a review article of ritu and ritu sandhi
TRANSCRIPT
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Tiwari et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
A REVIEW ARTICLE OF RITU AND RITU SANDHI
Dr. Mamta Masram1, Dr. Sandeep Singh Tiwari
2* and Dr. Rambhool Singh
3
1PG Scholar; Department of Samhita and Siddhanta Babe Ke Ayurvedic Medical College and
Hospital, Daudhar, Moga.
2Assistant Professor, Department of Rog Nidna Evum Vikriti Vigyana, DAMCH, Bareilly.
3Associate Professor at Department of Ras Shastra and Bhaishajyakalpna, DAMCH, Bareilly.
ABSTRACT
Ayurveda is an Indian system of medicine which deals with health and
diseases. As described in Sushruta Samhita health means normal
physiological parameters, spiritual wellbeing, focused mind and mental
peace. Ayurveda deals with multiple aspects of health and focus is on
being healthy. First aim of Ayurveda is „Swasthyarakshan‟ i.e.
maintenance of health. To fulfill this aim, regimens according to
different seasons and for day to day life are given in great Trio.
Separate chapters are written on Dincharya and Ritucharya. Ritu
means season. In Ayurvedic literature year is divided into Uttarayana
and Dakshinayana. Each Ayana is divided into three Ritu. Hence total
6 Rituare present in one year. For every Ritu different food and routines are advised. At the
end of Ritucharya, Vagbhatta has described Ritusandhi. Ritu Sandhi is a time when seasons
meet. One week of former season and one week of later season forms the time of Ritusandhi.
This article is a review study of SamhitoktaRitu and Ritusandhi. The importance of Ritu and
Ritusandhi in present scenario is discussed in this review article. References and relevant
matter is compiled from Ayurvedic literature, internet and research articles. In different Ritu
environmental conditions are different. These conditions directly affect human body.
Therefore Ahaar –Vihaar which is in homologation with particular Ritu is described in
Samhita. The methods of shifting from one regimen to the other with changing season are
being discussed in this article.
KEYWORDS: Ritu, Ritusandhi, Ritucharya, Swasthyarakshana, Uttarayana,
Dakshinayayana.
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research SJIF Impact Factor 8.074
Volume 8, Issue 9, 532-544. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105
Article Received on
01 June 2019,
Revised on 21 June 2019,
Accepted on 12 July 2019
DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20199-15479
*Corresponding Author
Dr. Sandeep Singh Tiwari
Assistant Professor,
Department of Rog Nidna
Evum Vikriti Vigyana,
DAMCH, Bareilly.
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Tiwari et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda is a way of life which guides us to overall development of human. In Tistrayeshana
Adhyayam, Acharya Charaka has described three basic needs of human life on earth. First is
Praneshana[1]
, second is Dhaneshana[2]
and last is Parlokeshana.[3]
The first thing, for which
we should dedicate ourselves, is Praneshana. This means efforts to take care of our body and
mind at all levels. Praneshana is described with so much emphasis because rest of the two
needs of life depends on healthy body and sound mind. To keep ourselves healthy, there are
certain rules and regulations to be followed in different Ritu, which are suggested in
Brihattrayi.
In Sanskrit, Ritu means season and Sandhi means the junction of two things. This implies
Ritusandhi is junction between two Ritu. In Charaka Samhita, before describing regimens for
various Ritu, Acharya said that the one who knows Ritusatmya and follow Ahaar - Vihaar
accordingly, remains healthy. His Bal, Varan increase.[4]
Ritusatmya means food and
activities which are in homologation with that particular season. Bal and Varan denotes
physical strength and skin complexion (Varan Vardhan doesn’t mean a fairer skin but even
complexion and luster present in the skin of healthy people). According to Lok-
Purushsamyaa Siddhanta[5]
each element in environment is also present in human body.
Change in environment directly affects the basic elements of human body. Human is unable
to control environmental changes as we cannot control the motion of celestial bodies like
Sun, Moon etc. They make tremendous impact on human physiology. Considering this, our
Acharyas has prescribed regimen for every season. Whatever we eat/consume is digested by
digestive fire and assimilated accordingly to give strength to body. In Adaan and Visarga
kala digestive fire gets affected[6]
by external environment hence our food and activities
should change according to our Jatharagni. Ayurveda dictates that imbalance of Dosha,
Dhatu and Mala leads to the disease and their equilibrium maintain the health.[7]
This
equilibrium of Dosha, Dhatu and Mala is maintained by following proper Dincharya,
Ritucharya, Sadvritta and Ratricharya.
Our diet changed substantially in the second half of 20th century, generally with increased
consumption of meat, dairy products, vegetable oils, fruit juice, and alcoholic beverages, food
affected by fertilizers and pesticides and decreased consumption of starchy staple foods, such
as bread, potatoes, rice, and maize flour. These observations suggest that the diets [or
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Tiwari et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
lifestyle] of different populations might partly determine the rates of cancer, and other
lifestyle disorders, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hormonal diseases.[8]
In 1900, the top three causes of death in the United States were pneumonia/influenza,
tuberculosis, and diarrhea. Communicable diseases accounted for about 60% of all deaths. In
1900, heart disease and cancer were ranked number 4 and 8, respectively. Since the 1940s,
the majority of deaths in the United States have resulted from heart disease, cancer, and other
degenerative diseases. And, by the late1990s, degenerative diseases accounted for more than
60% of all deaths.[9]
Already considered the diabetes capital of the world, India now appears
heading towards gaining another dubious distinction of becoming the lifestyle related disease
capital as well. A study conducted jointly by the All India Institute of Medical Sciences and
Max Hospital showsthat the incidence of hypertension, obesity and heart disease is increasing
at an alarmingrate, especially in the young, urban population.[10]
WHO statistics 2015 shows
that out of 56.4 million deaths worldwide in 2015 Ischemic heart disease and stroke
accounted for a combined 15 million deaths.[11]
Different studies given above shows that in
early 20th
century infectious diseases were the main cause of death and other life style
disorders were ranked lower; and in mid and late 20th
century non infectious diseases
accounted for more deaths than infectious diseases. This is the reason we are studying Ritu
and Ritusandhi in this article.
Ritu
Rituis described in Brihattrayi while Ritusandhi is given by Vagbhatta
Rituaccording to Unaadi kosh:
vrsZ’Pkrq%_PNfrXkPNfrvkXkPNfrbfr_rq%A[12]
It means the one whichcomes and goes again and again in cycles.Monier Williamsrecordsthe
meaning asany settled point of time, timeappointed for any action (especially for sacrifices
and other regular worship), an epoch, period, season, menstrual discharge in
women.Symbolic representation of number six.Rituis one which appears regularly.[13]
From all these references, we can deduce that Ritumeans the form inwhich nature expresses
itself in a particular sequence; and Ritusandhi means junction of two Ritu.
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Definition of Ritusandhi
The last seven days of ongoing Ritu and first seven days of next Ritu. The regimen prescribed
for Ritusandhiperiod is calculated to help in a smooth change over from one season to the
other.[14]
Vedic Time
The idea of Ritu and Ritusandhiis first seen in Vedicliterature itself. In Kaushitaki
Brahmana(Vi. 10-12) and Gopatha Brahmana (II1.19) the Chaturmasya sacrifices
areperformed in Ritu Sandhiand Ritu Sandhithe transition from one to another
causesillness. More than once the Vedic textsspeak of Ritu Mukha. In one passage, it
issaid that it is not easy to decide the face of the Ritu. Rituare double faced or theyface
two sides.[15]
In ShatpathBrahmana Pravargya and Upsad are described, where Pravargya means Sun
and Upsad means Ritu. These combinations are given together to show that Sun plays a
major role in all Ritu.[16]
In Natyashastra Bharata Munitalks aboutRitu in chapter 26. He dictated different
expressions to express different Ritu. Hemanta should be indicated by seeking the sun,
fire and warm clothing. Further Hemantais expressed through symptoms like Kujan,
Sitkara, trembling of head and lips and chattering of teeth.[17]
Winter is represented by smelling of flowers, drinking wine, and feeling of an unpleasant
wind. Vasanta is to be indicated by the representation of the act of rejoicing, enjoyment
and festivities and a display of various flowers, the summer is to be indicated through the
representation of heat of the earth, fans, wiping of sweat and feeling of hot wind,the rainy
season is to be indicated by the representation of Kadamba, kutaj and Nimba flowers,
Indragopa and group of peacock.[18]
Samhita Kala
Acharyadescribed Ritu and Ritucharya in their own way which is further elaborated by
commentators. But there is no direct reference of mentioning ofRitu Sandhi in Charaka and
Sushruta Samhita. InSamgrahakala: Vagbhatta mentionedRitusandhifor the first time in
Ritucharya chapter. Sharngadharadescribed this concept of Ritusandhito limit the periodto
fifteen days of Kartika and Margahsirshaand named it as "Yamadamshtra”.[19]
Depending
upon position of Sun, group ofthree seasons called Uttarayanaand group of three seasons
called Dakshinayanaare formed. Further each Ayana is divided into three Ritueach viz.,
Shishir, Vasanta, Grishma and Varsha, Sharad, Hemanta.
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Table 1: characteristics of Uttarayana and Dakshinayana.
Uttarayana[20]
Dakshinayana[21]
Ritu-Shishir, Vasanta, Grishma
Sun and air –Teekshana, Ushana
,Ruksha
Earth’s Saumyansh decreases
Tikta Kashaya, Katu Rasa
Aagneya
Jathharagni-Mand
Varsha , Sharad ,Hemanta
Moon is strong ,Sun weaker, air colder
Due to clouds and rain earth cools
down
Amla , Lavana, Madhur rasa
Saumya
Jathharagni-Teekshana
Table 2: Considering the characteristics of these Rituis as following according to
Ashatang
Hridayam.[22]
Ritu Rukshata Snehansh Bal Rasa
Shishira + - +++ Tikta
Vasanta ++ -- ++ Kashaya
Grishma +++ --- + Katu
Varsha - + + Amla
Sharad -- + ++ Lavana
Hemanta --- +++ +++ Madhura
Following tables shows different Ritu with respect to Indian calendar
Table 3: time of specific Ritu According to Acharya Chakrapaani (Rasabalautpatti).[23]
Month Ritu
Margsheersha-Paush Hemanta
Magh- Falgun Shishir
Chaitra-Vaishakh Vasanta
Jayeshthha-Ashaad Grishma
Shravana-Bhadrapada Varsha
Ashwin –Kartika Sharad
Acharya Charaka followed this order while explaining Ritucharyaand mentioned ShishirRitu
first while naming. Vagbhattaand Sushruta also followed above pattern.
Table 4: according to Samshodhan Krama.[24]
Month Ritu
Paush- Magh Hemanta
Falgun- Chaitra Vasanta
Vaishakh- Jayeshthha Grishma
Ashaad- Shravana Pravritta
Bhadrapada- Ashwin Varsha
Kartika- Margsheersha Sharad
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Table 5: Signs of normal seasons according to Acharya Sushruta.
Season Signs
Hemanta[25]
northern cold breeze, dusty and smoky weather,
haziness, freeze water resources, mating time for
crow, rhinoceros, buffalo, sheepand elephants,
flowering time for Symplocosracemosa, Callicarpa
macrophylla, Mesua ferrea
Shishir[26]
Chillier, cold wind blows and cloudy sky, rest of the
signs are same as Hemanta
Vasanta[27]
Pleasant southern air blows , trees and plants are full
of new leaves, flowering time
of Chameli and Malti, Mangefera indica,Nelumbo
nucifera,Butea monosperma,Saraca asoka,Mimusops
elengi etc nightingales sing and bees buzz all
around.sky remains clear.
Grishma[28]
South west harsh wind blows, sun is intense, rise in
temperature, and wild animals roam in search of
water. Small plants and creepers dry up.
Pravritta[29]
It is premonsoon season. Northern air blows and sky is
covered with clouds, scanty rain and thundershowers
are there, earth is covered with new soft sprouts of
dark colored grass. Flowering time
of AnthocephalusKadamba, Holarrhena
antidysentrica,Shorea robusta, Ketaki,small
earthworms start appearing.
Varsha[30]
Sky is full of clouds, and it rains heavily without much
noise,earth is fully covered with vegetation, there are
flowers of Nelumbo nucifera blooming on the water
bodies and rivers are flooded.
Sharad[31]
Sun is yellowish and intense,white colored high
clouds are present in the sky,lotus flowers bloom in
water bodies, earth is covered with mud, dry than
monsoon,
Table 6: Properties of Ahoratrawith respect to Rituas mentioned in Sushruta Samhita.[32]
Ahoratra Ritu Sanchaya Prakopa Prashaman
Purvahna Vasanta - Kapha -
Madhyahna Grishma Vata - Kapha
Aparahna Pravritta - Vata -
Pradosha Varsha Pitta Vata -
Ardharatra Sharada - Pitta Vata
Pratyusha Hemanta Kapha - -
Rituhas its influence from the time of conception until death. To maintain the proper
healthand to tolerate Kalaja disorders. It isessential to follow Ritusatmya. Ritusatmya isthe
regimen told for the specific Ritufor specificduration. The strength and luster of humanbeing
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Tiwari et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
who knows the suitable diet and regimenfor every season and practices accordinglyremains
healthy. Regimen and diet of one seasonis to be withdrawn slowly and gradually otherwise
itmay lead to Asatmyaja roga. Therefore in Ritusandhi the regimen of the preceding
seasonshould be discontinued gradually and that ofthe succeeding season should be
adoptedgradually. Particular sequenceis to be adopted, to avoid the disease during Ritusandhi.
Table 7: The following table representsAhaarkramafor 14 daysof Ritusandhiaccording
to AcharyaHemadri.[33]
Days of Ritusandhi Ahaarof Preceding season Ahaarof `Succeeding season
1st day of Ritusandhi 3part 1 part
2nd
day of Ritusandhi 4part -
3rd
day ofRitusandhi 2part 2 part
4th
day ofRitusandhi 2part 2 part
5th
day ofRitusandhi 3 part 1 part
6th
day ofRitusandhi 1 part 3 part
7th
day ofRitusandhi 1 part 3 part
8th
day ofRitusandhi 1 part 3 part
9th
day ofRitusandhi 2 part 2 part
10th
day ofRitusandhi 2 part 2 part
11th
day ofRitusandhi 2 part 2 part
12th
day ofRitusandhi 2 part 2 part
13th
day ofRitusandhi 2 part 2 part
14th
day ofRitusandhi 1 part 3 part
15th
day ofRitusandhi 4 part
Disease onset and relation of Ritu
Vataj Vyadhi-Pravritta
Pittaj Vyadhi -Sharad
Kaphaj Vyadhi- Vasanta
Raktaja Vyadhi– Sharad[34]
Above tables stipulate that Ritu has direct effect on Tridoshaand Dosha Vaishamyamanifests
disease. Hence knowledge of seasons and their regimens is necessary for healthy life.
DISCUSSION
The first aim of Ayurveda is to maintain health. To fulfill this purposeAyurvedic literature
described –Dincharya[35]
i.e. daily regimen, Ritucharya i.e.seasonal regimen, Ratricharya[36]
-
night regimen, Sadvritta[37]
- ethicaland moral activities; three pillar of human life.[38]
These
pillars are: Ahaar– rulesand regulations about dietintake, Nidra -rules and regulations about
sleeping; Brahmacharyameansrules and regulations to restrain oneself from indulging in
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certain foods, intoxicants, and behaviors (mental and physical) etc. This present study
elaborates importance of Ritucharyaand Ritusandhi in healthy life. The characteristics of
Ritudecide the regimen to be followed to maintainhealth and to prevent seasonaldisorders.
Ritusandhiis transition between two seasons, the durationis fourteen days. During this period
it isadvised to follow Ritusatmya with specific Krama. Going through the historical review it
seems that the concept ofRitu andRitusandhi was known from the period of Veda. It was very
popular in Sanskrit poetry and literature. This review article is an attempt to understand the
importance of Ritu, Ritusandhi and Ritucharya. All these factors help us to lead a healthy life.
Due to present life style, it becomes quite difficult to follow daily and seasonal regimen. With
the passage of time and due to many foreign invasions the rich heritage of Ayurveda is lost.
We no longer follow Indian calendar and it is long forgotten by young generation. Dincharya,
Ratricharya, Ritucharya are not routine practices as they were earlier. Therefore, as discussed
earlier, life style disorders are increasing. Science has made a lot of progress in medicine. But
due to unhealthy life style diseases are also progressing. Therefore the paths showed by our
ancestors must be followed.
To follow Ritucharya, first of all the knowledge of Ritu is mandatory. Coherence with Roman
calendar may help common man to understand this concept.
Ritu can be established by accessing criteria given by Acharya Sushruta.Acharya Charaka
mentioned a word Ghanatye[39]
in Tasyashitiyamadhyayam, while describing Sharad
Ritucharya. Acharya Chakrapaani explained Ghanatye as Pravyaktanam Shardi.[40]
It means
when Sharad is fully appeared. In very next line Acharya Charaka used the word
Dharadhratye.[41]
The logic behind using synonyms again and again is to put an emphasis on
the exact onset of Sharad Ritu.
In Ayurvedic literature qualities of each Ritu are given. According to these qualities
Ayurvedic physicisian can make a decision about ongoing Ritu. With the help ofYukti
Pramaan one has to decide if Ritu has changed or not. Once the Ritu is established, Ahaar –
Vihaar is to be followed accordingly. In Ayurveda knowledge of Ritu is also important for
treatment e.g Acharya Sushruta has mentioned that fractured bone heals easily in
ShishirRitu.[42]
Bandage of a wound is to be changed according to ongoing Ritu.[43]
“Atursya vikaarprashamanamch”[44]
issecond aim of Ayurveda. Hence knowledge of Ritu
plays an important role in treatment. Samshodhan is main treatment in Ayurveda and it is
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mentioned in classic text that Vaman Karma is to be done in VasantaRitu[45]
, RaktaMokshan
and Virechana in SharadRitu[46]
and Vastito be given in PravrittaRitu.[47]
CONCLUSION
To fulfill the aim of Ayurveda and of modern medicine that ‘prevention is better than
cure’theimportance of Ritu, RituSandhi and Ritucharya in the present scenario cannot be
declined. To follow seasonal diets and activities one should know the seasons according to
ancient Indian calendar. Need of the hour is to establish the concept of each season
practically so that it can be followed according to modern lifestyle. This article is a small
effort to understand this concept of season, seasonal diet and activities. This article is also an
attempt to understand the importance of Ritu while treating the patients.
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