a sustainable cocktail? cola and palm wine

THINKING beyond the canopyTHINKING beyond the canopy

Dynamic

Interlinkages between

Social and

Ecosystem Changes:

Towards a Europe

Africa Partnership

European Science

Foundation & ICSU

8-12 November 2010

Beyaerd, Hulshort,

The Netherlands

A sustainable cocktail –

Cola and Palm wine?

Verina IngramCentre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Central Africa

[email protected]

THINKING beyond the canopy

Background Congo Basin Forest

• Globally 2nd largest intact humid forest, rich & unique biodiversity

• ≈ >40% people in region below $2 day

• ≈ 70% poor people in Congo Basin live in/near forests

• Low development indicators, high on corruption index, high levels

forest degradation & deforestation

• Forests an economic resource: commercial logging = export

revenues 49 million US$ (1-6% of GDP), estimated contribution of

NTFPs to 20-95% forest communities livelihoods


A Congo cocktail..........• Take Cola (Cola acuminata, nitida & anomala, Garcinia

kola) caffeine rich nuts (a century’s old stimulant) on its

own or in Coca-Cola

• Add the strong cultural associations when given &

consumed with palm wine made from indigenous raffia

(Raphia spp.), a traditional alcoholic beverage

• Mix with palm wine and forest honey for ‘ntop mimbo‘, a

sweeter, stronger cocktail

• For an aphrodisiac, mix with mondia (Mondia whiteii)

root

• Stir in ground pygeum (Prunus africana) bark to treat

multiple aliments including prostate hyperplasia

• Eat with eru: a popular, nutritious leaves of the ancient

Gnetum spp. vine, also a traditional medicine and used

to make wine

• Take bush mango (Irvingia gabonensis) bark and eru

leaves if feeling sick or have a hangover afterwards!


Honey

Apiculture

products

Eru

Gnetum spp.

Safou

Dacryodes

edulisBush mango

Irvingia spp.

Cola acuminata

Raphia spp.


Issues

Photo: K Stewart

• Despite their economic and cultural importance, recent,

reliable trade & income figures almost non-existent

• Resource stocks largely un-quantified and cultivated

stocks (almost) completely unknown – Can’t manage

what don’t measure?

• Despite this lack of data, some species are highly

regulated (often unenforced or un-monitored, and

corruption), others chains in a formal void.. Others

customarily governed

• Conflicting interests; conservation lobby vs. immediate

and long term livelihood needs

• Fears that NTFPs may become extinct as shifts from

subsistence to international trade lead to over-

exploitation of wild stocks without domestication

• Market arrangements, especially international trade,

appear counterproductive to sustainable trade - actors

and issues in chain unknown to each other


Aims & Research Questions

Gnetum africana

AimExplore interrelationships and impacts of the variety of governance arrangements onsustainable livelihoods of those engaged in forest product market chains originating from theCongo Basin.

Questions1. What do NTFPs contribute to the livelihoods (economic, socio-cultural & environmental) of

actors involved in the value chains? Especially the poorest and the forest based?2. What types of governance arrangements are found in NTFP market chains? and how and

why do they shape and affect NTFP chains and subsequent livelihoods?


Key concepts

Governance

Game Theory

Value chains

DETAILLANTS

Marche local BAS CONGO KINSHASA

PRODUCTEURS

GROSSiSTES DETAILLANTS

CONMMATEUR

DETAILLANTSAMBULANTS

MARCHE AUTOCONSOMMATION DONS

GROSSISTES

Sustainable livelihoods


Governance is the whole of public & private interactions initiated to solve

societal problems & create opportunities. Includes the formulation & application

of principles guiding interactions & caring for the enabling institutions (Bavinck

et al, 2005) ....the system of values, policies & institutions by which a society

manages its economic, political and social affairs through interactions within

and among the state, civil society & private sector..’’(UNDP, 2004).

Value chains to understand activities to bring a product from conception, to

production & delivery to final consumers and ultimately disposal (Kaplinsky &

Morris 1999). VC Analysis a conceptual framework for mapping and

categorizing economic processes, understand how and where enterprises

positioned in processes, identify opportunities and possible leverage points for

upgrading…encompasses organization, coordination, equity, power

relationships, linkages and governance between organizations and actors.

A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including material & social

resources) and activities required for a means of living. A livelihood is

sustainable when it can cope with & recover from stresses and shocks &

maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, both now and in the

future, while not undermining the natural resource base (Chambers &

Conway, 1992).


Dacrodyes edulis

Safou

Cameroon

Democratic Republic Congo

Dacryodes edulis

Europe, USA

Equateur

Bas CongoKinshasa

Cola spp.

Rhapia spp.

Stu

dy s

ites


Meth

odolo

gy

Selection•Actor sample and Production zone selection – Stakeholder interviews (2007)

Field work

• Inventory - transects 3 zones (2007-2008)

•Bark regeneration post-harvest study – 4 zones (2009)

VCA

2007-2009

• Structured Interviews (25% sample of actors in chains ) = 3424 actors & 632 consumers

• 40 focus group interviews &7 problem analysis workshops in 4 cities .

• 5 market surveys (2007-2008)

PAR

•Participatory action research: SWOTs, stakeholder analysis, Prunus africana: 6 working sessions stakeholder groups & 1 all stakeholder workshop, participatorily developed Prunus africana management plan. Honey: EU Export HMRP, Geographic Origin Indication , National Union, National honey profiling

•Capacity building events; group organisation, business skills. Harvest, production & processing (honey & Prunus )training, legal framework

Analysis

•Data analysis SPSS and Excel, TIAMA, interpretation satellite images, SWOT, GIS mapping

•Preliminary findings verified in meetings /workshops & peer cross-checked

Outputs

•Value chain maps: Visualisations

•Reports: Problem analysis workshop report, Inventory in NW & SW Cameroon, Guidelines for a National Management Plan for Prunus africana in Cameroon, Assessment sustainable harvest methods, Baseline study of Prunus africana chain, Domestication Guide (ICRAF), Harvest and inventory norms GTZ + CIFOR)

•Actors’ grouping: Prunus Platform, Scientific Group supporting CITES Authority,

•Policy brief: NTFPs in Cameroon & Product sheet: Prunus africana in Cameroon

Review• Literature review; NTFPs in Cameroon and VCs


• Understand demand & supply, volumes & values • Map and analyse actors interactions, power relations, governance

arrangements and pressures• Comprehend institutional and customary and legal framework and

influence and implementation in practice• Understand livelihood and cultural aspects• By participating in developing the VC, actors validate , own and

understand chain & issues

Why use a participatory market chain approach?


Key findings• Positive impacts on forest based, rural & urban livelihoods

• Large and growing demand for NTFPs in rural, and

especially, urban areas

• NTFPs play a role in food security, health and providing cash

income to meet basic needs

• Level of organisation and efficiency of markets a function of

local culture, product & location

• Lack of knowledge among actors about their chain

• Market information influences vertical integration

• Market Information System and actor Platforms show initial

positive results improving integration and margins

• Wide variances in sustainability of livelihoods and chains

• Stakeholders shown openness to participate in formulating

policy options

• Sustainable harvest techniques & domestication technologies

offer potential to increase profits – but needs wide scale

disseminating and enforcement

Gnetum spp.

Dacryodes

edulis

.

Garcinia kola

.

Irvingia spp.

THINKING beyond the canopyBeeswax

VALUES

Subsistence&

income

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gnetum DRC

Safou DRC

Gnetum SW CM

Apiculture CM

Apiculture DRC

Prunus CM

Irvingia SW CM

Irvingia East CM

Irvingia CSL CM

TOTAL

% contribution to household income

NT

FP a

nd

Co

un

try

% contribution to producers household total income from NTFPs

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

% Sold

% Consumed

% given as gifts

% barterd

% Perished

% of total production

How 5 NTFPs in Cameroon & DRC are used by harvesters


-

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

Gnetum DRC

Safou DRC Gnetum SW, C CAM

Honey CM Honey DRC Prunus CM Irvingia SW, C,S, L, E

CM

TOTAL

$ annual market chain sales 2007/2008LivelihoodsEmployment & Production

48 million US$

02000400060008000

100001200014000160001800020000

Gnetum DRC

Safou DRC Gnetum SW, C CAM

Apiculture CM

Apiculture DRC

Prunus CM Irvingia SW, C,S, L, E

CM

TOTAL

Nu

mb

er o

f p

eop

le d

ire

ctly

invo

lved

Chain and Country

Numbers of direct actors in 5 regional NTFP market chains DRC & Cameroon


the tip of the canopy...?

*Direct & indirect employment

*80% exports from 10 species in Cameroon and 85% in DRC

65%

Forest products market value US$

Sources : CIFOR 2008, 2009 , de Wasseige et al, 2009, Lescuyer et al 2009

283,822

70,376

163,000

15,000

45,000

22,500

Cameroon DRC

33%

58%

870,000,000

690,000,000

54,824,876

213,388,071

58,000,000 29,000,000

-

200,000,000

400,000,000

600,000,000

800,000,000

1,000,000,000

1,200,000,000

Cameroon DRC

Domestic Timber value 2008

Major traded NTFPs

Timber Exports value (2003 DRC, 2004 Cam)

Forest sector employment* (10* export timber species, 4 domestic timber

species and 15 NTFPs)

9%


• Unregulated access to Raphia leads to decreases in quantity and quantity

• Cola is planted upon the birth of the 1st son and trees are often ‘owned’

• Over 52 % of Prunus africana trees inventoried in wild forests are harvested, of which 60% unsustainably – compared to 40% planted Prunus of which 38% unsustainably

• 97% of eru harvesters indicate increasing scarcity & 45% is harvested using unsustainable techniques

• Beekeepers now planting hive material sources and avoiding using Kofia(Lophira lanceolota) as fuel wood to melt wax

• Intermediaries and new markets increase honey buying price for honey up to 50% plus diversify to wax, propolis and by-products

• Irvingia increasingly domesticated and access controlled (100% SW, 32% East) as value increases and land use changes (65% in SW, 5% East) –frequently conserved in fallows

Illustrations of impacts of governance arrangements


• Congo Basin NTFP trade under appreciated & insufficiently captured in economic,

employment, food security and health statistics

• Governance arrangements major impact on income equity & distribution, market

access & control and profit margins

• Power, relationships (lobby and government contacts) & tenure critical

• Overlapping & conflicting traditional, regulatory and devolved authorities cloud

governance

• Policy & regulatory extremes & inappropriate legal framework ripe for rationalisation

• Processing & storage important to add value locally (vertical integration)

• Domestication a good indicator of sustainability - trees act as savings account

• Cultivation appears decisive for long term chain continuation

• Employment & profitability increase when sector professionalised - but access to

most profitable parts of chain may be limited

• Importance of business, capital, legal, infrastructure & technical support

• For long lived species, need to wait for long term results when governance

arrangements change

• Awareness and enforcement of new policy regimes (honey, Prunus africana) will

be critical

Conclusions

THINKING beyond the canopyTHINKING beyond the canopy

The Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)

is one of the 15 centres supported by the Consultative

Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)

Cheers!

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

a sustainable cocktail? cola and palm wine

Technology

canopy thinking

forest communities livelihoods

palm wine

forest honey

livelihoods economic

forest product market

sustainable livelihoods

ntfp chains