a seminar on subnetting by sanjay
DESCRIPTION
This topic is based on subneting. I interoduce about how to devide network into subnetwork so that we can manage the wastege of IP addressTRANSCRIPT
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A seminar on Subnetting
The Institution of electronics and telecommunication engineers, Delhi centre.
Presented by: SanjayStream: CS
Guided by: Mr. Nibhesh kr. Das
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What was that masked address?
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To break the network down into pieces, each of which can be addressed separately.Controls network trafficReduces broadcastsOrganization of IP address space
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Default Class C address is divided into network and host portions as follows:
N . N . N . H To subnet we “borrow” bits from the host
portion of the address (8 bits for Class C)N . N . N . x x x x x x x x
Borrowing n bits yields 2n – 2 subnets. Leaving n bits yields 2n – 2 hosts. For a class C, we can borrow from 2 to 6
bits. Why not 1 bit? (How many usable subnets?) Why not 7 bits? (How many usable hosts?)
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Suppose we need 14 usable subnets, how many bits do we borrow?Remember, borrowing n bits give us:
2n – 2 subnetsTry borrowing 3 bits (n = 3):
23 – 2 = 8 – 2 = 6 usable subnets (not
enough)Try borrowing 4 bits
24 – 2 = 16 – 2 = 14 usable subnets (enough)
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Write it with the network octet in binary:
200.129.41.0000 0000 break here
Borrowing 4 bits yields 14 usable subnets How many usable hosts per subnet?
Same formula as subnets (2n – 2) 4 host bits (n = 4)24 – 2 = 16 – 2
= 14 usable hosts per subnet
subnet bits host bits
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Examples: First usable 200.129.41.0001 ^ 0000
subnet address: 200.129.41.16 First usable host 200.129.41.0001 ^ 0001 on the first subnet: 200.129.41.17 Second usable host 200.129.41.0001 ^ 0010
on the first subnet: 200.129.41.18...
Last usable host 200.129.41.0001 ^ 1110on the first subnet: 200.129.41.30
Broadcast address 200.129.41.0001 ^ 1111for the first subnet: 200.129.41.31
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Examples:Second usable 200.129.41.0010 ^ 0000
subnet address: 200.129.41.32Third usable 200.129.41.0011 ^ 0000
subnet address: 200.129.41.48Fourth usable 200.129.41.0100 ^ 0000
subnet address: 200.129.41.64...
Last usable 200.129.41.1110 ^ 0000subnet address: 200.129.41.224
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The subnet mask (in binary) has:all ones in the network and subnet portion of the
addressall zeros in the host potion of the addressThe subnet mask for the previous example is:
255.255.255. 240255.255.255. 1111^ 0000 (128 + 64 + 32 + 16 =240)
ANDing this mask with any valid host address on the network will always yield the subnet address for that host.
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Example (our subnet mask is 255.255.255.240)IP host address: 200.129. 41.23Last octet to binary: 200.129. 41.0001 0111AND subnet mask: 255.255.255.1111 0000 200.129. 41.0001 0000Subnet Address: 200.129. 41.16
So the host address 200.129. 41.23 is on the 200.129.41.16 subnet.
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Default Class B address is divided into network and host portions as follows:
N . N . H . H To subnet we “borrow” bits from the
host portion of the address (16 bits for Class B)
N . N . x x x x x x x x . x x x x
x x x x For a class B, we can borrow from 2 to
14 bits.
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Suppose we need 80 usable subnets, how many bits do we borrow?Remember, borrowing n bits give us:
2n – 2 subnetsTry borrowing 6 bits (n = 6):
26 – 2 = 64 – 2 = 62 usable subnets (not
enough)Try borrowing 7 bits
27 – 2 = 128 – 2 = 126 usable subnets
(enough)
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Write it with the network octets in binary:
132.178.0000000 0.00000000
break here
Borrowing 7 bits yields 126 usable subnets How many usable hosts per subnet?
Same formula as subnets (2n – 2) 9 host bits (n = 9)29 – 2 = 512 – 2
= 510 usable hosts per subnet
subnet bits host bits
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Examples: First usable 132.178.0000001 ^ 0.00000000
subnet address: 132.178.2.0 First usable host 132.178.0000001 ^ 0.00000001
on the first subnet: 132.178.2.1 Second usable host 132.178.0000001 ^ 0.00000010
on the first subnet: 132.178.2.2 .
.
.
Last usable host 132.178.0000001 ^ 1.11111110
on the first subnet: 132.178.3.254 Broadcast address 132.178.0000001 ^ 1.11111111
for the first subnet: 132.178.3.255
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Examples: Second usable 132.178.0000010 ^
0.00000000 subnet address: 132.178.4.0 Third usable 132.178.0000011 ^
0.00000000 subnet address: 132.178.6.0 . . .
Ninety-first usable 132.178.1011011 ^ 0.00000000subnet address: 132.178.182.0
. . .
Last usable 132.178.1111110 ^ 0.00000000subnet address: 132.178.252.0
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The subnet mask for this example is:255.255.254.0255.255.1111111 ^ 0.00000000
ANDing this mask with any valid host address on this network will always yield the subnet address.
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Example:IP host address: 132.178.119.112
Last octets to binary: 132.178.0111011 ^ 1.01110000
AND subnet mask: 255.255.1111111 ^ 0.00000000
132.178.0111011 ^ 0.00000000
Subnet Address: 132.178.118.0
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Thank You….