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A THOROUGH COMPARATIVE BOTANICAL AND AYURVEDIC

REVIEW OF SHIGRU (MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM) ALONG WITH

ITS NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE

Dr. Abhijeet G. Pachpor*1, Dr. Sandhyarani R. Agarkar

2, Dr. Tabasum Pansare

3,

Dr. Sharadkumar Maurya4, Dr. Surekha Khandekar

5 and Dr. Najneen Bhaldar

6

1Assistant Professor, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan Dr. V.J.D.G.A.M. Patur,

Maharashtra, India. 2Assistant Professor, Department of Kaumarbhrityatantra Dr. V.J.D.G.A.M. Patur,

Maharashtra, India. 3Associate Professor, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan Government Ayurveda College,

Osmanabad, Maharashtra, India. 4P.G. Scholar, Department of Kriya Sharir, Government Ayurveda College, Osmanabad,

Maharashtra, India 5P.G. Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, Government Ayurveda College,

Osmanabad, Maharashtra, India. 6Assistant Professor, Department of Kriya Sharir, Dhanwantari Ayurved College, & Hospital,

Udgir, Maharashtra, India.

ABSTRACT

Shigru (Moringa oleifera Lam) is one of the most important drugs

having anthraquinones, flavonoids, sitosterol, tannins, glycosides

which possess the anti-cancerous property. Shigru is well known for its

nutritional value and is used to treat malnutrition both in infants and

nursing mothers. Many researchers have established its antioxidant,

anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects.

Shigru is extensively used and described in Ayurvedic literatures.

Acharya Charaka mentioned Shigru as Svedopaga,

Shirovirechanopaga and Krimighna while Acharya Sushruta and

Vagbhata in Varunadi gana which is used to treat urinary system

ailments. According to Bhavprakash Shigru is useful in the treatment of Apachi, Gulma,

Ganda.[1]

Raj nighantu mentioned Shigru as Mukhjadyahara (oral disorder)[2]

so we can use

Shigru in various oral disorders. Shigru is basically native to India but it widely grows in

Africa, Asia and some part of South America. Shigru contains various types of vitamins,

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SJIF Impact Factor 7.632

Volume 9, Issue 5, 178-192 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

*Corresponding Author

Dr. Abhijeet G. Pachpor

Assistant Professor,

Department of Dravyaguna

Vigyan Dr. V.J.D.G.A.M.

Patur, Maharashtra, India.

Article Received on

22 Feb. 2020,

Revised on 13 March 2020,

Accepted on 02 April 2020

DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20205-15993

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proteins and some minerals which are having many health benefits to mankind and used to

treat malnutrition.

KEYWORDS: Shigru, Moringa oleifera Lam, Literature review of Shigru.

INTRODUCTION

Shigru (Moringa oleifera Lam) belongs to family Moringaceae and is commonly known as

‘horse radish’ tree, ‘drumstick’ tree, ‘ben-oil tree’ or ‘benzoil tree’, ‘cabbage tree’, ‘mother’s

best friend’ and ‘miracle tree’ in English.[3]

A study conducted by Sreelatha s., Jeyachitra A.,

and Padma P.R. on leaves extract of Shigru has concluded that the leaves extract has a

potential for cancer chemoprevention & can be claimed as a therapeutic target for cancer.[4]

Shigru is very easy to use, its fresh leaves can be eaten directly or dried in shade to make

powder for long time preservation without losing its nutritional contents. We can find many

research articles proving its nutritional importance some of them are as follows- Duke in

2014 have established that the lives of Shigru contain tremendously high nutritive

component. Barminas and et al., in 1998 have found that lives of Shigru are the richest

source of minerals like magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), copper

(Cu), iron (Fe), etc.[5]

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For authentic data relating to various aspects of Shigru, an information is collected from

Veda, Samhita, Nighantu, Kosha, pharmacopoeia, previous research works etc.

Scientific classification

Sanskrit Name: Shigru

Botanical name – Moringa oleifera Lam

Etymological Derivation of Botanical Name

- Moringa: From the Malayalam Muringa or Tamil murungai

- Oleifera: From the Latin oleum, olei-fero, meaning oil-bearing, in reference of the seeds of

the species.

Family – Moringaceae.

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DIAGRAMS

Plate no. 1: Shigru Tree, Plate no. 2: Shigru Pods,

Plate no. 3: Shigru Inflorescence, Plate no. 4: Shigru Seeds

SYSTEMATIC POSITION

Bentham & Hooker Classification

Kingdom Plantae

Division Magnoliophyta

Class Magnoliopsida

Order Brassicales

Family Moringaceae

Genus Moringa

Species M.oleifera

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Hutchinson Classification

Kingdom Plantae

Phylum Spermatophyte

Sub-phylum Angiospermae

Order Capparidales

Family Moringaceae

Genus Moringa

Species Oleifera

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO AYURVEDIC TEXT

I. According to Karya-Karana Bheda – Karya Dravya

II. According to Chetanachetana Bheda – Chetana Dravya

III. According to Yoni Bheda – Audbhida Dravya

IV. According to Aushadha – Aushadhi Dravya

V. According to Rasa – Katu,Tikta in rasa

VI. According to Vipaka – Katu Vipaki Dravya

VII. According to Veerya – Ushna Veerya Dravya

VIII. According to Doshakarma – Kapha-vata-shamaka

IX. According to Guna – Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna

Vernacular names

Language Name

Latin Moringa oleifera

Sanskrit Subhanjana

Hindi Saguna, Sainjna, sahijana

Gujarati Suragavo

Tamil Morigkai

Telugu Mulaga, Munaga

Malayalam Murinna, Sigru

Punjabi Sainjna, Soanjna

Unani Sahajan

Ayurvedic Akshiva, Haritashaaka, Raktaka, Tikshnagandhaa

Arabian Rawag

French Moringe à graine ailée, Morungue

Spanish Ángela, Ben, Moringa

Portuguese Moringa, Moringueiro

Chinese La ken

English Drumstick tree, Horseradish tree, Ben tree

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SYNONYMS

ऩययाय भयवप्रकयशननघंटु कैयदेवननघंटु धन्वंतररननघंटु रयजननघंटु मदनऩयऱननघंटु ननघंटुआदशा शोभयंजन + + + + + +

शशग्रु + + + + +

तीक्ष्णगन्धक + + + + - -

अऺीव + + - - - +

मोचक + + - - - -

हररतशयक - - + + - -

शयकऩत्र - - - + - -

सुऩत्रक - - - + - -

उऩदंश - - - + - -

ऺमयदंश - - - + - -

दंशमूऱ - - - + - -

तीक्ष्णमूऱ - - - + - -

बहुमुऱी - - - + - -

कोमऱऩत्रक - - - + - -

ऱघुऩत्रक - - + - - -

मुखभंग - + + - - -

मुऱकऩणी - + + - - -

अवदंशऺम - + + - - -

कृष्णगंध - + - - + +

शयऱनऺम - + - - - -

घनच्छद - + - - - -

ववद्रधीघ्न - + - - - -

मुऱकच्छद - + - - - -

मुरंगी - + - - - -

बहुऱच्छद - + - - + -

सहहजन - - - - - +

Etymology of synonyms and their interpretation

Sobhanjana – सुष्ठुभनक्ततमुखसंौभयञ्जन् ।

Due to its bitter taste it changes the taste of mouth

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Shobhanjana – शोभयमनक्तत ।

Very auspicious tree, which due to its beautiful flower looks beautiful.

Shigru – शशनोनत तैतक्ष््ययक्शशग्रु् ।

Have strong, piercing qualities

Teekshnagandha – तीक्ष्णोगंधोऽस्य ।

Have strong and pungent odour

Aksheeva – ऺीबन्शयनेनयवषृ्यशवयदऺीव् ।

Because it can alleviate Kapha dosha in body.

Mochaka – मुञ्जनतरोगयशमोचक् ।

Due to its property to cure diseases

TYPES OF SHIGRU

There are two kinds of Shigru in classical texts of medicine on the basis of flower colour viz.

white and Red, which are bitter and sweet (katu-madhura) in taste & they are specifically

known as KatuShigru & Madhu Shigru respectively. KatuShigru botanically identified as

M.oleifera Lam, occurring almost throughout country and available commonly, but

MadhuShigru, botanically identified as M. concanensis with restricted distribution in Bangal,

Sindha. Leaves bipinnate somewhat longer than those of M. oleifera Lam, and flowers

pinkish yellow in colour in case of M.concanensis Nimmo. Another kind of Shigru is Nila

Shigru (blue variety) in texts of Raj Nighantu & Materia medica, Hooker also mentioned two

types of Shigru.

शोभयन्जन् शशग्रुतीक्ष्णगंधकयऺीवमोचकय्। तद् बीजं श्वेतमररच ंमधशुशग्रुस्तु ऱोहहत्॥ (भय. प्र)

Type of Shigru Description Latin name

MadhuShigru Red flower Moringa concanensis Nimmo

KatuShigru White flower Moringa oleifera Lam

According to Modern science[6]

– there are 13 species from tropical and subtropical climates

that range in size from tiny herbs to massive trees.

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SR.NO Species Native place

1. Moringa arborea Verdc Kenya

2. Moringa concanensis Nimmo Northen India

3. Moringa borziana Mattei Somalia

4. Moringa drouhardii Jum Southwestern Madagaskar

5. Moringa hildebrandtii Engl. Southwestern Madagaskar

6. Moringa longituba Engl Ethiopia and Somalia

7. Moringa oleifera Lam. Northwestern India

8. Moringa ovalifolia Dinter & Berger Namibia and Angola

9. Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori Horn of Africa and in the Southern

Sinai, Egypt

10. Moringa oleifera Verdc. Somalia

11. Moringa rivae Chiov. Kenya and Ethiopia

12. Moringa ruspoliana Engl. Ethiopia

13. Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.) Cufod. Kenya and Ethiopia

PROPERTIES (RASA PANCHAKA)

The Concept of Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka of Shigru –

Acharya Charaka says that some drugs act in accordance with their tastes, others in

accordance with their virya (potency), and yet others in accordance with their Gunas

(qualities) or Vipaka (post-digestive effects) or Prabhava inferred on the basis of Rasa, Guna,

Virya and Vipaka. Here Rasa, Guna etc of Shigru has been collected from the various texts.

In Dhanvantari Nighantu, the rasa of Shigru is described as Katu, tikta rasa. But the author

Kaiyadeva in his 'Patyapathya Vibodaka' has mentioned, the rasa of Shigru as katu, tikta,

Madhur. In Bhavaprakasha Nighantu the rasa of Shigru is tikta while other text like

Nighantu Aadarsha, Dravyaguna vidnyana (P.V.Sharma) accepted katu, tikta rasa of Shigru.

All the authors have accepted that Shigru possesses Sheeta veerya and Katu vipaka.

Regarding the Guna, Shigru is credited with tikshna, and laghu Guna by Nighantu Aadarsha,

Madanpal Nighantu, Kaiyadev Nighantu and tikshna, laghu, ruksha in Guna by

Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Dravyaguna Vidnyana (P.V.Sharma).

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Sr.

No.

Name of the

texts RASA VIPAKA VRYA GUNA

MAHABHUTA

ADHIKYA

1. Dhanwantari

Nighantu Katu Tikta Katu Ushna -

Pruthvi+Aap

Pruthvi+Vaayu

2. Raj Nighantu Katu Tikta Katu Ushna Tikshna Pruthvi+Aap

Pruthvi+Vaayu

3. Kaiyyadeva

Nighantu

Katu Madhura

Tikta Katu Ushna

Tikshna

Laghu

Ruksha

Agni+Vaayu

Pruthvi+Aap

Vaayu+Akash

4. Bhav

Prakasha Tikta Madhura Katu Ushna

Tikshna Laghu

Ruksha

Vaayu+Akash

Madhura

6. Priya

Nighantu Katu Tikta Katu Ushna

Tikshna Laghu

Ruksha

Vaayu+Agni

Vaayu+Akash

7. Nighantu

Adarsha Katu Tikta Katu Ushna Tikshna Laghu

Vaayu+Agni

Vaayu+Akash

8. Madanapal

Nighantu

Madhura

Kashaya Katu Ushna

Tikshna

Laghu

Pruthvi+Aap

Pruthvi+Vaayu

PRAYOJYANGA: Root, Seeds, Leaves

Detailed drug review is described under following stages

A. Shigru in Vedic era.

B. Shigru in Samhita period

C. Shigru in Nighantu period

D. Shigru in Modern era

VEDIC KALA

The literary review of the Shigru was started right from the Vedas up to recent research works

to obtain thorough knowledge of drug. On comprehensive review of Ayurvedic classics it was

found that Shigru is described in Vedas. Vedas are the authentic source for the knowledge of

Ayurveda.

Rig-veda (6000 B.C.) which is the oldest and authenticated documentation for the knowledge

of Ayurveda had mentioned Shigru for the use of Janapadvishesh.

As per Kaushiksutra, Pradeha of Shigru and Navneet is used in Krimirog.

In Atharva parishishta samidha, Shigru is used for Uchhatan karma.

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As per Dharmasutra Shigru is contraindicated for tooth brushing and it should not be used in

annual ritual function.

No. Use Reference

1. Janapadvishesh ऋ. ७/१८/१९ (जनऩदववषेश); वव.ध.-६१/३; ७९/१७;

वै.ध.-३/५/८

2. Krimiroga कौ.स.ू- २९/२३; ३७/५; अ.ऩ.-२६/५/१-५; ऩय.ग.-

२/४/६७; ४/१/१०४; ४/३/१६४;

3. Uchhatana karma ऩय.उ.भो.-२/१/९७; अ.शय-ं२०/५

SAMHITA PERIOD

The Samhita period can be considered as the creative period of the Indian Medicine. In

Samhita period Charaka Samhita, Susruta Samhita, Vaghbhata Samhita, Harita Samhita,

Vangasen Samhita, Chakradatta Samhita etc. were written. The era of the Samhita dates back

to 2500 B.C. to 500 A.D.

Systematic classification of the drugs is found in Samhitas. In Charak Samhita about 500

drugs were grouped under different headings based on therapeutic properties. Among these

drugs Shigru is mentioned in.

Charaka Samhita

In second Adhyaya of Charaka sutra sthana Shigru is mentioned as Shirovirechan dravya.

Cha.Su. 2/3.

अऩयमयगास्य बीजयनन वऩप्ऩऱीमाररचयनन च। ववडगंयन्यथ शशग्रूणण सषाऩयंस्तुम्बुरुणण च ॥३॥

In Charak Sutrasthana Adhyaya, it is quoted under shirovirechanopaga Mahakashay.

Cha.Su.4/27.

ज्योनतष्मतीऺवकमररचवऩप्ऩऱीववडगंशशग्रुसषाऩयऩयमयगात्डुऱश्वेतयमहयश्वेतय इनत दशमेयनन

शशरोववरेचनोऩगयनन भवक्न्त ॥२७॥

CLASSIFICATION OF SHIGRU IN BRIHATTRAYI

Name of the Treatise Varga/Skanda/Gana

Charaka Samhita Shirovirechan dravya, Shirovirechanopaga Dashemani, Katuk Skand

Susruta Samhita Varunadi Varga, Shirovirechan Dravya, Katuka Varga

Ashtanga hrudaya Naavan gana

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ACCORDING TO AYURVEDIC LEXICONS

Nighantu Period

According to Ayurveda Nighantu is defined as:

ननघ्टु ऩु कोश्। आयुवेदोहदत औषधीनयं ऩययायगुणयहदवणानऩर् कोशववशषे्। र.र.स.७/२६ As per writer of Rasaratnasamucchaya the Nighantu may be defined as a glossary containing

synonymous groups, the names of the drugs, plants, animals, minerals or anything that is

administered either as food or medicine to the human body.

According to Raj Nighantu

ननघ्टुनय ववनय वैद्यो ववव्दयन ्व्ययकरणं ववनय । अनभ्ययसेन धयनुष्कस्त्रयो हयस्यस्य भयजनम ्॥

रय.नन.श्ऱोक ९

Means, the Vaidya who does not have the knowledge of Nighantu, the scholar who doesn't

have knowledge of grammar, and the archer who doesn't practice for every day, people will

surely laugh at them.

According to Dhanwantari nighantu

अनयमववन्मोहमुऩैनत वैद्यो न वेक्शत ऩश्यन्नवऩ भेषजयनन । क्रिययिमो भेषजमूऱमेव तद् भेषज ंचयवऩ ननघ्टुमूऱम ्॥

ध.नन.श्ऱोक १३

Without knowing the names of plants Vaidya get confused and does not recognise medicinal

plant and its use. The treatment totally depends on drugs and the root of drug stays in

Nighantu. The Nighantu literature is one of the important aspects in the study of Ayurveda

and especially in the subject of Dravyaguna Vidnyana. Shigru is explained in almost all the

important Nighantus and Kosha. Below is some important information of Shigru in various

Nighantu.

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Name of Nighantu Synonyms of Shigru Gana Uses of Shigru

MADANADI-

NIGHANTU

(5TH CENT. A.D.)

-

Chandra-Nandana

described Shigru in

Varunadi gana as

term Bahalpallava

Kapha medo roga.

Mandagni, Adhayavata,

Shiroshula, Gulma,

AntahVidradhi.

SAUSHRUTA

NIGHANTU

(6th Cent. A.D.)

Haritashaka, Vahalapatra,

Mulapatrka Tikshnagandha Varunadi Gana

Kaphamedo Vishasana,

Shiroshula, Gulma,

Abhyantara Vidradhi.

PARYAYAA

RATNAMALA

(9th Cent. A.D.)

Shobhanjana, Tikshnagandha

and Moolakaparni Varunadi Gana.

Vidradhi, Shlesma-

medohara, Gulma

DHANVANTARI

NIGHANTU – (10th –

13th Cent. A.D.)

Laghu-patraka,

Avadanksaksama, Dansha,

Moolakaparni etc.

Karviradi Varga

and Harita Saka

Krimighna, Vishaghna,

Vidradhi nasaka, Pliha

nasaka

SHABDACANDRIKA

(11th Cent. A.D)

Mocaka, Shobhanaka and

Kaminsah etc. Vriksadi Varga -

SODHALA

NIGHANTU

(12th Cent. A.D.)

Harita saka, Shigruko, Laghu-

patraka, Svetak etc. KarviradiVarga

Hikka, Kasa, Visha,

Swasa, Parshvaruka,

Putigandha, Badhavitko,

Upadansha

SIDDHAMANTRA

(12th – 13th cent A.D.) -

Kapha-Vataghna

Varga -

HRIDAYADIPAKA

NIGHANTU (13th

Cent. A.D.)

Murangi is synonym of Madhu

Shigru. Tikshnagandha,

Shobhanjana, Shigruja

Tripada Varga and

Bahal Dala -

ABHIDHANA

RATNAMALA

(SHADRASA

NIGHANTU)

(13th Cent. A.D)

Shobhanjana, Bahalpallava,

Murangi, Mulakadala - -

MADHAV

DRAVYAGUNA

(13th Cent. A.D)

- Lavana Varga,

Taila Varga Gulma, Arsha, Grahani

MADANAPALA

NIGHANTU

(14th Cent. A.D.)

Krishnagandha, Bahulcchada Shakadi Varga Vidradhi, Pliha,

Raktapitta, Vrna

KAIYADEVA

NIGHANTU

(14th Cent. A.D)

Bahalachaad, Harichaad,

Shubhanjana, Vidradhigna,

Akshiva

Aushadhi Varga Shothaghna, Agnidipana

and Saraka

BHAVAPRAKASH

NIGHANTU

(16th Cent. A.D.)

Sveta-maricha, Shobhanjana,

Akshiva, Mochaka Guduchyadi Varga

Dipana, Rochaka,

Shukral, Hridya etc.

GUNA RATNAMALA

(16th Cent. A.D) - Shaka Varga

Kapha Pittahara and

useful in Shula Kustha

RAJA NIGHANTU

(17th Century A.D.)

Shakapatra, Supatraka,

Upadansha,, Komalapatraka Mulakadi Varga

MukhajAdhyahara,

Ruchikara, Dipana

PRIYA NIGHANTU

(20th Cent. A.D.) Shobhanjana Haritakyadi Varga

Gulma, Sula Vidradhi

Sopha, Ganda and Krimi

SHODASHANGA - - KaphaVata Samaka and

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HRIDAYAM (20th

Cent. A.D)

Dipana

ARKA PRAKASA Shobhanjana, Shigru - Ruchikara, Grahi,

Dipana

SHALIGRAMA

NIGHANTU - Guduchyadi Varga -

NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF DRIED LEAF POWDER OF SHIGRU

Table 1: Nutritional contents of dried leaves powder of Shigru.

Content Concentration (mg/100g) dried leaf powder

Calories (Joules)

Carbohydrate (mg/100g)

Protein %

Fat %

Fibre %

Vitamin A (mg/100g)

Vitamin B1 (mg/100g)

Vitamin B2 (mg/100g)

Vitamin B3 (mg/100g)

Vitamin C (mg/100g)

330

41.2

6.8

0.5

19.2

18.9

2.64

20.5

8.20

19.3

Table 1: Mineral contents of dried leaves powder of Shigru.

Content Concentration (mg/100g) dried leaf powder

Calcium

Magnesium

Potassium

Phosphorus

Sulphur

Zinc

Manganese

Copper

Selenium

Iron

1530

255

170

158

925

3.30

36.5

0.60

11.8

126.2

Table 1: Mineral contents of dried leaves powder of Shigru.

Essential Amino acids Concentration (mg/100g) dried leaf powder

Ariginine

Histidine

Isoleucin

Leucin

Lysine

Methionine

Phynylalanine

Theonine

Cistein

1250

615

1,500

1995

1300

348

1390

1,255

122.225

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As above tables clearly mentioned the high nutritional, mineral and essential amino acid

content in Shigru which are strong indicative of use of Shigru in the treatment of

malnutrition. Minerals are much needed in various metabolic processes constantly occurring

in body. Various vitamins are also required to strengthen the immune system and fight

various infections. Shigru leaves contain more potassium than bananas, more vit. C than

oranges and that the protein quality of Shigru is comparable to that of eggs and milk.

However, study shows that the dried leaf extract contains higher concentrations compared to

the fresh leaves of Shigru.

DISCUSSION

After going through detailed review of literature in Ayurveda and after interpreting the

observation based on the knowledge of literary review the different aspects of the study are

the drug Shigru (Moringa oleifera Lam) is well considered as Gulmahara, Apachihara,

Arbudhara having references in Vedas, in various Nighantus such as Raj Nighantu,

Madanadi Nighantu, Dhanwantari Nighantu, Nighantu Aadarsha, Chandra:Nandana

Nighantu, Shodhala Nighantu, Hridayadipak Nighantu, Abhidhan Ratnaamala, Madanpal

Nighntu etc. and its references are also found in Bruhatrayees, where this plant is included in

various formulations.

According to Dhanwantari Nighantu, Nighantu Aadarsha, Raj Nighantu, Priya Nighantu, the

Rasa of Shigru is described as Katu, Tikta Rasa, while on the other hand Kaiyadev Nighantu,

Bhavprakash Nighantu, Madanadi Nighantu has mentioned Rasa of Shigru as

Katu:Madhura:Tikta, Tikta-Madhur, Madhur-kashay respectively. But all Acharya are in

agreement with the Katu Vipaka of Shigru.

From above study it is found that Shigru contents essential amino acids, vitamins, and

phytochemicals which makes the leaf of Shigru a good nutritional supplement for food and it

also has the potential to improve the health status of its users.

CONCLUSION

Shigru is frequently described in kosha, Ayurvedic lexicons & Samhitas. It is said to be

effective in treatment of Gulma, Apachi, Arbuda etc. it is richest source of vitamins, minerals,

proteins, essential amino acid hence can be used as nutritional supplement and can be used to

treat malnutrition in both children and adults.

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