e4 Abstracts / Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 10 (2014) e1–e64

Analytic Plan: Descriptive statistics will be used to

describe findings regarding how often medication non-

adherence is detected at the pharmacy, and what and

how often MASA are performed.

Results: Pending study completion.

Conclusions: We expect there to be significant variability

of MASA across Boston- area pharmacies suggesting

need for interventions to improve consistent and

adequate implementation of MASA in pharmacies.

A Role for Private Sector Pharmacies in Public Health:Referring Tuberculosis Symptomatic Patients forDiagnosis in CambodiaC.A. Bell1, K. Pichenda2, J. Ilomaki3, G.J. Duncan4, B.

Saini1, 1Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney,

Sydney, Australia, 2National Center for Tuberculosis and

Leprosy Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 3Sansom

Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences,

University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia,4Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences,

Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

The World Health Organization designates Cambodia as

having high tuberculosis burden. In 2005 the National

Tuberculosis Program engaged with private sector

pharmacies in a public/private mix intervention to refer

symptomatic patients to public sector clinics for diag-

nosis and treatment. The objective of this study was to

investigate the characteristics and practices of private

sector pharmacies associated with referral of tubercu-

losis symptomatic patients in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Method: A cross-sectional survey of a stratified random

sample of 171 trained pharmacy staff, selected from a list

of 380 pharmacies providing referral services in Phnom

Penh, was conducted in November 2012. Trained in-

terviewers administered survey questionnaires in the

Khmer language at pharmacy premises in the four

health districts of Phnom Penh. Binomial logistic

regression was used to compute odds ratios (ORs) and

95% confidence intervals (CIs) for factors associated

with referral of one or more tuberculosis symptomatic

patients in the previous quarter. Ethics approval was

obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee

at the University of Sydney and the National Ethics

Committee for Health Research Cambodia.

Results: In total, 30% (n¼50) pharmacies referred patients

to public services during the previous quarter. Program

participation for at least six years (OR 5.23, 95% CI 1.93-

14.18) and willingness to continue referral services (OR

12.24, 95%CI 1.61-93.10) were significantly associated

with referral. Pharmacies which only sometimes referred

patients to their closest clinic were less likely to refer

compared to those who always referred patients to their

closest clinic (OR 0.45, 95%CI 0.21-0.99).

Conclusion: Long-standing participation and willingness

to continue providing referral services were significantly

associated with referral of symptomatic patients to

public sector clinics in the previous quarter. Designing

strategies to promote referral among non-referring

pharmacies and maintaining the commitment and will-

ingness of referring pharmacies may assist in sustaining

and improving referral rates in the future.

A snapshot of pharmacy practice and social pharmacyresearch– where is it now and where is it going?A.B. Almarsdottir1,2, J.M. Traulsen3, S. Kaae3, 1Institute

of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark,

Odense, 2Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University

of Iceland, Reykjavık, 3Department of Pharmacy, Faculty

of Health and Medical Sciences, University of

Copenhagen

Pharmacy practice and social pharmacy are two impor-

tant research areas. As the disciplines have undergone

and are still undergoing a changed environment, it is

useful to reflect on the current state of the art as the basis

for discussing further development and to place phar-

macy practice and social pharmacy research within the

context of research in pharmaceutical sciences.

Methods: The two research areas were defined and

compared to related research fields. Then, current con-

tent domains found in the field were categorized using

the tables of contents in the two latest issues (as of April

15, 2011) of five well known international peer-reviewed

journals within these fields. A full review of the contents

of the papers is beyond the scope of this paper and it

does not present a systematic review or content analysis.

However, it can be viewed as a “snapshot” which is

informative and useful for further work.

Results: There are differences in terminology within this

research field and variations across regions. When

reviewing the titles of peer-reviewed articles published

internationally, five domains were found to dominate the

titles of research papers: 1) the pharmacy profession, 2)

interventions by pharmacists or in pharmacies, 3) the

medicine itself, 4) the users of medicines and pharmacy

services, and 5) pharmaceutical policy analysis.

Conclusions: The five domain model needs validation in

a systematic content analysis. Furthermore, it is impor-

tant to follow trends in the types of studies conducted,

and to map the collaboration and cross-disciplinary

research focus. With analogy in nursing research this

research would benefit from studies of the published

outputs in an effort to put down markers of quality and

quantity internationally.

A Study Evaluating Leadership Skills among PharmacyStudents at Universiti Sains MalaysiaF. Saleem1, M.A. Hassali1, H. Aljadhey2, A.H. Khan1,

F.U.D. Ahmad1, 1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,

Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia, 2College of

Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

To evaluate leadership skills among pharmacy under-

graduates enrolled at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,

Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM).