a tentative syntax of modern indo-european

8/9/2019 A Tentative Syntax of Modern Indo-European

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Fernando López-Menchero Díez

Ópitj ī eurōpā ́iosjo k ṓnātijā kómtagtis

A tentative syntax of Modern Indoeuropean

Version 1. March 2013


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ÉnduktisSindhueuropā jās átidemtis dn ̥ghwās məgnós áiwesi bhébhowe wighowos. Káputlom wenghosghi egēsmn ̥ dhn ̥ghewós skribht ī ́ tristimónjosjo wéseti, ítətom telom stúdjosjo dhugtr ̥dn ̥ghwãmwr ̥dhomeni keitoi. Bheustjos paukom ad wr ̥tnóm esti nū ad kómtagtijoi wóqqejmenos wilowoi.Polā ́ sā swḗristā aw esti werijosei dn ̥ghuwidjōi ə ptéwijōi.

Tosjo enskroibh ī meinom nē new ī sindhueuropā josjo kómtagtjos pl ̥nowr ̥gnā ́aposkroibhodeiktim esti, ghina spekjẽm plḗ jestā n ̥gnōtā ́ dāite ī ́ nū t́enāi wéseti. Ati káiwonimdémomos áitijom aw móghnijom protimonom bhocóis cójistois kowésmn ̥bhos sm ̥ bhodhóm.Protimonos so oqosk ī r ḗd kr ī tós órtujēd esti, qos penqe sm ̥ ghesla átnōm pr āi bhāstor.

Bhod ólterom sesgesmn ̥ sindhueuropā jāi ambhi kómtagte ī ghoretum chélomos, jota k ṓnāiwosenskroibhos so bhrougis sjēti newōm jékmonom ordhésmenei awti eti práiloghom protignōnom déikmenei, enpronkt ī newa dhébhjosawe ékslegmona atidemtipropodōi n ̥ser ṓi.Prówelutijom jekmn ̥stānom dektéwijom esti sólwotos bhātrodeqste ī ́ .

Pelúwijes pr ̥ksk ās wḗropropēd dew n ̥ lūtās, mənḗsonti, déikmn ̥ tos kem ptōtis pér əmāms regonts

sjūtra. Esti weteljā jãm dn ̥ghwãm pér əmom próitijom, jóqodhei ántitjom sedleinom preismēdsémlibhos génesjom bhr ū ǵjetoi démtibhos; komsqr ̥teinom awti stā ńejom awti génesjom;ghōdheinom, loudhweinom senoprekonjokloweinomqe dətēiwom. Nū per dúsqoristomkómmoinim rektum tosmei ádklētm ̥ , ud edqom an bhūt.

Jotna bholetum wél ī mes toqe peluwom loisṓm, qoi kóbotos peros ékosmi stéighmeneiménmenjoi onənḗr. Tōdem bhúrtjolom epidhídhēntes, epi gígantom skándomos omsons.

Introduction

The reconstruction of Indoeuropean language has always been a big challenge. The maindifficulty is the lack of direct written testimony, so that the base for study lies mainly on the

vocabulary of its daughther languages. Little attention has been paid until now to its syntacticgrammar analysis. This approach is however very important to attain a wider knowledge of thelanguage.

The aim of this document is not to present a fully fledged description of the new Indoeuropeansyntax, since most of its aspects remain unknown at the present time. We just reconstruct a partial but possible pattern squaring with the current understanding of Late Indoeuropean inaccordance with prevailing theories. This pattern is obviously different from the original onewhich was spoken some five millennia ago.

We definitely wish to encourage further research on indoeuropean syntax, so that thistemptative document may be useful to raise further issues or even counter the availableinformation, bringing in new or more solid items into our reconstruction process. An evolutivestate of the issue has to be accepted in the presentation of the model as whole.

Many questions will probably long remain unsolved, as for instance the case governing theabsolute clauses. Italic languages have an absolute ablative, whereas Ancient Greek usesmainly the genitive for similar constructions; Sanskrit either the locative or the genitive;Gothic, Lithuanian and Old Church Slavonic the dative. It is for the moment very difficult todetermine a common denominator for this, if it ever existed.

We would also like to highlight the efforts of many scholars who have successfully contributedto step further in this monumental domain. By just laying a little brick, we ride on giants’shoulders.


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A Tentative Syntax of Modern Indoeuropean

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Udbholowédheta Pronunciation guide

c /gu ̯/ch /gu ̯h/dh /dh/bh /bh/gh /gh/ j, w /i ̯/, /u ̯ / djo, tjo, kje, bhje /di ̯o/, /ti ̯o/, /ki ̯e/, /bhi ̯e/dwo, two, kwe, bhwe /du ̯o/, /tu ̯o/, /ku ̯e/, /bhu ̯ e/qa, qe, qi, qo, qu /k u ̯a/, /k u ̯e/, /k u ̯ i/, /k u ̯o/, /k wu/gt, ght, kt /kt/bt, bht, pt /pt/ss /ss/ /s/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx


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7.-Wər ēmn ̥

Énonmōs Pr āwos Dwóteros

TritjosWoqes

Qíqerjā Medhjā P ətjomnī Éksonmis

Ambhítowā spekjēs wr t̥jōmmodesomqe

Wr t̥ja

Enst ānt N

̥roki

Kómsqr ̥tom

Bhewsont

Módesa

Déiktijom

PróknejomUpotágtijomÓptijom Éntagtijom

Bhr ūgtjes/ wəlēntjom Bhéutijā St āiwā Kéntijā Propódejā Éntonwā

Ménghijā Wéistijā Wn

̥ sk āiwā

The verb 69

Persons FirstSecond

Third Voices

Active Middle Passive Impersonal

General outlook of tenses and moods

Tenses

Present Aorist Perfect Future

Moods

Indicative PrecativeSubjunctiveOptative Imperative

Usages/ valency NaturalStative/ essive Inceptive/ fientive Progressive Intensive

FrequentativeCausative Desiderative


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Chapter A1: The substantive and the cases

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B.-Bhānis

1.-Bhānipr ̥ ptus

Sm ̥ plobhānisApṓgnujā bhānisPr ̥ktijā bhānisSkrígtijā bhānisÉnbhətijā bhānis N d̥higsnimobhr ūgtjesAtik ō pjobhr ūgtjesQr t̥r ̥nōmn ̥ /Pətjomnonōmn ̥ Per əmá kómtagmonaSm ̥ bhondhos

2.-Bhānism ̥ bhendhmn ̥

Komjougos

Wedhmosjūtra DelmosjūtraWinomosjūtra Enbhorosjūtra Praiqinasjūtra Protiwr

̥tnosjūtra

Ekswōqosjūtra

Upojougos

Kómpl ē sjūtra Anábhōrsjūtra Ambhist ānosjūtra

SoikowōdosSānowōdosMēlowōdos

Antimēlowōdos Səmitiwōdos

PosmēlowōdosUpódhētiwōdosSəmostātíwōdosWéismn ̥wōdosSqérmn ̥wōdosProtistoupowōdosKoituwōdos

3.-Ambhítowos wistolos módesom,wr ̥tjōm esomqe kómseqmenos

4.-Kómseqtis módesom

References

The sentence

Form of the sentence 106

The simple sentence

The negative sentenceThe interrogative sentenceThe exclamative sentenceThe emphatic sentenceUses of the infinitiveUses of the participlesAgent/ patient nounThe absolute clausesAgreement

Sentence combination 136

Coordination

Copulative clauses Disyuntive clauses Distributive clauses Illative clausesCausal clauses Adversative clauses Explicative clauses

Subordination

Completive clauses Relative clausesCircumstancial clauses

The expression of finalityThe expression of placeThe expression of temporality

The expression of anteriority The expression of simultaneity

The expression of posteriorityThe expression of conditionThe expression of comparisonThe expression of causeThe expression of effect/ consecutionThe expression of concessionThe expression of manner

General pattern of moods, tenses and theirsequence 227

Sequence of moods 231

Ənábhorās 232


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A.-Bhāniqestjes

1.-Sentmn ̥ ptōtjesqe

Kluw ē iwā

Qis, qid?Upológhejā

Marijā sénchetiPetros bhúdhmeni swépeti Nū smeustromcrújeti

Anadókejā

Swesōr menemāmjā estiDomosməgnā Dəlkú todWestā ghortei bhewtiKluwē jō Markos

Práidoikwā

Smaurós kéideti dānusKsērā ́ āmrei bhebhowe westisR ōdos molét kwōnGer ōn cəlēnós propātKomnopraiseds nōmnā jetoGlēkis sā klújetor / k ərjetórGlēkis sā kn ̥sḗ jeti / kn ̥séjetor

Maqā kom wr ̥stā ́ esti cenā

Maqā cenā genét

Parts of the sentence

The substantive and the cases

Nominative

Who, what?Subject

Mary is singingPeter sleeps on the floorThe computer is loading now

Attribute

My sister isnurse The house isbig This issweet The party isin the garden My name isMarkos

Predicative

The river goes downturbid The clothes appeareddry in the morningThe dog appeared joyful The old man looktired He was appointedchairman of the board She is reputed (to be) intelligent She is considered (to be)intelligent

The girl becamea woman

The girl becamea woman


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K əl ē iwā

Anag ā ́rujā

Susanna, cəmje kom-ke

O, qoleu, snētr ī prija…

Gheuse,Kaison, mərísomnōs twoikoiluwérjonti

Qotewólneswn ̥t (=wólneswents)

bhúgjesi?

Skrígtijā

N w̥idlé!

W ī ré paukreddhēs (=pau kreddhēntw ī ré)

Vocative

Appellative

Susana, come here

Ohdistaff , friend of them who spin…

Hail,Cesar, those who are going to diesalute you

Whither are you fleeing,full of wounds?(pro nominative)

Exclamative

You, ignorant!

You, man of little faith (=little trusting man)


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Lokt ē iwā Qim, qid?

Dhn ̥ ghuqermenjā

Nāwn ̥s dr k̥ ō Ekwoméikesi

Práidoikwā

Tewom adwésontm ̥ modneichelō

Komnopráisedm ̥ em nōmnā jónt

Ins “n ̥káputins” werjont/nōmnā jont

Dhwolnom te kn ̥sejō

Glēkim tewom qeisō

Regm ̥ tewom dhēsō/ wortesō

Wítn ̥ stijā

Apokm ̥tom stāwāt léiteses metr ōm

awonjom

Dhochōu stighomes

Upológhosoikejā

R ōmām eiti

Lugtētjām n k̥nunti

Nebhos skandét

Dóljakómoqesardijā Platnām qelóntambhí

AccusativeWhom, what?

Of direct object

I seesome ships You’ve gota horse

Predicative

I want you presentat the meeting

They appointed himchairman of the board

They name(d) them “the headless”

I think you area fool

I consider you (to be)intelligent

I’ll make youa king

Of extension

The hotel was separatedone hundred meters from the beach

We walkedduring two days

Of destination of the subject

He goesto Rome

They arrive to Paris

It went upto the sky

Of point of view relating a particleThey circulatedaround the square


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Génesj ā Qejos/ qesjo?

Swéljonejā: genesbhenstijā

Gorlos,Marijās sūnús, twe koilújetiDúghterm ̥lubhē jō dā ́mosjo-two

Pot ē iwā

Pətros domus

Deiwōm weqtjes

Órenom némētom (=orn ̥némētom)

CowsMartéinosjo esti

Augt ōros

Swónatās Mózartjos

Aitis sólwosjo

Domõsdhworis pətḗ jeti

Apo louksām werjom nē moghō peqónjosjo

Swégonis qáljot ā

Stebhanjā, uruwijós widjās cenā

Ortus

Dhūlās pērom (dhūlapērom)

Áitijā

K ūmósálchosjo Méiwijestā dhghómenom Pauwídjosjo / sn

̥stewos

Magjṓs (mā ́səmos)bhrātrom Tritjos r ēgomQismaqōm Edqidpr ī ́smosjo ménenos Aw: Edqod mēmsóm

GenitiveWhose, of what?

Of kinship: Family relation

Charles, the sonof Mary says hello to youI am in love withyour mate’s daughter

Possessive

The father’s house

The thingsof the gods

The sanctuaryof the eagles

The cow isMartin’s

Author

Mozart’s sonates

Part of a whole

The doorof the house is open

I cannot open the windowof the kitchen

Peculiar qualiy

Stephania, a woman who haswideknowledge

Origin

The dangerof the storm

Partitive

A lotof money The minorityof the people Littlewisdom / sense The elderof the brothers The third king /the thirdof the kings Oneof the boys Somethingof (from) the original idea However:Some meat


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Upológhejā

Pówerōm déktewi mendhos

Súwoljā dhghómenom

Qérmenjā

Németom bhejos

Ōdjomkwonom

Stéimenos

Westim webhekosjo snḗmonos

Awā swednās aqās

M ḗ tijā

Roupjom penkweeurōm(penkwḗurojom roupjom)

Plāmn ̥sm ̥ghéslosjo pəstrōm(=sm g̥héslopəstri plāmn )̥

Wéismenjā , woinā jā ́ ghaln ̥nī tijāwe

Glaghā ́ upostosjo dusdréwmenos

K ómpl ē mn ̥ epikéimenom

Kómwidslawtlōm

Ghoilosséghosjo

Plēnóswóinosjo (=Plēnós/pl n̥ós woinō) Bhōwijóm qéronom

Bheugtumbh ī luwóm

W ər ḗ mənī s

Kelutjos tosjo mémona (=kélutimmémona, =kélutibhi mémona)

Colnōm bhibhjai (=bhíbheimi colna)

Subjective

The children’s interest in learning

The people’s goodwill

Objective

Feartowards the enemies (possiblysubjective too: the enemies’ fear)

Hatredtowards dogs

Of material

Weave a clothof this thread

A sourceof fresh water

Of measure

A five-euro coin

A bookof 1000 pages

Of cause, fault or mourning

A complaintfor alleged ill-treatment

Complement of adjectives

Consciousof the benefits

Happyabout his victory

Fullof wine Likely behaviour

Fleeing is commonamong cowards

With verbs

I rememberthat trip

I am afraidof airplanes


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Dət ē iwā Qismōi?

n ̥dhn

̥ ghuqérmenjā

Dómūnōi dəsdhi (dōdhi) klāwm ̥ati

Tḗmētopr āmn ̥toibhos dō 18 atnons wetānóm

Solwaepiworṓi wedét wēra

Méndhesjā

Élnēsāi wosjom adjḗr tod

Newām sūnewéispondjét dwírotlām

Tebhei (prōd) strouda

Láwtlejā l ē utijāwe

Wobhjā jéweti me dē peqtewei

Swēr ū ́ témōlos dusḗ jetikoilutātei(=swēr ū ́ témōlos lēwti kóilutātm )̥

Séikmenos

Bher ō ta eksí tewe (tebhei)gnōnōi

Ágrēno ī s eiti

Wismértewei píbeti

Leistjos

Tr k̥nō tebhei kantum Pot ē iwā

Meghei trija sonti mūrogaldhra

Epikeimn ̥kómpl ē mn

̥

Skousā ek ā megheisústātis

Leubhtéwijom esti tebhei wergom(qr ̥t ṓr )

DativeTo whom, for whom?

Of indirect object

Give the key backto the landlord It is forbidden to sell alcoholto minors under the age of 18

He toldthe policeman all the truth

Of interest - benefactive

They have prepared this roomfor her

He promised a new bicycleto his son

I’ve been strugglingfor you

Of benefit or damage

Fibre helps memake digestion

Tobacco seriously damagesyour health

Of purpose

I explain thisfor your information

He goesfor fruits

He drinksto forget

Of permission

I allow youto sing Possessive

I’vegot three mobile telephones

Complement of adjectives

These trousers are comfortableto me

You have to loveyour work (agent)


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St ā ́nej ā Qismi?

St ānom qodhei qertis gígistoi

Perímona, bhodisdomei Lugtētjāi trebhō

Pəstrei septméi molos esti

Nédjotjosjo

Dmudhwore ī sedē bhwāt

Ambhibhówosjo

Anawoidos óljoisi str āt upon ī moisiuponojoisiqe

Daitis qom qertis gígistoi

Mēloi tosmi nē menēm qota sā kluwō jāt

Énteronejā

Ati tritjei stéstōwediwí

Jektrom tod kswekstoiqā ́qosmiemtéwijomloudei

Ambhíst ānejā

Wipodoi amēikn ̥s gnēses

Pér əmom kómtagmn ̥

Anateplói, eksí sodét

C ādhésmenjā

Mē egne ī supā je apṓdsmonom

C ī takórsokos-two enswordikorbhe ī dhghomést

LocativeIn what, where?

Place where action happens

Experiments...betterat home I livein Paris

There is a mistakeon page seven

Of proximity

He was sittingat the door of his house

Of environment

The report spreadamong all the studentsand teachers

Time when action happens

At that moment I couldn’t remember whather name was.

Of interval

He rose againon the third day

This medicine has to be takenevery sixhours (every sixth hour)

Of circumstance

In adversity you will know your friends

Absolute clause

By a mild weather, he went out

Of immersion

Don’t throw the deodorantinto the fire

Your cv landedin the dustbin


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Méntijā- menesqérmenjā

Tosmi proksútəmōs ejes

Dólmoisi-swo wistr n̥ós cnānokom nē pr t̥et

Wērom bhūt monjompraiwodei tosmi(=tom ambhí praiwodom)

Dhabhrotagnṓtijā

Bhūtiwidjeisuwids

Tjēmn ̥plokjoi esti bhlogós

(=Tjēmn ̥ plókjosjo esti bhlogós,tjēmn ̥ plókjejos esti bhlogós,tjēmn ̥ plokobhlogós so)

Qā ́litjejā

Ismi widē jō pelu stórgosjo

Dokosjo

Ghesr ̥ sí -two, potei,ā ́tmonm ̥ bhistujō mene

Regs regnā powoqnostinsswojéiminésterei mn ̥dāst

W ər ē mənī ́ s

Lóndhomommākesjāi glínāmi

Cogitative – of mental activity

They are vey demandingabout this

Distractedwith (on) his calculations, hedid not notice his wife’s arrival.

The report was righton that prediction(=about that prediction)

Of ability and knowledge

Expertin physics

He is a geniusin origami

(=He is a genius of origami, he is anorigamic genius, he is an origamigenius)

Of quality

I see a lot of lovein him

Of recipient

Into yourhands, Lord, I commend myspirit.

The king entrusted the responsibilities of thekingdomto his minister

With verbs

I stick the mapon the wall


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Próitijā Qejes?

Proitist ānom

DouknomLóndhonēd séptəmāióighetoi

Weteljād bhewmi

Apóstətis məgnā ́ ərésmenes

Peritjes-two dídksketi

Awr ̥ /probhowos/ortus

Plámenes senēd menr ̥aimm ̥tod

Práimē los qertjos

Dn t̥ikormos meghei estiamrēdékosmēd (apó)

Dr ̥ksmost ānom

Cown s̥ cerjes ghénghn t̥ins

pr ōd spokjānt Deltis

Dele gr ānómpélowād

S əmodhē tis

Senjós esti woghnos tewetosmōd

Wr d̥hom n ̥sjesmeghmonjós(meghmónterom)Kritā ́ estiswésərjos

Steimn ̥

Leimēd qeqr n̥ t̥ai dómewes tāi

Eg ē smn ̥

W ī rós ekesl ̥wosn

̥stewés egē jet

Ablative From what?

Place of departure

The train departsfrom London at seven

I amfrom Italy.

A great distancefrom the starting point

He is learningfrom your experience

Source/origin

I copied this ideafrom an old book

Initial moment of an action

I’ve got a toothachesince this morning

Place of perspective

They watched the cows advancing from themountain

Separation

Separate the grainfrom the chaff

Comparison

Your car is olderthan this one

A word is mightier than a sword

She is differentfrom her sisters

Material

These houses are madeof mud

Lack

This man lackscommon sense


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2.-Epikeimn ̥

Genos

Paulosekwos (mas.)Paulā owis (fem.)Paulā domus/domos (fem.)Paulom stādhlom (neu.)

Akris dontsAkris secūris (fem)Akris bhāmn ̥(neu)Akri ēchr ̥(neu.)

Swādus bhreugs (mas.)Swādus (swādw ī ́) woqs (fem.)Swādu bharsjom (neu.)

Juwōn w ī rós (mas.)Jūn ī ́ (jūn ī ks) cenā (fem.)Juwon weidmṇ (neu.)

Piwōn w ī rós (mas.)Píwer ī (píwerjā/a) cenā (fem.)Píwer ī edā ́ Piwon ednom (neu.)

Sreidhmōs

Paulos ekwos (sing.)Paulōs ekwōs (plur.)Paulās ówejes (plur.)Paula stādhla (plur.)Ákrejes dontes (plur.)Ákrija bhā ́mona/échona (plur.)Swā ́dewes bhreuges/woqes (plur.)Swā ́duwa bharsja

Júwenes/píwones w ī r ṓsJū ́nijes/píwerjās cenāsJúwona wéidmonaPíwerijesedā ́sPíwona edna

Ptōtimojos

Juwōn w ī rós jūn ī m spékjetiakr ī cenām sek ūr ī paulei ekwoi

Pr āi píwenosw ī rosjo bhérontiákrejes dontespíwona ednaswādewés bhr ūcós

The adjective

Gender

Small horse

SmallsheepSmallhouseSmallstall

Sharp toothSharp axeSharp speechSharp drink

Sweet fruitSweet voiceSweet bread

Young manYoung womanYoung science

Fat manFat womanFat foodFat meal

Numbers

SmallhorseSmall horsesSmallsheepSmallstallsSharp teethSharp speeches/drinksSweet fruits/voicesSweet breads

Young menYoung womenYoung sciencesFat foodsFat meals

Case variation

Theyoung man sees ayoungwoman with asharp axe on a smallhorse

The fat man’ssharp teeth prefer fat mealthansweet fruit


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Gwā ́mona

Bhéwtijom/dhḗmenjom

Albhos ekwos

Paulā domusAkris dontsSwādus bhreugsJūn ī ́ cenā Piwon ednom

Səmostāiwom/Eksóptijom

Albhóteros ekwosPaulóterā domusAkríteros dontsSwādúteros bhreugsJewísteros bhr ātēr

Səmodhēiwom

Albhjṓs ekwos owejesBhr ēwād méwijā domusBhr ēwā méwijā domū Akrijṓs sek ūris dentesSwādúterom melit bhrugés kosmēdJéwijṓs cenā k ā w ī r ḗd óisosmēdPiwijós ednom kod bhrugés

Perəmóm uperdhēiwom

Albhos albhos ekwosÁlbhistos ekwosMínwistā domus estiÁkristos dontsSwādútəmom melit

Jéwistos w ī rósPíwistom ednom

Séqijom uperdhēiwom

Albhósəmos ekwos óljoisōmMinwmā ́ domus oisāsōmAkrísəmos dontsēsosSwādúsəmos bhreugs dhghmosPiwósəmos nóster ōm

Grades

Natural/Positive

White horse

Small houseSharp toothSweet fruitYoung womanFat meal

Equative /Elective

A so white horse /The whiter horseSuch a small house /The smaller houseSuch a sharp tooth /The sharper toothSuch a sweet fruit /The sweeter fruitSuch a young brother /The younger brother

Comparative

The horse iswhiter than the sheepThe house issmaller than the bridgeThe bridge issmaller than the houseThe axe issharper than a toothHoney issweeterthan this fruitThis woman isyounger than that manThis meal isfatter than the fruit

Absolute superlative

A very white horseA very white horseThe house isvery small A very sharp toothVery sweet honey

A very young man / the very young manVery fat meal

Relative superlative

The whitest horse of allThe smallest house of theseThe sharpest tooth of the mouthThe sweetest fruit of the earthThe fattest one of us


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Bheungtjes

Ádnomwos

Mātḗr menemāmjā estiPəter-sowetwḗs estiWl d̥ā ́ ghortei (=ghórtejā) esti

Práidoikwos

Éndoikwā bheungtis

Reudhei kelújonti woghneiAnglom éikonti ámeikm ̥Wetwesn ̥s powojét stolons, nē newons aw

Witórejā bheunctis

Wetwesn ̥s powojét stolons (oljons powojét stolons, qoiwétweses).

Nōmnkómplēmn ̥

Stornjās agronjomStornjāgronjomStórn ī jom agronjom

Ekwōm kr ̥stusEkwokr ̥stusÉkwejos kr ̥stus

Kr ̥ stuwomekwosKr ̥stwekwosKr ̥ stujós ekwos

Teutās wistoqojosTeutãm wistoqojosTeutawistoqojosTéutā jos wistoqojos

Nāwom katus NawkatusNāwikós katus

Functions

Attributive

My mother isnurse / a nurse / the nurse His father isold The party isin the garden (=gardenly)

Predicative

Especificative function

They travel in ared carThey’ve got anEnglish friendHe cleaned theold tables, but not thenew ones

Explicative function

He cleanedthe old tables (he cleaned all thetables, which wereold).

Noun complement

A/the hospitalof the centre A/the central hospitalA/thecentral hospital

A/the raceof horses A/the horse raceA/thehorse race

A horseof races A/the race horseA/therace horse

A/the historyof the people A/the history of the peoplesA/the history of the people(s)A/thepopular history

A/the fightof ships A/the naumachiaA naval fight


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Deiwosjo énterloukjomDeiwṓm énterloukjomDeiwḗnterloukjomDiwjóménterloukjom

R ūmā ́i por āi uponejərR ūmoporauponejərR ūmopor ā jóm uponejər

Bhr ēwā uper Dā ́naprim Uperdā ́napribhr ēwā Uperdā ́naprijā bhr ēwā

Márejes wentosMariwentosMárijos wentos

Sjewtewei/sjewtejei bhoungjomSjū bhoungjomSjéwtujom/sjéwtijom bhoungjom

Bhāmnā awis*Bhāmnāwis

Petonts awis*Petontawis

Plē josa déikmona

Ghoilos, -ā, -om esmiR ōdos, -ā, -om egṓ Lubhətós, -ā ́, -óm essiPr ī tós, -ā ́, -óm tū Smidhós, -ā ́, -óm estiEndhūmós so/ is (id)Tr ̥pnā sā/ s ī / isKuprṓu/ jōrṓu, -ā ́i, -ói swos(i)

Dhabhnṓu/ -ā ́i, -ói wejeKomseghnṓu, -ā ́i, -ói stasWistr

̥nṓu, -ā ́i, -ói juwe

Amghesnṓu, -ā ́i, -ói stesWiqr ̥nṓu, -ā ́i, -ói tōu/ tāi/ toi/ eje Bh ī luwes/ dwoisuwes, (-uwijes,) –uwa smos(i)Creughōs, -ās, -a/ā wejes/ n ̥smeGhislṓs, ghisnṓs, -ā ́s, -á/ -ā ́ steKighrṓs, spudrṓs, -ā ́s, -á/ -ā ́ juwes/ jusmé

Kr ̥d ī tṓs, kr ̥d ī mnṓs, -ā ́s, -á/ -ā ́ sonti/sentiRustṓs, -ā ́s, -á/ -ā ́ toi/ tāi/ ta/ tā/ ejes/ ija

The God’s twilight The Gods’ twilightThe twilight of the God(s)Thedivine twilight

A/the lessonin open air An/the open air lessonAn/theopen air lesson

A/the bridgeover the Dnieper A/the bridge over the DnieperA/the bridgeover the Dnieper

The windfrom the sea The seawindThesea wind

A/the machineto sewA/the sew machineA/thesewing machine

A talking birdA talking bird

A flying birdA flying bird

More examples

I amhappy I am joyful You arein love, fascinated You arepleased, satisfied He/she/ it ischeerful He (it) isenthusiastic She isamused We both areeager

We both aresurprised You both areconcentrated You both aredistracted They both areoverwhelmed They both aredisappointed We areafraid

We aresad You areindignated You arestressed

They areangry They arefurious


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Chapter A3: Numerals

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3.-R ēidhmōs Numerals

ADJECTIVES AND NOUNSCARDINAL COLLECTIVE ORDINAL PARTITIVEqotjoi, qotjāi? qotis? qomos, qomā, qomod? qowṓs, qowā ́s, qowá?

1 sems, smjā, sem semtis pr āwos preiwṓs2 dwōu, dwāu, dwōu dwoitjom, dwoinom dwóteros dw ī swṓs3 trejes trija tisres troinom tritjos tr ī swṓs4 qetwores, qétesres, qetwṓr qétwr ̥tis qətwr ̥tos qətwr ̥swṓs5 penqe penqtis penqtos penqswṓs6 (k)s(w)eks (k)s(w)ekstis (k)s(w)ekstos (k)s(w)ekswṓs7 septm ̥ séptm ̥ tis séptəmos septm ̥ swṓs8 oktōu óktotis oktowós oktoswṓs9 newn ̥ néwn ̥ tis néwn ̥mos newn ̥swṓs

10 dekm ̥ dékm ̥ tis dek əmós dekm ̥ swṓs11 sémdekm ̥ sémdekm ̥ tis semdek əmós semdekm ̥ swṓs12 dwōdekm ́ ̥ dwōdekm ́ ̥ tis dwṓdek əmos dwōdekm ̥ swṓs13 tréjesdekm ̥ tréjesdekm ̥ tis tréjesdek əmos trejesdekm ̥ swṓs14 qétwordekm ̥ qétwordekm ̥ tis qétwordek əmos qetwordekm ̥ swṓs15 pénqedekm ̥ pénqedekm ̥ tis pénqedek əmos penqedekm ̥ swṓs16 (k)s(w)éksdekm ̥ (k)s(w)éksdekm ̥ tis (k)s(w)éksdek əmos (k)s(w)eksdekm ̥ swṓs17 septmdekm ̥ ̥ séptrmdekm ̥ ̥ tis septrm ̥ dek əmos septm ̥ dekm ̥ swṓs18 óktōdekm ̥ óktōdekm ̥ tis óktōdek əmos oktōdekm ̥ swṓs19 néwndekm ̥ ̥ néwndekm ̥ ̥ tis néwn ̥dek əmos newndekm ̥ ̥ swṓs

20 dwídkm ̥ t ī dwídkm ̥ totis dwídkm ̥ təmos dwidkm ̥ tswṓs21 sems dwídkm ̥ t ī qe sémdwidkm ̥ totis pr āwos dwídkm ̥ təmos semdwídkm ̥ tswṓs30 trídkm ̥ ta trídkm ̥ totis trídkm ̥ təmos tridkm ̥ tswṓs40 qétwrdkm ̥ ̥ ta qétwrdkm ̥ ̥ totis qétwrdkm ̥ ̥ təmos qetwrdkm ̥ ̥ tswṓs50 penqédkm ̥ ta pénqedkm ̥ totis penqédkm ̥ təmos penqedkm ̥ tswṓs60 (k)s(w)éksdk ṃta (k)s(w)éksdkm ̥ totis (k)s(w)éksdkm ̥ təṃos (k)s(w)eksdk ṃtswṓs70 séptm ̥ dk ṃta séptmdkm ̥ ̥ totis séptmdkm ̥ ̥ təmos septm ̥ dk ṃtswṓs80 oktṓdkm ̥ ta óktōdkm ̥ totis oktṓdkm ̥ təṃos oktōdkm ̥ tswṓs90 néwndkm ̥ ̥ ta néwndkm ̥ ̥ totis néwndkm ̥ ̥ təmos newndkm ̥ ̥ tswṓs100 km ̥ tom km ̥ temtis km ̥ témtəmos km ̥ temswṓs200 dwikm ̥ tṓs /dwoi km ̥ toi dwíkm ̥ temtis dwikm ̥ témtəmos dwikm ̥ temswṓs300 trikm ̥ tṓs / trija km ̥ tā ́ tríkm ̥ temtis trikm ̥ témtəmos trikm ̥ temswṓs400 qetwrkm ̥ ̥ tṓs /qetwṓr km ̥ tā ́ qétwrkm ̥ ̥ temtis qetwrkm ̥ ̥ témtm ̥ os qetwrkm ̥ ̥ temswṓs500 penqekm ̥ tṓs /penqe km ̥ tā ́ pénqekm ̥ temtis penqekm ̥ témtəmos penqekm ̥ temswṓs600 (k)s(w)ekskm ̥ tṓs /

(k)s(w)eks km ̥ tā ́ (k)s(w)ékskm ̥ temtis (k)s(w)ekskm ̥ témtəmos (k)s(w)ekskm ̥ temswṓs

700 septmkm ̥ ̥ tṓs /septm km ̥ ̥ tā ́ séptmkm ̥ ̥ temtis septmkm ̥ ̥ témtəmos septmkm ̥ ̥ temswṓs

800 octōkm ̥ tṓs /oktōu km ̥ tā ́ óctōkm ̥ temtis octōkm ̥ témtəmos octōkm ̥ temswṓs900 newnkm ̥ ̥ tṓs /newn km ̥ ̥ tā ́ néwnkm ̥ ̥ temtis newnkm ̥ ̥ témtəmos newnkm ̥ ̥ temswṓs

1 000 sm ̥ gheslom sm ̥ ghéslotis sm ̥ ghéslotəmos sm ̥ ghesloswṓs10 000 teusmn ̥ téusmn ̥ tis téusmn ̥ tos teusmn ̥swṓs


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12 354 teusmn ̥ dwoi sm ̥ ghesla trijakmtā ́ qetwores penqédkm ̥ taqe

téusmn ̥ tis dw ī sk ā ́sqesm ̥ ghéslotjes tr ī sk ā ́skm ̥ temtjes pénqedkm ̥ totisqétwr ̥tisqe

dwōdekm ́ ̥ qis téusmn ̥ tos tr ī skm ̥ témtəmos qətwr ̥tos penqédkm ̥ təmos

dwōdekm ́ ̥ qis téusmn ̥swṓstr ī s km ̥ temswṓs penqekm ̥ temswṓsqətwr ̥swṓs

100 000 km ̥ tom sm ̥ ghesla km ̥ temtis

sm ̥ gheslotjom/km ̥ temsk ā ́ssm ̥ ghéslotjes

km ̥ tom sm ̥ gheslótəmos kmtemn ̥ ̥ qis sm ̥ ghesloswṓs/

km ̥ temswṓs sm ̥ gheslōm

1 000 000 weltjom wéltjonom wéltjomos weltjoswṓs

1 000 000 000 próweltjom próweltjonom próweltjomos proweltjoswṓs


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ADJECTIVESDISTRIBUTIVE

(I)DISTRIBUTIVE

(II)MULTIPLICATIVE CLASSIFICATIVE

(I)CLASSIFICATIVE

(III)qonṓs, -ā ́s, -a? qok ṓs, -ā ́s, -á? qoplós, -ā ́, -óm? qogenós, -ā ́, -óm? qobhujós, -ā ́, -óm?

1 preiwṓs preiwṓs sm ̥ plos sm ̥ genós sm ̥ bhujós2 dw ī snṓs dw ī sk ṓs dwoplós /dwojós dwogenós dwobhujós3 tr ī snṓs tr ī sK ṓs triplós /trojós trigenós /trojós tribhujós /trojós4 qətwr ̥snṓs qətwr ̥sk ṓs qətwr ̥ plós qətwr ̥genós qətwr ̥ bhujós5 penqsnṓs penqsk ṓs penqeplós penqegenós penqebhujós6 (k)s(w)eksnṓs (k)s(w)eksk ṓs (k)s(w)eksplós (k)s(w)eksgenós (k)s(w)eksbhujós7 septm ̥ snṓs septm ̥ sk ṓs septm ̥ plós septm ̥ genós septm ̥ bhujós8 oktosnṓs oktosk ṓs oktoplós oktogenós oktobhujós9 newn ̥snṓs newn ̥sk ṓs newn ̥ plós newn ̥genós newn ̥ bhujós10 dekm ̥ snṓs dekm ̥ sk ṓs dekm ̥ plós dekm ̥ genós dekm ̥ bhujós

11 semdekm ̥ snṓs semdekm ̥ sk ṓs semdekm ̥ plós semdekm ̥ genós semdekm ̥ bhujós12 dwōdekm ̥ snṓs dwōdekm ̥ sk ṓs dwōdekm ̥ plós dwōdekm ̥ genós dwōdekm ̥ bhujós13 trejesdekm ̥ snṓs trejesdekm ̥ sk ṓs trejesdekm ̥ plós trejesdekm ̥ genós trejesdekm ̥ bhujós14 qetwordekm ̥ snṓs qetwordekm ̥ sk ṓs qetwordekm ̥ plós qetwordekm ̥ genós qetwordekm ̥ bhujós15 penqedekm ̥ snṓs penqedekm ̥ sk ṓs penqedekm ̥ plós penqedekm ̥ genós penqedekm ̥ bhujós16 (k)s(w)eksdekm ̥ snṓs (k)s(w)eksdekm ̥ sk ṓs (k)s(w)eksdekm ̥ plós (k)s(w)eksdekm ̥ genós (k)s(w)eksdekm ̥ bhujós

17 septmdekm ̥ ̥ snṓs septmdekm ̥ ̥ sk ṓs septrmdekm ̥ ̥ plós septrmdekm ̥ ̥ genós septrmdekm ̥ ̥ bhujós18 oktōdekm ̥ snṓs oktōdekm ̥ sk ṓs oktōdekm ̥ plós oktōdekm ̥ genós oktōdekm ̥ bhujós19 newndekm ̥ ̥ snṓs newndekm ̥ ̥ sk ṓs newndekm ̥ ̥ plós newndekm ̥ ̥ genós newndekm ̥ ̥ bhujós20 dwidkm ̥ tsnṓs dwidkm ̥ tsk ṓs dwidkm ̥ toplós dwidkm ̥ togenós dwidkm ̥ tobhujós

21 semdwídkm ̥ tsnṓs semdwídkm ̥ tsk ṓs semdwidkm ̥ toplós semdwidkm ̥ togenós semdwidkm ̥ tobhujós30 tridkm ̥ tsnṓs tridkm ̥ tsk ṓs tridkm ̥ toplós tridkm ̥ togenós tridkm ̥ tobhujós40 qetwrdkm ̥ ̥ tsnṓs qetwrdkm ̥ ̥ tsk ṓs qetwrdkm ̥ ̥ toplós qetwrdkm ̥ ̥ togenós qetwrdkm ̥ ̥ tobhujós50 penqedkm ̥ tsnṓs penqedkm ̥ tsk ṓs penqedkm ̥ toplós penqedkm ̥ togenós penqedkm ̥ tobhujós60 (k)s(w)eksdk ṃtsnṓs (k)s(w)eksdk ṃtsk ṓs (k)s(w)eksdkm ̥ toplós (k)s(w)eksdkm ̥ togenós (k)s(w)eksdkm ̥ tobhujó

s70 septm ̥ dk ṃtsnṓs septm ̥ dk ṃtsk ṓs septmdkm ̥ ̥ toplós septm ̥ dkm ̥ togenós septmdkm ̥ ̥ tobhujós80 oktōdkm ̥ tsnṓs oktōdkm ̥ tsk ṓs oktōdkm ̥ toplós oktōdkm ̥ togenós oktōdkm ̥ tobhujós90 newndkm ̥ ̥ tsnṓs newndkm ̥ ̥ tsk ṓs newndkm ̥ ̥ toplós newndkm ̥ ̥ togenós newndkm ̥ ̥ tobhujós100 km ̥ temsnṓs km ̥ temsk ṓs km ̥ templós km ̥ temgenós km ̥ tembhujós200 dwikm ̥ temsnṓs dwikm ̥ temsk ṓs dwikm ̥ templós dwikm ̥ temgenós dwikm ̥ tembhujós300 trikm ̥ temsnṓs trikm ̥ temsk ṓs trikm ̥ templós trikm ̥ temgenós trikm ̥ tembhujós400 qetwrkm ̥ ̥ temsnṓs qetwrkm ̥ ̥ temsk ṓs qetwrkm ̥ ̥ templós qetwrkm ̥ ̥ temgenós qetwrkm ̥ ̥ tembhujós500 penqekm ̥ temsnṓs penqekm ̥ temsk ṓs penqekm ̥ templós penqekm ̥ temgenós penqekm ̥ tembhujós600 (k)s(w)ekskm ̥ temsn

ṓs(k)s(w)ekskm ̥ temsk ṓs

(k)s(w)ekskm ̥ templós (k)s(w)ekskm ̥ temgenós

(k)s(w)ekskm ̥ tembhujós

700 septmkm ̥ ̥ temsnṓs septmkm ̥ ̥ temsk ṓs septmkm ̥ ̥ templós septmkm ̥ ̥ temgenós septmkm ̥ ̥ tembhujós800 octōkm ̥ temsnṓs octōkm ̥ temsk ṓs octōkm ̥ templós octōkm ̥ temgenós octōkm ̥ tembhujós900 newnkm ̥ ̥ temsnṓs newnkm ̥ ̥ temsk ṓs newnkm ̥ ̥ templós newnkm ̥ ̥ temgenós newnkm ̥ ̥ tembhujós

1 000 sm ̥ gheslosnṓs sm ̥ gheslosk ṓs sm ̥ ghesloplós sm ̥ gheslogenós sm ̥ gheslobhujós10 000 teusmn ̥snṓs teusmn ̥sk ṓs teusmn ̥ plós teusmn ̥genós teusmn ̥ bhujós


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12 354 dwōdekm ́ ̥ qistéusmn ̥snṓs tr ī skm ̥ temsnṓs penqekm ̥ temsnṓsqətwr ̥snṓs

dwōdekm ́ ̥ qistéusmn ̥sk ṓs tr ī skm ̥ temsk ṓs penqekm ̥ temsk ṓsqətwr ̥sk ṓs

dwōdekm ́ ̥ qistéusmn ̥ plós tr ī skm ̥ templós penqekm ̥ templósqətwr ̥ plós

dwōdekm ́ ̥ qistéusmn ̥genós tr ī skm ̥ temgenós penqekm ̥ temgenósqətwr ̥genós

dwōdekm ́ ̥ qistéusmn ̥ bhujós tr ī skm ̥ tembhujós penqekm ̥ tembhujósqətwr ̥ bhujós

100 000 kmtemn ̥ ̥qissm ̥ gheslosnṓs/km ̥ temsnṓssm ̥ gheslōm

kmtemn ̥ ̥qissm ̥ gheslosk ṓs/km ̥ temsk ṓssm ̥ gheslōm

kmtemn ̥ ̥ qissm ̥ ghesloplós

kmtemn ̥ ̥ qissm ̥ gheslogenós

kmtemn ̥ ̥qissm ̥ gheslobhujós

1 000 000 weltjosnṓs weltjosk ṓs weltjoplós weltjogenós weltjobhujós1 000 000 000 proweltjosnṓs proweltjosk ṓs proweltjoplós proweltjogenós proweltjobhujós


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ADVERBSITERATIVE (I) ITERATIVE (II) ITERATIVE (III) ITERATIVE (IV) ITERATIVE (V)

CONTINGENTIAL DISTRIBUTIVEqoqis? qoqr ̥ t? qonim? qotim? qowr ̥ tis? qoqr ̥pis?

1 semli semqr ̥t pr āwnim semwr ̥tis semqr ̥ pis2 dw ī s dwiqr ̥t dwonim dwiwr ̥tis dwiqr ̥ pis3 tr ī s triqr ̥t trinim triwr ̥tis triqr ̥ pis4 qəturs qəturqr ̥t qétwr ̥nim qəturwr ̥tis qəturqr ̥ pis5 pénqenqis penqqr ̥t penqnim penqwr ̥tis penqqr ̥ pis6 (k)s(w)éksn ̥qis (k)s(w)eksqr ̥t (k)s(w)eksnim (k)s(w)ekswr ̥tis (k)s(w)eksqr ̥ pis7 séptm ̥ qis séptmqr ̥ ̥ t séptm ̥ nim séptmwr ̥ ̥ tis séptmqr ̥ ̥pis8 óktonqis óktoqr ̥t óktonim óktowr ̥tis óktoqr ̥ pis9 néwn ̥qis néwnqr ̥ ̥ t néwn ̥nim néwnwr ̥ ̥ tis néwnqr ̥ ̥pis10 dékm ̥ qis dékmqr ̥ ̥ t dékm ̥ nim dékmwr ̥ ̥ tis dékmqr ̥ ̥pis11 sémdekm ̥ qis sémdekmqr ̥ ̥ t sémdekm ̥ nim sémdekmwr ̥ ̥ tis sémdekmqr ̥ ̥pis12 dwōdekm ́ ̥ qis dwōdekmqr ́ ̥ ̥ t dwōdekm ́ ̥ nim dwōdekmwr ́ ̥ ̥ tis dwōdekmqr ́ ̥ ̥pis13 tréjesdekm ̥ qis tréjesdekmqr ̥ ̥ t tréjesdekm ̥ nim tréjesdekmwr ̥ ̥ tis tréjesdekmqr ̥ ̥pis14 qétwordekm ̥ qis qétwordekmqr ̥ ̥ t qétwordekm ̥ nim qétwordekmwr ̥ ̥ tis qétwordekmqr ̥ ̥pis15 pénqedekm ̥ qis pénqedekmqr ̥ ̥ t pénqedekm ̥ nim pénqedekmwr ̥ ̥ tis pénqedekmqr ̥ ̥pis16 (k)s(w)éksdekm ̥ qis (k)s(w)éksdekmqr ̥ ̥ t (k)s(w)éksdekm ̥ nim (k)s(w)éksdekmwr ̥ ̥ tis (k)s(w)éksdekmqr ̥ ̥pis17 séptrmdekm ̥ ̥ qis séptrmdekmqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t séptrmdekm ̥ ̥ nim séptrmdekmwr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis séptrmdekmqr ̥ ̥ ̥pis18 óktōdekm ̥ qis óktōdekmqr ̥ ̥ t óktōdekm ̥ nim óktōdekm ̥ wr ̥tis óktōdekmqr ̥ ̥pis19 néwndekm ̥ ̥ qis néwndekmqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t néwndekm ̥ ̥ nim néwndekmwr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis néwndekmqr ̥ ̥ ̥pis20 dwídkm ̥ tonqis dwídkmtoqr ̥ ̥ t dwídkm ̥ tonim dwídkmtowr ̥ ̥ tis dwídkmtoqr ̥ ̥pis21 sémdwidkmton ̥ ̥qis sémdwidkmtoqr ̥ ̥ t sémdwidkm ̥ tonim sémdwidkm ̥ towr ̥tis sémdwidkmtoqr ̥ ̥pis30 trídkmton ̥ ̥qis trídkmtoqr ̥ ̥ t trídkm ̥ tonim trídkmtowr ̥ ̥ tis trídkmtoqr ̥ ̥pis40 qétwrdkm ̥ ̥ tonqis qétwrdkmtoqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t qétwrdkm ̥ ̥ tonim qétwrdkmtowr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis qétwrdkmtoqr ̥ ̥ ̥pis50 pénqedkmton ̥ ̥qis pénqedkmtoqr ̥ ̥ t pénqedkm ̥ tonim pénqedkmtowr ̥ ̥ tis pénqedkmtoqr ̥ ̥pis60 (k)s(w)éksdkmton ̥ ̥qis (k)s(w)éksdkmtoqr ̥ ̥ t (k)s(w)éksdkm ̥ tonim (k)s(w)éksdkmtowr ̥ ̥ tis (k)s(w)éksdkmtoqr ̥ ̥pis70 séptmdkm ̥ ̥ tonqis séptmdkmtoqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t séptmdkm ̥ ̥ tonim séptmdkmtowr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis séptmdkmtoqr ̥ ̥ ̥pis80 óktōdkm ̥ tonqis óktōdkmtoqr ̥ ̥ t óktōdkm ̥ tonim óktōdkmtowr ̥ ̥ tis óktōdkmtoqr ̥ ̥pis90 néwndkm ̥ ̥ tonqis néwndkmtoqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t néwndkm ̥ ̥ tonim néwndkmtowr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis néwndkmtoqr ̥ ̥ ̥pis100 kmtemn ̥ ̥qis kmtemqr ̥ ̥ t km ̥ temnim kmtemwr ̥ ̥ tis kmtemqr ̥ ̥pis200 dwíkmtemn ̥ ̥ qis dwíkmtemqr ̥ ̥ t dwíkm ̥ temnim dwíkmtemwr ̥ ̥ tis dwíkmtemqr ̥ ̥pis300 tríkmtemn ̥ ̥ qis tríkmtemqr ̥ ̥ t tríkm ̥ temnim tríkmtemwr ̥ ̥ tis tríkmtemqr ̥ ̥pis400 qétwrkmtemn ̥ ̥ ̥ qis qétwrkmtemqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t qétwrkm ̥ ̥ temnim qétwrkmtemwr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis qétwrkmtemqr ̥ ̥ ̥pis500 pénqekm ̥ temn ̥qis pénqekmtemqr ̥ ̥ t pénqekm ̥ temnim pénqekmtemwr ̥ ̥ tis pénqekmtemqr ̥ ̥pis600 (k)s(w)ékskmtemn ̥ ̥qis (k)s(w)ékskmtemqr ̥ ̥ t (k)s(w)ékskm ̥ temnim (k)s(w)ékskmtemwr ̥ ̥ tis (k)s(w)ékskmtemqr ̥ ̥pis

700 séptmkmtemn ̥ ̥ ̥ qis séptmkmtemqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t séptmkm ̥ ̥ temnim séptmkmtemwr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis séptmkmtemqr ̥ ̥ ̥pis800 óctōkmtemn ̥ ̥ qis óctōkmtemqr ̥ ̥ t óctōkm ̥ temnim óctōkmtemwr ̥ ̥ tis óctōkmtemqr ̥ ̥pis900 néwnkmtemn ̥ ̥ ̥ qis néwnkmtemqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t néwnkm ̥ ̥ temnim néwnkmtemwr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis néwnkmtemqr ̥ ̥ ̥pis

1 000 sm ̥ ghéslonqis sm ̥ ghésloqr ̥t sm ̥ ghéslonim sm ̥ ghéslowr ̥tis sm ̥ ghésloqr ̥ pis10 000 téusmn ̥qis téusmnqr ̥ ̥ t téusmn ̥nim téusmnwr ̥ ̥ tis téusmnqr ̥ ̥pis


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12 354 téusmn ̥qis dw ī sqesm ̥ ghéslonqis tr ī skmtemn ̥ ̥qis pénqedkm ̥ tonqisqətursqe

téusmnqr ̥ ̥ t dw ī sqesm ̥ ghésloqr ̥t tr ī skmtemqr ̥ ̥ t pénqedkmtoqr ̥ ̥ tqétwrqr ̥ ̥ tqe

téusmn ̥nim dw ī sqesm ̥ ghéslonim tr ī skm ̥ temnim pénqedkm ̥ tonimqétwr ̥nimqe

téusmnwr ̥ ̥ tis dw ī sqesm ̥ ghéslowr ̥tis tr ī skmtemwr ̥ ̥ tis pénqedkmtowr ̥ ̥ tisqétwrwr ̥ ̥ tisqe

téusmnqr ̥ ̥pis dw ī sqesm ̥ ghésloqr ̥ pis tr ī skmtemqr ̥ ̥pis pénqedkm ̥ toqr ̥ pisqétwrqr ̥ ̥pisqe

100 000 kmtemn ̥ ̥qissm ̥ ghéslonqis

kmtemqr ̥ ̥ tsm ̥ ghéslon ̥qis/kmtemn ̥ ̥ qissm ̥ ghésloqr ̥t

km ̥ temnimsm ̥ ghéslon ̥qis/kmtemn ̥ ̥ qissm ̥ ghéslonim

kmtemwr ̥ ̥ tissm ̥ ghéslon ̥qis/kmtemn ̥ ̥qissm ̥ ghéslowr ̥tis

kmtemqr ̥ ̥pissm ̥ ghéslon ̥qis/kmtemn ̥ ̥qissm ̥ ghésloqr ̥ pis

1 000 000 wéltjoqis wéltjoqr ̥t wéltjonim wéltjowr ̥tis wéltjoqr ̥ pis1 000 000 000 próweltjoqis próweltjoqr ̥t próweltjonim próweltjowr ̥tis próweltjoqr ̥ pis


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100 000 km ̥ temdhē sm ̥ ghéslon ̥qis/ kmtemn ̥ ̥qissm ̥ ghéslodhē

km ̥ temgha sm ̥ ghéslon ̥qis/ kmtemn ̥ ̥qissm ̥ ghéslogha

kmtemkn ̥ ̥ s sm ̥ ghéslon ̥qis/kmtemn ̥ ̥ qis sm ̥ ghéslokn ̥s

1 000 000 wéltjodhē wéltjogha wéltjokn ̥s1 000 000 000 próweltjodhē próweltjogha próweltjokn ̥s


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Gérbhtijōs rēidhmōs

Bhūt sems w ī rós welpowosjoi

Kómopjomsmei dhghómenei kod

Dwāi áwejes nisdoi sénchonti

Dwāi áweje nisdoi sénchetes

Trins eik ō prokóns

En penqe wínāti bhr ēwāns olnom

En bhodesmn ̥ wínāti penqe bhr ēwãmolnom

Kom porésetioktōu kr ̥keróns

Kom poréseti kr ̥ker ṓm oktōu

Cówqolosnewn ̥ steighet gwewbhis

Dekm ̥ eik ō bhr ātern ̥s

Bhr ātromdekm ̥ eik ō

Pénqedekm ̥ eik ō swésorn ̥s

Swéserompénqedekm ̥ eik ō

Cardinal numbers

There wasone man in the waiting-room

This is the equipmentfor one person

Two birds are singing in their nest

Two birds are singing in their nest

I havethree suitors

The project involves five bridges

The project involves the upgrading offive bridges

He will contribute witheight chickens

He will contribute witheight chickens

The cowboy walked withnine cows

I have ten brothers

I have ten brothers

I havefifteen sisters

I havefifteen sisters

'1' to '4' '5' to '19' '5' to '19' from '20' onwards

Type of construction Concordant numeric phrase Juxtaposed numeric phrase Genitival numeric phrase Genitival numeric phrase

Order of elements Indiferent Cardinal number +

quantified nounQuantified noun + cardinal number Indiferent

The numeral is inflected Yes No No Optionally a·10b

Case for the cardinal number in subject/ object clauses

Nom./ (voc.)/ acc. Indeclina ble Indeclinable Indeclinable

Case for the quantified noun in subject/ object clauses

Nom./ (voc.)/ acc. Nom./ (voc.)/ acc. Genitive Genitive

Case for the cardinal number in oblique clauses

Gen./ dat./ loc./ abl./ instr.

Indec linable Indec linable Indecl inable

Case for the quantified noun in oblique

clauses






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Ridhmēpikéimona

Kérdhesja

Prāwos wosos nē ər ḗ jeti kr ̥ pjobhim-two

Tod antjei gisto sm ̥ ghéslosjonewnkm ̥ ̥ témtəm ī néwndkm ̥ ̥ təm ī októwosjo átnosjo

Edjḗw estiprāwos karpólijosjodwóter ī sm ̥ ghéslosjo dek əmosjo

Ausromdék əmom éikomoskwentónijosjo

Áitija

Trejes qətwr ̥wōs eksignṓs/ghóstejeskómjugtōs sonti

Trejes qətwr ̥ tōs eksignṓs kómjugtōssonti

Trejes qətwr ̥wās eksignṓm kómjugtās/kómjugtōs sonti

Trejes qətwr ̥ tās eksignṓm kómjugtās/kómjugtōs sonti

Krenghom moitā ja penqwã k ā ́ posjokosjo

Numeral adjectives

Ordinal

The first dress does not pass with your

shoesThis happened by the end of the yearnineteen ninenety eight

Today is first of August oftwo thousandten

Tomorrow we havetenth of December

Partitive

Three out of four foreigners are married

Three out of four foreigners are married

Three quarters of the foreigners aremarried

Three quarters of the foreigners aremarried

I exchanged the ring fora fifth of this land


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Ksweks bhūnt westrodhōnja, trijawóghokoi qā ́qosmi,qetworesqe w ī r ṓs.Dw ī snṓu w ī rṓu tr ī snā ́ nijóntwestrodhōnja.

Newn ̥ bhūnt westrodhōnja trejesqe w ī r ṓs. W ī róspreiwos tr ī snā ́ (trija) nijétwestrodhōnja.

Apo ép ī tn ̥s oktosnónskowesn ̥ t

Apo ép ī tes oktosnṓs kowésn ̥ to

Péluplektija

m ̥ g ā ́tiwortija

Dwoplóm luwét awoqrojom

Wr ̥dhom toddwoplóméiketi usdoikom

Triplóm ghedāt kousnom

Áitiwortija

Dwoplómwestrodhōnjom(=dwóbhudhmi westrodhōnjom)

Dwoplā ́ domus (=dwóplāris domus)

Qórostija

Komwodhos so dwoplós:ənapadṓs nē

wek ānt k ə ptolondhom leiktum, joqeenignṓs wedr ̥ erktum nē wek ānt

Aigjom esjodwogenóm: nē moghātghostum neqe sweptum

Aigjom esjodwobhujóm: neqe ghosātneqe lówāto

There weresix suitcases,three on each cart,and four men.Every two men carriedthreesuitcases.

There were nine suitecases and three men.Each man carriedthree suitcases.

They evacuated the passengers eight byeight

The passengers were evacuated eight byeight

Multiplicative

Of augmentative value

He paid adouble fee

This word has adouble meaning

She received a triple rent

Of partitive value

A double-bottom suitcase

A two-storey house

Classificative

It (was) atwofold conflict: the invaders did

not want to leave the captured ground andthe native population did not want to sharethe water

His illnesshad double consequences: hecould neither eat nor sleep

His illnesshad a double origin: he neitherate nor washed himself


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Ridhmēpiwərḗmona

Iterā ́tija

Tebheidékm ̥ qis (=dékmqr ̥ ̥ t) woqa:

smeustrom neqom klawde pr ī jósm ̥ nedhsk ōrknetim əneu.

Stéleswortija

Sm ̥ weghtom nē qid peum;dwóweghtom trija labhóm wr ̥dha;tríweghtom galmoupologhom labhóm;qétwr ̥weghtom solwāns peum bhānins,enim pénqeweghtom galmom seghtummoghóm.

Kswéksweghtom cm ̥ jonts(=kswéksweghtom jom ludhóm), júwonm ̥ medóm médodikm ̥

Udbhórowortija

Dhghjesi newom bhr ūgtós esmiprāwnimwoghnom

Dwonim (=dw ī s) məgsomobhr ēunāsepitərunā ́s

Nū trinim (=tr ī s) peqonjom klewtumskelō

Wétesi kosmei seghtṓr so sperstimqétwr ̥nim (qəturs) wikét

Edjḗw médodikm tom pénqenim setíjai

Ksweksnimcm ̥ jonts (=jom ksweksnimludhóm)senom medóm médodikm ̥

Winómowortija

Dōwn ̥kleitrom adéstpénqewr ̥ tis /pénqeqr ̥pis (=pénqe séstisu)

Numeral adverbs

Iterative adverbs

I’ve told itten times to you: never close the

computer without firstsaving (your)files.

With locative value

The first time I did not understandanything;the second time I catched threewords;the third time I got the topic of theconversation;the fourth time I understoodwhole sentences, andthe fifth time I wasable to hold a conversation.

The sixth time I came, I met a youngdoctor.

With contingential value

Yesterday I used the new carfor the firsttime

For the second time (=twice), themaximum limits have been surpassed.

This is the third time (=three times) now Ihave to clean the kitchen

This year this champion has won thecompetitionfor the fourth time (=fourtimes)

Today I visit this doctorfor the fifth time

When I camefor the sixth time, I met anold doctor.

With distributive value

She prepared the databasein five times (=infive sessions)


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Péluplektija

Dékm ̥ dhē lō bām q ī t

Ambhimojā ́ bhr ū gtis

Tridhē k ādr ̥ tod leutéwijom(=tribhískoitubhis)

Áitija

Londhom medōn trigha widhét (=trijaen kérora)

Épiseqesja

M ḗ lowortija

Prāwom, gerjā (bhudhjā) joqe udsistām. Dwóterom dr ̥k ām lowom,dontn ̥s melk ō tribhís méiwn ̥ bhis joqeā ́mreja (pr ṓtera) dhidhēm éukesa.Tritjom, pr ā ́mēdjom edmi joqe owō

Prokónsowortija

Kr ōtós enā ́ dhghōmōn, semkn ̥ s prijṓm prowodhōm r ōdhí,dwikn ̥ s mlōdhr ṓ ártijō wergō, trikn ̥ s sənitjó ī s gousno ī s joqeqétwrkn ̥ ̥ s (enim ántjokn ̥s) ejoswidjolubhjó ī s awonomo ī s.

Multiplicative

He paid ten times for his crime

Alternative use

This problem can be solved in three ways(=through three manners)

Partitive

The governor divided the country in three parts (=in three regions)

Sequential

Of chronological value

Firstly, I wake and get up in the morning.Secondly, I wash my face, brush my teeth inthree minutes and do my morning exercises.Thirdly, I have a breakfast and get dressed.

Of argumentative value

She is a reputed person;firsly because ofher friendly manners,secondly, because ofher excellent artistical work,thirdly, because of herexquisite tastes andfourthly(and finally) because of her philosophicalcontributions.


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4.-Antinṓmona (proroká uporokáqe)

Énonmija

Widíktija antinṓmona

Is, idDef. nom os(i), ac. om/em, dat. esmei,gen. s. esjo, pl. esom, altern. ad im,ismei, ejos, eisom

Qismei jāmi cotēnṓi anábhorma(anabhorikós wertos)

Petr ōi pr k̥om qid eitr ̥ ambhí mənjet, atqeneqidis proti wewqét

Tr ī s woida bhloigom, nē lubhjō awejosantjom

So, sā, tod

Komk ṓpotos anáwesn ̥ta

bhətorklutr ̥bhom

Ordhēsmn ̥tod meghei ménestom prépeti

Bhādhjomtosmōi w ī r ōi skelō pr ī snimqām ati medoim

Ghoi-ke, ghāi-ke, ghod-ke

Bhū ́mn ̥tos anáwesn ̥tabhətorklutr

̥bhom

Eme bheitlomghod-ke enim kl d̥omsék ādhighom-ke

Qis domei trébhetighesāi?

Ghod-ke chelō wesmn o̥rkjom

Pronouns and determinants

Personal

Demonstrative

This, he, she

Referred to something already mentioned(anaphoric value)

I asked Peter what he thought about the trip, buthe didn’t answer anything

I’ve seen the film three times, but I don’tlike the endof it

This

Conceptually present to both speaker andhearer

This proposal seems reasonable to me

I have to speakto this man before I meethim again

This

Physically present to both speaker andhearer

Take this axe and cut this piece of wood

Who livesin this house?

I wantthis cupboard


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Chapter A4: Pronouns and determinants

40

(E)ko, (e)k ā, (e)kod

Bhū ́mn ̥tos komk ṓpotoswe anáwesn ̥taoinim bhətorei

Porsógaldhromkod nē sū bhúngetoi

Chedhjō proti mē déwmeneikosmōiskréibhete

Édqismei tértinōi anábhorma(km

̥tabhorikós wertos)

Septəm bhūtiswenwornōs sontikoi: mū, bē, miau, bau, kol, qa, cr ī

Oiso, oisā, oisod

Bhətores qeli, klūtori proqēd

Pr āi enke sedlām oisām

Qori pn ̥ tē stéighesióisāsōd?

Eno, enā, enod (elno, elnā, elnod)

Bhətorklūtr ̥bhem qeli

Enod spekje ceri

K ṓnāswo wəronkimelnām leintum

Widíktijās doljās

Ke, kiAnAw

Sontom legeke, pl n̥ādhiem an kom joqe emaw olē je w ī

This

Physically or conceptually present just tospeaker

This telephone does not work well

Please do not replyto this message

Referred to something which will beexplained (cataphoric value)

The seven natural musical notes arethese:C, D, E, F, G, A, B

That, yonder

Far from speaker, near to hearer

Bringthat chair to me

Why are you goingthat way?

That, yonder

Both from speaker and from hearer far

Look atthat mountain

Try to avoidthat dip

Demonstrative particles

ThisThis otherThat, yonder

Readthis letter, completethis other one and destroy that one


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Qā ́wn ̥tera antinṓmona

Edqis, edqid (qis, qid)

Estiqis kei an domei?Edqid colnei me bhojə jet c ī wei meneambhí

Neqos, neqā, neqod

Neqos klāwm ̥k ām nānke

Préimonē néwostis ghēdnā ́ estineqō

Edqos, edqod

Pr ōd dhēljognātjesedqā cece daitis

Nē édqosmi plak ē jō sméudhmeni

Qisqe, qidqe

Dəsdhiqísmeiqe séwijom

Dekm ̥ senti dómewes,qismiqe qetworasweptorja

Qāqos, qāqā, qāqod

Wergom ejosqāqos gnōwe

Wergom seweqāqos gnōwe

Epi dókmeni deiktromqāqei dhētumskélesi

Qéjespejoi

Dw ī spokna sonti domqéjespeja k ə psāi

Drugholtōm glóghejesqéjespejoisom bhr ēgnā ́s sonti

Quantitative pronouns

Someone, anyone, something, anything

Is thereanyone here at home?Something on the plane caused me to fearfor my life

Someone, something

Someone has found this key

The news was received witha certainamount of pleasure

Some

Sometime has elapsed since the baby’s birth

I don’t agreewith some idea

Each (one)

Give toeach one his share

There are ten houses with four bedroomseach one

Eacb one

Each one knows his work (of his)

Each one knows his own work

You have to put a stampon each document

A few, some

There are stilla few biscuits in the box

The tipsof some pencils have been broken


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Solwos, solwā, solwod

Dhochomsolwom kei nē bhowe

Solwō tosjo alchō ōighei

Oljoi, oljāi, olja

Oljo ī s tosjo ambhíqolo ī s ōighei

Drewaāsḗ jonti olja

Neqis, neqid

Neqis woide qid gégoisissēt PLPF. PREC.

Aponeq ī tod wérutum móghsesi

Nōinos, nōinā, nōinod

Upéri qertim elnām dokots bhowātnōinos skewonts

Eksínōinā einjom dhwor ī esti

Totjoi, totjāi, totja

Totjoi bhewent w ī r ṓs jotjāi cenās

Tótjābhis sprigē jō mōrotā bhis

Tā ́wn ̥tos, tā ́wn ̥tā, tā ́wn ̥tod

Megheitā ́wn ̥tom kob ī (kobom) esti

jā ́wn ̥tom wolpsāmTā ́wn ̥tō ednom (ghosmom) loda wergō

All, the whole

He hasn’t been herein all the day

He departedwith all his money

All, every

He departedwith allhis servants

All the trees are dry

No one, none, nothing

No one knew what had happened

You won’t be able to open itwith anything

No

There wasno teacher supervising thatactivity

It isnot possible to go outthrough any door

So/as many

There wereso many men as women

I am fed up withso many stupid things

So/as much

I amas successfulas I had expected (I have

so muchsuccessas I had expected)I have forgotten the mealbecause of somuch work


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Éteros, éterā, éterod

m ̥ dhrom édnijom,éterod qid wisowent(=loiqá wisówenta)

So gnōwe,(te-/ke-) éteroi ngnōsā ́ jontiSomós, somā ́, somód

Dhworins peltum kr ī ́tijāns móghesi trinssomã klāwē

Wr s̥tjes senti qétesressomosjo sqel ī

Isem, idem

W ī rós elno isem qom dhjesi woida

Douknei kelúsetiijo-em (=somō) qām bhr ātēr tewe

So-pe, sā-pe, tod-pe / S(w)el (e)pe

Praisedsso-pe (=swelpe) moikoiluwertum ludhét

S ī tesãi-pe (=swélpesãi) dr ā ́ jeti

Qisqis, qidqid

Qisqis árgumona peuti ta

Wənmā ́ q ī q ī west ī essi

Qisqomqe, qidqomqe / josqis, jāqis, jodqid

Pr āi qimqomqe widḗ jēsi kasjom enke

Alchom dídōmiqismeiqomqe n k̥ ḗ jēti

Tālis, tāli

Tāli gáudhjom mene seghom pos esti

Nē tāljom woida upelōm protimoghtrom

Tāli chelō wesmn o̥rkjomThe other, any other

The blue one is edible,any other one is poisonous (=the rest is poisonous)

He knows it,the rest ignore it

The same (one)

You can open three different doorswith the same key

There are four versionsof the same story

The same (one)

That isthe same man that I saw yesterday

He will travelon the same train as your brother

Himself, herself, itself

The presidenthimself came to salute me

She worksfor helself

Any, anyone, anything

Anyone understands these argumentations

You are prettywith any garment

Whoever, whatever

Bringwhatever hare you may see

I give moneyto whoever needs it

Of such kind/quality

Such is my joy after the victory

I don’t know the remedyto such evils

I want a wardrobelike this one


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Neqóteros, neqóterā, neqóterod

Neqóteroswēra gnōwe

Neqóterō móghnijom dr ātum

None of the two

None of the twoknows the truth

It is impossible to workwith any of these

two ones


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47

Atibhr ̥tija antinṓmona

Jos, jā, jod

Kwonm ̥ jos bherti bhr ātēr esti mene(=kwn ̥ bhr t̥ṓr bhr ātēr mene esti / Kwonm ̥[so] bheronts bhr ātēr esti mene )

Eme jod welāsi

Sā esti klāws josjo tā ́wn t̥āms r k̥ ḗ jetir ūnāms

(=Tosjo esti sā klāws,qos tā ́wn t̥āmsr k̥ ḗ jeti r ūnāms)

Qos, qā(i), qod

W ī rós qos ekwō wéghetor jentēr estitewe (=ekwoweghmos w ī rós jentēr estitewe)

Kei esti nemots,qesjo n s̥ ī sūnús tewechn t̥ós esti

Sā esti klāwsqesās potis tā ́wn t̥āmsr k̥ ḗ jeti r ūnāms

Jóteros, jóterā, jóterod

Plā ́mone dwoi stom skolpei, dəsdhi-moi jóterod məgsi lubhojta

Jemō tloqsai joterō bheidhmn ̥ plē jósmeghei esti (=jóterom plē jós bheidhō)

Jótəmos, jótəmā, jótəmod

Jótəmos pr t̥óm məgnom ghedēt, dr ātumstrigā ́sēti

Ersā jēr jótəmoi ənagesn s̥ (əgesmuktóns)

lā ́ jonti

Relative pronouns

The one who, the one hat

The one who is carrying the dog is my brother

Takewhat you want

This is the keyof the one who conceals somany secrets

(of the one this is the key,whoconceals somany secrets)

Who, that

The manwho is being conveyed by a horseis my cousin (=The man riding the horse ismy cousin)

Here is the enemy, by whose sword yourson has been killed

This is the key the masterof which concealsso many secrets

The one of two who/which

There are two books on the shelf. Give methe one you liked most

I’ll talk to the twinwhich I trust the most.

The one among many who/which

The onewhowins the big price will stopworking

Thosewho scold innocent people are

mistaken


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48

Jotjoi, jotjāi, jotja

Jotjoi bhn t̥oi ersā ́ jontiJewe jotjons n k̥ ḗ jōnti

Jā ́wn ̥tos, jā ́wn ̥tā, jā ́wn ̥tod

Jā ́wn ̥tod welāsi eme

R ēimn ̥kod jā ́wn ̥tosjo qéqəmai

Jālis, jālid

Odsām jā ́lija wiweqt

Anábhor ām ghōda jā ́lismi pik āt

Áinuja antinṓmona

Mene tod (=menjom tod)

Those many, so many

Those (many) who are speaking are wrongHelp those who may need it.

That much

Take as much as you want

This is a list of all I have acquired

Of that kind, of that quality

I detested the kind of things he used to say

I took as reference the kind of things he painted

Posessive pronouns

This is mine


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49

5.-Doljās Particles

əneu acc. olsí, ólteri oltrōd* acc., loc.apo / apó / apsí abl. pəra acc.apóteri abl. pəros abl.ad acc. per(i)/perti acc., loc.ambhí acc, loc. perom loc., abl.ana (əna) acc, loc. pos(ti), pósteri postrōd* acc.anta acc. poti acc.antí acc., loc. prāi loc., abl.awou abl. práiteri acc.dē / de abl. prōd / pro acc., dat., abl.dō/ do acc, dat. próteri acc.ek / eksí / éksteri ekstrōd gen., abl. proti acc., dat., abl.en / ení / ensí / endo entrōd* acc., loc. pūnim acc.énteri acc, loc. rōdhí gen.ektós abl. səní / sn ̥ terí abl.epi / opi acc., loc., instr. seqi gen. jāwn ̥ ts (qomdom) acc. teni / tenos gen.k əmti instr. trāntis / teres / tr ̥qe acc.kom komtrōd* instr, loc. upo acc., loc.n ̥dheri n ̥dhertrōd* acc., loc. úperi / upsí úpertrōd* acc., loc.n ̥dhi acc., loc. ud(i) / udsí abl.n ī n ī trōd* acc., loc. w ī / wi loc., abl.obhi acc., loc. wr ̥ stom acc.

*Káiwonim lokteiwã ptōt ī *Only with the accusative case


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Chapter A5: Particles

50

Əneu

Smoldom welmi goldoməneu

Suk ēnstiməneu óighoighei

Ad

Ad gálgaljānt āsām

Ad léitomos sm m̥ādom

Petromad, wērom tod nē bhūt

Ambhí

Ambhí dāmõs swepónt oljoi

Ciwānt dekm ̥ ambhí dólsjobhis dhochoi

Ambhí kolsom dhēt kolsowospom

Ambhí wedhrom gólgoljomos

Ana (əna)

Somosóds douknostātorioməna wérgeti

Ana bhuwḗr tégesi

Nāwisəna (=práiteri) pluwét dānum

Ana okrim montjos stighóm

Woghoi əna (=woghō) ludhét

Without

I want coffeewithout sugar

He departedwithout saying good-buy

At, to, towards, according to

They were talkingby the fireplace

We are going to the party

According to Peter, this was not true

Around, about

All the colleagues were sleepingaround

They livedapproximatelyon ten dollars aday

He put the scarfaround the neck

We are talkingabout the weather

To, on, along in an upwards direction

The train headsto the train station

They wereon board

The ship navigated along the river

I hikedup to the top of the hill

He cameon cart (=by cart)


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Anta

Somosóds douknostātoriomantawérgeti

Pr k̥sk ā newans rir ḗgsetiantasnitómestins

Antí

Domom antí stāt(o)

Stāmr ̥ todantí sontjes, tétrudme

Apo / apó /apsí

Pútlotjēd lépetiapó

Domēd apó mene sentum ad km ̥ tomsonti podes

Apó meghei dede ghornóm plāmn ̥

Ghwedhō, kr āsi mewom ghaweapó

Apóteri

Dhóighēd apóteri sedḗ jonti maqôs

Kaiwodáitibhes apóteri uksórm ̥ wedhét

Awo(u)

Awo dhobhnóm dhghjesi protipornjom

aanokeAwo porsógaldhrom stolom leloghóm

Towards

The car headstowards the train station

The question aims at the new restriction

measures

In front of

He stoppedin front of the house

We are worried by the situation we arefacing

From, since, back

He stutterssince his childhood

From my house to the path there are onehundred steps.

He gave the lent bookback to me

Please call meback tomorrow

Behind/ after

The boys are sittingbehind the wall

After his bachelor times he got married

Back

The spoiled goods cameback yesterday

I laid the phoneback on the table


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Dē/de

Dē nébheses kádeti wr s̥tā

Dē km t̥om dólsjobhes pornetumskélomos Dō/ do

Dō stighét drómāntjom

Dō oltr ōd sr t̥ā dānewi tetnēt

Ek / eksí / éksteri / ekstrōd ektós

Dhūmā jeteksí skreibhtorjēd

Ekstrōd awmēd sodét pr ōnkomghwātewei

Skownouseksí trijomnuwətṓs esti

En / ení / ensí / endo / entrōd

Kleitlām ení mijomes

Skreibhtorjei nē estien

En te spektewi matérm ̥ -two mímnāsk ō

Énteri

Démeseénteri esti prótimā

Bhewet katus oljansénteri wénjāsi

Gnōtos esti óiwowidsiénteri Epi / opi

Domusēsāt dhm ̥ bhonjoiepi

Epi tūrjóm bhūt woinos

Epi wr ̥stã, chádhsomos dom

From upwards

Rain fallsfrom the sky

We have to negotiatefrom one hundred

dollars downwardsUntil

He walkeduntil the end of the corridor

The queue reached the other side of the river

Outside

He uses to smokeout of his office

He wentour of the hotel to call for a taxi

He passed two(out) of the three exams

Inside

We entered the cabin

He isn’tin his office

When I look at you I remember your mother

Between, among

There is a statuebetween the two buildings

The was a fightamongall the families

He is knownamong specialistsOn, in addition, despite

The house was situatedon a graveyard

There was cheesein addition towine

Despite the rain, we’ll keep walking


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Jāwn ̥ts (momdom)

Kelutim jāwn ̥ts swpónt

Probhoudhos:solwom dhochom swpont

Km ̥ti

Domusēsāt arwō km ̥ti

Km ̥ti bhokom mēmsóm dhēt

Kom, komtrōd

Kom dhēt wodr ̥ glaktiqe =kom dhētwodr ̥ glakt ī

N ̥dheri n

̥dhertrōd

Dhghmin ̥dheri esti kowṛ

Dhghomm ̥n ̥dheri kidḗr

N ̥dhi

Weqmn ̥ejos qid ordhésmenesn ̥dhi bhūt

Tāi pr ̥ksk ās ghi jenti pūr ḗd n ̥dhi lubhobhoudhēd

Tr s̥tjen ̥dhi spordhṓs pōtum skélonti

N ī , nitrōd

Klopnimnitrōd kéidonti ekwō

N ī klopne ī esti lakus

N ī sā n ̥ bhudhnóm spekét

During

They sleptduring the journey

Caveat: Theyslept (during) all the day

Next to, beside

The house was situatedbeside a field

He put the meatclose to the fire

Together

He put the water and the milktogether = he put the watertogether withthe milk

Deep under, underneath

There is a cavernunderneath the ground

They descended deepunder the ground

Further than, in addition to

His comment was somethingmore than a proposal

These questions go wellbeyond merecuriosity

Athletes must drink beyond thirst

Down, downwards, at the bottom They godown the valley on horse

At the bottomof the valley there is a lake

She lookeddown the abyss


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Obhi

Obhi sentoi lougosēst

Obhi dhworim sedlām stelét

Olsí /ólteri/ oltrōd

Olsí kreekwāi bhrankonim bhār

Oltrōd loidom bhətos esti

Olsí Reinom sodónt twr m̥ās

Pəra

Polninspəra senti toqe stṓnejes stoighei

Pəra dr ātim minusterjei, léismonawéspenja dídōti donsonjei

Tosjopəra aiwos, yuwoon prépeti

Pəros

Domēd pəros swepet ekwos

Stətos Johannis Claudyād pəros esti

Per(í)/perti

Gerjaiperí ausōsm ̥

Kwōn drewom wr t̥etóiperí

PeromPerom wergēd, trudná k ā ́dena wéwora

Gheris bhod esti, wənmotāi perom

In the middle of

There was a login the middle ofthe path

He put a chairbefore the door

Beyond, on the other side

Beyondthe border French is spoken

He has spokenmore than permitted

Thee troops wentbeyond the Rhein.

Close, beside(s)

Beside the shops there are stands in thestreet

Besides his work at the ministry, he givesclasses in an evening school

He looks youngfor his age

Before, in front of

The horse was sleepingin front of the house

John was appointed as Claudia’s boss

About, around

I am waking upabout dawn

The dog is turningaround the tree

Apart from, besides

Apart from work, I found severe problems

She is really friendly,to say nothing of her beauty


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Pos(ti), pósteri / postrōd

Pos wórsotrom praikonkei esti

Jodqid daitimpos pr k̥skesi, jewosskémbesi

ṓighei óbhjēdjompósteri

Poti (=wr ̥ stom)

Trejes kowireges grádjontoi stādhlompoti

Mənjēs téwijā neustumpoti welis qāmspartum esti

Prāi /prai

Prāi n k̥et Petros Marjād

R ēgi kr s̥etiprāi

Kersnād prāi ghighḗ j!

Práiteri Nāwispráiteri (=ana) pluwét dānum

Dik āns legm ̥práiteri dōt

Prōd / pro

Pro stighomes séqomnom woikom

Léudhseti Marjā Klaudjād pro(=Klaudjās stānei)

Ednom todmeghei (prōd) péqeti(sudhē iwom)

Próteri

Bhāmn ̥adést ejos modnompróteri

Teksnastānom m ̥ gəmípróteri ménenatewe sonti

Behind, after

The umbrella isbehind the curtain

Since you ask after time, you lose your right

He departedafter lunch

Towards

The three wise men advancetowards thestable

You are more favourableto spending than tosaving

Before

Peter arrivedbefore Maria

He runs before the king

Come back before dinner!

Along, depassing, laying aside

The ship navigated along the river

He gave orderslaying aside the law

Forwards, onwards, instead of , in favourof

We wenton walking towards the nextvillage

Maria will comeinstead of Claudia (=inlieu of Claudia)

He’s cooking this fodd for me(benefactive)

In advance, further

He prepared his speechin advance of themeeting

Your ideas are much further than the stateof technique


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Teni / tenos

Snām kanenántjósjotenos

Ucē bhwānt ostjomtenos

Trāntis / teres / tr ̥qe

Wedṛ robhoi reimām teres soilāt(=Wedr ̥robhoreimã soilāt)

Probhupropodom trāntis eitumskélomos

Ud(i) / udsí

Ud lákuwes sodét sā ́weljos

Polmēd ud dhr āghe roupjom

Uperi / upsí / úpertrōd

Orosuperi skandét

Óresiuperi bhūt s’mmādos

Upo

Noinloiupo senti penkwe cā ́mona

Dhghmiupo bhūt dānus

Oisoi Percéjwonta mūsá dhghomm ̥upo teqḗr

W ī / wi

W ī dhghmí skedḗr koimsās

W ī dew ghordhjēd dūtjōs dūlijēromḷgātéwijā bhos nówostibhos

Wr ̥ stom (=poti)

Trejes kowireges grádjontoi stādhlomwr ̥ stom

Mn ̥ jēs téwijā neustumwr ̥ stom welisqām spartum esti

Until

I swamuntil the end of the channel

They were wet until their bones

Through

Water drippedthrough a crack in the roof

We have to gothrough a test process

Out (to a visible place), from under

The sun cameout from the lake

He pulled a coinout of his pocket

Up, upwards, up to, over

He hikedup to the mountain

There was a partyup on the mountain

Under, below

We have five degreesbelow zero

There was a river (just)under the ground

Those surviving mice fledunder theground

Asunder

The drawing pins got scatteredon the floor

The messengers dispersed farfrom the palace to anounce the news

Towards

The three wise men advancetowards thestable

You are more favourableto spending than tosaving


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Chapter A6: The adverb

58

6.-Ənawərēmn ̥

An?

Dā, jāi

Dr ūtṓ Oqosk ī r ḗd NāiGhi, ka, smā, toiUta dā, uta jāiWḗropropēdBhewtum móghetiMóghnijomOpt ī BhéwonimWēr ēdAn nē Uta nē n ̥móghnijom Nē Ghawōd NeiGhi nē

Énbhətidoljā s

-i, -em, -ka

The adverb

Perhaps?

Yes

SurelyObviouslyAbsolutely yesCertainlyRather yesProbablyMaybeOptionallyPossiblyIn realityTrulyMaybe notRather notImpossible No Not at allAbsolutely not Not at all

Emphatic particles

( This) right here, right now


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Qom?

Nū Mēlei kosmi/tosmi

Mēlei tosmi/énosmiTom(-ke)

Qomqe /qomqidEdqom NeqomÁiwesi/ aiwiJomqidQā ́qomAmbhomKom-pe/tom-pe/oisom-peOisom-pe/im-pe/enom-peAljomOnjom

Weghtei kosmi/tosmiWeghtei tosmi/énosmi Nūnoi Nū per Pr āiPos(ti)/ pósteriJāwn t̥s/ momdomMigí/ bhroqoi (migí gisto)Meigm ̥ pos/ bhroqom pos (meigm ̥ posqoksū ́ bhewsō)Meigm ̥ / bhroqomPrestimBhwite ī ́ /pārjeiAntjoiPauper/ nedūdom Nedūdēd Nedūdoi

Dūdom/ dwāróm/ djēwksDūdr ̥dDūdoiQoilēdQr ̥tusíBhn ̥ghū Mn ̥ghū ApomomdomomQm d̥ōqid(qe)R ̥ dhē

When?

NowAt this moment

At that momentThen

At any momentAt some moment NeverAlwaysWheneverAt each momentIn both momentsIn this very momentIn that very momentIn another moment againIn another moment else

This timeThat time NowadaysFor the momentBeforeAfterwardsDuringIn a moment (it happened in a moment)In a moment (in a moment I’ll be with theclient)For a while/for a momentOn timeAt the beginningAt the endFor a short timeShort time agoSince short time ago

For a long timeSince long agoA long time agoAfter a whileSometimesOftenFrequentlyFrom time to timeOccasionally, incidentallyRarely


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Sm ̥ perTn t̥om/protn t̥óm/sm ̥ tn t̥omEdjḗw, kéidiwiDhghjesiAusrom/ kr āsiAuseri/ ausrí/ kwijósSūnpādei/ sūnpādoiPraidhghjesiPosausromPernódiwiSəmitū / səmit ī Jāmi/jāmDom Nedom /nē domPenqedíwijoi (énklawstijom dolos)Penktḗd pr āi diwésPenqe dwām diwbhésāmroi/ pr ṓteriWesproiMedhidiwíMedhinoqtí Noqtí Noqtm ̥ AtiÁjeri/ ghr ēwLodiSḗtjosi/ pósqoteromMogsū ́ Pósqoterom mogsúteromweWétesi kekn ̥dwesí/ procecəwesíWétesi (é)kosmiWétesi nédsəmoi

PārjeiOlnim/ AntjeiUdhū ́/ kitōdTérmn ̥ tos

ÉpitəmēdÉksemt ī

Once and for allContinously/continuallyTodayYesterdayTomorrow

At dawnAt sunsetOn the day before yesterdayAfter tomorrowIn a few daysAt the same timeAlreadyStill Not yetIn four days (inclusive counting)Four days agoSince four days agoIn the morningIn the eveningAt noonAt midnightBy nightDuring the nightAgainEarlyLateLaterSoonSooner or laterLast yearThis year Next year

At firstAt last/ finallyImmediatelyFinally

DefinitivelyExceptionally


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Qom apo?

Nū-apoMēlei kosmi/tosmi apo

Mēlei tosmi/énosmi apoTom(-ke) apo

Qomqe /qomqid apoEdqom apo Neqom apoÁiwesi/ aiwi apoJomqid apoQā ́qom apoAmbhom apoKom-pe/tom-pe/oisom-pe apoOisom-pe/im-pe/enom-pe apoAljom apoOnjom apo

Qom dō?

Nū-dō Mēlei kosmi/tosmi dō Mēlei tosmi/énosmi dō Tom(-ke) dō

Qomqe /qomqid dō Edqom dō Neqom dō Áiwesi/ aiwi dō Jomqid dō Qā ́qom dō Ambhom dō Kom-pe/tom-pe/oisom-pe dō Oisom-pe/im-pe/enom-pe dō

Aljom dō Onjom dō

Since when?

From now onFrom this moment

From that momentSince then

From any momentFrom some momentSince neverEver sinceSince wheneverFrom each momentFrom both momentsFrom this very momentFrom that very momentFrom another moment againFrom another moment else

Until when?

Until nowUntil this momentUntil that momentUntil then

Until any momentUntil some momentUntil neverFor everUntil wheneverUntil each momentUntil both momentsUntil this very momentUntil that very moment

Until another moment againUntil another moment else


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Qām?

Sū Bhl ̥gū Dus

BhodisWolisPedis

Qā ́wəntom

K ā ́wəntom/ tā ́wəntomÓisā ́wəntomEnā ́wəntom

Qā ́wəntomqidÉdqāwəntom NéqāwəntomÓlāwəntomJā ́wəntomqidÁljāwəntom/ ónjāwəntom

LigomGeSətū, sət ī PauMeiwis/ mínusiAit ī Ambhí/ swāi-per/ ad qolomEpi, n ̥dhiChonṓ Pelū ́ Məgis/ mā jis/ plē jisWelmíM ̥ gəmíSl ̥wotósPl ̥nim

N ̥ dhi/ n ̥dhidhughnómKáiwotosMinumṓ, km ̥ bhisəmṓ Məgsəmṓ Dōris/ pr ī

How?

WellWonderfullyBadly

BetterPreferablyWorse

How much?

This muchThat muchThat much

Any quantitySome quantity No quantityEvery quantityAny quantityAnother quantity

A bitAt leastEnoughLittleLessPartlyApproximatelyAdditionallyAbundantlyMuchMoreA lotPlentily, at wide extentCompletelyFully

Too/ too muchOnlyMinimumMaximumFor free


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Qodhei?

Kei/teiOisei /idheiEnei

Qódheiqe /qódheiqidÉdqodhei NéqodheiÓlodheiJódheiqidQā ́qodheiÁmbhodheiKei-pe/tei-pe/oisei-peOisei-pe/idhei-pe/enei-peÉterodheiÁljodhei/ ónjodhei

Qō(i), qote, qotr ē d?

Kei/ kote / kotr ēdTei / tote/ totr ēdOisei/ óisote/ óisotr ēdEnei /énote / énotr ēd

Qō(i)qe / qō(i)qidQóteqe / qóteqidQótr ēdqe /qótr ēdqid

Edqō(i) / édqote/ édqotr ēd Neqō(i)/ néqote/ néqotr ēdOlō(i) / ólote / ólotr ēdJō(i)qid / jóteqid / jótr ēdqidQā ́qō(i)/ qā ́qote/ qā ́qotr ēdÁmbhō(i)/ ámbhote/ ámbhotr ēd

K ō(i)-pe/ tō(i)-pe/ oisō(i)-pe

Kote-pe/ tote-pe/ óisote-peOisō(i)-pe/ idhō(i)-pe/ enō(i)-peÓisote-pe/ídhote-pe/énote-pe

Éter ō(i)/ éterote/ éterotr ēdAljō(i) / onjō(i)Áljote / áljotr ēdÓnjote/ ónjotr ēd

Where?

HereThereOver there

AnywhereSomewhere NowhereEverywhereWhereverIn each placeIn both placesIn this very placeIn that very placeIn the rest of placesSomewhere else

Whither?

HereHereThereOver there

To anywhere To anywhereTo anywhere

To somewhereTo nowhereTo everywhereTo whereverTo each placeTo both places

To this very place

To this very placeTo that very placeTo that very place

To the rest of placesTo somewhere elseTo somewhere elseTo somewhere else


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Qeti? Qotr ōd?

Keti/ kotr ōdTeti/ totr ōd

Óiseti/ óisotr ōdEnei/ énotr ōd

Qétiqe /qétiqidQótr ōdqe /qótr ōdqid

Édqeti/ édqotr ōd Néqeti/ néqotr ōdÓleti/ ólotr ōdJétiqid / jótr ōdqidQā ́qeti/ qā ́qotr ōdÁmbheti/ ámbhotr ōd

Keti-pe/teti-pe/óiseti-peKotr ōd-pe/totr ōd-pe/óisotr ōd-peÓiseti-pe/ídheti-pe/éneti-peÓisotr ōd-pe/ídhotr ōd-pe/énotr ōd-pe

Étereti/ éterotr ōdÁljeti/ áljotr ōdÓnjeti/ ónjotr ōd

Qosōd?

Kosōd/ tosōdÓisosōdÉnosōd

QósōdqidÉdqosōd Néqosōd

ÓlosōdJésōdqidQā ́qosōdÁmbhosōdKosōd-pe/tosōd-pe/óisosōd-peÓisosōd-pe/ídhosōd-pe/énosōd-pe

ÉterosōdÁljosōd/ ónjosōd

Wherefrom?

From hereFrom here

From thereFrom over there

From anywhereFrom anywhere

From somewhereFrom nowhereFrom everywhereFrom whereverFrom each placeFrom both places

From this very placeFrom this very placeFrom that very placeFrom that very place

From the rest of placesFrom somewhere elseFrom somewhere else

Whereby?

By hereBy thereBy over there

By anywhereBy somewhereBy nowhere

By everywhereBy whereverBy each placeBy both placesBy this very placeBy that very place

By the rest of placesBy somewhere else


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Qota?

Kota/ tota / ita (itə)Óisota

ÉnotaQótaqe /qótaqidÉdqota NéqotaÓlotaJótaqidQā ́qotaÁmbhotaKota-pe/tota-pe/óisota-peÓisota-pe/ídhota-pe/énota-pe

ÉterotaÁljota/ ónjota

Qī ?

K ō, tō Oisō Enō

Qótaqe /qótaqidÉdqō Néqō Ólō QōqidQāqō Ambhō K ō-pe/tō-pe/oisō-peOisō-pe/idhō-pe/enō-peÉter ō

Áljō/ ónjō

How?

This way, like this, soThat way, like that

That way, like thatAnyhowSomehow NohowEveryhowIn whatever wayIn each wayIn both mannersIn this very mannerIn that very manner

In the rest of mannersSomehow else/ otherwise

By what means?; In what manner?

This way, like this, soThat way, like thatThat way, like that

AnyhowSomehowBy no meansEveryhowBy whatever meansIn each wayIn both mannersIn this very mannerIn that very mannerIn the rest of manners

Somehow else


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Apólūtēd/ per əmBhelnimKr ̥d ī tósƏr əmi/ wəlē Dus

Andhṓ Mnāmn ́ ̥ tosSm ̥ kloutnim/ sm ̥ podō PróbhudhnimSk ī r ḗdKómmoin ī / kómmoinitosSəmojēd/ Sm ̥ cānimKr ̥diksRegtḗdDhn ̥ghū

ReidhēdSomḗd / aiqēdArtiBhersi/ōk ū ́/ twr ̥tēdDhernim/ stər ō DhreghnimKloutnim N ̥ k ū Ml ̥k ē Déikmn ̥ tosSwādū ́ Cā ́mn ̥ tosGhoilēdMolisUktimCər ū, swēr ū ́, nok ī Nṓmn ̥ tos N ̥ bhr ūg ī GhleunimPrósednimSlagsū ́

StreptimMoilēdBhewt ī KolisGnṓsmn ̥ tosÓbhidhēnim

AbsolutelyAloudAngry/ angrilyAppropriatelyBad

BlindlyBy heartBy chanceCarefullyClearlyCommonlyConventionallyCordiallyCorrectlyDirectly

EasilyEquallyExactlyFastFirmlyFluentlyFortunatelyForcingly, necessarilyBy fumbling, gropinglyFor instanceGently, smoo

a tentative syntax of modern indo-european

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