~..J.,""rI(B '10 SBIJCrID PAPFaS (It HlILIPPIBB

IfABIRE FTSRRRTIlS ~.tCES (1947-1986)&)

by

V.L. Aprietob), J. Saegerc) and D. Paulyd)

Abstract

A reader comprising 29 reprinted contributions on demersal,pelagic and coral reef fisheries of the Rlilippines and on theirsocioeconanic and management aspects is presented to compensate forthe absence of a textbook relevant to teaching and research on themarine fishery resource of the country. Some aspects of training andresearch, as viewed from the perspective of a Philippine researcher/teacher, the team leader of a bilateral aid project, and that of astaff member of an international research organization are given,along with supplementary references pertinent to Rlilippine marinefisheries .

a) IClARM Contribution No. 318

b) Department of Marine Fisheries, College of Fisheries,University of the Philippines in the Visayas, DUiman,Quemn City 3004, Philippines

C) Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusanmenarbei t (GTZ)6236 Fschbom, Federal Republic of Germany

d) International Center for Living Aquatic Resources ManagelOOnt(IClABM), ~ P.O. Box 1501 J Makati, Metro-Manila, Philippines

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Introduct1m

A Philippine view of the need for appropriate teaching material on

marine fisheries

The first fishery school in the Philippines, the Philippine

Institute of Fisheries Technology, opened in the quiet seaside town

of Navotas, Rizal just after World War II in 1947. The first lecture

notes, IOOStly gleaned fran personal experience and knowledge of the

local fishery, a few prewar fishery publications, and fran scarce

foreign fishery textbooks used in the United States, Japan and Europe

were compiled by the first batch of fishery instructors who were

IOOstly alumni of the University of the Philippine with majors in

agriculture, zoology, botany and chemistry. Those instructors who

qualified through an examination were then sent for further education

to the United States as Part of the postwar rehabilitation program.

Their experience and training in the American fishery centers

hastened the modernization of education relevant to capture

fisheries, aquaculture and fish processing.

For nearly four decades the Philippines was the recipient of

numerous foreign assistance programs in the form of fishery training

and research facilities, faculty and technician studies, observation

fellowships and research grants. In the same period, 73 fishery

schools including 25 universities, colleges, postsecondary SChools,

40 fishery high schools and some 100 fishery research centers and

stations were established. However, no fisheries textbook with an

emphasis on the Philippines has been produced to date, in spite of

the role of fish in the food resource system of Filipinos - the

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source of over 50% of their protein - and in spite of the signifi-

cance of the fishing industry in the Philippine econany as a source

of livelihood for over a million Filipinos and its importance as a

source of foreign exchange.

That material for such a textbook would be available is evi-

denced by the bibliographieS of Vicente (1980), Ganez (1980), and

Ronquillo and Gabral-Uana (1985) on Philippine fisheries, marine

studies and on research conducted by the Bureau of Fisheries and

Aquatic Resources, respectively.

This reader is an attempt to canpensate for this dearth of

textbook material. It compiles in a single volume what are consi-

dered to be significant publications on marine resources, which pro-

vide the basis of the biggest sector in Philippine fisheries. The

reader gives information canpiled by active fishery s.cientists on the

state of exploitation of demersal and pelagic fisheries and the re-

source management efforts of the government on coomercial and small-

scale fisheries.

Fisheries education in the Philippines: an example of a contribution

by a bilateral aid agency.

The Philippine~erman Fisheries Project, a project of tech-

nical cooperation between the Government of the Republic of the

Philippines and the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany

based at the College of Fisheries, University of the Philippines,

started in 1978 with the target of upgrading the standards in both

academic teaching and research at the College's Department of Marine

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Fisheries (DMF) and the Department of Fish Processing Technology

(DFPT). The project involved, on the Philippine side, staff of the

two Departments and on the German side a number of experts and

consul tants, with one of us (J. S.) as team leader.

An early analysis of the problems pertaining to the Philip-

pine marine capture fishery (Baasch et ale 1976) revealed that effec-

ti ve resource management would not be achieved in the absence of a

sufficiently high number of qualified scientists. It was for this

reason that the project focused on improved teaching standards at DMF

by implementing an M.S. course in fisheries, with emIDasis on

fisheries resource management. The course was offered for the first

time in the academic year 1980/81. Research conducted by project

staff and consultants has been published in the Technical Reports of

the Department of Marine- Fisheries, a series that was revived for

this purpose after a lapse of sane nine years (~ back cover for a

list to date). Some other contributions of this project are Saeger

(1981, see p. 137-140 of this document) as well as a number of IRpers

covering fish processing, which is not covered by this reader.

The "world history of fisheries management" as one may call

it, is a long and frustrating succession of scientists proposing

methods of optimizing utilization of resources and of politicians

ignoring this advice or implementing half-hearted measures for con-

servation of the resources when the resources are, in fact, already

depleted. Thus, the herring stock in the North Sea had first to

collapse (in the early seventies) before it attracted sufficient

attention to warrant effective management measures. In this case, a

complete ban was promulgated and enforced, which led, after a few

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years, to a stunning recovery and an herring bounty no fisherman

dared to. dream of ten years ago. This is only one of the roore faroous

examples wherein the importance of proper fisheries management was

evident.

Canpared to the problems facing fishery management in

temperate waters, the management of tropical fish stocks is made roore

difficult by factors some of which are listed here:

tropical fishery science is a rather young subdiscipline

of applied biology, and the emphasis of researchers tends

to remain concentrated on PUrely biological approaches,

in roost tropical countries, fishermen operate a multitude

of gears with high degrees of seasonality which does not

allow for easy estimation of plrameters. such as fishing

effort or catch per unit effort;

Fishery statistics, if available at all, often prove

unreliable to the extent of being completely useless;

unlike the situation in temperate waters, JOOSt of the

fishing activity is on multispecies stock;

the di versi ty of coomercially important fish species is

about ten times that of temperate waters;

the classical approaches in fish population dynamics were

develoPed for temperate waters. Only in few instances the

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methods developed proved to be applicable for e.g. assess-

ment of tropical stocks;

methods of age determination on which almost all of the

classical fisheries models rely are either not applicable

or not practicable for tropical fish.

Aside from these problems that make it difficult to suggest

straightforward improvements of the situation, academic teachers who

are working in tropical countries suffer from various constraints in

their research work as well as in their academic teaching, notably in

that literature that is relevant to their needs is, in JOOStcases,

not easily accessible or not available at all. Although for example

the library of the College of Fisheries at the University of the

Philippines is one of the best units of its kind in the country,

teachers and students oftentimeS find it next to impossible to find

certain references, especially those dating back more than a decade.

One easily can imagine how much worse the situation in other state

colleges and provincial universities must be.

It is for these reasons that the editors of this volume

decided to collate papers which, in their opinion, can be turned into

important tools for teachers, researchers and students alike.

Marine fishery research and training in the Philippines: the inter-

national dimension

The International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Manage-

ment (ICLARM), although an international center has by virtue of its

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location in Manila, conducted a large nUDi>er of projects in the

Philippines, many of them, in cooperation with the University of the

Philippines. Among others, they involved the country-wide study of

Philippine municipal fisheries (Smith et ale 1980) and the San Miguel

Bay Project (~e Pauly and Mines 1982; Smith and Mines 1982; Bailey

1982a ,b ; Smith et al. 1983). Another significant project has been

the "Philippine lOOdule" of IClARM's Management Oriented Fishery

Research Project (1981-1985) which led to several papers, notably by

Pauly and Ingles (1981), Navaluna and Pauly (1983), Ingles and Pauly

(1984), as well as a number of others included or mentioned in this

reader, or presently in press.

The FAO-DANIDATraining Course in Tropical Fish Stock Assess-

ment held in January/February 1984 in UP Campus (at which two of us

lectured) brought an additional international dimension to fishery

research in the Phi lippines. The impact of this course should turn

out to be considerable although it is too early for a critical

evaluation (see Venem. and Pauly, 1982). last, but not least, one

should mention here the significant role on Philippine fishery

research and training of the now canpleted South China Sea Fisheries

Developnent and Coordinating Programne (SCSP) Vthich, through its

regular activities, but also by virtue of its location in Manila

greatly contributed to the assessment of Philippine marine resources

and to marine fishery research, especially on tuna. We have

therefore included, for the sake of canpleteness, a selected list of

publications by the SCSP as an appendix to this reader.

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Structure of the reader and suggestions for its use

This reader includes 29 reprinted pipers, ranging in length

fran one to fifty piges. They have been reprinted with their

original pigination, with a new, continuous pigination being added

in bold characters.

For each contribution, a correct, canplete citation is given,

along with a brief introduction (always less than one pige) outlining

the main thrust of the piper, and providing some additional recent

references were appropriate. The pipers are arranged in four groups,

covering demersal fisheries, pelagic fisheries, coral reefs and their

exploitation, and socioeconanic and managaoont aspects of Philippine

marine fisheries. A balance was sought between contributions by

Filipino and non-Filipino authors, selected publications by the

FAO/UNDPSouth China Sea Fisheries Developnent and coordinating

Programne, and authors' and taxonanic indices are appended to make

the retrieval of detailed infonnation easier.

With regards to research, we would recoomend that users of

this reader focus on the issues raised by the various contributions,

but also go beyond these papers by attempting to apply analytical 100-

dels and rigorous tests of hypotheses when conducting their studies,

rather than staying at descriptive level (necessary as it might be in.

a first phase) as illustrated by a number of contributions reprinted

here.

With regard to education, we recoomend that instructors,

rather than basing their course on a single copy of this doc\.1lOOnt

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(theirs), should attempt to secure a large number of copies and to

make them available to students (on a loan OO5is) at the beginning of

a course. Students may then be asked to report on one or the other

aspect of Philippine marine fisheries, using one or several of the

papers included in this document, as well as more widely available

papers to which we give numerous references.

A~ledgemeDts

We wish to express our thanks to Mr. Victor Sambilay, Jr.

(Philippine-<Jerman Fisheries Project) for his invaluable assistance

in assembling, paginating, indexing and printing the papers included

here. The input of Mr. lnnocencio Ronquillo and Ms. E. IJ.ana (Re-

search Division, BFAR)in identifying material suitable for inclusion

in this reader is greatfully acknowledged. Thanks are also due to

Dr. J. McManus (UP Marine Science Institute) and loR. Smith (IClARM)

for contributing brief introductions to several of the papers re-

printed here. last but not the least, we wish to thank the publish-

ers of papers included here for their pennission to reprint them.

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References

Baasch, H., P. Jarchau, H.V. Westernhagen and M. Zureck (1976).Fischerei auf den Philippinen und MOglichkei ten ihrerForderung. projekt Nr. 7425127~00603, Fed. Min. Econ.Coop. (BMZ)Bonn. (unpublished report).

Bailey, C., Em tor (1982a). Small-scale fisheries of San Miguel Bay,Philippines: social aspects of production and marketing.ICIARMTechnical Report 9, 57 p. Insti tute of FisheriesDevelopnent and Research, College of Fisheries, Universi tyof the Philippines in the Visayas, Quezon City, Philip-pines; International Center for Living Aquatic ResourcesManagement, Manila, Philippines; and the United NationsUniversi ty, Tokyo, Japtn.

Bailey, C. (1982b). Small-scale fisheries of San Miguel Bay, Philip-pines: occupational and geographic IOObility. IClARMTech-nical Reports 10, 57 p. Institute of Fisheries Develop-ment and Research, College of Fisheries, Universi ty of thePhilippines in the Visayas, Quezon City , Philippines;International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Manage-ment, Manila, Philippines; and the United Nations Univer-sity, Tokyo, Japan.

Ganez" E.D. (1980). Bibliography of Philippine marine science.Filipinas Foundation, Makati, Metro Manila, 178 p.

Ingles, J. and D. Pauly (1984). An atlas of the growth, IOOrtali tyand recruitment of Philippine fishes. IClARMTechnicalReports 13, 127 p. Insti tute of Fisheries Developnentand Research, College of Fisheries, Universi ty of thePhilippines in the Visayas, Quezon City, Philippines andInternational Center for living Aquatic Resources Manage-ment, Manila, Philippines.

Pauly, D. and A.N. Mines, Editors (1982). Small-scale fisheries ofSan Miguel Bay, Philippines: biology and stock asses.sment.IClARM Technical Reports 7, 124 p. Insti tute of FisheriesDevelopnent and Research, College of Fisheries, Uni versi tyof the Philippines in the Visayas, Quezon City, Philip-pines; International Center for living Aquatic ResourcesManagement, Manila, Philippines; and the United NationsUniversity, Tokyo, Japan.

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Pauly, D. and J. Ingles (1981). Aspects of the growth and naturalmortali ty of exploited coral reef fishes. Proceedings ofthe Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, Manila,1981, (1) :89-97.0

Pauly, D. and N. Navaluna (1983). Monsoon-induced seasonality in therecrui tment of Philippine fishes. In G.D. Sharp and J.Csirke (eds.). Proceedings of the expert consultation toexamine changes in abundance and species canposi tion ofneri tic fish resources, San Jose, Costa Rica, 18-29 April1983. FAOFish. Rep. No. 291, Vol. 3 (1984).

Ronquillo, LA. and M.A. Gabral-Llana (1985). A bibliography ofBFAR's researches and popular writings (1947-1984).Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. Tech. Pap.Sere Vol. 8(1):1-104.

Smith, 1.R. and D. Pauly (1983). Small-scale fisheries of San MiguelBay, Philippines. Resolving roultigear competition in near-shore fisheries. IClARMNewsletter 6(4) :11-18.

Smith, 1.R. and A.N. Mines (1982). Small-scale fisheries of SanMiguel Bay, Philippines: economics of production andmarketing. IC~1 Technical Report 8. 143 p. Institute ofFisheries Developnent and Research, College of Fisheries,University of the Philippines; International Center forLiving Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines;and the United Nations Universi ty, 'l'okyo, Japan.

Smith, 1.R., D. Pauly and A.N. Mines (1983). Small-scale fisheriesof San Miguel Bay, Philippines: options for management andresearch. IClARMTechnical Reports II, 80 p. Insti tute ofFisheries Developnent and Research, College of _ Fisheries,University of the Philippines; International Center forLiving Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines;and the United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan.

Venema, S. and D. Pauly (1982). Training courses in fish stockassessment: The past and the future. IClARMNewsletter5(4) :13-14.

Vicente, D.A. (1980). Fisheries research in the Philippines: anannotated preliminary bibliography of bibliographies. J.Fish. Aquacult. Mindanao State Univ. 1(2) :1-218.

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