332 Seventeenth Century Physiology and Jurs

the view for which Dr. Barker has done all that an advocate can do, and in affirming which he goes so fi~r as to state that " h e must die impenitent."

[To be continued.]

ART. X V I . - - A Specimen of ~S'eventeenth Century Physiology and Medical Jurisprudence ; being an Extract from Salmuthus' Corn-" mentary on Pancirollus. Translated by t IgNRr K~NG, A.M., M.B., Ex-Seh. T.C.D. ; Dep. Surg. Gem, Retired.

GUIDO PANCIROLIa was an Italian jurist and literary man, born at Reggio in 1523. He was a pupil of Aleiati, an eminent man, to whom reference is often made in the work from which the follow- ing pages are an extract. He taught Roman law at Turin, and subsequently at Padua, where he died in 1599. Besides several valuable works upon his own special subject, he wrote two books-- " R e r u m Memorabillum," published at Amberg, in 1599 and 1607, and in French translation, at Lyons, in 1608. The first book treats o f " arts and practices which were in use in anelent times, but now are either altogether unknown or are fallen into desuetude ;" and contains sixty-five short chapters, each devoted to one subject. The second book is entitled " N o v a Reperta; sire Rerum Memora- bilium reeens inventarum et veteribus plant ineognitarmn ;" and in twenty-five chapters handles very briefly such discoveries as the New World, sugar, clocks, the compass, Greek fire, silk, and printing.

These books were written in Italian and translated into Latin by Iteinrieh Salmuth, an advocate, of Amberga (near Nuremberg), who added notes or commentaries, which bear the same relation to the text as " the intolerable deal of sack " bore to the bread in J~'alst~aff's bill. Thus, the tenth chapter, " De Itorologiis," occupies little more than half a page, while Salmuth devotes no less than sixty-four pages to his commentary upon it. The following extract is taken from the latter, and will, I trust, be interesting, as showing what scientific men found themselves able to believe at the time when it was written. Salmuth's preface is dated Jan. 1st, 1629. I t will be seen that in discursiveness and irrelevance not even a modern extempore sermon can surpass these commentaries. In wealth of quotation and reference they remind us of Burton. His Lat ini ty is sometimes crabbed--at least I prefer to ascribe my occasional inability to understand him fully rather to his obscurity

By DR. HENRY KI~C..

than to my own ignorance of his adopted language. my possession was printed at Frankfurt in 1631 :--

333

The book in

" But also in the recognition of legitimate children, with reference to inheritance, observation of Time is of very great

Observatlo~ of T~,,~ in moment ; that the month [of gestation] in which any ~er one hath been born should be considered. Which children. matter hath been handled by the Commentators with such variance of opinion and diffuseness that you cannot easily find what to follow without hesitation. Commonly, however, I see agreement in this--that if the quest{on should be concerning the shortest period of human gestation, the seventh month is established as the limit, reckoning being made from the time of

marriage or of intercourse. For, as Paulus decided, 8e,en-month~' o~r~/~, it is now an accepted fact, on the authority of that

most learned man, Hippocrates, that perfect offspring may be born in the seventh month; and hence we must believe ' That he who is born in the seventh mouth, of a legal marriage, is a legitimate son' (l. 12 de slatu hominis), which you will rightly take to refer to lunar months, with Alciatus ~ (1. Gallus. nu. 29 ft. de liberis et posthumis); especially as Ulpianus b tells us that the same Hippocrates had written that he who is born on the 182nd day appears to be born at a lawful time (1. intestate 3 .fin. de suis et legit, hvered.), for which mode of reckoning Franciscus Vallesius ~ gives an ingenious reason; to which pertains that which Herodotus (lib. 6) hath written concern- ing Aristo, King of the Lacedammnians, when it was told him that his wife had borne a son before the completion of ten months from her marriage; that he made oath before the Ephori d that that child did not seem to be his which was not born after the legitimate number of ten months. When, afterwards, this proved hurtful to the son, King Demaratus, Demaratus, after his condemnation,

s Andrea Alciati, bern in the Milanese in 1492, died in 1550 ; taught and practised law in Milan, &c., and produced works on law and philology. Pancirolli studied under him.

b Domitianus Ulpianus, a Roman jurist, murdered in Rome by the Preetorians, A.D. 228. He was one of the five great lawyerB who, Theodosius II . declared, should be consulted before all others.

e A Spanish physician of the 16th century, private medical attendant of Philip II . , who left many valuable works on medicine.

a Aristo was married twice, without issue. While the second wife was still living he obtained, by loan or otherwise, the wife of his friend Agetus, who bere a son before the tenth month, The news was brought to Aristo while he was sitting in judgment

334 Seventeenth Century Physiology and Jurisprudence.

appealed to his Mother under oath and imprecations to say whether he was the son of his father Aristo ? and the Mother answered that Aristo had done foolishly, for that Women do not always bring forth in the tenth month, but both in the ninth and in the seventh ; that he assuredly was born in the seventh month, but begotten by the god and hero Astrobacus, by whom she had been debauched through craft and false appearance--most familiar subterfuge with the women of olden lime! as saith Petrus z~Erodius (lib. 2, Rerum judicatarum, Tit. 4, cap. 1). :But, how great is the force and

power of the number Seven, BodinusS learnedly ex- t'ower o.f t~s plains in his Methodus historica, cap. 6, fol. 238, number seven.

where he teaches that Seven was called the sacred number by the Hebrews. And this meant they, saith he, that the affairs of men do not happen confusedly or fortuitously, as the Epicureans assert; nor by inviolable fate, as the Stoics; but by divine foresight, which, although it hath bound together all things in admirable order, movement, number, harmony, figure, nevertheless sometimes ehangeth them at its will and pleasure, as Isaias writes of Ezeehia, to whom, at his entreaty, God granted prolongation of life, and foreshowed that the sun would retrograde; sometimes, indeed, He is said, in Holy Scripture, to hasten on time for the punishment of crimes, or through compas- sion, as Paulus writes, concerning the Oracle of Helias, that men

may understand that God is bound by no numbers nor God ~ti.g i. by any necessity, but is free from the laws of nature, all freedom.

not by decree of senate or people, but by His own. For, inasmuch as He Himself ordered the laws of nature and holds His authority from no other than Himself, it is fitting that He,

with the EphoH. He counted the months on his fingers, and remarked that the child was none of his. No importance was attached to this obiter dictum, and he himself forgot his doubts, and became fond of the bey, calling him Demaratus, the Desired of the People. Demaratus succeeded to the throne, but did not get on with his co-king Cleomenes, who revived the old slander, contested his legitimacy, bought a decision against him from the Delphic oracle, and finally expelled him. Demaratus then appealed to his mother. He had misgivings that a certain ass-feeder was his father, and his mind must have been much relieved to find, on the highest authority, that he was a more respectable kind of bastard than he had feared to be.

�9 Bodin was a magistrate and author, bern at Angers, in 1530. His Methodus ad facil~m histtrriarum cognitiontra is very unmethodical and unreliable. He attributes the governments, the arts, and the religions of peoples to the climate. In his Demonomanle, or Traltd des ~orcicrs, he says he knows a man (probably himself) who had, like Socrates, a familiar demon, who had a way of touching his right ear if he did well, his left if ill. He wasj however, the father of political science in France, and, ff we except Machiavelli, even in Europe.

By DR. HENRY KING. 335

freed from His own laws, should decree concerning the same things differently at different times, &c.

"Plinius (lib. 7, cap. 5) denies that a foetus born before the seventh month is ever viable; although Renatus ChoppinusJ an advocate of the parliament of Paris, asserts that, by a Paris decree, a father

was declared to be heir of his son born in the fifth Fi~-,,o,th; month (the mother's belly having been cut open), and birth.

seen to have breathed (libr. 3, de privileg, rusticor. cap. 8). F o r it sufficed to the father, for succeeding to this inheritance, that he who had been cut out had been born breathing (l. 9uod dicitur. 12 ft. de liber, et posth.), and so had wholly entered the world alive, and even for a moment had survived his mother, although immediately after he fell upon the ground, or in the midwife's hands, he might have died (arg. l. quod ce~'tatum. 3, in

f in C. de posth, hcered, instit.); in which place Jus- ram,go,,t~ tinianus, in those words, 'fell upon the ground,' g~o~,d, undoubtedly alluded to that primitive custom by which the child, as soon as it had been taken away by the midwife, was placed upon the ground, that it might be duly dedicated, as is seen

in Varro, lib. ii, de vitd pop. Rom.: which placing of r u aoad~ss th'e child upon the ground was sacred to the goddess 8tatina.

Statina, as presiding over childhood, as is inferred from that passage of Tertullian's De Animd, ' Since, also, the frs t placing of the child upon the earth is sacred, statim Aedece.' For that, instead of those latter words, should be read Statince Dece, Cujacius b rightly advises (lib. ii., Observ. e. 30). Moreover the father was accustomed to raise and take to his bosom the infant so placed or laid upon the ground. Thus, Papinius, in his lament for his 8 0 n - -

meus iUe meus, tenure cadentem Excepi, et vinctum geniali carmine fovl.

And Johannes Bernartiu8 confirms the same by very many authori- ties (ad lib. 1, Thebaid. Statii) : ' But as the Romans were wont to place newly-born infants on the ground, so we read that the Lacc- I.f~.~ d~emonians hardened the bodies of their children to the ~oshed ~t~ endurance of heat and cold bycold water, which they used cota ,oar. to call the Laceda, monian unguent.' Whence Virgilius--

Durum a stirpe genus, natos ad flumina primum Deferimus, s~voque gelu duramus et undis.

Rdnd Choppin, a French jurist, 1537-1606. b Jacques CujM, founder of the modem study of law ; born in Toulouse, 1522 ; died

in 1590.

336 Seventeentl, Century Phl/sioloyy and Ju~qsprudenee.

Which Seneca, too, confirms, when in his Suasoria he says that the river Eurotas, which flows round Sparta, hardens boyhood to the endurance of future warfare. The Germans also were used to plunge their new-born sons into the Rhine, but to this end, that they might thus put to proof the chastity of the mother. For such was affirmed to be the nature of the Rhine that it would carry up against the stream, unhurt, into the mother's trembling hands, lawful offsprlng--a witness, as it were, to her unstained chastity; but, as a righteous punisher of adultery, would swallow up the issue of illicit love. Hence, Claudianus (lib. 2, in Ruf inum):- -

Inde truces flavo eomltantur vertiee Galli, Quos Rhodanus velox, Araris quos tardior ambit, E t quos nascentes explorat gurgite Rhemm.

To which refers that line of Gregorius iNTazianzenus-- 't~s vdeov ~b~r~1,ou "P~vou Kp,e~ra p~epo~.

' doomed spurious by the streams of noble Rhine.' And that belief in its divinity led, peradventure, to giving a religious meaning to its name also; so that it should be called Rhenus, not from the brightness of its pure and limpid water, but from the unstained purity os the marriage bed, concerning which the judgment lay with it. For which cause it is called in two places, by Nonnius, in the Dionysiaes, 'P~ub~ ~'fl~p, a word purely and simply German, as though you should say--jealous, or burning with jealous zeal--for so meaneth eyver with us Germans (Hadrianus Julius, in his Batavia, cap. 8). Although Galenus (lib. i., Salubria) severely

rebukes the Germans and Celts, on account os that Galenus inveighaa Custom, so far that he excludes them from his precepts ,,gai,,st t/~e upon the healthy way of living, in harsh, not to say (;~m~,~. abusive, language : - - 'Among the Germans,' saith he, ' I shouhl not even belicve that infants are reared at all, seeing that they carry down to the freezing river their newly- born little babes, even while just failing from the womb. But,' he goeth on to say, 'we blame not Germans, or other rustic or barbarous men, any more than bears, boars, lions, or other brutes of that kind; but Greeks, and those who, although they be barbarous in race, yet emulate the manners of the Greeks.' Yet Who,~Lanaius Johannes Langius ~ splendidly defends the Germans; defendeth, opining that Galenus, by these words, was attacking

" Jean Lange, a German physician, 1485-1565; studied medicine at Bologna, whence he went to Piss, settling ultimately at Heidelberg. His works are said to be worth reading, even at the present day, for their enlightened views on some medical questions.

By Ds. Hs KING. 337

only that barbarous practice which I have told of, in the bringing up of their children : - - W h o m the same Langius (in the preface to his Epistolc~ Med@inales) describes, as in other respects, either superior, or at least not unequal, to the Greeks, in the fortitude of their manly spirit, and second to no nations in brilliant endowments of intellect for the acquisition of Barbarous wholesome learning. However, the practice is far more c,.to~ of tolerable than that barbarous and inhuman custom of t~Huns, the Huns, whose mothers, as Jornandis t affirms, in his book, Revum G~ticarum, were wont to cut with a knife the cheeks of their male infants, while still at the breast, and to punish them cruelly when they squalled, that they might learn, even in the cradle, to bear wounds, and might be destitute of" outward beauty in their youth, and grow old beardless; readiest to mount the steed and hurl the javelin; active and stern; of coun- tenance dark and fierce; of aspect harsh ; horrible of voice; and with face purposely disfigured, so that thou mighteat suppose them an air-born brood of Demons.

" But as regards the time of bringing forth, Ft. Valesius writes, in his remarkable work, De sacvd Philosophi/t, c. 18, that, not long before, a girl had been born, undoubtedly in the fifth month, who was then alive, more than twelve years old, whose slenderness and tenuity, greater than was usual in women, would have shown that belief in the story of her birth was well founded; besides, that it was established by the witness of many dwellers in the house and by no unmanit~st proofs. So that in the variations of physical things scarce anything at all is absolutely impossible or inevitable! But perchance there is danger, lest if that possibility should be admitted in all circumstances, contrary to the ordinary laws of nature, a viable offspring might be obtruded, even in the third month after marriage. I t is certain that that Greek versicle

was commonly tossed against Augustus--vo~ eb~'vXOfio-t Th.et~mmths' offstwlny, tta~ ~'ptpClva 7ra~ta, the ~qch have even three-months'

children. For although the Pontifiees, being consulted by Augustus, whether Livia Drusilla (whom, as Suetonlus writes, Augustus took away from marriage with Tiberius Nero, even, indeed, when she was pregnant, b and loved her, and approved her,

�9 Jornandbs, or Jordan's , wa~ a Gothic hiJtorian, of the middle of the sixth century. He compiled s work, De Oetaru~ ti~t Gothorum Ortglne tt Rebut gettls ; chiefly extrscted from Cassiodorus' Hktory of the Goth~ now lost.

b SiX months.

338 ,Seventeenth Century Physiology and ,]urlsl~,udenee.

to the exelusion of all other, and with constancy) might lawfully be wedded to himself, she having conceived, but not yet given birth to an offspring? had replied ' That she might, of course, it being admitted that she was already pregnant by her first husband; otherwise, if that fact were doubtful, that she might not.' :Never- theless, it was likely that he who so hurried on Livia's second marriage had tasted somewhat of her, even while her first husband was alive. :Nor is that unknown, which is current everywhere, in the proverbial story about the Cradle-buyer, who, when he had

married a wife who produced a fine little baby in the T~ C~ad~- second or third month after the wedding, bought up five

or six cradles, in provision for so many infants in the year, should, perchance, his wife thus go on producing every two or three months (Boetius, a Ep. ad l Gallus. in prise, ft. de liber, et posthum. nu. 83). But, perhaps, what Ferdinandus Mona writes in his Commentaries on Hippocrates' work, de septimestri partu, concerning

seven-months' children, deserves more credit--that viable children had been born in Spain in the fifth month.

" W h a t opinion, then, shall we give concerning the Eight-months' eighth month ? Although Gellius states that it is an c~ildrtn,

accepted truth that. human offspring is never born in the eighth month, yet afterwards he himself adds that it had been carefully and anxiously inquired at Rome--a matter of no trilling importance demanding it---whether an infant put forth from the womb in the eighth month and straightway dying had completed the jus trium liberorum2 :For to some the unreasonableness of the eighth month seemed to imply an abortion, not a birth. And if a child might occasionally be born in the eighth month, yet it was not viable, on account of the incongruity and disconnection of the months and constellations, as say the Mathematici; and therefore that the birth is imperfect. :For the odd number corresponded to the male, the even to the tbmale, as the Pythagoreans thought, and consequently, inasmuch as the seed is compacted and agglutinated from man and wife, a

�9 This celebrated philosopher and statesman flourished between 470 and 526. He fell into disfavour with the emperor Theodoric, had his property confiscated, w a s

thrown into prison, and finally put to death. b Those who had, in Rome three, in I taly four, or in the Provinces five, children,

enjoyed certain privileges under the provisions of the Lex Pavia Po'/r/~a, which ordered, also, tha t the candidate with more should be preferred to one with fewer children. The law was pa~sed A.D. 9, amending and impplementing Augustu~ L ~ Ju / / a de Marltandis Ordlnlbus, which came into operation B.c. 13.

By DR. ]-I~:NRY KING. 339

perfect animal could be Formed only when the months of each were fulfilled." :Further, that the ancient Romans had not acknowledged these almost monstrous exceptions, nor supposed that any 7dvr occurred in the course of nature other than in the ninth or tenth

month. Hence, to the Parc~e, whom they named, from P, rc~. partus, they had given the title 'Nonm' or Dectmae, not ' Octav~e.' I f sometimes it should fall out otherwise, yet that laws arc adapted to circumstances which generally, not which rarely, happen. Finally, that to some extent adultery and inheritance--hunting be encouraged in women if all months are so readily made lawful to them. On the opposite side, others asserted that it was a grave matter if it should profit a mother not at all to have borne offspring chastely and lawfully. In a doubtful case the presumption should be in favour of marriage ; otherwise harmonious unions would be dis- solved if mere reckoning of months should make a birth legitimate or illegitimate. When it was granted that a child born in the seventh month was legitimate, why shonld not one which was

further advanced by another month be so esteemed? , v o ~ The Naxian women were elted, who all were delivered W O f / ~ / i .

in the eighth month; and the same was common in :Egypt. :Now, too, in Italy, such births were viable, contrary to the opinion of the ancients. So, also, Ccesonia, wife of the prince Caius, was born of her mother, Vestilia, in the eighth month. That at the present day it sufficeth for a son to benefit his mother that she should once have given birth to him alive, so that he could be called a son, even though he should have died immediately after birth; that, therefore, it made no difference how long or how short a time he might be able to live, whether he were born in a more lucky or more unlucky month. And ahhough Gellius doth not determine this question, yet it is highly probable that here, too, the view which Hippocrates held doubtfully but Aristoteles positively was victorious (which C~ecilius the poet, and 51. Varro and Polybius aml Diocles the empirics adopted, as Plutarchus affirms), to wit, that a perfect, though rather weakly, offspring may be born in the eighth month; and, therefore, that it had fulfilled the jus trium liberorum; as 1 ). 2~rodius has recorded in his lib. 2 tlerum Judicatarum, tit. 4, cap. 2, out of Gellius perhaps, lib. 3, Noct. Atticarum, cap. 16, and Plinius, lib. 7, Naturalis ltis- torice, cap. 5, to which should be added what the Jesuit Martinus

The meaning appears to be that as eight cannot be made up of an odd and an even number, the sexes cannot be represented in an eight months' fqctus.

340 Seventeenth Century Phltsiology and Jurisprudence.

del Rio has written (lib. 1, disq. Magicarum, cap. 4, q. 7, lit. B), concerning eight-months' children, why they should be very rarely viable. But as to what we said above of the l~laxian women, that rests on the authority of Aselepias, who eloquently writes that they produce 5Xr6l~iva--that is, eight-months' offspring, either by the gift of Juno, who bestowed that favour on the island on account of her goodwill to Dionysus, or because Bacchus himself was born in that period. For on this account Naxos was ealled the Dionysian, although Plinius be pleased to think that it was so called rather rou,t~in from the fertility of its vineyards (lib. 4, cap. 12), ~,~o/~s~th since even a fountain therein is said to flow with '~/~" wine exceeding sweet (Coel. Ludov. Rhodig." lib. 22, Lection Antiq., cap. 13), with such faith, no doubt, as that where- a ,~v~,oj" with Diodorus Sieulus writes that from a very dense az~.. wood, on a peak of" the Pyrenees, soaring above the limits of the very clouds, and almost within heating of the counsels of the gods (and from this wood the hill is named), streamlets of pure and molten silver flowed in every direction, which story Athen~eus (lib. 6, Dipnosoph, cap. 4) told also, of those mountains which formerly were called Riphcei, afterwards Obii, but now the Alps in Gallia, from which, when a forest therein spontaneously caught fire, streams of silver flowed freely through the land; from which source the Phoenicians, when they were sailing to Tartessus in Hispania, without any trade acquired so much silver that they were obliged, lest their ships should founder, to make anchors of silver: if that be true which Stephanus Foreatulus hath boasted concerning the wealth of his native Gallia in his book On the Empire and Philosophy of the Galli.

":Nor, methinks, should it here be concealed that those untimely births are called by Festus ezterricinei, as if the mother in terror had expelled them from her womb. The

Greeks call them r as it were missing the right month. So Ca~lius Rhodiginus (lib. 2, Antiq. lection., cap. 13) elegantly calls those women .Epitoea whose time for delivery is close at hand. So those, not whose head but whose feet had been first protruded

on being born (which labour is esteemed most difficult ,4g,@p~. and severest), were called Agrippce, a word compounded

�9 Lodovico Ricchieri, born at Rovigo (Rhod/q/um), about 1450, an I tal ian philolo- gist. He left 16 books, Antiffua~m Le.ationum, ranging over every branch of human knowledge, but chiefly occupied with philological discussions on e x t r a ~ from Ancient writers.

By D ~ HENRY KIN6. 341

of ~egritudo and pes, or else derived from the difficult birth, as you would say wgre-partl , as Plinius thought (lib. 7, cap. 8). For children in the womb, saith Varro, rest with head lowest, feet raised up; not as is the nature of man, but as is that of a tree; for the branches he calls the feet and legs of a tree, the root and stem the head. When, therefore, saith he, it happens that, contrary to nature, children are turned upon their feet, with arms widely spread, they are wont to be retained in the womb, and then women bring forth with more difficulty. For, in deprecation

of this peril two altars were built at Rome to the two Postverta.

Carment~e, of the which one was named Postverta, the other Prosa, from the meaning and name of both

Pro#Q. direct and abnormal birth (Gellius, lib. 16, Noct.

Atticce, cap. 16; Ccelius Rhodiginus, lib. 15, Antiq. Leer, cap. 22). Such and so great, then, being the peril of childbirth, so that Leo (Novella, 17) says that death stands before the doors of women in labour; and Justinianus (in w S~d ~ws Instlt. de SC. Tertull.) mourns that death from this cause often comes even upon matrons (who on this account are said to labour hard--Novella, 156, cap. 1), deservedly shall the Illyrian women be called happy, whose labour, Varro testifieth, is exceeding easy (lib. 2 de Re rusticd, cap.

10). For in this Illyrium, saith he, the pregnant woman lu~ ,~ ~ e often, when the time to bring forth has come, departs ~aat//abora.

to no great distance from her work, and there having been delivered, brings her offspring back, which you would suppose she had rather found than brought forth. So the women of the lnai~n,~m~. Canarese, in India, aided by no midwife, even alone,

produce their infants. Thus (saith Johannes k Lins- choten in his Navigationes, cap. 39), when I was once walking through the villages of the Canarese, and desiring to drink, with excessive burning thirst, a woman appeared, alone in her house, who had a linen cloth wound round her body, while at her feet stood a wooden bowl filled with water, and in it she, just delivered, was washing her babe, which then, placed on leaves of the banyan, she laid upon the ground, begging of me that I should wait and she would bring me water fit to drink. But when I thought of the pollution of so recent a delivery, my greediness for a drink departed until another house should appear. Afterwards the same woman was seen by us running hither and thither around her little dwelling, free from all pain, and untroubled by her late delivery. To whom you might not inappropriately add the parent

342 Secenteenth Century Pl~yslol2gy and Jurisprudence.

The Mothe, Of Apollonius of Tyana, who, overcome with sleep in a ofapotlon~, flowery mead, amid a concert of surrounding swans, and under the breath of Favonius, on awaking gave birth to a son without obstetric aid, who, when he became a man, so excelled in philosophy or magic that by some he was worshipped as a god, and his shrine, established under the name of Herculus Alexicacus,

was honoured by the Ephesians, if what Philostratus ~ Philostratm.

has written about him be true, who, in other matters, is the greatest llar of all who have written history, in the opinion of Ccelius Rhodiginus (~ib. 17, Antiq. leer., cap. 13). Encmi,,~ of Apollonius of Tyana, however, is esteemed by Cassio- apotl~i~ dorus an illustrious philosopher, while Suidas (in his ofr~a,~. "lZyaneus) de~erlbes him as a wise man of widespread renown and authority, a veteran Philosopher, learned in all things, himself also adored as a God. Whom Hierocles the Stoic impudently dared to place on a level with Christ; against whom Eusebius published a book, which see; and in an ancient

inscription at Rome he is called a prophet, as Savaro b A pollonius. notes (ad Sidon. Apollinaris, Ep. 3, lib. 8). More- over, Apollonius flourished under Nerva, as Grecian records testify; in whose praise also I see it written that in his years of youth he so restrained and crushed incentives to venereal pleasures and the titillations therefrom stinging and twitching, that most remarkable chastity was recognised in him, from which he never swerved or departed. But Damis also affirms that Apollonius, by virtue of a ring given him by Jarchas, chief of the wise men of India, exhibited the brightness of Youth, although he had already passed his hundredth year. Nor was the Platonic Olympiodorus ashamed to write that Apollonius of Tyana, by the strength and power of his senses, had seen, as in a bright mirror, while he was living in the City, what was going on K~o~,/~q ~ in Egypt. There are some who say that he knew the l~,~,,~ge of language of animals, Porphyrius especially writing (lib. bi~ds, de Sacrifieiis, 3) that he, being in a company of his friends, when he heard a swallow tell the other swallows that a laden ass had fallen near the city, and that wheat was scattered on the ground, declared what he had heard, and that the t~act

�9 The author thus unflatterlngly described was a sophist of the second century, born at Lemnos. His principal work was the Life of Apolloniu~ of Tyana, which is said to be rather a philosophical romance than true biography.

b Jean Savaron, a French historian, of Clermont, 1550-1622. He edited 81donium Apolliuarlr

By DR. HENRY KING. 343

was found so to be; though Philostratus has related that it was not a swallow hut a little Sparrow. Ennapius, however, agrees with Philostratus, and this version is thought to be more probable, for a Swallow does not feed on corn. Plinius (lib. 10, cap. 49) clearly asserts that Democritus wrote that some Birds have a fixed language, and that from the mingled bl0od of these birds a serpent springeth, which whosoever eateth will inter- pret the tongues and colloquies of birds; which, however, does not seem likely to Gellius, who thinks ' That many inventions of this kind have been given out in the name of Democritus by ill-informed men, using his celebrity and authority as a shelter' (lib. 10, Noct. Art . , cap. 12). Nor are men wanting who think that that figment of Apollonius' understanding the chattering of birds is like the stories which the ancients told of Tiresias and Melampus. But these things are incredible, saith Martinus del Rio the Jesuit. For since beasts want reason they cannot use discourse: which, however, is needi'ul for the intentional use of speech--speech, I say, expressive of things or events (lib. 2, disqui. Magic., q. 19, fol . 168); in

which place also he examines this question : whether the Whether anima:s of the lower animals of the same species understand each other ? same ~ind And as to the corporal actions and motions of beasts, understand daily experience gives us an affirmative answer. As each other

regards other things, too, Porphyrius hath opined and striven to prove that birds have understanding of the voice and song of their own kind of birds, and that they can indicate to others what may have been suited to themselves. The same opined Plato, and Oppianus discoursing on Elephants ; because if an Elephant should have fallen into a slough and cried out, his fellow, perceiving it, goes away and comes back bringing a herd of elephants to aid by their common efforts the sunken one. The Lybian Surplus [-? ] may be an example, which, when he had not strength by himself to beat a man, returns with several others, and with them, joined in a ring, attacks the man. So, too, the fish is an example which hath escaped from a broken net, and tells others of the peril, whence it happens that on that day no fishes of that kind are to be seen; on which see Pctrus Gregorius, lib. 15, de Rep. c. 5.

(To br ~u&d.)