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(A) Top view of a paper Miura-ori pattern

(B) Hornbeam leaves in the process of leafing show a natural occurrence of Miura-ori. A single row of kinks along the midrib allows a folded leaf to be deployed once the bud opens

(C)Zigzag Miura-ori patterns in a thin film that is compressed biaxially as it dries.

Mahadevan and Rica. 2004. Self-Organized Origami. Science 307: 1740

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Beech at different stages of development. (Kobayashi et al. 1998. The geometry of unfolding tree leaves. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265: 147-154.)

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Hornbeam at different stages of development. Kobayashi et al. 1998.

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You can make your own folded leaf. (Kobayashi et al. 1998)

Are there other patterns of folding? Does the packaging of young leaves relate to phylogeny?

Textbook Version of the 4 Main Groups

These 3 groups are unresolved

3. Monocots

2. Magnoliids

1. Basal Angiosperms

4. Eudicots- the largest group

4 Main Angiosperm Groups Shown on Qiu’s Tree

Laurales

Magnoliales

Piperales

3. Monocots

2. Magnoliids

1. Basal Angiosperms

4. Eudicots- the largest group

Canellales

Qui et al. 1999

Magnoliales(4 families)

Magnoliaceae

Magnolia

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm

Magnoliaceae Magnolia grandiflora

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm

Magnolia grandiflora

Note many flower parts on an enlarged receptacle, leaf-like stamens.

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm

Magnolia grandiflora

Young fruits (follicles) developing.

Stigmas are turning brown, anthers are drying up.

Petals have been removed.

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm

Follicles have dehisced releasing a bright red seed suspended on a slender thread.

Magnoliales

Magnoliaceae

Liriodendron

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm

Liriodendron tulipifera, Tulip Tree, Magnoliaceae- note tulip-shaped leaf, radial symmetry, woody, many flower parts.

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm

Cross section:

Note expanded receptacle, many stamens and carpels, leaf-like stamens, radial symmetry.

Liriodendron tulipifera. Carpels separate at maturity producing samaras. (www.csdl.tamu.edu)

Laurales (5 families)

Lauraceae

Sassafras albidum

Sassafras albidum, Sassafras, Lauraceae

Note: male and female flowers (dioecious), 3 leaf shapes, woody.

Sassafras albidum, Sassafras, Lauraceae, Fruit = drupe with a bright red expanded cup-like receptacle.

Persea americana, Avocado, fruits (drupe)

Piperales (5 families)

Piperaceae

Piper spp.

Nodes Swollen and Jointed

Inflorescence a spike densely covered with minute flowers

Each flower with a peltate bract.

Leaves alternate, pinnate to palmate venation.

Piperaceae

Piperaceae

Piper nigrum

Black Pepper

Note:

Infructescence

Jointed stems

Palmate-like venation

Piper nigrum, Black pepper, Piperaceae

The joints on the stems are very clear in the first view.

The riper red drupes are clear in the second view.

Peppers

Green Black White

Pickled Green Pickled Red

Outer layer removed by soaking the pepper for 1-week in running water. This reveals the white “pit”.

Color of ripe drupes

Color of unripe drupes

Oxidized or fermented peppers

Early harvest, quick drying to prevent fermentation

Note Pink Peppercorns, (different from the red peppercorns above), are not from Piper sp. at all-- but rather the berries from Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae).

Inflorescence of Piper, Pepper, Piperaceae

Typical flowers of the Piperaceae

Note: No sepals and petals

Flower subtended by a peltate (mushroom shaped) bract.

2 anthers in this species

stigma

More examples of inflorescences of Piperaceae- identify the flower parts.

The rhizomes of Piper methysticum are used to prepare Kava-- a drink used to “facilitate social interaction!”

Laurales

Magnoliales

Piperales

3. Monocots

2. Magnoliids

1. Basal Angiosperms

4. Eudicots- the largest group

Canellales