors to the country.
As well as providing services for passengers and loading facilities for goods, stations can
sometimes have locomotive and rolling stock depots (usually with facilities for storing and
refuelling locomotives and rolling stock and carrying out minor repair jobs).
In addition to the basic configuration of a railway station, various features set certain types of
station apart. The first is the level of the tracks. Stations are often sited where a road crosses
the railway: unless the crossing is a level crossing, the road and railway will be at differentlevels. The platforms will often be raised or lowered relative to the station entrance: the
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station buildings may be on either level, or both. The other arrangement, where the station
entrance and platforms are on the same level, is also common, but is perhaps rarer in urban
areas, except when the station is a terminus. Elevated stations are more common, not
including metro stations. Stations located at level crossings can be problematic if the train
blocks the roadway while it stops, causing road traffic to wait for an extended period of time.
Occasionally a station serves two or more railway lines at differing levels. This may be due to
the station's position at a point where two lines cross (example:Berlin Hauptbahnhof), or
may be to provide separate station capacity for two types of service, e.g. intercity and
suburban (examples: Paris-Gare de Lyon and Philadelphia's 30th Street Station), or for two
different destinations.
Stations may also be classified according to the layout of the platforms. Apart from single-
track lines, the most basic arrangement is a pair of railway tracks for the two directions; there
is then a basic choice of an island platformbetween, or two separate platforms outside, the
tracks. With more tracks, the possibilities expand.
Some stations have unusual platform layouts due to space constraints of the station location,
or the alignment of the railway lines. Examples include staggered platforms, such as at
Tutbury and Hatton railway station on the Derby - Crewe line, and curved platforms, such as
Cheadle Hulme railway station on the Macclesfield to Manchester Line. Triangular stations
also exist where two lines form a three-way junction and platforms are built on all three sides.
During a journey, the term station stop may be used in announcements, to differentiate a halt
during which passengers may alight from a halt for another reason, such as a locomotive
change.
A railway stop is a spot along a railway line, usually between stations or at a seldom-used
station, wherepassengerscan board and exit the train.
While a junction orinterlocking usually divides two or more railway lines or routes, and thus
has remotely or locally operatedsignals, a station stop does not. A station stop usually does
not have any tracks other than the main tracks, and may or may not have switches (points,
crossovers).
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