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A SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS OF PHRASES USED IN
WESTLIFE SONG LYRICS
A GRADUATING PAPER
Submitted to the Board Examiners as a Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirement for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd.)
By:
ZULIA FITROH
23030150090
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
STATE INSTITUTE ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN)
SALATIGA
2019
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MOTTO
“THERE IS NO ELEVATOR TO SUCCESS,
YOU HAVE TO TAKE THE STAIRS”
(Anonymous)
“IF WE NEVER TRY, WE WILL NEVER KNOW”
(The Writer)
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DEDICATION
This graduating paper is whole heartedly decided to:
1. Allah SWT and Prophet Muhammad SAW.
2. My beloved father Wahono and my beloved mother Rusiyah, thanks to all
support, trust, finance, praying, and I just can say thank you. I love you so
much.
3. My beloved husband Nor Muhammad Husein, thanks for your support,
kindness, and togetherness.
4. My beloved mother in law (the late) Ngatmiati and my beloved father in
law Jari Yusup, thanks for your support and praying. God Bless You.
5. My beloved sister Siti Hanik, and my beloved sisters in law Ainurrohmah
and Mutiara Aprilianing Tyas, thank to all of you.
6. My beloved brother Huda Mashuri, and also my beloved brothers in law
Tri Manto and Winda Wicaksono.
7. My beloved nephews and nieces, thanks for your positive energy.
8. My best counselor Mr. Faizal Risdianto, S.S., M.Hum, who always gave
me support, motivation, and always guide me very well.
9. My big family of English Department 2015 that always being competent
solider generation.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Al-hamdu lillahi robbi al-’alamin. Praise belongs to Allah SWT, the Most
Gracious and the Most Merciful who always blesses and helps the writer so the
writer could complete this graduating paper as a Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) in State Institute for
Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga. Bless and mercy is upon great Prophet
Muhammad SAW for his guidance that leads the writer to the truth.
However, this paper will not be finished without support, advices, help and
encouragement from several people and institution. Therefore, in this occasion the
writer would like to express special thanks to:
1. Mr. Prof. Dr. Zakiyuddin, M. Ag., the Rector of Institute of Islamic
Studies (IAIN) of Salatiga.
2. Mr. Prof. Dr. Mansur, M. Ag., the Dean of Teacher Training and
Education Faculty of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) of Salatiga.
3. Mr. Norwanto, M.Hum., Ph.D., the Head of English Education
Department of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) of Salatiga.
4. Mr. Faizal Risdianto, S.S., M.Hum., as counselor who always give the
advices, suggestion and recommendation for this graduating paper from
beginning until the end.
5. All of lecturers and staff of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) of
Salatiga.
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6. My beloved parents Wahono and Rusiyah, who always give me love,
support, and motivation to finish my graduating paper.
7. My beloved husband Nor Muhammad Husein who always give me
motivation to be better, thanks for your support, kindness, togetherness.
8. My beloved family (My mother in law, my father in law, my brothers, my
sisters, and my nephews). Thanks for your love, prayer, advice, and
motivation. I love all of you so much.
9. All of my friends in English Department 2015, especially “HAVISZEH
family” Sakila, Viqi, Hiba, Amalia, Eni, and Ilham. Thank you so much
for your encouragement.
10. All of people who have helped the writer in finishing this graduating
paper.
Salatiga, August 29th
2019
The writer,
Zulia Fitroh
NIM.23030150090
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ABSTRACT
Fitroh, Zulia. 2019. “A SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS OF PHRASES USED IN
WESTLIFE SONG LYRICS”. Graduating Paper English Education
Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty State Institute for
Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga. Counselor: Faizal Risdianto, S.S.,
M.Hum.
Keywords: Syntax, Phrases, Tree Diagram, Qualitative.
The purposes of this study are to analyse some phrases and sentence
patterns that are used in Westlife’s song lyrics using tree diagram theory. In this
case, the aims of this study are: (1) To find out the phrases that are used in
Westlife’s song lyrics, (2) To find out the sentence patterns that have been found
in Westlife’s song lyrics using tree diagram theory by Bornstein. The object of
this study was Westlife’s song lyrics. The writer analyses two songs lyrics
entitled: I Lay My Love on You and My Love. The method of this study is using
qualitative analysis. To gather the data, the writer uses three steps in analysing
data by Creswell. There are: preparing and organizing, coding, and representing
the data. The finding of this study as follows: (1) There were 5 types of phrases,
there are: Noun Phrase (NP), Verb Phrase (VP), Adjective Phrase (Adj P), Adverb
Phrase (Adv P), and Prepositional Phrase (PP). (2) There were 5 sentence patterns
in Westlife’s song lyrics, there are: Pattern1: S → NP + VP, Pattern2: NP → Det +
N, NP → Pronoun or Noun, NP → NP + S, Pattern3: VP → V + N, VP → V +
Adv P, VP → M + V + NP, Pattern4: Compound → S1 + Conj + S2, Pattern5: PP
→ Prep + NP.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE .................................................................................................................... i
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY AND PUBLICATION’S WILLINGNESS . ii
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTE ................................................................... iii
STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION ................................................................. iv
MOTTO ............................................................................................................... v
DEDICATION ..................................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................. vii
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENT ....................................................................................... x
LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................ xii
LIST OF DIAGRAM ......................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study ..................................................................... 1
B. Problem of the Study ........................................................................... 4
C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................ 4
D. Limitation of The Study ....................................................................... 4
E. Significances of the Study ................................................................... 5
F. Definition of Key Terms ...................................................................... 5
G. Organization of the Study .................................................................... 7
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Syntax ................................................................................................... 8
B. Concept of Part of Speech .................................................................... 8
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C. Concept of Phrases .............................................................................. 11
D. Sentences ............................................................................................. 13
E. Tree Diagram Theory .......................................................................... 15
F. Previous Studies .................................................................................. 18
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH
A. Research Methodology ........................................................................ 23
B. Object of the Study .............................................................................. 24
C. Technique of Collecting Data .............................................................. 24
D. Technique of Data Analysis ............................................................... 24
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS
A. The List of Phrases .............................................................................. 27
B. The Analysis of Phrases Using Tree Diagram ..................................... 30
CHAPTER V CLOSURE
A. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 64
B. Suggestion ........................................................................................... 66
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 68
APPENDICES
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 4.1 The List of Phrases in “I Lay My Love on You” lyrics ……………... 27
Table 4.2 The List of Phrases in “My Love” lyrics ……………………………. 28
Table 5.1 The List of Phrases in Westlife song lyrics ………………………….. 64
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LIST OF DIAGRAM
“I Lay My Love on You Lyrics”
Diagram 4.1 Tree diagram in Line 1 ................................................................... 30
Diagram 4.2 Tree diagram in Line 2 ................................................................... 31
Diagram 4.3 Tree diagram in Line 3 ................................................................... 32
Diagram 4.4 Tree diagram in Line 4 ................................................................... 33
Diagram 4.5 Tree diagram in Line 5 ................................................................... 34
Diagram 4.6 Tree diagram in Line 6 ................................................................... 34
Diagram 4.7 Tree diagram in Line 7 ................................................................... 35
Diagram 4.8 Tree diagram in Line 8 ................................................................... 36
Diagram 4.9 Tree diagram in Line 9 ................................................................... 37
Diagram 4.10 Tree diagram in Line 10 ............................................................... 38
Diagram 4.11 Tree diagram in Line 11 ............................................................... 38
Diagram 4.12 Tree diagram in Line 12 ............................................................... 39
Diagram 4.13 Tree diagram in Line 14 ............................................................... 40
Diagram 4.14 Tree diagram in Line 16 ............................................................... 41
Diagram 4.15 Tree diagram in Line 17 ............................................................... 42
Diagram 4.16 Tree diagram in Line 18 ............................................................... 43
Diagram 4.17 Tree diagram in Line 19 ............................................................... 43
Diagram 4.18 Tree diagram in Line 20 ............................................................... 44
Diagram 4.19 Tree diagram in Line 21 ............................................................... 45
Diagram 4.20 Tree diagram in Line 22 ............................................................... 46
Diagram 4.21 Tree diagram in Line 23 ............................................................... 47
Diagram 4.22 Tree diagram in Line 26 ............................................................... 48
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Diagram 4.23 Tree diagram in Line 27 ............................................................... 48
Diagram 4.24 Tree diagram in Line 28 ............................................................... 49
Diagram 4.25 Tree diagram in Line 30 ............................................................... 50
Diagram 4.26 Tree diagram in Line 31 ............................................................... 51
“My Love Lyrics”
Diagram 4.27 Tree diagram in Line 1 ................................................................. 51
Diagram 4.28 Tree diagram in Line 2 ................................................................. 52
Diagram 4.29 Tree diagram in Line 3 ................................................................. 52
Diagram 4.30 Tree diagram in Line 4 ................................................................. 53
Diagram 4.31 Tree diagram in Line 5 ................................................................. 54
Diagram 4.32 Tree diagram in Line 12 ............................................................... 55
Diagram 4.33 Tree diagram in Line 13 ............................................................... 55
Diagram 4.34 Tree diagram in Line 14 ............................................................... 56
Diagram 4.35 Tree diagram in Line 16 ............................................................... 57
Diagram 4.36 Tree diagram in Line 17 ............................................................... 58
Diagram 4.37 Tree diagram in Line 20 ............................................................... 58
Diagram 4.38 Tree diagram in Line 22 ............................................................... 59
Diagram 4.39 Tree diagram in Line 23 ............................................................... 60
Diagram 4.40 Tree diagram in Line 24 ............................................................... 61
Diagram 4.41 Tree diagram in Line 26 ............................................................... 62
Diagram 4.42 Tree diagram in Line 28 ............................................................... 63
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the writer discusses the background of the study,
problems of the study, objectives of the study, limitation of the study,
significant of the study, definition of key terms, and organization of the study.
A. Background of the Study
Language is the main instrument of communication, and it cannot
be separated from human being. People use language to communicate in
society, share an idea, and also express their feeling. By using language,
people can develop their knowledge. For example people can write, speak,
or analyse something, like analyse sentence, song, or movie. De Saussure
(1959:9) states that “Language is a social product of the speech faculty and
a collection of necessary conventions which they have been adopted by a
social body to permit individuals to exercise that faculty”. Therefore, in
order to use the language, people need to produce a sentence.
According to George (2006:3), “sentence is a group of words that
is used to say something, to ask something, or to tell somebody to do
something”. Usually sentence consists of a subject and a verb, it means
that in order to create sentence, there must be at least one subject and one
verb.
In linguistics, the study about the sentence of language is syntax.
Chomsky (2002:11) defines that “Syntax is the study of the principles and
processes by which sentences are constructed in particular language”.
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Further, according to Yule (1996:4) “Syntax is the study about
relationship between linguistic forms, how they are arranged in sequence,
and which sequences are well formed”.
Based on the definition of syntax above, it can be concluded that
syntax is the study of principle and arrangement of words, phrases, and
clauses that forming sentences based on grammatical rules. Clause is
containing of one or more phrases, while “a phrase can consist of one
word or more words. If it is consists of more words, it usually has one
main word that is the most important one as far as meaning is concerned”
(Verspoor & Sauter, 2009:118).
In this study, the writer uses tree diagram theories to analyse
sentences. According to Carnie (2000:31), “tree diagrams is a sentence
analyse by using internal hierarchical structure of sentence as generated by
set of rules”. “Sentence is the principal unit of syntactic analysis which is
easier to see the parts of (phrases) and subpart (part of speech) of the
sentence in tree diagram” (Bornstein, 1977:48). Sometimes, a sentence has
an ambiguous meaning so it makes the meaning of that sentence is not
clear. A tree diagram of syntax can help to understand the structural of the
sentence.
Language can also be expressed in music. Nowadays, music plays
important role in human being life because every human being life filled
with tension. In that situation people want to relaxation their mind, so in
that movement to listen any type of music it gives relief to their minds.
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According to Jeff (2009:5), “music is not something found in the
natural world, like air or sand; rather, music is something that people
make. As we have seen that every country has different types of music”.
There are many types of music in the world such as rock, jazz, pop, and
rap. In every country has own traditional music. Western music has a lot
famous singer, like Britney Spears, Coldplay, and Westlife. By listening to
the music, it can touch our heart when we enjoy it. Every song has a
different lyrics, music can arise the feeling of love, sadness or happiness.
In this study, the writer selects Westlife’s song lyrics as the object.
According to British Phonographic Industry, Westlife has been certified
for 12 million albums and 8.4 million singles in UK. Westlife also won
ITV’s “Record of the Year” four times in a row with their singles. In
Indonesia, their debut album won 20 times platinum award. The writer
thinks that Westlife’s song is very good and pleasant to be heard not only
the lyrics but also the singers’ voice. Westlife’s song lyrics also have a
good moral value especially in I Lay My Love on You and My Love songs
lyrics. Both of them tell us about faithful, true love, and the struggle to get
something. So, the writer decided to analyse the phrases that are used in
Westlife’s song lyrics.
Based on the explanation above, the writer inspired to analyse the
phrases that used in song lyrics. Therefore, the writer interested to conduct
this study entitled “Syntactical Analysis of Phrases Used in Westlife Song
Lyrics”.
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B. Problem of the Study
According to the background of the study above, the writer
necessitates finding the answer to some problem, as follows:
1. What are the types of the phrases that are used in Westlife’s song
lyrics?
2. What are the sentence patterns that have been found in Westlife’s song
lyrics?
C. Objectives of the Study
Based on the problem of the study above, the objectives of the study
are:
1. To find out the phrases used in Westlife’s song lyrics.
2. To find out the sentence patterns those have been found in Westlife’s
song lyrics.
D. Limitation of the Study
In this analysis of song lyrics, the writer limits the study on the
types of phrases and patterns in Westlife’s song lyrics in order to give a
clear description and explanation.
The use of phrases term is also consideration in the limitation of
the study because in this paper the writer would analyse the phrases that
found in Westlife’s song lyrics syntactically.
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E. Significant of the Study
The writer expects this study give useful information either for the
students or the other researchers. This study also conducted in order to
give theoretical and practical significances, as follows:
1. Theoretical Significance
This paper is conducted to enrich the explanation about phrases.
Even though there are some materials about phrases, in this study the
writer hopes this paper can support the other existing materials.
2. Practical Significances
a. For the Students
The result of this study can be used to motivate the students
to master some phrases, and it can be used to comprehend the
patterns of phrases that is used in sentence.
b. For the Other Researchers
The other researchers can use this study as a reference in
further research dealing with phrases and its syntactical analysis.
F. Definition of the Key Terms
To avoid some mistakes and misunderstandings, the writer would like
to explain the definition of key terms related to this study.
1. Syntactical Analysis
According to Chomsky (2002:11), syntax is the study of the
principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in
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particular language while an analysis is the process of analysing
something. So, syntactical analysis is an analysis of the structure of the
sentence to break down its component part of speech with an
explanation of the form and syntactic relationship of each part.
The definition above is similar with Bergmann, Hall, and Ross
(2007:671) who have defined that syntactical analysis as the analysis
(by human or computer) of the syntactic structure of a sentence that is
heard or read: reconstructing a hierarchal structure from a flat
sequence of words.
By doing the syntactical analysis, the reader will be able to
understand how words can be changed into phrase, clause, or sentence.
2. Phrase
Phrases are either single word or grammatically ordered groups of
related words that together function as a unit (Verspoor & Sauter,
2009:44).
3. Westlife
Westlife is one of the most famous boy bands in Western countries
which formed in 1998. Westlife consists of five members, they are:
Bryan, Shane, Nicky, Kian and Mark.
4. Song
According to Eckstein (2010:9), song lyrics are not poetry,
however, and it seems that the author’s problems with Sting have
precisely something to do with the fact that they are not. So, it can be
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conclude that song is a short poem which is suitable for singing, and it
is used to express personal feeling or emotion.
G. Organization of the Study
To ease the reader understands the whole contents of this paper, the
writer organizes it into five chapters. Each chapter has different element as
follow:
Chapter I describes about introduction. The writer explains about
background of the study, problems of the study, objectives of the study,
limitation of the study, significance of the study, definition of key terms,
and organization of the study. Chapter II presents about theoretical
framework and some previous studies. In this chapter, the writer explains
the theories that are used to analyse the lyrics, there are syntax, phrase, and
tree diagram. Chapter III discusses about research methodology, object of
the study, technique of collecting data, and technique of data analysis.
Chapter IV is discussion. In this chapter, the writer explains about the
answer from the problem of the study and explains the data descriptively.
Chapter V discusses about conclusion and suggestion. It informs the
content all of the data analysis in summary and gives some suggestions to
other so that they can be better in learning phrases. The last parts of this
graduating paper are references and appendices.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
In chapter II, the writer discusses about syntax, concept of part of speech,
concept of phrases, sentences, tree diagram theory, and discusses about some
previous studies.
A. Syntax
In linguistics, the study about the sentence of language is syntax.
Chomsky (2002:11) defines that “Syntax is the study of the principles and
processes by which sentences are constructed in particular language”.
Further, according to Yule (1996:4) “Syntax is the study about relationship
between linguistic forms, how they are arranged in sequence, and which
sequences are well formed”.
Based on the definition of syntax above, it can be concluded that
syntax is the study of principle and arrangement of words, phrases, and
clauses that forming sentences based on grammatical rules.
B. Concept of Part of Speech
Part of speech is the significant element in language, and it tells us
how a word is going to function in the sentence. According to Yule
(2010:82), “adjective” and “noun” are used to label forms in the language
as the part of speech or word classes. There are eight types of part of
speech:
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1. Noun
Noun is word used to refer to people (boy), object (backpack),
creature (dog), place (school), quality (roughness), phenomena
(earthquake), and abstract idea (love) as if they were all “things”.
2. Article
Articles are words (a, an, the) used with nouns to form noun
phrases classifying those “things” or identifying them as already
known. For examples:
a. She eats an apple.
b. Carol reads the book.
3. Adjective
Adjectives are words used characteristically with nouns to give
more information about the things referred to (happy people, large
object, and strange experience).
4. Verb
Verbs are words refer to several kinds of actions (go, talk) and
states (be, have) including people and things in events. For examples:
a. They go to the school.
b. Alex is sick.
5. Adverb
Adverbs are words used, usually with verbs, to give more
information about actions, states and events (hardly, next week).
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Several adverbs (really, very) are also used with adjectives to modify
information about things. For examples:
a. My father works hardly.
b. We should submit our assignment next week.
6. Preposition
Prepositions are words (at, in, on, near, without) used with noun in
phrases, and it gives an information about time, place, and other
relations including actions and things. For examples:
a. I wake up at five o’clock.
b. She stands near the window.
7. Pronoun
Pronouns are words (she, they, it, you) used in place of noun
phrases, typically referring to people and things already known. For
examples:
a. She talks to her friends.
b. They said it belonged to you.
8. Conjunction
Conjunctions are words (and, but, when, because) used to create
correlations ad denote relationships between events. For examples:
a. Tara is my sister, and she is very beautiful.
b. Alex did not come because he was sick.
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C. Concept of Phrases
1. Definition of Phrase
Phrase is a small group of words, but it is not a sentence. Phrase
also can be analysed into constituents, each with a function and
realization. The head of a phrase is realized by a noun, verb, adjective,
adverb, or preposition (Verspoor & Sauter, 2009:119).
2. Types of Phrase
According to Kim and Sells (2008:22), phrase are projected from
the lexical categories and divided into five types, there are:
a. Noun Phrase (NP)
Noun phrase is a composite of two or more words that has a
noun as the head word and the other words as a modifier of the
head word. It can be a noun, determiner or article, adjective, etc.
Noun phrase can be in the forms as the follows:
NP → N (book, pen)
NP → Pronoun (she, he, it)
NP → Proper N (Carol, Semarang)
NP → Det + N (the book, a car)
NP → NP + S (the girl who is wearing a red dress)
NP → The girl
S → The girl is wearing a red dress
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Some examples NP in sentence:
1) The man hit the ball.
2) The teacher speaks to the boy.
3) A beautiful girl.
b. Verb Phrase (VP)
Verb phrase contains a verb as the head word, and it will be
modified by the other words, like noun phrase, prepositional
phrases, and so on. For examples:
1) The man hit the ball.
2) They are going to campus.
3) He will study in USA.
c. Adjective Phrase (AdjP)
Adjective phrase is a group of words which commonly
occurs in linking verb. The head of this this phrase is an adjective,
and it is usually modified by an adverb. For examples:
1) You are so tired. You need to take a rest.
2) Carol is clever than Enid.
3) The view is very beautiful.
d. Adverb Phrase (AdvP)
Adverb phrase is a composite of two or more words which
acts as an adverb, and it can modify a verb, adverb, or an adjective.
For examples:
1) She celebrates her birthday every years.
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2) He walks slowly.
3) She did her job quickly enough.
e. Prepositional Phrase (PP)
Commonly, prepositional phrase consists of a preposition
and a noun phrase. For examples:
1) The fly fell into the soup.
2) I got the gift from my friend.
3) He was standing in front of me.
D. Sentences
1. Definition of Sentence
Traditional grammar defines a sentence in one of two ways, by the
meaning and the function (Marcella, 1972:220). By the meaning
“sentence is a complete thought”, and by the function “a sentence
consists of a subject and a predicate”. It can be conclude that sentence
is a complete thought that consists of subject and predicate.
A sentence can also consist of one or more clauses. A clause may
be defined in the same way as a sentence, and it is full predication that
clause consists of a subject and a predicate. There are two kids of
clauses, independent and dependent. Independent clause is a group of
words that contains of a subject plus verb and expresses a complete
thought while dependent clause is a group of words that contains a
subject and verb, but does not express a complete thought.
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For example:
Carol was sleeping when her mother came.
Independent Dependent
2. Types of Sentence
The classification of sentences based on the number and kind of
clauses in their syntactic structure, there are several types of sentences:
a. Simple sentences
Simple sentence contains of one independent clause and no
dependent clause. For examples:
1) I walk.
This simple sentence has one independent clause which
contains one subject “I”, and one verb “walk”.
2) The girl walks into her bedroom.
This simple sentence has one independent clause which
contains one subject “the girls”, and one predicate “walks into
her bedroom”. The predicate is a verb phrase that consists of
more than one word.
b. Compound sentences
A compound sentence is composed of at least two
independent clauses, and it does not require a dependent clause.
This clause is joined by a coordinating conjunction, with or
without comma. A conjunction can be used to make a compound
15
sentence. Conjunctions are words like: for, and, nor, but, or, yet,
so. For examples:
1) I am a student, and my sister is a teacher.
2) She invited me to come to her party, but I did not come.
c. Complex sentences
A complex sentence is a sentence that contains an
independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. For
example:
1) The man who stole the car hid it in his home.
2) The girl who wore red dress stood in front of me.
d. Compound-complex sentences
Compound-complex sentence contains of two or more
independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. For
examples:
1) The man stole the car, and he hid it in his home until he could
safely get out of town.
2) Carol loves her brother, and he loves her too because they are
family.
E. Tree Diagram Theory
One of the most common ways to create a visual representation of
syntactic structure is through tree diagram. Chomsky (1957:11) put
simply, syntax studies is how to combine words into bigger linguistic
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units. In syntax, tree diagram and labelled bracketing are widely employed
to characterize hierarchical structure of phrases or sentences. A tree
diagram is a dimensional diagram used in generative grammar as a
convenient means of displaying the internal hierarchical structure of
sentence as generated by a set of rules.
According to Bornstein (1977:39), a tree diagram shows the
hierarchical structure of the sentence. The sentence is considered the basic
of the syntactic system. Bornstein starts with “S” stands for sentence, the
highest level, and works down to lower level. This process is called
derivational of the sentence.
The steps of derivational in the sentences are:
S → NP + VP S
NP VP
NP → Det + N S
NP VP
Det N
VP → Aux + Vt + NP S
NP VP
Det N Aux Vt NP
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Aux → Tense / M S
NP VP
Det N Aux Vt NP
Tense M
From the tree diagram above, it can be explained more detail as follows:
- S (sentence) consists of NP (noun phrase) and VP (verb phrase)
- NP consists of Det (determiner/article) and N
- VP consists of Aux plus V and NP
- Aux consists of Tense and M (modal)
Rules of tree diagram by Bornstein:
S
NP VP
Pron Aux Vt NP
Pron N Tense M Vi Adv. P
Det + N Pres be VL Comp
NP + S Past Have Be Pred
Tree diagram also shows which words are constituents of a
sentence (Bornstein, 1977:44). Points of juncture in tree diagram are called
nodes. If one node is immediately dominated by another, it is called
18
daughter node. If one node is immediately dominated by the same node,
they are called sister node. The nodes NP and VP are daughter of S, and
sister nodes of each other. NP is the left sister, whereas VP is the right
sister.
F. Previous Studies
In this chapter, the writer informs several studies that have been
done by the other researchers. The first previous study was “Syntactic
Analysis on Sentence Pattern in John Denver’s Song Lyrics” written by
Christiano (2018), the researcher from Department of Language and Arts
Education, Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta. The aim of this study
is to find out the sentence patterns that are used in John Denver’s song
lyrics. The researcher used theory of sentence patterns which was
proposed by Quirk and Greenbaum to find out the types of sentence
patterns in the song lyrics, and he used the theory of phrase structure rules
from O’Grady, Dobrovolsky, and Katamba to draw the tree diagram and
represent the patterns.
The second previous study was conducted by Halimah (2016) from
UIN Malang, entitled “The Syntactical Structure in Hello Magazine”. The
purpose of that study is to describe the syntactic structures of surface and
deep structure that were found in Hello Magazine’s gossip article. She also
used theory of Chinese boxes. The descriptive qualitative research was
used in this study. The first findings of her study showed that the syntactic
19
patterns that found in Hello Magazine consisted of noun phrase and verb
phrase. The second findings showed that the structure of predication had
dominated all of the sentences in Hello Magazine.
The third previous study was “Syntactical Structure Analysis on
Emily Dickinson’s Poems” written by Khusnah (2008), the researcher
from UIN Malang. This study aims to describe the kinds and the dominant
structure of modification used in some of Emily Dickinson’s poems. The
researcher used descriptive qualitative method, and she also used Chinese
boxes theory from Francis to collect the data analysis. The first result of
her study which was based on Francis’ theory, showed that the kinds of
modification were noun phrase, verb phrase, adverbial phrase, and
adjective phrase.
The fourth previous study was conducted by Purwata (2008). The
purpose of this study was to analyse the sentence patterns of the lyrics
syntactically. The researcher used theory of tree diagram from Bornstein.
The type of this research was descriptive qualitative research. To gather
the data, the researcher used three songs which were taken from one of the
Westlife’s albums, namely Westlife Deluxe. The finding of this study, the
researcher found seventeen kinds of sentence patterns, the sentence
patterns which were used in the lyrics consisted of Noun Phrase and Verb
Phrase.
The fifth previous study was conducted by Ariesta (2014). The
purpose of this study was to identify the formula or the pattern of the
20
relative clause, analyse the structure of relative clause, and classify the
types of relative clauses found in the Steinbeck’s The Pearl novel. The
type of this research was qualitative research, and this research used
content analysis technique. The researcher used Generative
Transformation theory by Chomsky (1971). The finding of this study was
the formula or the pattern of the relative clause, were relative pronoun or
adverb plus subject plus verb. The researcher also found three types of
relative clauses in the novel such as Restrictive, Non-restrictive, and Free.
The sixth previous study was conducted by Niswati (2018). The
objectives of this study was to find out the idiomatic phrases and identify
their meaning in Michelle Obama’s final speech as the first lady. This
study used descriptive qualitative approach. The result of this study, the
writer found five idiomatic phrases and all of the idiomatic phrases had
their own meaning that were different from their lexical meaning.
The seventh previous study was conducted by Sumartini (2017).
The purpose of this study was to identify the types of the idiom found in
Frozen film script using Makkai’s theory. This study used descriptive
qualitative research. The result of this study, the writer found 81 idiomatic
and those idioms were divided into five types, they are phrasal verb idiom,
tornour idiom, irreversible binomial idiom, phrasal compound idiom, and
incorporating verb idiom.
The eighth previous study was conducted by Marisa (2012). The
object of this study was songs album of Maher Zain entitled “Thank You
21
Allah” which consisted of 13 songs. The researcher used qualitative
method. The purpose of this study were to find out the phrases and
described those phrases especially noun and adjective phrases.
The ninth previous study was conducted by Salim (2016) entitled
“A Syntactic Analysis on the English Translation of Surah Ar - Rahman
Using Theory of Tree Diagrams”. The method of this study was qualitative
method. The finding of this study, the writer concluded that the structure
was good enough in identifying the grammatical units. It was concluded
that syntax was the arrangement and relationship among words, phrases,
and clauses forming sentences based on the grammatical rules. In this
case, syntax is very important since it studies how sentences were formed
and arranged based on the grammatical rule.
The tenth previous study was conducted by Rahmawati (2003)
entitled “A Syntactical Analysis on Sentence Patterns Used in David
Forester’s Songs”. In this study, the researcher fine nineteen rules of the
sentence patterns with Noun Phrase and Verb Phrase as the most common
rules. The researcher also mentioned other common sentences appear less
than the transformed ones.
From the ten relevant previous studies above, it can be seen that all
of them have the similar aspect, specifically the syntactic analysis.
However, the object and the finding of that research will be different. In
the study that was conducted by Christiano (2018), John Denver’s song
lyrics were taken as the data source while Westlife’s song lyrics are taken
22
as the data research in this study. Therefore, the findings of this study will
also be different from the previous studies that have been conducted by
Halimah (2016) and Khusnah (2008) because that study used Chinese
boxes’ theory while in this study the writer used tree diagram theory from
Bornstein.
In this study, the writer tried to develop the research that has been
done by the previous studies. The objectives of this study are to analyse
the phrases that is found in the song lyrics using tree diagram theory, and
to find out the sentence pattern in Westlife’s song lyrics. Therefore, it can
be concluded that the researchers from the previous studies give
significant help in finding the references of the theories.
Although, the writer uses some previous studies as the references,
this study has a different aspect from that previous study. In this study, the
writer explains more detail the word that has one or more parts of speech
based on the context. For example, the writer finds the word “empty” in
the lyrics. The word “empty” includes adjective or noun it depends on the
context. It will be “adjective” if that word exists after to be (The room is
empty), and it will be “noun” if that word exists after determiner (An
empty room). The writer expects that this study can be beneficial to the
readers and future linguistic researchers who are interested in syntactical
analysis.
23
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH
In this chapter, the writer presents the methodology which is used to
conduct the study. This chapter discusses the research methodology, object of
the study, technique of collecting data, and technique of data analysis.
A. Research Methodology
This paper used descriptive qualitative research. Hancock (2002:7)
states that qualitative research is concerned with developing explanations
of social phenomena, and it aims to help us to understand the world in
which we live and why things are the way they are.
According to Moloeng (2009:31), the purpose of qualitative study
is to understand something specifically, not always looking for the course
and effect of something and to deepen comprehension about something
that studied.
The result of this qualitative study is in form of description. In this
study, the writer analyse a song lyric to find the phrase that is used.
Afterward, the writer presents the factual result systematically, so it can be
understood easily. According to Ary et al., (2010:32), qualitative data
generally take the form of words (descriptions, observations, impressions,
recordings, and the like).
Arikunto (2010:3) said that descriptive research is the study
intended to investigate the situation, condition, circumstances, events, or
24
other activities, and the result presented in the form of the research report.
Thus, in this study, the writer also used descriptive research approach.
B. Object of the Study
The object of this study was the phrases that have been found in
Westlife’s song lyrics. The writer used two Westlife’s song lyrics in which
their lyrics were taken to be analysed. Those are I Lay My Love on You
and My Love lyrics. After discovering the phrases in song lyrics, the
phrases are identified syntactically.
C. Technique of Collecting Data
According to Moloeng (2010:157), “data collection is considered
as the most prominent step in a research due to the fact that the main
purpose of conducting a research is to obtain needed data”. In this study,
the writer used field note as the technique of collecting data.
Field notes are contemporaneous notes of observations or
conversation taken during the conduct of qualitative research. The writer
used Westlife’s song lyrics as the primary data.
D. Technique of Data Analysis
According to Creswell (2007:148), there are three steps in analysing
the data. There are: preparing and organizing, coding, and representing the
25
data. In this study, the writer followed those three steps in technique of
data analysis.
1. Preparing and Organizing
a. The writer downloaded the songs that were sang by Westlife.
b. The writer also searched the lyrics of the song in order to make the
analysis of the phrases is easy.
c. The writer re-wrote the lyrics.
d. After that, the writer analysed the lyrics line by line, than coding
the lyrics.
2. Coding
The second step was to list the phrases to be analysed. After
finding the phrase that is used in the lyrics, the writer put the code on
the sentence. The codes are:
a. S1 : sentence 1
b. S2 : sentence 2
c. NP : noun phrase
d. VP : verb phrase
e. AdvP : adverbial phrase
f. AdjP : adjective phrase
g. PP : prepositional phrase
h. N : noun
i. Pro : pronoun
j. V : verb
26
k. Be : tobe
l. M : modal
m. Adj : adjective
n. Adv : adverb
o. Prep : preposition
p. Det : determiner
q. Conj : conjunction
3. Representing the data
In the final step, the writer made a table from the lyrics and the
phrases that were found in Westlife song lyrics. After that, the writer
showed the tree diagram of the phrases that were used in lyrics. For the
last phase in this step, the writer found several sentence patterns that
were used in Westlife’s song lyrics.
Based on the problem statement in the chapter I, the tree diagrams
would proof the phrases that are used in Westlife’s song lyrics.
According to Kim and Sells (2008:29), “One merit of such hierarchical
structural properties is that they enable us to represent the structural
ambiguities of sentence we have seen“. Indeed, tree diagram is the
hierarchical structural of the sentence that is Kim and Sell meant.
27
CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS
In chapter IV, the writer presented the data of the phrases that were
found in Westlife’s song lyrics. This analysis includes the list of phrases that
are used in the song lyrics, and the analysis of phrases using tree diagram
theory. As the guidance of this study, the writer used tree diagram theory by
Bornstein.
A. The List of Phrases
In this section, the writer is using two songs lyrics to be analysed.
Those are I Lay My Love on You and My Love.
1. The Phrases that have been found in I Lay My Love on You lyrics.
Table 4.1 The list of phrases
No. Lyrics Line
1. Just a smile and the rain is gone
NP NP VP
1
2. Can hardly believe it
VP
2
3. There's an angel standing next to me
Adj P
3
4. Reaching for my heart
PP .
VP
4
5. Just a smile and there's no way back
NP S
5
6. But there's an angel and she's calling me
S1 S2 . Compound
7
7. I know that I'll be ok now
S1 S2 .
Clause
9
28
8. This time is real
S
10
9. I lay my love on you
PP .
S
11
10. It's all I want to do
Infin P
S
12
11. You open up my heart
NP .
PP .
S
14
12. I was lost in a lonely place
NP
17
13. Holding on to yesterdays
VP
19
14 Now I believe it's okay cause this time it's real
S1 S2 .
Complex
21
15. I never knew that love could feel so good
S1 S2 .
Clause
28
16. You change my world
NP .
S
30
2. The phrases that have been found in My Love lyrics.
Table 4.2 The list of phrases
No. Lyrics Line
1. An empty street
NP 1
2. An empty house
NP 2
3. A hole inside my heart
PP .
NP
3
29
4. I'm all alone
S 4
5. The rooms are getting smaller
NP .
S
5
6. I’m holding on forever
PP .
S
12
7. Reaching for the love
VP 13
8. I say a little prayer
Adj P .
S
14
9. The skies are blue
S 16
10. To see you once again
Infin P .
VP
17
11. My love
NP 17
12. The fields are green
S 20
13. I tried to read
Infin P
S
22
14 I go to work
Infin P
S
23
15. I’m laughing with my friends but I can’t stop
S1 S2 .
Compound
24
16. To hold you in my arms
NP .
VP
26
17. To tell you from my heart
PP .
VP
28
30
B. The Analysis of Phrases Using Tree Diagram
1. The analysis of I Lay My Love on You lyrics.
Line 1: Just a smile and the rain is gone
Compound
Adv NP1 conj NP2 VP
Det N Det N be V
Just a smile and the rain is gone
Based on the tree diagram above, the type of the sentence is
compound sentence because that sentence has two subjects and a
predicate. The formula of the diagram is:
S → Adv + NP1 + conj + NP2 + VP.
From the analysis above, the sentence (Just a smile and the rain
is gone) contains of two subjects, those are: a smile and the rain. So,
this sentence can be divided into two parts:
S1 S2
NP VP NP VP
Det N be V Det N be V
A smile is gone The rain is gone
The sentence pattern of the sentence is:
a. S1 → NP + VP
31
Noun Phrase (a smile) as a subject, and Verb Phrase (is
gone) as a predicate in this sentence.
b. S2 → NP + VP
Noun Phrase (the rain) as a subject, and Verb Phrase (is
gone) as a predicate in this sentence.
Based on the explanation above, we can see that in those sentence
has a same sentence patterns.
Line 2: Can hardly believe it
VP
Aux Adv Vt NP
M Pro
Can hardly believe it
a. The formula of the diagram is:
VP → Aux + Adv + V + NP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
Aux → M (Modal), Adv, V, NP → Pronoun
Based on the tree diagram, it can be seen that this lyric is Verb
Phrase. The phrase (can hardly believe it) consists of Aux (can),
adverb (hardly), verb (believe), and pronoun (it).
32
Line 3: There's an angel standing next to me
Complex sentence
NP VP
Pro V NP
be NP S
Det N NP VP
Pro be V Adj P
Adj PP
Prep NP
Pro
There is an angel who is standing next to me
Based on the tree diagram above, the formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP. The sentence (there is an angel who is standing next to
me) can be divide into two sentences. Those are: There is an angel
and An angel is standing next to me.
S1
NP VP
Pro Be NP
Det N
There is an angel
33
S2
NP VP
Det N V Adv.P
Adv NP
An angel is standing next to me
Line 4: Reaching for my heart
VP
V PP
Prep NP
Det N
Reaching for my heart
a. The formula of the diagram is:
VP → V + PP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
V → V-ing, PP → prep + NP, NP → Det + N.
Based on the tree diagram above, VP (reaching for my heart)
consists of V-ing (reaching) plus PP (for). NP consists of pronoun
(my) and noun (heart).
34
Line 5: Just a smile and there's no way back
NP
Adv NP S
Det N Conj NP VP
Pro be neg N Adv
Just a smile and there is no way back
a. The formula of the diagram is:
NP → Adv + NP + S
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
NP → Det + N, S → NP + VP
Based on the tree diagram above, NP (just a smile and there is
no way back) consists of Adv (just) plus NP and S. NP consists of Det
(a) and N (smile), and S consists of NP plus VP. VP consists of be
(is), negative (no), noun (way) plus adv (back).
Line 6: Can hardly believe it
VP
Aux Adv Vt NP
M Pro
Can hardly believe it
35
a. The formula of the diagram is:
VP → Aux + Adv + V + NP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
Aux → M (Modal), Adv, V, NP → Pronoun
Based on the tree diagram, VP (can hardly believe it) consists
of Aux (can), adverb (hardly), verb (believe), and pronoun (it).
Line 7: But there's an angel and she's calling me
Compound
Conj S1 Conj S2
NP VP NP VP
Pro V NP Pro be V NP
Det N Pro
But there is an angel and she is calling me
a. The formula of the diagram is:
Compound Sentence → S1 + Conj + S2
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
1) S1 → NP + VP, NP → pronoun, VP → V + NP (Det plus N).
2) S2 → NP + VP, NP → pronoun, VP → be + V-ing + NP
(pronoun).
36
Based on the tree diagram above, the sentence (but there is an
angel and she is calling me) consists of two sentences, so that sentence
is called compound sentence with conjunction “and”.
Line 8: Reaching for my heart
VP
V PP
Prep NP
Det N
Reaching for my heart
a. The formula of the diagram is:
VP → V + PP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
V → V-ing, PP → prep + NP, NP → Pro + N
Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that this
lyrics include of Verb Phrase. The phrase (reaching for my heart)
consists of V-ing (reaching) plus Preposition Phrase. PP consists of
Preposition (for) plus NP. NP consists of Determiner (my) and Noun
(heart).
37
Line 9: I know, that I'll be ok now
Clause
S1 That S2
NP VP NP VP
N V N M be Adj.P
Adj Adv
I know that I will be ok now
a. The formula of the diagram is:
Clause → S1 + conj + S2
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
1) S1 → NP + VP, NP → Noun, VP → Verb
2) S2 → NP + VP, NP → Noun, VP → Modal + be + Adj.P,
Adj.P → Adj + Adv
Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that the type of
the sentence is noun clause because there is a conjunction (that). The
clause (I know that I will be ok now) consists of two sentences.
Those are: I know and I will be ok now.
38
Line 10: This time is real
S
NP VP
Det N be Adj
This time is real
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
NP → Det + N, VP → be + adjective
Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that the type of
this sentence is simple sentence because that sentence only consists of
a subject and a predicate. The sentence (this time is real) consists of
Det (this) as a subject plus noun (time), and be (is) plus an adjective
(real).
Line 11: I lay my love on you
S
NP VP
N V NP PP
Det N Prep NP
N
I lay my love on you
39
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
NP, VP → V + NP + PP, NP → Det + N, PP → prep + NP.
Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that the type of
that sentence is simple sentence because that sentence only consists of
a subject and a predicate. The sentence (I lay my love on you) consists
of Pronoun (I) as a subject and VP. VP consists of Verb (lay) plus
Noun Phrase, and NP consists of Determiner (my) plus Noun (love)
and Preposition Phrase. PP consists of Preposition (on) plus Noun
(you).
Line 12: It's all I want to do
S
NP VP
Pro be NP
Pro S
NP VP
Pro V Infin P
Infinitive V
It is all I want to do
40
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
NP, VP → be + NP, NP → pro + S, S → NP + VP, NP, VP → V +
InfinP, InfinP → Infinitive + V
Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that the
sentence (it’s all I want to do) consists of NP Pronoun (It) plus VP,
and VP consists of be (is) plus NP, and NP consist of pronoun (all)
plus S. S consists of NP Pronoun (I) plus verb phrase. Verb Phrase
consists of V (want) plus InfinP, and InfinP consists of Infinitive (to)
plus V (do).
Line 14: You open up my heart
S
NP VP
N V PP
Prep NP
Det N
You open up my heart
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
41
NP, VP → V + PP, PP → prep + NP, NP → Det + N
Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that the type of
the sentence is simple sentence because that sentence only consists of
a subject and a predicate. The sentence (you open up my heart)
consists of N (you) plus VP. VP consists of V (open) and PP. PP
consists of prep (up) plus NP. NP consists of Det (my) plus N (heart).
Line 16: As I lay my love on you
S
NP VP
N V NP PP
Det N Prep NP
N
I lay my love on you
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
NP, VP → V + NP + PP, NP → Det + N, PP → prep + NP
Based on the tree diagram above, the sentence (I lay my love
on you) consists of NP (I) plus VP. VP consists of V (lay) plus NP,
and NP consists of Det (my) plus N (love) and PP. PP consists of prep
(on) plus N (you).
42
Line 17: I was lost in a lonely place
S
NP VP
Pro V Adj P
Adj PP
Prep NP
Det N
I was lost in a lonely place
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
NP → pronoun, VP → V + Adj.P, Adj.P → Adj + PP, PP → prep
+ NP, NP → Det + N
Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that the type of
this sentence is simple sentence. The sentence (I was lost in a lonely
place) consists of NP Pronoun (I) plus VP, and VP consists of verb
(was) plus AdjP. AdjP consists of adjective (lost) and PP. PP consists
of preposition (in) plus NP, and NP consists of Det (a) and NP (lonely
place).
43
Line 18: Could hardly believe it
VP
Aux Adv Vt NP
M Pro
Could hardly believe it
a. The formula of the diagram is:
VP → Aux + Adv + V + NP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
Aux → M (Modal), Adv, V, NP → Pronoun
Based on the tree diagram, it can be seen that Verb Phrase
(could hardly believe it) consists of Aux (could), adverb (hardly), verb
(believe), and pronoun (it).
Line 19: Holding on to yesterdays
VP
V PP
Prep PP
Prep Adv
Holding on to yesterdays
44
a. The formula of the diagram is:
VP → V + PP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
V-ing, PP → prep + PP, PP → prep + adv
Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that the phrase
(holding on to yesterday) consists of verb (holding) plus Preposition
Phrase. PP contains of preposition (on) plus Preposition Phrase, and
PP consists of preposition (to) plus adverb (yesterdays).
Line 20: Far, far too long
Adj P
Adj Adj P
Adv Adj
Far too long
a. The formula of the diagram is:
Adj P → Adj + Adj P
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
Adj, Adj P → Adv + Adj
Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that phrase (far
too long) consists of adjective (far) plus Adj Phrase. Adj P consists of
Adverb (too) plus Adjective (long).
45
Line 21: Now I believe it's okay cause this time it's real
Complex Sentence
S1 Conj S2
Adv NP VP NP VP
N V S Det N be Adj
NP VP
Be Adj
Now I believe it is okay cause this time is real
Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that the type of
the sentence is complex sentence. This sentence consists of two main
clauses, and it was connected with sub-ordinate conjunction (cause).
To analyse the patterns, the sentence were divided into two parts; S1
and S2.
a. The formula of the diagram is:
Complex sentence → S1 + conj + S2.
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
1) S1 → Adv + NP + VP
2) S2 → NP + VP
46
Line 22: I lay my love on you
S
NP VP
N V NP PP
Det N Prep NP
N
I lay my love on you
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
NP, VP → V + NP + PP, NP → Det + N, PP → prep + NP
Based on the tree diagram above, the types of that sentence is a
simple sentence because there is only a subject and a predicate. The
sentence (I lay my love on you) consists of NP Pronoun (I) as a
subject in the sentence, and it consists of Verb Phrase. VP consists of
Verb (lay) plus NP, and NP consists of Determiner (my) plus Noun
(love) and Preposition Phrase. PP consists of Preposition (on) plus
Noun (you).
47
Line 23: It's all I want to do
S
NP VP
Pro be NP
Pro S
NP VP
Pro V InfinP
Infinitive V
It is all I want to do
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
NP, VP → be + NP, NP → Pro + S, S → NP + VP, VP → V +
Infin P, Infin P → Infinitive + V
Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that the
sentence (It is all I want to do) consists of Pronoun (It) as a subject
plus Verb Phrase, and VP consists of be (is) plus Noun Phrase. NP
consists of Pronoun (all) plus a sentence (S), and S consists of
Pronoun (I) plus Verb Phrase. VP consists of Verb (want) plus
Infinitive verb (to do).
48
Line 25: You open up my heart
S
NP VP
N V PP
Prep NP
Det N
You open up my heart
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
NP, VP → V + PP, PP → prep + NP, NP → Det + N
Based on the tree diagram above, the sentence (you open up
my heart) consists of Noun (you) plus VP, and VP consists of V
(open) plus PP. PP consists of prep (up) plus NP, and NP consists of
Det (my) plus Noun (heart).
Line 27: As I lay my love on you
S
NP VP
N V NP PP
Det N Prep NP
N
49
I lay my love on you
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
NP, VP → V + NP + PP, NP → Det + N, PP → prep + NP
Based on the tree diagram above, the sentence (I lay my love
on you) consists of NP (I) plus VP. VP consists of V (lay) plus NP,
and NP consists of Det (my) plus N (love) and PP. PP consists of prep
(on) plus N (you).
Line 28: I never knew that love could feel so good
Clause
S1 That S2
NP VP NP VP
Pro Adv V N M V Adv. P
I never knew that love could feel so good
a. The formula of the diagram is:
Noun Clause → S1 + that + S2
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
1) S1 → NP + VP
2) S2 → NP + VP
50
Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that the clause
(I never knew that love could feel so good) consists of two sentences
with conjunction (that). The first sentence pattern consists of Pronoun
(I) plus VP. VP consists of Adv (never) plus Verb (knew) while the
second sentence pattern consists of Noun (love) plus VP. VP consists
of Modal (could) plus Verb (feel) and Adv P (so good).
Line 30: You change my world
S
NP VP
Pro V NP
Det N
You change my world
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
NP, VP → V + NP, NP → Det + N
Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that the type of
the sentence is a simple sentence because that sentence only consists
of a subject and a verb. The sentence (You change my world) contains
of Pronoun (you) plus VP. VP consists of Verb (change) plus NP, and
NP consists of Det (my) plus Noun (world).
51
Line 31: I lay my love on you
S
NP VP
N V NP PP
De N Prep NP
N
I lay my love on you
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
NP, VP → V + NP + PP, NP → Det + N, PP → prep + NP
Based on the tree diagram above, the sentence (I lay my love
on you) consists of NP (I) plus VP. VP consists of V (lay) plus NP,
and NP consists of Det (my) plus N (love) and PP. PP consists of prep
(on) plus N (you).
2. The analysis of My Love lyrics.
Line 1: An empty street
NP
Det Adj P
Adj N
An empty street
52
Based on the tree diagram above, the phrase (an empty street)
includes Noun Phrase. Determiner (an) plus adjective phrase, and adj P
consists of adjective (empty) plus noun (street).
a. The formula of the diagram is:
NP → Det + Adj P
b. The pattern of the phrase is:
Det, Adj P → Adj + N
Line 2: An empty house
NP
Det Adj P
Adj N
An empty house
Based on the tree diagram above, the phrase (an empty house)
includes Noun Phrase. Determiner (an) plus adjective phrase, and adj P
consists of adjective (empty) plus noun (house).
c. The formula of the diagram is:
NP → Det + Adj P
d. The pattern of the phrase is:
Det, Adj P → Adj + N
Line 3: A hole inside my heart
NP
53
Det NP
N PP
Prep NP
Det N
A hole inside my heart
a. The formula of the diagram is:
NP → Det + N + PP
b. The pattern of the phrase is:
Det + N, PP → Prep + NP, NP → Det + N
Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that the
type of the phrase is a noun phrase. NP (A hole inside my heart)
consists of determiner (a) plus noun (hole) plus PP. PP consists of
prep (inside) plus NP, and NP consists of determiner (my) plus
noun (heart).
Line 4: I'm all alone
S
NP VP
Pro be NP
Pro Adj
I am all alone
54
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
NP → Pronoun, VP → be + NP, NP → Pron + Adj
Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that the type of
the sentence is a simple sentence. In that sentence only consists of a
subject and a predicate. The sentence (I’m all alone) consists of
pronoun (I) as a subject and VP. VP consists of be (am) plus NP, and
NP consists of pronoun (all) plus adjective (alone).
Line 5: The rooms are getting smaller
S
NP VP
Det N V-ing Adj
The rooms are getting smaller
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
NP → Det + N, VP → V-ing + Adj
Based on the tree diagram above, the type of the sentence is a
simple sentence because there is only a subject and a predicate. The
sentence (The rooms are getting smaller) consists of NP and VP. NP
55
consists of Det (the) plus Noun (rooms) while VP consists of V-ing
(are getting) plus an adjective (smaller).
Line 12: I'm holding on forever
S
NP VP
Pro V-ing PP
Prep Adv
I am holding on forever
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
NP → Pronoun, VP → V-ing + PP, PP → Prep + Adv
Based on the tree diagram above, the type of the sentence is a
simple sentence. There is only one subject and a predicate in the
sentence. The sentence (I am holding on forever) consists of NP plus
VP. NP consists of pronoun (I) and VP consists of to be ples V-ing
(am holding) plus PP. PP consists of preposition (on) and adverb
(forever).
Line 13: Reaching for the love
VP
V PP
56
Prep NP
Det N
Reaching for the love
a. The formula of the diagram is:
VP → V + PP
b. The pattern of the phrase is:
V, PP → Prep + NP, NP → Det + N
Based on the tree diagram above, the type of the phrase is a verb
phrase. VP (Reaching for the love) consists of Verb (reaching) plus
PP. PP consists of prep (for) plus NP, and NP consists of Det (the)
plus Noun (love).
Line 14: I say a little prayer
S
NP VP
Pro V NP
Det Adj P
Adj N
I say a little prayer
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
57
NP → Pronoun, VP → V + NP, NP → Det + Adj P, Adj P → Adj
+ N
Based on the tree diagram above, the type of the sentence is a
simple sentence because there is only one subject and a predicate. The
sentence (I say a little prayer) consists of NP → Pronoun (I) as a
subject plus VP. VP consists of Verb (say) plus NP, and NP consists
of Det (a) plus Adj P. Adj P consists of Adjective (little) plus Noun
(prayer).
Line 16: The skies are blue
S
NP VP
Det N be Adj
The skies are blue
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
NP → Det + N, VP → be + Adj
Based on the tree diagram above, the type of the sentence is a
simple sentence. The sentence (The skies are blue) consists of NP as a
subject plus VP as a predicate. NP consists of Det (the) plus Noun
(skies) while VP consists of be (are) plus adjective (blue).
58
Line 17: To see you once again, my love
VP
Infin P NP
Pro Adv P
To see you once again
a. The formula of the diagram is:
VP → Infin P + NP
b. The pattern of the phrase is:
Infin P → be + V, NP → Pro + Adv P
Based on the tree diagram above, the type of phrase is a verb
phrase. VP (To see you once again) consists of infinitive phrase (to
see) plus NP. NP consists of Pronoun (you) plus Adv P (once again).
NP
Det N
My love
Based on the tree diagram above, the type of phrase is a noun
phrase. NP (My love) consists of determiner (my) plus noun (love).
Line 20: The fields are green
S
NP VP
Det N be Adj
The fields are green
59
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
NP → Det + N, VP → be + Adj
Based on the tree diagram above, the type of the sentence is a
simple sentence. The sentence (The fields are green) consists of NP as
a subject plus VP as a predicate. NP consists of Det (the) plus Noun
(fields) while VP consists of be (are) plus adjective (green).
Line 22: I tried to read
S
NP VP
Pro V Infin P
Infinitive V
I tried to read
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
NP → Pronoun, VP → V + Infin P, Infin P → Infinitive + V
Based on the tree diagram above, the type of the sentence is a
simple sentence because there is only one subject and a predicate. The
sentence (I tried to read) consists of NP as a subject and VP. NP
60
consists of Pronoun (I) while VP consists of Verb (tried) plus Infin P
(to read).
Line 23: I go to work
S
NP VP
Pro V Infin P
Infinitive V
I go to work
a. The formula of the diagram is:
S → NP + VP
b. The pattern of the sentence is:
NP → Pronoun, VP → V + Infin P, Infin P → Infinitive + V
Based on the tree diagram above, the type of the sentence is a
simple sentence because there is only one subject and a predicate. The
sentence (I go to work) consists of NP as a subject and VP. NP
consists of Pronoun (I) while VP consists of Verb (go) plus Infin P (to
work).
61
Line 24: I'm laughing with my friends, but I can't stop
Compound
S1 Conj S2
NP VP NP VP
V-ing Conj P Pro aux neg V
Conj NP
Det N
I am laughing with my friends but I can not stop
Based on the tree diagram above, the type of the sentence is
compound sentence because that sentence has two subjects and two
predicates with a conjunction. The formula of the diagram is:
S → S1 + conj + S2
From the analysis above, the sentence (I am laughing with my
friends, but I can’t stop) can be divided into two parts, those are:
a. I am laughing with my friends.
b. I can’t stop.
62
Line 26: To hold you in my arms
VP
Infin P NP
Pro PP
Prep NP
Det N
To hold you in my arms
a. The formula of the diagram is:
VP → Infin P + NP
b. The pattern of the phrase is:
Infin P → be + V, NP → Pro + PP, PP → Prep + NP, NP → Det +
N
Based on the tree diagram above, the type of phrase is a verb
phrase. VP (To hold you in my arms) consists of infinitive phrase (to
hold) plus NP. NP consists of Pronoun (you) plus PP. PP consists of
Prep (in) plus NP, and NP consists of Det (my) plus Noun (arms).
63
Line 28: To tell you from my heart
VP
Infin P NP
Pro PP
Prep NP
Det N
To tell you from my heart
a. The formula of the diagram is:
VP → Infin P + NP
b. The pattern of the phrase is:
Infin P → be + V, NP → Pro + PP, PP → Prep + NP, NP → Det +
N
Based on the tree diagram above, the type of phrase is a verb
phrase. VP (To tell you from my heart) consists of infinitive phrase (to
tell) plus NP. NP consists of Pronoun (you) plus PP. PP consists of
Prep (from) plus NP, and NP consists of Det (my) plus Noun (heart).
64
CHAPTER V
CLOSURE
There are two major sections which are provided in this chapter,
namely conclusions and suggestions. In conclusions, the writer concludes the
data analysis of this study. In the suggestions, the writer gives some
suggestion to the teacher, the reader, and to the other researcher.
A. Conclusions
According to the data analysis and the discussion in the previous
chapter, the writer would like to convoy the conclusions of this paper as
follows:
1. From the result of the analysis data of the lyrics, the writer has found
five types of phrases that are used in Westlife’s song lyrics, those are:
Table 5.1 The list of phrases
No. Types Lyrics Line
1. Noun Phrase Just a smile and the rain is gone.
NP NP
1
An empty street 1
An empty house 2
A hole inside my heart 3
I was lost in a lonely place
NP 17
My love 17
2. Verb Phrase I lay my love on you
VP 11
Reaching for the love 13
65
To see you once again 17
To hold you in my arms 26
To tell you from my heart 28
Holding on to yesterdays 19
3. Adjective
Phrase
There's an angel standing next to me
Adj P
3
I was lost in a lonely place
Adj P
17
Far, too long 20
Empty street 1
Empty house 2
4. Adverb Phrase Can hardly believe it
Adv P
2
Holding on to yesterdays
Adv P
19
To see you once again
Adv P
17
5. Prepositional
Phrase
Reaching for my heart
PP
4
I lay my love on you
PP
11
I was lost in a lonely place
PP
17
Holding on to yesterdays
PP
19
A hole inside my heart
PP
3
66
2. Based on the syntactical analysis of phrases in Westlife’s song lyrics
using tree diagram theory, there are five sentence patterns in the lyrics.
Those are:
a. Pattern1: S → NP + VP
b. Pattern2: NP → Det + N
NP → Pronoun or Noun
NP → NP + S
c. Pattern3: VP → V + NP
VP → V + Adv P
VP → M + V + NP
d. Pattern4: Compound → S1 + Conj + S2
e. Pattern5: PP → Prep + NP
B. Suggestions
At the end of the research, the writer would like to give some
suggestions based on the conclusions, as follow:
1. For the teacher
The teacher can use this paper to add their teaching materials
especially about phrases.
2. For the reader
This study can be useful to enrich the knowledge and
comprehension about phrases and their types by reading and
67
understanding many phrases. Mastering phrases would help to add the
vocabularies and the language variation.
3. For the other researchers
This study is based on the analysis of the phrases especially in
types and the patterns. Therefore, this study can be useful as a
reference to analyze the other research dealing with the phrases
materials.
68
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70
APPENDICES
71
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
1. Name : Zulia Fitroh
2. Place and Date of Birth : Kab. Semarang, December 16th
, 1996
3. Address : Ngipik, RT 04/08, Candi Bandungan
4. Sex : Female
5. Religion : Islam
6. E-mail : [email protected]
7. Phone : 08985558130
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
1. Kindergarten Dharma Wanita Candi 2001 - 2003
2. State Elementary School (SDN) Candi 03 2003 - 2009
3. Junior High School of Sumowono 2009 - 2012
4. Vocational High School of Ungaran 2012 - 2015
5. State Institute for Islamic Studies 2015 -2019
72
73
74
75
76
77
My Love
Westlife
An empty street
An empty house
A hole inside my heart
I'm all alone
The rooms are getting smaller
I wonder how
I wonder why
I wonder where they are
The days we had
The songs we sang together
Oh yeah
And all my love
I'm holding on forever
Reaching for the love that seems so far
So I say a little prayer
And hope my dreams will take me there
Where the skies are blue
To see you once again, my love
Over seas from coast to coast
To find the place I love the most
Where the fields are green
To see you once again, my love
I tried to read
I go to work
I'm laughing with my friends
But I can't stop
To keep myself from thinking
Oh no
78
I wonder how
I wonder why
I wonder where they are
The days we had
The songs we sang together
Oh yeah
And all my love
I'm holding on forever
Reaching for the love that seems so far
So I say a little prayer
And hope my dreams will take me there
Where the skies are blue
To see you once again, my love
Over seas from coast to coast
To find the place I love the most
Where the fields are green
To see you once again
To hold you in my arms
To promise you my love
To tell you from my heart
You're all I'm thinking of
And reaching for the love that seems so far
so I say a little prayer
And hope my dreams will take me there
Where the skies are blue
To see you once again, my love
Over seas from coast to coast
To find the place I love the most
Where the fields are green
To see you once again, my love
See you in a prayer
79
My sweet dreams will take me there
Where the skies are blue
To see you once again
Over seas from coast to coast
To find the place I love the most
Where the fields are green
To see you once again, my love
80
I Lay My Love on You
Westlife
Just a smile and the rain is gone
Can hardly believe it (yeah)
There's an angel standing next to me
Reaching for my heart
Just a smile and there's no way back
Can hardly believe it (yeah)
But there's an angel and she's calling me
Reaching for my heart
I know, that I'll be ok now
This time it's real
I lay my love on you
It's all I want to do
Every time I breathe I feel brand new
You open up my heart
Show me all your love, and walk right through
As I lay my love on you
I was lost in a lonely place
Could hardly believe it (yeah)
Holding on to yesterdays
Far, far too long
Now I believe it's okay cause
This time it's real
I lay my love on you
It's all I want to do
Every time I breathe I feel brand new
You open up my heart
Show me all your love, and walk right through
As I lay my love on you
81
I never knew that love could feel so good
Like a once in a lifetime
You change my world
I lay my love on you'.