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A Tale of Two CitiesCharles Dickens
Charles Dickens
• Born February 7, 1812
• Died June 9, 1870
• Famous writer and social critic
Charles Dickens
• Dickens was raised in poverty.
• His father was put in debtor’s prison.
• His mother and younger siblings eventually joined
their father in debtor’s prison.
Charles DickensCHILDHOOD
• At the age of 12, he was forced to
drop out of school to work.
• He was sent to Warren’s Blacking
Factory, where he worked 10 hour
shifts.
• His job was to paste labels on pots of
black shoe polish.Warren’s Blacking Factory
“The blacking-warehouse …was a crazy, tumble-down old house, abutting of course on the river, and literally overrun with rats. Its
wainscoted rooms, and its rotten floors and staircase, and the old grey rats swarming down in the cellars, and the sound of their squeaking and
scuffling coming up the stairs at all times, and the dirt and decay of the place, rise up visibly before me, as if I were there again.” –Charles
Dickens
Charles DickensFACTORY WORK
• Later, Dickens’ family received an inheritance,
allowing his family to leave debtor’s prison.
• However, his mother did not immediately remove him
from the factory. She fought to send him back.
• Later, he worked for a lawyer and as a reporter.
"I never afterwards forgot, I never shall forget, I never can forget, that my mother
was warm for my being sent back.“ –Charles Dickens
Charles DickensHIS MOTHER, LATER WORK
• These experiences never left Dickens.
• His novels include depictions of child poverty,
debtor’s prison, cruel adults, factory life,
courtrooms, and social injustice.
• His sympathy toward the poor, especially poor
children is a strong theme in many of his writings.
"I had no advice, no counsel, no encouragement, no consolation, no assistance, no support, of any kind, from anyone, that I can call to
mind, as I hope to go to heaven!“ –from David Copperfield, Dickens’ most
autobiographical novel
Charles DickensWRITING INFLUENCES
A Tale of Two CitiesHistorical Background
The Reign of Terror
The Monarchy
King Louis XVI Marie Antoinette
Estates of the Realm• First Estate
o Clergy
o 0.5% of population
• Second Estateo Nobility
o 2% of population
• Third Estate o Everyone else (peasants,
laborers, shop keepers, etc.)
o 97% of population
Leading to Revolution• Third Estate
o Heavily taxed (only estate that was taxed)
o Politically under-represented
o The poorest were devastated by food shortages
• The Third Estate’s growing discontent with
the lavish lifestyle of aristocracy, despite
France’s economic turmoil.
Revolution Begins - 1789• Tennis Court Oath (June)
• Storming of the Bastille(July)
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen (August)
• Women’s March on Versailles (October)
The Estates-General
Tennis Court Oath - June• Members of the Third Estate were locked out
of the Estates-General meeting
• 576 of the 577 members signed a pledge in
an indoor tennis court
• Took an oath "not to separate, and to
reassemble wherever circumstances require,
until the constitution of the kingdom is
established.“
• Renamed themselves the National Assembly
Tennis Court Oath - June
Storming the Bastille - July• The Bastille was a prison in the center of Paris
• Symbol of royal authority and abuses of monarchy
• A mob of citizens stormed the Bastille
• Only 7 prisoners, but a lot of gunpowder (15 tons)
Storming of the Bastille“Work, Jacques One, Jacques Two, Jacques One Thousand,
Jacques Two Thousand, Jacques Five-and-Twenty Thousand; in the name of all the Angels or the
Devils--which you prefer--work!”
"To me, women!" cried madame. "What! We can kill as well
as the men when the place is taken!”
After the Bastille• The king was informed of the storming the next
morning by one of his dukes.
"Is it a revolt?" asked Louis XVI.
The duke replied: "No sire, it is a revolution.”
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - August
• Fundamental document of the Revolution
• First step toward writing constitution
• Defines individual human rights
• Collective rights of all estates of the realm as universal
• Adopted by the National Assembly (political leaders of Third Realm) after the Tennis Court Oath
March on Versailles - Oct• Women in a Paris marketplace were angered
by the high price and scarcity of bread
• Grew into a mob of thousands
• Ransacked the city armory for weapons
• Marched to Versailles to confront the King
Palace of Versailles
Palace of Versailles
Palace of Versailles
Palace of Versailles
The Revolutionaries• Commoners
• Sans-culottes
• Red liberty hats
• Tricolor cockade
The Red Cap• A Red Cap, also known as Liberty cap or Phrygian cap
• Brimless felt cap, conical with the tip pulled forward
• Alludes to Roman manumission of slaves
o Freed slave receives the cap as symbol of liberty
• French revolutionaries wore it at the Bastille
The Red Cap in Dickens• Mounted patriots in red caps
and tri-coloured cockades,
armed with national muskets
and sabres…”
• “Houses, with the standard
inscription Republic One and
Indivisible. Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity, or Death!”
• “Her dark hair looked rich
under her coarse red cap.”
The Red Cap in America
The “Jacques”• “Jacques” was a code name
used by the revolutionaries to
identify other revolutionaries
• Common name representing
the common citizen
• Provided anonymity
Reign of Terror• The most violent period of
the Revolution
• Lasted approx. one year,
Sept 1793 to July 1794
• Mass executions of “enemies
of the revolution“
o 16,594 executed by guillotine
o 2,639 by guillotine in Paris
• Another 25,000 executions
across France
Madame Guillotine• A symbol of the revolution
• Many nobles (émigrés) left France
• aExecution of
King Louis XVI
• a
Execution of
Marie Antoinette
Charles Dickens• a
Tumbril• “Rude carts, bespattered with rustic mire…the Farmer, Death,
had already set apart to be his tumbrils of the Revolution.”
• “The tumbrils now jolted heavily, filled with Condemned…all red
wine for La Guillotine, all daily brought into light from the dark
cellars of the loathsome prisons, and carried to her through the
streets to slake her devouring thirst. Liberty, equality, fraternity,
or death;—the last, much the easiest to bestow, O Guillotine!”
Tricoteuse• French for “knitting women”
• Nickname for the women who
regularly attended executions
• Sat beside the guillotine
• They were morbidly calm,
knitting between executions.
A Tale of Two CitiesAbout
Structure
Unpacking Book the First
About A Tale of Two Cities
• 1859, A Tale of Two Cities published
• 1775–1793 Setting of the book
• 45 chapters
• Published in 31 weekly installments (see p. 19)
from April 1859 to November 1859
• Novel format: 3 Books (see p. 5)
o Book the First (6 chapters)
o Book the Second (24 chapters)
o Book the Third (15 chapters)
Dover Mail
White Cliffs of Dover
Recalled to Life: to remember something from the past
: to order someone to return
: to ask people to return a product with
a defect or problem
Temple Bar
Tellson’s Bank
Characters
• Jarvis Lorry—Banker at Tellson’s Bank of London, trusted friend of the Manettes
• Jerry Cruncher—“odd job man” for Tellson’s, grave robber
• Lucie Manette—Dr. Manette’s daughter
• Miss Pross—Lucie’s servant who cared for her during Dr. Manette’s imprisonment
• Dr. Manette—Lucie’s father who was unjustly imprisoned for eighteen years in Paris
• The Marquis St. Evermonde—Cruel member of French aristocracy
• Mr. Stryver—London trial lawyer
• Sydney Carton—Drunken lawyer, works for Stryver
• Ernest Defarge—Paris wine shop owner, former servant of Dr. Manette
• Madame Defarge—Wife of Ernest Defarge
1. The Period: In the year 1775 conditions were brutal for the people of England and France. Both were ruled by a king and queen and the times were often violent and terrible. In France, the nobles lived in luxury and were sure that they and the king ruled by divine right and that nothing would ever change. The general public suffered from starvation, disease, and deprivation and were growing impatient for change.
2. The Mail: While in route from London to Paris by way of Dover, Mr. Lorry of Tellson’s Bank receives a cryptic message from the bank’s messenger, Jerry Cruncher. Mr. Lorry responds to the message, “Wait at Dover for Mam’selle,” with his own cryptic reply, “RECALLED TO LIFE.”
3. The Night Shadows: Continuing his journey, Lorry holds imagined conversations with someone (Dr. Manette) about this person’s feelings and future hopes after being buried for eighteen years.
4. The Preparation: In Dover, Lorry meets Lucie Manette and informs her that he is going to take her to her father, whom she thought was dead. Lorry tells her that Dr. Manette is alive and has been released from prison in Paris where he has been for eighteen years.
5. The Wine-Shop: In Paris, Lorry and Lucie go to Defarge’s wine shop. Dr. Manette has been released to Defarge because he was once Manette’s servant. Defarge is a key figure in the underground movement against the ruling government, and his wine shop is a central meeting place.