“A Systems View of The Nation’s Energy Future”

Presented to DOE/EERE’s

State Energy Advisory Board

Margie Tatro

Sandia National Laboratories

18 November 2004

EERE Business at Sandia

FreedomCAR$8,744K

Industrial$2,230K

Buldings$946K

Wind$3,990K FEMP

$326KHydrogen$4,277K

Geothermal$5,020K

Solar$11,222K

Other$325K

DistributedEnergy$202K

Total EERE Funding in FY04: $37,282K

Sandia’s Energy Futures Leadership Team

(EERE Programs Support)

Biomass – Don Hardesty

Building Technologies – Jerry Simmons

Distributed Energy & FEMP – John Boyes & Dave Menicucci (Jerry Ginn)

FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies – Bob Carling

Geothermal – Craig Tyner

Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure – Jay Keller (Chris Cornelius)

Industrial Technologies – Bruce Kelley

Solar – Joe Tillerson and Jeff Nelson (and Chris Cameron on detail at DOE/HQ) (Tom Mancini)

Weatherization & Intergovt. – Jeff Nelson

Wind & Hydropower – Paul Veers (Herb Sutherland)

Increased Use of Renewables Will Improve the Nation’s Energy Surety

• Energy Surety (safety, security and reliability) approach with a sustainability mindset is recommended

• Security includes environmental, political, economic as well as physical and cyber dimensions

• Renewable resources are located in areas of projected high population growth

• Solar (PV and dish engines) and wind are low water use electricity production options

• Storage technologies are key• Technology innovation is required in many areas

The Nation and the World Deserve Better Solutions to Energy Challenges

VISION

Our energy systems are dynamically

configured and utilized consistent with

optimizing for resource, environment, security,

economic

and access constraints.

Surety

Safety

SecurityReliability

Susta

inab

ility

Normal

Off Normal

Emergency

The Road To A Sustainable Future Requires New Technological Insight

Today: Open Cycle Systems

Near-Term: Closed Reversible Cycles

Mid-Term: Closed Sustainable Cycles Far-Term: Fusion

Wasted

Wasted

Wasted

StoredStored

20152004 2025

Useful

Useful

Useful

2050?Examples: H2 from Solar

Hybrid VehiclesHeat and Electricity from Solar

Example: Hydropower Vision: Bring Sun to the Earth

Fossil Fuel Plant

Example:

• Sustainable living energy infrastructure

• Non-equilibrium or irreversible thermodynamics

StoredDesired

Time

Possibility

Actual

Stored

Time

Actual

Desired

The Surety Approach for Solar Technologies

Codes and Standards

Conversion Optimization

Manufacturing Advances

Long-term Field Test Data

Safety

Security Reliability

SURETY

Markets such as central and distributed electricity

Energy and Water are Inextricably Linked

Energy production and generation require water

Water pumping, treatment, anddistribution require energy

Energy Requires Water:

GALLONS PER PERSON PER DAY

• 510 for food production– includes irrigation and livestock

• 465 to produce household electricity– Range: 30 to 600 depending on

technology

• 100 direct household use– includes bathing, laundry, lawn

watering, etc.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Gal

lon

s/p

erso

n/d

ay

For food(indirect)

Forelectricity(indirect)

For directuse

Water required to produce household electricity exceeds direct household water use.

Source: derived from Gleick, P. (2002), World's Water 2002-2003.

Water Requires Energy:

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

kWh

per

acr

e fo

ot

of

wat

er

Public Water Supply Systems

Brackish Water Treatment

Sea Water Desalination

FutureToday

Power requirements for current and future water supply • Readily accessible water

supplies have been harvested

• New technologies are required to reduce energy requirements to access non-traditional sources (e.g., impaired water, brackish water, or sea water)

Treatment of future water supplies will be energy intensive.

Source: EPRI (2000), Water Desalination Task Force (2003)

Sustainable Withdrawal of Freshwater Is Currently a National

Issue

Source: EPRI 2003

Economic Development and Water Availability

Will Continue to be in Conflict

US population will increase significantly (double over 100 years)

Highest populationgrowth projected

in regions withlimited water

resources

Water Resources and Population Growth, 2000-2020

Source: DOE/NETL (M. Chan, July 2002)

Wind Energy ResourcesWind Energy Resources

Wind Energy Potential by StateWind Energy Potential by State

Ref.: Elliott, et al, “An Assessment of the Available Windy Land Area and Wind EnergyPotential in the Contiguous United States,” August 1991, PNL-7789

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

TWh

N Dakota

Texas

Kansas

S Dakota

Montana

Nebraska

Wyoming

Oklahoma

Minnesota

Iowa

Colorado

New Mexico

Idaho

Rest of U.S.

Solar Energy Resources Solar Energy Resources

Geothermal Energy Resources

Innovation in Lighting is Occurring

0

50

100

150

200

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Eff

icie

ncy (

lm/W

)

Year

Incandescent

Halogen

FluorescentSemi-

conductor

Withaccelerated

effort

Withoutacceleratedeffort

Projected

Fire Candles and Lamps Bulbs and Tubes SemiconductorsFire Candles and Lamps Bulbs and Tubes Semiconductors

Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT) Will

Accelerate InnovationObjectives:

• Develop the scientific principles that govern the performance and integration of nanoscale materials

• Provide a National Resource for training a new generation of researchers in nanoscience and nanotechnology

$75.8M Investment• Site Preparations Fall 2003• Facilities Construction March/April 2004• Completion October/November 2005

Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) Could

Revolutionize Energy SystemsInexpensive combustion sensors and chemistry labs on a chip

Active, adaptive surfaces to optimize performance

Distributed sensing, control and communications for distributed resources

Disposable resource mapping and exploration devices

Integrated energy harvesting, storage and delivery devices

Indoor lighting with tunable spectrum and tailored delivery

Integrated Chemical Micro-sensor Device

IntegratedChemical

Sensor

IR CommunicationsPort w/ Proximity Detection

Drive Motors

Dime

Power Supply/DC to DC Converter

CPU andCrystal

LithiumBattery Substrate

ProgrammingPort

ThermistorTemperature

Sensor

LEDStatus Indicator

Power Quality,

Digital

Reliability

Distributed Energy Resource

Support for

Load Following

Peak Shaving

to Avoid

Demand Charges

Voltage Support,

Transients

Dispatchability

for Renewables,

Village Power

Mitigation of Transmission Congestion,

Arbitrage

LOAD

GRID

POWER ENERGYSeconds minutes – hours diurnal

Energy Storage is Critical

PumpedStorage

1 MW1 kW 100 kW 10 MW 100 MW

Min

ute

sH

ou

rs

Ma

xim

um

Dis

ch

arg

e

Tim

e

High Energy Fly Wheels

Power Rating

CompressedAir

Flow Batteries

NAS Battery

Metal-Air Batteries

Advanced Batteries

Lead-Acid Batteries

Super Capacitors

Sec

on

ds

10 kW

Low Energy Fly Wheels SMES

Electricity Storage Association

Storage Applications & Technologies

The Supply and Use Picture Inspires Us to Innovate

We Believe That…

• U.S. must improve its position with respect to:– Supply (more indigenous fuel supplies from all

domestic resources)– Demand (more efficient use of those supplies)– Environmental “footprint” (lowering the impact of

the use of these fuel supplies)– Future (planning for the long term, 50+ years)

• Our measure of success is:– the invention/creation of technologies that

increase the number of consumer-accepted choices for electricity and fuel.