a summary of the galaxy 15 incident and its impact …promoting cooperative solutions for space...
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![Page 1: A Summary of the Galaxy 15 Incident and its Impact …Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security 1 UN COPUOS Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, Feb 15, 2011 A Summary of](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041700/5e40cc835a970336f639dcba/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security
1www.swfound.org UN COPUOS Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, Feb 15, 2011
A Summary of the Galaxy 15 Incident and
its Impact on Space Sustainability
Brian Weeden
Technical Advisor
Secure World Foundation
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security
2www.swfound.org UN COPUOS Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, Feb 15, 2011
Galaxy 15
Credit: Intelsat General
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security
3www.swfound.org UN COPUOS Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, Feb 15, 2011
The malfunction
• April, 2010, Galaxy 15 stopped responding to commands and
transmitting telemetry
• Galaxy 15’s communications payload remained active and was able to
rebroadcast any C-band signals it received while drifting
– “Open microphone”
The Star-2 Satellite Bus
Credit: Orbital Sciences
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security
4www.swfound.org UN COPUOS Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, Feb 15, 2011
• All satellites in the GEO belt are pulled east or west from their
assigned orbital slots by variations in the Earth’s gravitational field
Gravitational Map generated by GRACE satellite
Credit: NASA
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security
5www.swfound.org UN COPUOS Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, Feb 15, 2011
AMC-11 mitigation maneuver
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security
6www.swfound.org UN COPUOS Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, Feb 15, 2011
Other mitigation planning
• Between May and December, 15 maneuvers were conducted by other
satellites
• Mitigation Team
– Intelsat
– SES
– SatMex
– Telsat Canada
– Orbital Sciences
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security
7www.swfound.org UN COPUOS Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, Feb 15, 2011
Weather data outage
• Galaxy 15 drifted past SES-1 satellite from 4-18 Dec, 2010
– SES-1 relays data from several US weather tracking and forecasting
satellites to US National Weather Service (NWS)
– Interference from Galaxy 15 caused a brief outage with the satellite data
feed on 6 Dec
NWS Advanced Weather Interactive Processing SystemCredit: National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security
8www.swfound.org UN COPUOS Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, Feb 15, 2011
Most Recent Events
• On 23 December, 2010, Galaxy 15’s battery finally drained and the
satellite’s command unit reset
• Shortly thereafter, Galaxy 15 started accepting commands again and
was placed in safe mode
• Galaxy 15 was maneuvered to an orbital slot at 93 W
• Intelsat is currently running a series of diagnostic tests to evaluate
whether or not the satellite can return to service
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security
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The cause of the malfunction
• Originally, space weather was suspected to have caused the
malfunction
• Electrostatic discharge was later found to have been the cause
–Full investigation and report due soon
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security
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A more realistic picture of the GEO region
Credit: Analytical Graphics Inc.
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security
11www.swfound.org UN COPUOS Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, Feb 15, 2011
Atmospheric absorption of the EM spectrum
Credit: Space Science Telescope Institute
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security
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Conclusions (1)
• On-orbit failure is just one of the potential scenarios that could cause
physical or radio frequency interference in the GEO belt
– Constant maneuvering in/out of slots
– Wide variation in station-keeping practices
• Communication and coordination between all satellite operators is
essential to minimizing the negative impacts of similar events
– Intelsat and rest of mitigation team set the example
– Potential source of operator best practices?
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security
13www.swfound.org UN COPUOS Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, Feb 15, 2011
Conclusions (2)
• Space situational awareness (SSA) is key to diagnosing problems and
resolving these types of situations
– No one actor can have the best SSA
– Some level of data sharing is required
• At some point, active debris removal will be necessary to eliminate
the debris threat in both LEO and GEO
– Initial technical analysis and feasibility being done now
– Significant legal and policy challenges need to be discussed
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Security
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Thank You.
Brian Weeden