a short review on significance of nanotechnology in …

Sawant et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 9, 2020.

2552

A SHORT REVIEW ON SIGNIFICANCE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN

HERBAL MEDICINE

Nilam N. Sawant1*, Tejashri R. Lokhande

2, Puja S. Kure

2 and Priyanka M. Panchal

2

1Department of Pharmaceutics at School of Pharmacy, Swami Ramanand Tirth Marathwada

University, Nanded, Maharashtra, India.

2Department of Quality Assurance at School of Pharmacy, Swami Ramanand Tirth

Marathwada University, Nanded, Maharashtra, India.

ABSTRACT

Traditionally used medicine system such as Ayurveda mainly contains

herbal ingredients. This compounds are highly potent and have less

side effects compared to other systems. Herbal drugs not only cure

disease but also works on cause of disease. This medicines found to be

very effective on diseases like cancer, diabetes and heart diseases. But,

these compounds have limitations in their use because of their

solubility, stability and bioavailability issues. Recently, emerging and

widely used nanomedicine drug delivery system have potency to

overcome many of this problems. Momordica charantia consisting

antidiabetic principles has been nanoformulated which significantly

inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes. Cuscuta chinese

nanosuspension used for cancer therapy and as a hepatoprotective.

Various methods being used for preparation of nanoparticles are high pressure

homogenization, complex cocervation, salting out method etc., For delivery of drugs many

NDDS delivery approaches like quantum dots, Dendrimers, Carbon tubes are used.

KEYWORDS: Herbal medicines, Nanotechnology, gold nanoparticles, quantum dot,

Bioavailability, Pharmaceutical application.

INTRODUCTION

Herbal medicines and natural products are being used from ancient time to cure many

diseases. Herbs has very good properties of curing even life threatening diseases like cancer,

*Corresponding Author

Nilam N. Sawant

Department of

Pharmaceutics at School of

Pharmacy, Swami

Ramanand Tirth

Marathwada University,

Nanded, Maharashtra, India.

Article Received on

20 July 2020,

Revised on 09 August 2020,

Accepted on 31 Sept. 2020

DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20209-17261

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SJIF Impact Factor 7.632

Volume 9, Issue 9, 2552-2568 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357



2553

diabetes and neurological disorders. The limited use of herbal medicines can be because of its

low bioavailability, less solubility and repeated administration. Herbs contains lots of active

ingredient in it like allopathic medicine that works simultaneously. Phytoconstituents needs a

scientific approach to deliver component in novel dosage form. (S.H. Ansari, 2012).

In second half of twentieth century herbal medicines were largely replaced by the allopathic

medicine. In developed countries allopathic medicines are widely used than traditional

medicines. Most developing countries uses herbal medicines alternative to allopathic drugs

because they are inexpensive. According to research published by WHO (World Health

Organization) 80% people from developing countries depends on traditional medicine for

their basic health needs. But, currently people come to know about side effect of allopathic

medicine and health benefits of herbal medicine.(Bruna Vidal Bonifacio, 2014)

Use of nanotechnology based drug delivery system may overcome many disadvantages like

insolubility, low bioavailability, instability, non-compliance etc. This also helps to increase

therapeutic value by reducing toxicity of compound. Novel drug delivery approaches like

microemulsion, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), polymeric nanoparticles, liquid crystal

(LC), are promised to break these barriers. These strategies can be used efficiently by

changing physical nature of drug to increase its bioavailability. NDDS not only enhances

systematic bioavailability but also reintroduce other constituent that were discarded because

they were not beneficial in formulation.(Ganesh G. Tapadiya, 2017)

The word „nano‟ refers to the one thousand millionth of a meter (10−9 m). This word is

related to nanoscience and nanotechnology in which Nanoscience is the study of structure

and molecule of the compound ranging between 1 to 100 nm, and the technology used e.g.

devices, is called nanotechnology. Substances on this scale built new properties and behavior

in them. This is because particles which are smaller than the characteristic length often

display a new chemistry and physics leading to new behavior. (Pandey, 2013 )

HISTORY

Humans started use of nanotechnology from the fourth century, by the Roman‟s which is

most fascinating example of nanotechnology in ancient world. The prefix „nano‟ in Greek

language means „dwarf‟ or very small in size. The word nanomedicine was first introduced

by Robert A. Freitas in his book „Nanomedicine‟ in year 1999 and from then it has been used

in technical literatures. The possible use of nanobots and assemblers in medicine was first



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described by K. Eric Drexler, Chris Peterson and Gayle Pergamit in their book „Unbounding

the Future fields‟. In the beginning of 21st century, there was an increased interest in the

nanoscience and nanotechnology. In herbal medicine nanomicellar system, nanotubes, and

colloidal nanogels have been developed for curcumin to be used alone or in combination with

other drug.(Krukemeyer MG, 2015).

IMPORTANCE IN FORMULATION INDUSTRY

Nanotechnology based drug delivery system provides potential over other drug delivery

systems for the development of modified release dosage form and the formulation of new

drug delivery system which are not possible before due to several aspects related to the active

constituents.(Bruna Vidal Banifacio, 2014).

CHARACTERSTICS OF NANOPARTICLES THAT INFLUENCE THE

SUCCESSFUL DELIVERY OF HRERBAL DRUG

Due to small particle size nanoparticles possess high surface area to volume ratio which

works as a driving force for diffusion of particles mainly at elevated temperature.

Formulation of stable suspension can be practicable, because smaller size of suspended

particles decreases density difference between solvent and solid particles.

Nanoparticles often possess unexpected optical properties as they are small enough to

confine their electrons and produce quantum effects. For example, gold nanoparticles

appear deep red to black in solution.

Amphiphilic nanoparticles are termed as „Janus particles‟ and they stabilize emulsion by

forming boundary at oil-water interface.

The photocatalytic activity of nanoparticle may lead to self-destruction of whole system.

So it is important to check this character before formulation of nanoparticles with

polymer matrix.(Vani Mamillapalli, 2016).



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Figure 1: transport of nanoparticles through skin (Vani Mamillapalli, 2016)

NEED OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN HERBAL FORMULATIONS

Nanotechnology for herbal medicines was selected to overcome the drawbacks of the

traditional herbal drugs because of the following reasons.

Nano-sized delivery system was selected because they appear to be able to deliver high

concentration of drug to disease sites because of their unique size and high loading

capacities.(S.H. Ansari, 2012).

Small particle size can enhances entire surface area of the drug allocating quicker

dissolution in the blood. (Deepak Yadav, 2011).

Nanoparticles can be used to target herbal medicine to individual organs which improves

the selectivity, drug delivery, effectiveness (Nadda Muhamad, 2018)and increases patient

compliance (Anupam Kumar Sachan, 2015, pp. 961-970).

Herbal remedies were selected as drug candidate for nanotechnology because many

effective molecules soluble in chloroform, petroleum ether, acetone and methanol are not

suitable for delivery as such.(Ganesh G. Tapadiya, 2017).

Exhibit passive targeting to the disease site of action without the addition of any

particular ligand (Mehrdad Namdaria, 2017).

Nano-sized drug delivery system provides control and sustained release from the drug

both during the transportation and at the site of action and it also increases the

intercellular concentration of drug either by enhanced permeability and retention

effect(Samer Bayda, 2020)The concentration at the site seems to persist for the longer

periods. (Deepak Yadav, 2011).

Nano-sized drug delivery system for herbal drugs can potentially enhance biological

activity and bioavailability(Sandeep Singh Bhadoriya, 2011) and defecating several

problems related to herbal drugs.(Vani Mamillapalli, 2016).



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TECHNIQUES USED FOR PREPARATION OF NANOPARTICLES

1) High pressure homogenization method

This method generally involves pushing of lipid with the help of high pressure up to 100-

2000 bar by using very high shear stress. Due to disruption of particles, it results in particles

of nanometer or sub micrometer range.(S.H. Ansari, 2012)

Figure 2: high-pressure homogenization method (Vani Mamillapalli1, 2016).

It is the most useful technique for production of nano saturated lipid carrier, lipid drug

conjugate, solid lipid nanoparticles and parenteral emulsion. (Vani Mamillapalli1, 2016).

2) Salting out method

This method generally involves reduction of solubility of nonelectrolyte due to addition of an

electrolyte in water (Vani Mamillapalli1, 2016)

Figure 3: Salting-out method(Vani Mamillapalli1, 2016)



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3) complex coacervation method

This method generally based on principle of phase separation of liquid phase within colloidal

system on mixing with oppositely charged polyelectrolyte in aqueous solution interaction

occurs. (S.H. Ansari, 2012).

4) co-precipitation method

It involves alterations of complex coacervation method for making nanoscale core shell

particles. It gives good dispersion stability for drugs which are poorly soluble in water. (S.H.

Ansari, 2012).

5) solvent emulsification/diffusion method

This method involves preparation of o/w emulsion by the help of oil phase having a polymer

and these oil phase is in organic solvent with aqueous phase having stabilizer in it, by using

high shear mixer. Then water is added which leads to dispersing of organic solvent and thus

thereby formation of nanoparticles. (Vani Mamillapalli, 2016).

Figure 4: Schematic representation of the emulsion/solvent diffusion technique.

(NAGAVARMA B V N, 2012)

6) supercritical fluid method

These method is used for solvent preparation of nanoparticles. (Lekshmi N. G., 2018). It

involves.

i. Rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS)

In these method a solution of solute in supercritical fluid is expanded through orifice in

ambient air and due to decrease of pressure super saturation occurs and it will result in

formation of homogenous nucleation. It involves formation of both nanometers and

micrometer size particles.(NAGAVARMA B V N, 2012)



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Figure 5: Experimental set-up for the rapid expansion of supercritical fluid solution into

Liquid solvent process(NAGAVARMA B V N, 2012).

ii. precipitation with compressed antisolvent process (PCA)-

This method involves spraying of solution in chamber which is filled with compressed

CO2and due to evaporation of solvent there is formation of fine crystal. (Lekshmi N. G.,

2018).

iii. Supercritical antisolvent process

This method uses solvent that is soluble in supercritical fluid but drug used is insoluble in

solvent. After transferring drug solution to SCF their removal of solvent by Supercritical fluid

and it will lead to formulation of fine crystal. (Lekshmi N. G., 2018).

Figure 6: Schematic process of supercritical antisolvent process for particle

formulation (RAHUL GUPTA, 2016).



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7) Nano-precipitation method / solvent displacement method

This method involve use of semipolar solvent which should be miscible with water so as to

form lipophilic solution. Due to this there is reduction of interfacial tension within two

different phases. After removal of semipolar solvent the polymer is get deposited and due to

increase in surface area little droplets of organic solvent formed. (S.H. Ansari, 2012)

Figure7: Schematic representation of the salting out technique (NAGAVARMA B V N,

2012).

8) Hydrosol method

It is same as to solvent evaporation method except it involves use of solvent in which drug is

miscible. Due to use of high shear it will lead to formation of small precipitate. (Lekshmi N.

G., 2018)

TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES

There are mainly two types of nanoparticles.

1. Inorganic nanoparticles

2. Organic nanoparticles

Table 1: Inorganic nanoparticles.

Inorganic

compound Description

Size range

(nm)

Metallic Gold and silver particles <50

Magnetic Super paramagnetic iron

oxide particles 5–100

Nanoshells Dielectric silica core in a thin

gold metal shell 10–300

Ceramics Inorganic porous

biocompatible materials <100

(Vani Mamillapalli, 2016 )



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A. Metallic Nanoparticle

These are mostly used due to their special characteristic features. (Krishnasis Chakraborty,

2016).

Figure 8: Schematic representation for preparation of metallic Nanoparticles.

(Krishnasis Chakraborty, 2016).

There are various examples of metallic Nanoparticles as follow

I. silver Nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticle has shown antimicrobial efficacy against various microorganisms such as

bacteria, viruses, eukaryotic microorganisms. Different studies are reported which shows

successful biosynthesis of silver nanoparticle by Azardicta indica, Capsicum annum and

Carrica papaya. (Hasan, 2015).

II. gold nanoparticle

These are used for recognition of interaction of proteins in study of the chemistry of immune

system. In DNA fingerprinting their use is more important as lab tracer. They are used for

identification of cancer stem cells and aminoglycoside antibiotics. (Hasan, 2015).

III. Alloy nanoparticle

These nanoparticle shows Different properties than their native metals. Silver is used in the

form of flakes because of its good electrical conductivity. Due to alloy of two metal is used

for formation of nanoparticles, they have good properties as compare simple metals. (Hasan,

2015).



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A. Magnetic nanoparticles-

Magnetic nanoparticles are generally made up of super paramagnetic iron oxide particles

such as Fe3O4 (magnetite)and Fe2O3 (magnetite). (Krishnasis Chakraborty, 2016)These are

generally used for cancer treatment, Gene therapy, DNA analysis and in MRI. (Hasan,

2015)It can be synthesize by using different metals(CO,Fe,Ni) and metal alloys

(FePt,CoPt).(Krishnasis Chakraborty, 2016).

B. Nanoshell

Nanoshells are generally made up of dielectric silica core in thin gold metal shell.

C. ceramics

These are having porous properties hence used as drug vehicle. These are biocompatible in

cancer therapy. Due to no biodegradability it can produce side effects.(Anupam Kumar

Sachan, 2015).

Table 2: Organic nanoparticles

Organic compound Description Size range (nm)

Carbon tubes Cylindrical graphite sheets 1.5–5000

Quantum dots Semiconductor crystals with a cadmium

core and metal shell <10

Dendrimers Highly branched macromolecules 5–20

Liposomes Phospholipids 5–100

Polymers Colloidal particles 10–1000

(Vani Mamillapalli, 2016)

A. carbon Nanomaterial

These are generally categorized as fullrene and nanotubes. Fullrene are carbon allotrope

(C60) which is having points on its surface for tissue binding. Nanotubes are having high

electrical conductivity and great strength. These are seen as cylinder of single sheet. They can

be classified as.

SWCNT - single wall carbon nanotubes.

MWCNT - multi wall carbon nanotubes. (They contain number of single

nanotubes).(Anupam Kumar Sachan, 2015).

B. quantum dots

These are generally prepared from semiconductor material possessing fluorescent properties.

It should be surrounded by another metal facilitating dispersion and so as to avoid possible



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toxicity associated with leaking of heavy metals. These are coated with material which

facilitate specific molecule binding. These are get attach to proteins of cancer cells thus

enhance their identification. (Anupam Kumar Sachan, 2015).

C. Dendrimers

These are made up of highly branched macromolecules.

D. Liposomes

They are generally made up of lipid bilayer which comprises of amphillic molecule having

properties same as that of biological membrane and because of these reason it shows good

efficacy and safety.

Classification of liposomes

a) Small unilamilar vesicles

b) Oligolamilar vesicles

c) Large unilamilar vesicles

Both type of active ingredient can be incorporated in Liposomes i.e. either hydrophilic or

lipophilic (Anupam Kumar Sachan, 2015).

E. Polymeric nanoparticles / Nanosphere / Nanocapsules

These are generally defined as solid colloidal particles. (Anupam Kumar Sachan, 2015)These

are generally plays role of vector for drug release. It has several advantages such as

enhancement of solubility of active ingredient, decrease dosage amount and increase

absorption. These are sometime used as tissue targeted nanoparticles.



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Figure 9: Schematic representation of various techniques for preparation of polymeric

nanoparticles (Krishnasis Chakraborty, 2016)

ADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN HERBAL FORMULATIONS

In recent years, nanonization of herbal medicine has attracted much attention because of its

wide variety of advantages shown below.

PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN HERBAL

MEDICINE

Nanoparticles have high surface area to volume ratio, this allows many functional groups

attached to nanoparticle seek out and bind to certain tumor cells. (Seleci M,

2016)Additionally small size of nanoparticle allows them to preferentially accumulate at

tumor site. (Syn NL, 2017)

Nanoparticle enclosed herbal medicines used for the treatment of infective endocarditis,

an inflammation of heart inner tissue, the endocardium, frequently of the valves.

(Mehrdad Namdaria, 2017)

Nanoformulation of sativoside from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana is expected to behave

as a better antidiabetic drug with increased bioavailability too than the drug alone.

Momordica charantia consisting antidiabetic principles has been nanoformulated which



2564

significantly inhibited α-glucosidase and αamylase enzymes in vitro.(Saritha Marella,

2018).

In cosmeceuticals safer bio based sunscreens are developed by using natural substances

extracted from the plants owing to high UV rays absorption and antioxidant activity.

(Lekshmi N. G., 2018).

Herbal nanoparticulated hair care shampoo preparations like „Citrus mint shampoo‟ and

„Argan oil shampoo‟ seals moisture within the cuticles by optimizing resident contact

time with Scalp and hair follicles by forming protective film (J. Rosen, 2004)

The nanostructure of transporter schemes similar to polymorphic nanoparticles, polymeric

cells, etc.., has been examined for their feasibility to bring anticancer medicine in oral

treatment.(Pratibha Salunkhe, 2020).

DIFFERENT MARKETED NANO HERBAL FORMULATION

Presently, the safer bio-based nano phyto- medicines prepared from natural substances such

as extracted plants. Nanotechnology has established the attractive therapies to the

pharmaceutical that will encounter the problems associated with herbal medicines.(S.H.

Ansari, 2012)Some of marketed nano herbal formulations are described in Table 3.

Table 3: Nanoherbal formulation.

Herbal medicine Active

ingredient

Pharmacological

activity

Method of

preparation Formulation Reference

Artemisia annua,

family-Asteraceae Artemisinin

antitumor activity,

antimalarial action

Self-assembly

procedure.

Nanocapsules

(Lekshmi N.

G., 2018)

Barberine berberine Anticancer Ionic gelation

method.

Berberine-

loaded

nanoparticles

(Anupam

Kumar

Sachan, 2015)

Taxus brevifolia,

family- texaceae

Paclitaxel

metastatic breast cancer

High loading

and entrapment

Cremophor-free

lipid-based

paclitaxel

nanoparticles

(Xiaowei

Dong, 2009)

Cuscuta Chinese,

family-

Convolvulaceae

flavonoids and

lignans

hepatoprotective and

antioxidant, anticancer,

anti - ageing, immune

stimulatory effect

Use of

C.chinesis

extract

Nanosuspension (Feng-Lin

Yen, 2008)

Curcuma longa

Family-

Zingiberaceae)

Curcuminoids,

Antitumor, antioxidant,

antiamylodin,

antiplatelates

aggregation and anti-

inflammatoy

wet milling

technique

Nanoparticles

of curcumin

(Arulanandraj.

N, 2018)

Camptotheca Quinolone gastric, rectum bladder, Encapsulated sustained (Krishnasis



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RECENT DEVELOPMENT

The nanoprtical now has been comes as capable approach in drug delivery systems for a

well organized delivery of herbal drugs utilized in the treatment of many critical disease

such as cancer by crossing the reticuloendothelial system, increased permeability and

retention effect and tumor- specific targeting. (Ganesh G. Tapadiya, 2017)

Recently, pharmaceutical scientists are more interested in designing a drug delivery

system for herbal medicine using a scientific approach. Cuscuta chinesis is commonly

used traditional Chinese herbal medicine to nourish the liver and kidney. Due to poor

water solubility of flavonoids and lignans present in it, its absorption upon oral

administration could be limited. So, nanoprticulated delivery system for the same were

developed. A recent experimental study of polylactic acid nanoparticles of lipophilic anti-

cancer herb drug (cucurbitacins and curcuminoids) using a precipitation method have

been developed. Currently, nanostructured carrier system like polymeric nanoparticles,

liposomes, SLNs, polymeric micelles, nanoemulsion, etc., have been investigated for their

potential to delivery anticancer drugs by oral route. Oral route offers great potential for

delivery of cytotoxic agent and therefore the attention has focused on the development of

oral chemotherapy for cancer treatment. (S.H. Ansari, 2012)

Table 4: Commercial nanoparticles for bio applications.

Drug delivery Polymeric nanopartical engineered to carry antitumor drug.

Pharmaceutical coating to improve solubility of

drug Layer - by - layer polyelectrolyte coating,8-50 nm

Drug solubility Reduce the particles size to 50-100nm

Luminescent biomarkers Semiconductor quantum dots with amine or carboxyl groups on

the surface, emission from 350- 2500nm

Tracking and separation of different Types of cells Tracking and separation of different Types of cells

Drug delivery Antimicrobial nanoemulsion

Drug delivery Micellar nanoparticles for encapsulation of drugs, protein, and

DNA

Drug delivery Polybutylicyanocrylate nanoparticles are coated with drug and

then with surfactant can go across the blood brain barrier

Gold nanoparticles for biological markets Gold nanoparticles bio- conjugates for TEM and /or Fluroscent

microscop

Drug delivery Nanoparticles for drug delivery

(Ganesh G. Tapadiya, 2017)

acuminate,

family- Nyssaceae

colon, lung, breast and

ovarian cancer

with

hydrophobicall

y modified

glycol.

release

formulation

Chakraborty,

2016)



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