?

A review of experimental results at the knee

University of Karlsruhe, Germany - www-ik.fzk.de/~joergJörg R Hörandel

Workshop on the Physics of the End of the Galactic Cosmic Ray Spectrum Aspen, April 25th – 30th, 2005

acceleration of CR in supernova remnants

extensive air showers

New particle physics in atmosphereB = 3 G

propagation through galaxy

Leakage from Galaxy:escape probability ~ f(Z)

Interactions with background particles (photons, neutrinos)

Fermi accelerationfinite lifetime of shock front:

Emax ~ Z 1015 eV

CNO

mass dependentcut-off Ek ~ A

rigidity dependentcut-off Ek~ Z ?

Cosmic-ray energy spectrum

JRH, Astropart. Phys 19 (2003) 193

Cosmic-ray energy spectrum

renormalizeenergyscale

to fit directmeasurements

flux of direct measurements

JRH, Astropart. Phys 19 (2003) 193

Cosmic-ray energy spectrum

renormalizeenergyscale

JRH, Astropart. Phys 19 (2003) 193

SPASE-2 / AMANDA-B10 (South Pole)

Rawlins et al, Proc. 28th ICRC, Tsukuba 1 (2003) 173

E > 300 GeV

Ne

120 m

1500 m

1980 m

e(30 m)

E

mean logarithmic mass

EAS-TOP + MACROnumber of electrons + high-energy muons

CORSIKA/QGSJET

M Aglietta et al, astro-ph/0305325

measurement vs.

CORSIKA/QGSJET simulation

C Büttner et al, 28th ICRC, Tsukuba 1 (2003) 33

Average muon production height - KASCADE

mean logarithmic mass

0.4 PeV 30 PeV

KASCADE: Primary proton spectrum reconstructed from unaccompanied hadrons

primary flux

CORSIKA/QGSJET

0

hadr

M. Aglietta et al., Astrop. Phys. 19 (2003) 329T. Antoni et al, ApJ 612 (2004) 914

Two dimensional shower size spectrum lg Ne vs. lg N

M Roth et al, 28th ICRC, Tsukuba 1 (2003) 139

KASCADE

derive E0 and A from Ne and N data

0

)()|lg,(lg)lg,(lg dEEpENNtNNg ieiei

Fredholm integral equations of 1st kind:

E0

A

All-particle energy spectrum

two hadronic interaction models:CORSIKA 6.018/GHEISHA 2002

- QGSJET 01- SIBYLL 2.1

T. Antoni et al., Astropart. Phys. in press

QGSJET

KASCADE: Energy spectra for individual elemental groups

H. Ulrich et al, European Physical Journal C (2004) DOI:10.1140/epjcd/s2004-03-1632-2

SIBYLL

KASCADE: Energy spectra for individual elemental groups

H. Ulrich et al, European Physical Journal C (2004) DOI:10.1140/epjcd/s2004-03-1632-2

QGSJET

KASCADE: Energy spectra for individual elemental groups

distribution

!

distribution

!

SIBYLL

H. Ulrich et al., Int. J. Mod. Phys. A (in press)

Hep

JRH, astro-ph/0501251

FeSNR acceleration (Sveshnikova)

Galactic diffusion (Ptuskin/Kalmykov)

Poly-Gonato ~ Z

Models (lines):

Mean logarithmic mass vs energy

electrons, muons, hadronsat ground level

!?

CORSIKA/QGSJET interpretation

JRH, Astropart. Phys. 19 (2003) 193

Xmax

depth X

lg N

Fe

p

JRH, J. Phys. G 29 (2003) 2439

p-p cross section

Quark Gluon String JET modelN.N. Kalmykov and S.S. Ostapchenko

Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 52B (1997) 17

Modification of hadronic interaction model QGSJET in CORSIKA

p-air cross section

JRH, J. Phys. G 29 (2003) 2439

fraction of protons in CRs p-air cross section

JRH, J. Phys. G 29 (2003) 2439

Average depth of the shower maximum

JRH, J. Phys. G 29 (2003) 2439

QGSJET

model 3a

model 1

Mean logarithmic massXmax

electrons, muons, hadrons

Origin of the knee?

~ Z

~ A

Acceleration (SNR)

Leakage from Galaxy

Interaction with background particles

Particle physics in atmosphere

-ray bursts

Astropart. Phys. 21 (2004) 241(updated)

~ Z

~ A

Origin of the knee?Acceleration (SNR)

.. in SNR Berezhko & Ksenofontov

.. in SNR + radio galaxies Stanev ..

.. in oblique shocks Kobayakawa ..

.. in variety of SNR SveshnikovaSingle source model Erlykin & WolfendaleReacceleration in galactic wind Völk & Zirakashvili

Leakage from GalaxyMinimum pathlength model SwordyAnomalous diffusion model Lagutin ..Hall diffusion model Ptuskin .., Kalmykov ..Diffusion in turbulent magnetic fields Ogio & KakimotoDiffusion and drift Roulet ..

Interaction with background particlesDiffusion model + photo-disintegration TkaczykInteraction with neutrinos in galactic halo Dova ..Photo-disintegration (optical and UV photons) Candia ..

Particle physics in atmosphereGravitons, SUSY Kazanas & Nicolaidis

E

dN/d

E p

CNO

Fe

E

<ln

A>

-ray burstsCannonball model PlagaAcceleration in GRB + diffusion Wick ..Acceleration in GRB Emax ~A Dar ..

JRH, Astropart. Phys. 21 (2004) 241(updated)

SNR acceleration

diffusionbackgroundinteractions

propagation

acceleration

-ray bursts

JRH, astro-ph/0501251