Submitted byArnab Jana

Reg No- 122080210004 of 2012-13Roll No- 20801912004

Under the guidance of Mr. Somsubhra Ghosh

M.Pharm, (Ph. D) Department of Pharmanalysis BHARAT TECHNOLOGY

MEDICAL DETECTION OF DOG-AN OVERVIEW

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION HISTORY PROCEDUREAPPLICATION FUTURE SCOPE CONCLUTIONREFERENCES

ABSTRACT For centuries, our sense of smell has been used as a

diagnostic tool in the practice of medicine, be it for recognising gas gangrene on the battle field or diabetes in the emergency room. The ability of humans to diagnose disease by smelling has only rarely been the subject of quantitative studies. Scent detection by animals, on the other hand, has been addressed in several diagnostic studies, which all suggest similar or even superior accuracy compared with standard diagnostic methods. Examples include, amongst many others, the use of dogs for the detection of lung cancer in breath samples, or rats for Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection in sputum.

INTRODUCTIONWhat is M.D.D ?

Training dogs to detect human

disease and medical

conditions, through the detection and

Recognition of specific odours.

HISTORY The first clinically robust investigation of cancer

detection by dogs was reported by Willis and colleagues (British Medical Journal 2004). During this study, dogs were trained by individuals from Medical Detection Dogs (Cancer and Bio-detection Dogs) to detect bladder cancer by smelling urine samples from patients and healthy controls. Six dogs of varying breeds were used, none had been trained for previous scent work. Supporting evidence has been published around the world including a study by Cornu and colleagues (European Urology 2011), ‘Olfactory Detection of Prostate Cancer by Dogs Sniffing Urine: A Step Forward in Early Diagnosis’, indicated the possibilities of canine cancer detection .

Over the years, millions of pounds of NHS funding have been poured into the traditional test methods, and yet there has been little improvement in their reliability. This has caused a huge waste of resources, and the distress to the impacted individuals. Moreover, the detection dogs provide alternative solution that yields consistently accurate results. If our detection dogs were a machine, there would be huge demand for them. Medical Detection Dogs pick up the disease accurately 90% and are almost four times better at detecting cancer than in contrast traditional tests which often give false positives – three in four positive results from the tests turn out to be false and result inunnecessary and invasive tests resulting in waste of time.

PROCEDUREFor Detection of changes in Blood sugar level:- It is likely that dogs detect changes in the

chemical composition of their owners’ sweat, or breath (including products of ketosis), using their acute sense of smell. This is supported by the fact that MDD are increasingly training new dogs using remote odour samples collected from clients during times of hypoglycaemia.

For Cancer Detection:-

For the process of cancer detection the method has to go through the following steps :-

Training of the dogs.Participant selection.Analysis and processing of urine samples. Scientific basis of ability of dogs to detect cancer

believed linked to VOCs produced by malignant cells. Established that during tumour growth protein changes in malignant cells lead to per oxidation of the cell membrane components that produce VOC’s that can be detected in the headspace of the cells.

Medical Detection DogDog detecting cancer from urine sample in the container

For Seizure Detection:-

Over the last decade a new kind of service animal has

emerged. Seizure alert dogs warn people with epilepsy of

an oncoming attack minutes—sometimes hours—before it

occurs. This allows the person time to take seizure

blocking medication, get to a safe place, or call for

assistance.

APPLICATION

Medical Alert Assistance Dogs(Shirley). The most prominent application of MDD is lies

in the field of cancer detection. Various type of cancer like breast cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, lungs cancer can be detected by this advance screening and early detection method of MDD.

Assists individual in reducing hyperglycaemic associated conditions.

ADVANTAGES

As compared to other conventional detection method, this method is much more accurate.

Less time consuming method. Sensitivity is much better.Future scope is very promising.

DISADVANTAGES

Need a well trained dog. Need a perfect trainer to trained the dogs .Needs more research.Low awareness.

FUTURE SCOPE

Through the research & development of electronic systems (E noses) is introduced recently that will assist in the early detection of cancer through cheap non-invasive tests.

 In the short term the cancer dogs can provide second line screening for cancers that are currently very difficult to diagnose reliably, such as prostate cancer.

Trained dog can be used to assist an individual with severe narcolepsy.

Plans for the future include the training of dogs to detect substances that result in severe allergic response in atopic clients.

CONCLUSION

This work opens the door of VOC detection for cancerdiagnosis and suggests that the conditioned dog shouldBe used in the near future to validate candidatemolecules emerging from metabolomic screening.

Reference

1. Available at : http://www.slideshare.net/ collected on 12/10/2015.

2. Available at : http://medicaldetectiondogs.org.uk, collected on 21/10/2015.

3. Available at : http://news-medical.net, collected on 7/11/2015.

4. Willis CM, Church SM, Guest CM, Cook WA, McCarthy N, Bransbury AJ, Olfactory detection of human bladder cancer by dogs: a proof of principle study. BMJ 329:712-4, 2004.

5. Jean-Nicolas Cornu, Geraldine Cancel-Tassin, valeria Ondet, Caroline Giradet, Olivier Cussevot; Olfactory detection of Prostate cancer by dogs sniffing urine : A Step Forward In Early Diagnosis, European Association Of Urology, Elservier B.V, 198, 2011.

6. Available at :- http://dogbreedinfo.com/articles/dogsense.htm

THANK YOU