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A SURVEY OF MONITORING INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASUREMENT OF AIRBORNE POLLUTANTSOF AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS
NEW YORK STATE ENERGY RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) is a public benefit corporation created in 1975 by the New York State Legislature. NYSERDA’s responsibilities include:
• Conducting a multifaceted energy and environmental research and development program to meet New York State’s diverse economic needs.
• Administering the New York Energy $martSM program, a Statewide public benefit R&D, energy efficiency, and environmental protection program.
• Making energy more affordable for residential and low-income households.
• Helping industries, schools, hospitals, municipalities, not-for-profits, and the residential sector, including low-income residents, implement energy-efficiency measures.
• Providing objective, credible, and useful energy analysis and planning to guide decisions made by major energy stakeholders in the private and public sectors.
• Managing the Western New York Nuclear Service Center at West Valley, including: (1) overseeing the State’s interests and share of costs at the West Valley Demonstration Project, a federal/State radioactive waste clean-up effort, and (2) managing wastes and maintaining facilities at the shut-down State- Licensed Disposal Area.
• Coordinating the State’s activities on energy emergencies and nuclear regulatory matters, and monitoring low-level radioactive waste generation and management in the State.
• Financing energy-related projects, reducing costs for ratepayers.
NYSERDA administers the New York Energy $martSM program, which is designed to support certain public benefit programs during the transition to a more competitive electricity market. More than 2,700 projects in more than 30 programs are funded by a charge on the electricity transmitted and distributed by the State’s investor-owned utilities. The New York Energy $martSM program provides energy efficiency services, including those directed at the low-income sector, research and development, and environmental protection activities.
NYSERDA derives its basic research revenues from an assessment on the intrastate sales of New York State’s investor-owned electric and gas utilities, and voluntary annual contributions by the New York Power Authority and the Long Island Power Authority. Additional research dollars come from limited corporate funds. Some 400 NYSERDA research projects help the State’s businesses and municipalities with their energy and environmental problems. Since 1990, NYSERDA has successfully developed and brought into use more than 141 innovative, energy-efficient, and environmentally beneficial products, processes, and services. These contributions to the State’s economic growth and environmental protection are made at a cost of about $.70 per New York resident per year.
Federally funded, the Energy Efficiency Services program is working with more than 540 businesses, schools, and municipalities to identify existing technologies and equipment to reduce their energy costs.
For more information, contact the Communications unit, NYSERDA, 17 Columbia Circle, Albany, New York 12203-6399; toll-free 1-866-NYSERDA, locally (518) 862-1090, ext. 3250; or on the web at www.nyserda.org
STATE OF NEW YORK ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY George E. Pataki Vincent A. DeIorio, Esq., Chairman Governor
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Table 1 . List of Individuals and Companies Included in the Survey
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2.1. Mass Measurements, Fixed Site
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2.1.2. Continuous Mass Measurements
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3.0 Particle Counts and Size Distributions
3.1. Ambient Measurement Systems
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5.0 Organic Compound Monitors
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Population of MSA/CMSA1
Required Site Type
Minimum Carbonyl Compounds Sampling Frequency2
Less than 500,000 (1) A or C - (2) A or C D or F
500,000 to 1,000,000 (1) A or C - (2) B E (3) A or C -
1,000,000 to 2,000,000 (1) A or C - (2) B E (3) A or C -
0RUHWKDQ $RU& % ( $RU& $RU&
1Whichever area is larger. 2Frequency requirements are as follows:
A = Eight 3-hour samples every third day and one additional 24-hour sample every sixth day during the monitoring period. B = Eight 3-hour samples every day during the monitoring period and one additional 24-hour sample every sixth day year-
round. C = Eight 3-hour samples on the 5 peak O3 days plus each previous day, eight 3-hour samples every sixth day and one
additional 24-hour sample every sixth day during the monitoring period. D = Eight 3-hour samples every third day during the monitoring period. E = Eight 3-hour samples on the 5 peak O3 days plus each previous day and eight 3-hour samples every sixth day during the
monitoring period. F = Eight 3-hour samples on the 5 peak O3 days plus each previous day, eight 3-hour samples every sixth day and one
additional 24-hour sample every sixth day during the monitoring period.
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Table 3. Air Toxics of the Greatest Potential Concern
acetaldehyde coke oven emissions mercury compounds acrolein 1, 3-dichloropropene methylene chloride acrylonitrile diesel particulate matter nickel compounds arsenic compounds ethylene dibromide perchloroethylene benzene ethylene dichloride polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) beryllium compounds ethylene oxide polycyclic organic matter (POM)* 1, 3-butadiene formaldehyde propylene dichloride cadmium compounds hexachlorobenzene quinoline carbon tetrachloride hydrazine 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrachloroethane chloroform lead compounds trichloroethylene chromium compounds manganese compounds vinyl chloride *Also represented as 7-PAH Source: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Table 4. Suppliers for Passive Sampling Badges
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Table 5. Organic Compounds Determined with Passive Badges and Typical Detection Limits Based on an 8-hour Sample.
CAS No. Chemical Name Det. Limit (ppm)
141-79-7 Mesityl oxide 0.075 67-64-1 Acetone 0.1 109-86-4 Methoxyethanol
(Me Cellosolve) 0.3 75-05-8 Acetonitrile 0.2
110-49-6 Methoxyethyl acetate (MeCSAc)
0.1 107-13-1 Acrylonitrile 0.1
96-33-3 Methyl acrylate 0.1 107-18-6 Allyl alcohol 0.1 67-56-1 Methyl alcohol
(methanol) 0.3 107-5-1 Allyl chloride 0.8
71-55-6 Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-TCA)
108-87-2 Methyl cyclohexane 0.05 71-43-2 Benzene 0.05 78-93-3 Methyl ethyl ketone
(2-butanone) 0.1 106-99-0 Butadiene 0.1
107-31-3 Methyl formate 0.3 71-36-3 Butanol 0.1 110-12-3 Methyl isoamyl ketone 0.1 75-65-0 Butanol 0.1 108-11-2 Methyl isobutyl
carbinol 0.1 78-92-2 Butanol (sec-butyl alcohol) 0.1
108-10-1 Methyl isobutyl ketone (hexone)
0.1 111-76-2 Butoxyethanol (Butyl Cellosolve)
0.1
80-62-6 Methyl methacrylate 0.1 123-86-4 Butyl acetate 0.1 107-87-9 Methyl propyl ketone
(2-pentanone) 0.1 540-88-5 Butyl acetate 0.1
109-87-5 Methylal (dimethoxymethane)
108-87-2 Methylcyclohexane 0.05 1634-04-4 Butyl methyl ether (MTBE) 0.8 75-09-2 Methylene-chloride 0.3 56-23-5 Carbon tetrachloride 0.2 91-20-3 Naphthalene 0.3 108-90-7 Chlorobenzene 0.05 111-84-2 Nonane 0.04 74-97-5 Chlorobromomethane 0.3 111-65-9 Octane 0.04 67-66-3 Chloroform 0.2 109-66-0 Pentane 0.1 126-99-8 Chloroprene 0.7 127-18-4 Perchloroethylene
(PCE) 0.1 98-82-8 Cumene 0.3
108-65-6 Prop. Glycol.; methyl ether acetate
0.1 110-82-7 Cyclohexane 0.1
109-60-4 Propyl acetate 0.1 108-93-0 Cyclohexanol 0.05 71-23-8 Propyl alcohol 0.2 108-94-1 Cyclohexanone 0.05 106-94-5 Propyl bromide 1.5 123-42-2 Diacetone alcohol 0.1 78-87-5 Propylene dichloride 0.1 1717-00-6 Dichloro-1-fluoroethane
(HCFC141b) 0.25
0.2 75-71-8 Dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC12)

Table 5 (cont’d). Organic Compounds Determined with Passive Badges and Typical Detection Limits Based on an 8-hour Sample.
100-42-5 Styrene 0.04 107-06-2 Dichloroethane (EDC) 0.1 540-59-0 Dichloroethylene 1 76-11-9 Tetrachloro-2,2-
difluoroethane 0.5
76-14-2 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (CFC114)
0.2
(Cellosolve) 0.1 76-13-1 Trichlorotrifluoroethane
0.04
141-78-6 Ethyl acetate 0.1 108-05-4 Vinyl acetate 0.1 140-88-5 Ethyl acrylate 0.1 593-60-2 Vinyl bromide 0.1 64-17-5 Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) 0.5 75-01-4 Vinyl chloride 0.1 60-29-7 Ethyl ether 0.1 75-35-4 Vinylidene Chloride
(1,1 DCE) 0.1
dimethyl ether 0.8 76-22-2 Camphor 0.05
75-69-4 Fluorotrichloromethane (CFC11)
amyl ketone) 0.1 106-46-7 Dichlorobenzene 0.05
110-54-3 Hexane 0.4 95-50-1 Dichlorobenzene 0.4 591-78-6 Hexanone (MBK) 0.1 111-44-4 Dichloroethyl ether 0.1 123-92-2 Isoamyl acetate 0.1 77-73-6 Dicyclopentadiene 0.1 123-51-3 Isoamyl alcohol 0.1 108-83-8 Diisobutylketone 0.1 110-19-0 Isobutyl acetate 0.1 34590-94-8 Dipropylene Glycol Methyl
Ether 1
78-83-1 Isobutyl alcohol 0.1 78-59-1 Isophorone 0.05 108-21-4 Isopropyl acetate 0.1 4016-14-2 Isopropyl glycidyl ether
(IGE) 0.1
67-63-0 Isopropyl alcohol 0.25 98-83-9 Methyl styrene 0.04 108-20-3 Isopropyl ether 0.1 101-84-8 Phenyl ether 0.1 5989-27-5 Limonene
(as dipentene) 0.1 25013-15-4 Vinyl toluene
(methyl styrene) 0.04
6.1. Strategy for Air Monitoring
6.1.1. Ambient Impacts of Power Plant Siting
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Vendor Address Web Address
n/a
www.afcintl.com/
www.aircuity.com
www.assaytech.com/
www.bgiusa.com/
www.ecochem.biz
www.gcind.com
General Oceanics, Inc. 295 N.W. 163rd Street Miami, FL 33169
www.generaloceanics.com
K & M Environmental, Inc. 2421 Bowland Pkwy # 102 Virginia Beach, VA 23454
www.kandmenvironmental.com
Met One Instruments 1600 Washington Blvd Grants Pass, OR 97526
www.metone.com/
www.msanet.com/
MSP Corporation 5910 Rice Creek Parkway Suite 300 Shoreview, MN 55126
www.mspcorporation.com/
www.neutronicsinc.com
www.ogawausa.com
www.opsis.se
I-1
www.particle.com/
www.pmeasuring.com/
PAX Analytics, Inc. 227 West Leyden Rd. Colrain, MA 01340
www.paxana.com
Quest Technologies, Inc. 1060 Corporate Center Drive Oconomowoc WI, 53066
www.quest-technologies.com
www.rkiinstruments.com
www.rpco.com/
SKC Inc. 863 Valley View Road Eighty Four, PA 15330
www.skcinc.com/
Tekran Inc. 132 Railside Road, Unit 1 Toronto, Ontario M3A 1A3 Canada
216.36.224.163/
www.thermoandersen.com/
www.thermoei.com/
www.transducertech.com/
www.tsi.com
URG Corporation 116 S. Merritt Mill Road Chapel Hill, NC 27516
www.urgcorp.com/
I-2
$SSHQGL[,,
3HUVRQDO,QWHJUDWHG3DUWLFOH0RQLWRUV
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Summary of Monitoring Instruments
The following sheets describe a number of air quality monitoring systems. In order to provide some relative information on the nature of these instruments, this Appendix includes information on cost, portability, whether or not the equipment is capable of producing results on-site, and the degree of complexity of the instrument’s QA procedures.
Cost (I, M, E) I Inexpensive (<$1000 each) M Moderate cost ($1000 to < $10,000 each)
M/E Cost around $10,000 each E Expensive (>$10,000 each)
VE Very Expensive (>$50,000) Portability L Light (can be easily carried as a personal monitor)
M Moderate (can be carried by a normal healthy worker) H Heavy (may need multiple people or special equipment to move)
Off-Site Work? Y Instrument produces a sample that requires additional analysis away from the sampling site
N Produces results on-site QA Complexity C Complex (requires multiple steps for calibration and/or complicated procedures to
provide adequate quality assurance) S Simple (relatively easy process to assure the quality of the results)
II-1
Instrument Manufacturer Model Description Cost Portability Off-Site QA Complexity Type (I,M,E) (L, M, H) Work? (C or S) Mass, Integrated
Rupprecht & Patashnick
M M Y S
M M Y S
Thermo Andersen
RAAS2.5 100
Dichotomous Sequential Air Sampler Sequential Speciation Sampler High Volume Cascade Impactor Stage 1: large particles (>10 µm diameter); Stage 2: coarse particles (2.5 to 10 µm diameter); Stage 3: fine particles (1 to 2.5 µm diameter); Stage 4: accumulation mode (0.1 to 1 µm diameter) Manual FRM sampler for PM2.5
M
E
M
M
M
M
M
M
Y
Y
Y
Y
S
S
S
S
M M Y S
PQ100
PQ2000
Manual sampler for FRM PM10 or TSP sampling Manual FRM sampler for PM2.5
M
M
M
M
Y
Y
S
S
II-2
Chemical Constituents, Integrated
Met One SASS Five channel speciation E M Y S network sampler
Rupprecht & 2300 Sequential 4 or 12 channel E M Y S Patashnick speciation network sampler,
In its 4-channel configuration, the sampler is usually set up to operate all four flow paths during a single interval. It can also be operated as a sequential sampler with 2 groups of 2 channels or 4 groups of 1 channel. The 12-channel configuration provides additional sequential sampling capabilities with its expanded number of channels. Its 12 flow channels can be grouped as of 3 groups of 4 channels, 3 groups of 3 channels, 6 groups of 2 channels, or 12 groups of 1 channel.
Thermo Andersen RAAS2.5 400 Six-channel speciation E M Y S network sampler
II-3
URG Corporation Versatile Air Dual channel, three flows, E M Y S Pollutant collects two fine particle Sampler samples simultaneously and (VAPS) one coarse particle sample
URG Corporation URG-2000-01J Weekly Air Particulate E M Y S Sampler, 8 channels, capable of viewing and programming eight on/off settings for different sampling time periods; System can be left unattended for up to eight sampling periods; Internals are interchangeable (filter packs, annular denuders and poly-urethane foams (PUFs)
URG Corporation URG-2000-01K Dual Sequential Fine E M Y S Particle Sampler, manual 4-channel speciation network sampler
URG Corporation URG-3000DB Manual sampler that E M Y S measures the gas phase semi-volatile organic and condensed phase organic compounds; Provides the true phase distribution of the semi-voltaic organic compounds
II-4
Instrument Manufacturer Model Description Cost Portability Off-Site QA Complexity Type (I,M,E) (L, M, H) Work? (C or S) Continuous Mass
1400a Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) monitor, PM2.5 or PM10;
E M N S
SES normally operated at 50ºC TEOM with drier in the inlet stream to remove water and
E M N S
8500 permit 30ºC operation Differential system using a cooled filter to provide estimate of volatile and non-
E M N S
E M N S
Thermo Andersen BETA Y2K Continuous Ambient E M N S Particulate Monitors using beta gauge principle; TSP, PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0;
Met One BAM1020
Beta Attenuation Monitor, E M N S PM2.5
TSI, Inc 3935 Electrical Low-Pressure E M N S
Opsis SM200
impactor, 30 nm to 10 mm, 12 stages Beta Attenuation Monitor for TSP, PM10 or PM2.5
E M N S
II-5
Continuous Size TSI Inc 3935 Electrical Low-Pressure E M N S
Impactor (ELPI). 30 nm to 10 mm, 12 stages. ELPI combines the accuracy of impactor size classification and rapidity of electrical detection for the same device. A precisely known charge given to the particles in the charger is measured in real time with very sensitive multichannel electrometers as the particle impacts the collection plate.
Nephelometers Radiance Research 908 1 wavelength, integrating M M N S
nephelometer TSI 3551 1 wavelength, integrating M M N S
nephelometer TSI 3563 3

a survey of monitoring instruments for measurement …

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