a survey of manuscriptology

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Dr. JSRA Prasad Dept. of Sanskrit Studies University of Hyderabad

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Page 1: A Survey of manuscriptology

Dr. JSRA PrasadDept. of Sanskrit StudiesUniversity of Hyderabad

Page 2: A Survey of manuscriptology

A Hand written book or document is called manuscript. This means that never has been printed. The term manuscript is derived from Latin manus 'hand' 

and scribo 'I write', which means 'some thing written with the hand.' 

Each nook and corner of the world has manuscripts where people put their thoughts and experiences in a written form. 

A written document, dated back at least to seventy five years, achieves the status of a rare manuscript. 

Page 3: A Survey of manuscriptology

The material used to write manuscripts was on paper, palmleaf, bark, cloth, metal etc. 

These manuscripts contain precious information of texts and treatises on various Indian arts and sciences. 

Manuscripts are recovered in various languages and scripts. 

For instance, Sanskrit is written in Devanagari script, Tamil, Grantha or in any other Indian language script.  

Page 4: A Survey of manuscriptology

manuscriptology means the science of collecting, classifying, preserving and editing manuscripts. 

Paleography means 'the science of deciphering ancient writings' as evident in documents and inscriptions.

Page 5: A Survey of manuscriptology

The different names of a manuscript are: pandulipi, hastaprati, hastalekha, hastakriti, matrika, 

grantha, potha, pothi, ponthi, pontha, pustaka, pusta, pustika, pratilipi, shastra, kosha, nuskha, bid, chopadi, kitab, bahi, gutaka, parvana, parvancha, murakka, ola, puskola,  talli, sarvanga, bahinuma pustika, patra, panavali, text, codex, script, document, treatise, transcript, evidence, primary source, etc.

Page 6: A Survey of manuscriptology

The art of writingHistory of deciphering the

ancient scriptsEvolution of the ancient

and modern scriptsEvolution of numeralsThe substances for writingPens and other writing

materials

Different types of inkPigments and colors

for illustrationsThe authorThe scribeMss. and their typesMss. and their shapesTheir illustrations and

decorative signs

Page 7: A Survey of manuscriptology

Their margins, beginnings and ends, additions and corrections

Their numbering, extent and title pages

Colophons and post colophon entries

Their covers and writings thereon

WrappersTheir collections or

libraries and their management

Preservation of mss. against worms, rats, weather, fire, water etc.

&Textual critism

Page 8: A Survey of manuscriptology

 The German scholars came to India to search for palm-leaf

manuscripts to take home with them. English, French people had came to India with thirst for

knowledge and research.

Colin Mackenzie (1754-1821), the first surveyor general of India and a great orientalist, has went on to a search for valuable manuscripts. But for now, majority of his collections are preserved in British Museum and British Library.

Still, few million unpublished manuscripts are found, which are in the custody of individuals and voluntary organizations, at national and international levels.

The total number may accounted at ten million.  

Page 9: A Survey of manuscriptology

Unfortunately, people who can read and decipher the scripts are very few in the country. 

Apparently, for this manuscript wealth, there is a danger of being non extant. So, it is the need of the hour to take necessary steps to restore them. 

In the olden days, measures have been taken to prevent the permanent damage of the manuscripts by copying/inscribing the data on to a new writing material. It is evident that ancestors copied these to be preserved for posterity. 

Page 10: A Survey of manuscriptology

 In his The Discovery of India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru 

says,  “...the critical examination of these manuscripts and, where considered desirable, their publication and translation, are among the many things we have to do in India when we succeed in breaking through our shackles and can  function for ourselves. Such a study is bound to throw light on many phases of Indian history and especially on the social background behind historic events and changing ideas.”

Page 11: A Survey of manuscriptology

 Our country is privileged to have nearly five million 

manuscripts which is very rare to any other country. We should take care of manuscripts because they are the 

valuable sources of knowledge. They are the main sources of our ancient history and 

culture. Our ancestors put their thoughts, expertize and 

experiences in a written form through these manuscripts. 

Page 12: A Survey of manuscriptology

The constitution of India states, under Fundamental Duties in Article 51A, "It shall be the duty of every citizen to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.” 

Hence, there is an urgent need to collect, conserve, preserve, collate and provide access to these precious documents through the standards established by the Ministry of Culture&Tourism, Govt. of India.

Page 13: A Survey of manuscriptology

The first step to start research on manuscripts is to classify and catalog them after a careful collection. Once this is done, then the remaining part is the task of preservation. 

Some scientific methods are in practice in the manuscript resource/conservation centers to preserve manuscripts, like clean them with a special chemical, fumigating them etc. 

Page 14: A Survey of manuscriptology

Each state in India has established a Government Oriental Manuscripts Library (G.O.M.L) to act as a manuscript resource center apart from having some Oriental Research Institutes (ORI). 

Pennsylvania University in the US, has taken up the digitization of these valuable documents to permanently preserve the data and to make them available to faculty/research scholars. American Oriental Society provides the scholars with travel support and hospitality, for the editing and publishing of Indian manuscript collections in the US.

Page 15: A Survey of manuscriptology

Thank you!!