a report on radar system
TRANSCRIPT
Nnaemeka Nweke | Telecommunications Technology | March 19, 2014
A REPORT ON RADAR SYSTEM
A Report on Radar System, Federal University of Technology Owerri. 1 March 19, 2014
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THIS REPORT IS THE ORIGINAL
WORK OF;
NAMES REG. NUMBER
NWEKE FRANK NNAEMEKA
(GROUP LEADER)
20101742916
BECHEM COLLINS TABE 20101713336
BENSON FRANCIS 20101766106
KADURU EMEKA. A 20101729696
AMANDE EMEKA. F 20101742776
OFOEGBU CHRISTOPHER 20101753176
GEORGE WALTER 20101729646
UBADINMA CLEMENTINA 20101753256
NWANEGBO ONYEKA. G 20101725664
ANYOGU PETER TOCHUKWU 20101713316
A Report on Radar System, Federal University of Technology Owerri. 2 March 19, 2014
INTRODUCTION
Radar (acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging) is an object-detection system that
uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects. It can
be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather
formations, and terrain. The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or
microwaves that bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of
the wave's energy to a dish or antenna that is usually located at the same site as the
transmitter.
Radar was secretly developed by several nations before and during World War II. The
term RADAR itself, not the actual development, was coined in 1940 by the United
States Navy as an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging .[1][2] The term radar has
since entered English and other languages as the common noun radar, losing all
capitalization.
The modern uses of radar are highly diverse, including air traffic control, radar
astronomy, air-defense systems, antimissile systems ; marine radars to locate
landmarks and other ships; aircraft anti-collision systems; ocean surveillance systems,
outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems; meteorological precipitation
monitoring; altimetry and flight control systems; guided missile target locating
systems; and ground-penetrating radar for geological observations.
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CHAPTER ONE
THE PRINCIPLE OF THE SECONDARY SURVILLIENCE RADAR SYSTEM
AS USED IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL (ATC).
The following Air Traffic Control (ATC) surveillance, approach and landing radars are
commonly used in Air Traffic Management (ATM):
en-route radar systems,
Air Surveillance Radar (ASR) systems,
Precision Approach Radar (PAR) systems,
Surface movement radars, and
Special weather radars.
EN ROUTE RADARS
En-route radar systems operate in L-Band usually. This radar sets initially detect and
determine the position, course, and speed of air targets in a relatively large area up
to 250 nautical miles (NM).
A typically en-route radar Air Surveillance Radar (ASR)
A Report on Radar System, Federal University of Technology Owerri. 4 March 19, 2014
Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) is approach control radar used to detect and display
an aircraft's position in the terminal area. These radar sets Operate usually in E-
Band, and are capable of reliably detecting and tracking aircraft at altitudes below
25,000 feet (7,620 meters) and within 40 to 60 nautical miles (75 to 110 km) of their
airport.
ASR-12 A typically Air Surveillance.
PRECISION APPROACH RADAR (PAR)
The ground-controlled approach is a control mode in which an aircraft is able to land
in bad weather. The pilot is guided by ground control using precision approach radar.
The guidance information is obtained by the radar operator and passed to the
aircraft by either voice radio or a computer link to the aircraft.
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A typical diagram of PAR.
SURFACE MOVEMENT RADAR (SMR)
The Surface Movement Radar (SMR) scans the airport surface to locate the positions
of aircraft and ground vehicles and displays them for air traffic controllers in bad
weather. Surface movement radars operate in J- to Xband and uses an extremely
short pulse-width to provide an acceptable range-resolution. SMR are part of the
Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE).
SPECIAL WEATHER-RADAR APPLCATION
Weather radar is very important for the air traffic management. There are weather-
radars specially designed for the air traffic safety.
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PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
The interrogator on the ground transmits coded pulses with different modes. Every
mode represents a different question. For conventional SSR the choice of question is
very simple. The controller wants to identify of the aircraft (‘WHO ARE YOU’). The
Radar gives a two dimensional position fix of the aircraft, but air traffic control is
very much a three dimensional positional fix. These different determine the MODE
of operation. The aircrafts transponder reply with a CODE. The chosen mode is
encoded in the coder. (By the different modes different questions can be defined to
the airplane). The transmitter modulates these coded impulses with the RF
frequency. Because another frequency than on the replay path is used on the
interrogation path, an expensive duplexer can be renounced. The antenna is usually
mounted on the antenna of the primary radar unit and turns synchronously to the
deflection on the monitor-frequency.
The diagram of the following operated principle is below;
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CHAPTER TWO
RELATED SIGNAL PROCESSING SCHEME
Signal processing is an area of systems engineering, electrical engineering and
applied mathematics that deals with operations or analysis of analog as well as
digitized signals, representing time –varying or spatially physical quantities.
There are some other signals processing namely:
Digital signal processing
Nonlinear signal processing
Analog signal processing
Discrete signal processing
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NONLINEAR SIGNAL PROCESSING
It involves the analysis and processing of signals produces from nonlinear system and
can be in the time, frequency, or spatio- temporal domain. Nonlinear system can
produce highly complex behavior including (Bifurcations, chaos, harmonics, and sub
harmonic) which cannot be produced or analyzed using linear methods.
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
In digital signal processing is of digitized discrete-time sampled signal. Processing is
done by general purpose computer or by digital circuits such as ASIC, field
programmable gate arrays processor. The typical operation includes fixed- point and
floating-point, real valued and complex valued multiplication and addition. Other
typical operation supported are circular buffers and look up tables examples of
algorithms are (FFT) finite impulse response (FIR) filters and adaptive filters such as
the wiener and kalman filters and infinite impulse response (IIR).
DESCRETE-TIME SIGNAL PROCESSING
It is for sampled signal defined only at discrete point in time but not in magnitude.
Analog discrete-time signal processing s a technology based on electronics devices
such as (sample and hold circuit, analog time division multiplexers, analog delay lines
and analog feedback shift register).this technology was a predecessor of digital signal
processing.
ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING
This is for signal that has not been digitalized, as in legacy radio, telephone, radar,
and television systems. This involves linear electronic circuits as well as non-linear
ones. The former are for instance (passive filters, active filters, additive filters and
delay lines) while non-linear circuits include compandors, multiplicators, frequency
mixers and voltage –controlled oscillators and phase- cocked loops.
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CHAPTER THREE
FUNCTIONS OF THE VARIOUS BLOCKS OF MONOSTATIC PULSE RADAR
ANTENNA SYSTEM
It transfers the transmitter energy to signals in space with the required distribution
and efficiency. This process is applied in an identical way on reception.
INDICATOR
It produces a visual indication of the echo pulses in a manner
That, at a minimum, furnishes range and bearing information
RECEIVER
It amplifies the weak; electromagnetic pulses returned from the reflecting object and
reproduce them as video pulses that are sent to the indicator.
DUPLEXER SYSTEM: - It allows the antenna to be used for transmitting and receiving.
Timer: - it supplies the synchronizing signal that time the transmitter pulses, the
indicator, & other associated circuits.
TRANSMITTER: - This generates electromagnetic energy in the form of short,
powerful pulses.
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CHAPTER FOUR
A LINK BUDGET OF A SATELLITE SYSTEM
The link budget determines the antenna size to deploy, power requirements, link
availability, bit error rate, as well as the overall customer satisfaction with the
satellite service. A link Budget is a tabular method for evaluating the power received
and the noise ratio in a radio link.
The following table for link budget may be implemented
Feature Data Results Unit
Maximum Distance 1160 KM
Transmission Power 25 dbm
Transmission Loss 1 dB
Transmission Antenna Gain 4,5 dB
EIRP 30,5 dB
Free Space Loss 161,47 dB
Atmospheric Absorption 1 dB
Polarization Loss 3 dB
Antenna Misalignment Loss 1 dB
Propagation Loss 166,47 dB
Satellite Antenna Gain 35 dB
System Noise Temperature 110,11 K
Figure of Merit 14,59 Db/K
Boltzmann Constant -228,6 Db/k/Hz
Pr/N0 77,22 dBHz
Bit Rate 9600 Bit/s
Eb/N0 37,4 dB
BER 10-5
Eb/N0 @ 10-5 9,6 dB
Downlink Margin 27,8 dB
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SUMMARY
In conclusion, radar is something that is used all around us even though it is normally
invisible. When people use radar, they are usually trying to accomplish one of three
things; detecting the presence of an object at a distance, detect the speed of an object,
or to map something. All three of these activities can be accomplished simply by using
echo and Doppler shift. These two concepts are easy to understand because your ear
hears echo and Doppler shift every day. Radar makes use of the same techniques using
radio waves.
One particular usage of this radar technology is for transportation purposes. For many
people, speeding is a normal part of daily life. This law bending is so common and also
so accepted that there is even a special electronic equipment to help drivers get away
with it. Since their introduction in 1970s by Mike Churchman, radar detectors have
become a must have accessories for high-speed drivers. To understand how radar
detector work, you first have to know what they are detecting.
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REFRENCE
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