a quick review of sgrs
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A quick Review of SGRsTRANSCRIPT
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A Quick Review of SGRs
Tree Care Advisor Core Course Training
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Stem Girdling Roots
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Approximately 20 year old root system of linden
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Stem Girdling Roots and Stem Girdling
Suckers: 6 year old Tilia cordata 5” deep
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Effects on Landscape Lives
Predisposition to other problems
Stunted growth
Premature death/failure
Reduced ability to compartmentalize
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Predisposed Health
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Predisposed Health
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Predisposed Health
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Predisposed Health
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Effects on Water Balance
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Constricted Sapwood/Water Flow
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Sapwood Compression from SGRs
Photo Courtesy of Jeff Somebody
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Predisposed Health
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Predisposed Health & Reduced Ability
to Compartmentalize
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Predisposed Health
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Stunted Growth
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Premature Death
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Premature Death
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Premature Death
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Premature Death
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Regarding Stem Girdling
Roots and Tree Loss,
Practitioners Stated:
•Relationship to tree
decline and death - 82%
of the time.
•Relationship to the
sudden failure of trees –
18% of the time
A Survey of Practitioners : North American Members of ISA (1998, n = 282)
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Minneapolis
1997 - Acer saccharum,
1999 - Fraxinus pennsylvanica,
1999 - Tilia cordata,
Rochester
2001 - Celtis occidentalis,
Saint Paul
2004 - Gleditsia triacanthos
Depth of Soil over Roots Surveys: Sites
and Selection
N = 100 (+/-)Per Species, Randomly Selected
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•3-9” d.b.h. Trees
•Surveys included two
teams.
•1st Team “blind”
condition rated
canopies and stems
•0-4 Rating System
Depth of Soil Over Roots: Survey
Protocol
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Condition Rating: Canopies
0-4 Rating System:
0 = Dead
4 = No obvious defects.
Canopy condition rating factors:
Characteristic density for the Species,
Live crown ratio (60% standard),
Crown symmetry,
Dieback.
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Condition Rating: Canopies
E.g., Greenspire Littleleaf Linden to the right. Canopy
condition reduced due to density.
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Condition Rating: Stems
Factors:
Lost Bark/Living Cambium,
Cracks/Ribs,
Decay,
Contributing Agents.
Stem Girdling Roots (above ground)
0-4 Rating System:
0 = No living cambium in stem,
4 = No obvious defects.
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Condition Rating: Stems
Dead
Cambium
Frost
Crack
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•2nd Team performed root
collar examination:
•Data Recorded:
•Depth to first order roots,
•Frequency and location of
Stem Encircling Roots
(SERs) and Stem Girdling
Roots (SGRs),
•% of stem affected.
Depth of Soil over Roots Surveys: Root
Collar Exams
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Summaries
•Majority Had > 1” Soil Over Roots*
•Tilia, Acer and Fraxinus Worst: > 90% w/4”+
•1”+ Soil = More SER’s (Stem Encircling Roots)
•Most Vulnerable Species: Tilia, Celtis, Fraxinus
•Worst Condition Rating:Soil Depth – Tilia, Acer, Fraxinus
•Most Common SGR’s:Soil Depth – Tilia, Fraxinus, Celtis,
Acer
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What IS Too Deep?
Frequency of Stem Encircling Roots:
1-3 Inches*
Frequency of Stem Girdling Suckers:
5 Inches**
Frequency of Stem Girdling Roots:
1-3 Inches*
*Sugar Maple, Green Ash, Littleleaf Linden, Hackberry, Honeylocust
**Littleleaf Linden
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What IS Too Deep?
Negative Effects on Health?
Species Dependent.
1-3.5 inches was Too Deep.
Johnson and Johnson, 1997.
Johnson and Borst, 1999.
Johnson and Hauer, 2000.
Johnson, et al., 2006. Planting Depth Interim Report.
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Premature Failure in Loading Events
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When Roots and Stems Conflict
Soil Line
SGR
compression
point
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Total Tree Failures In Boulevards Most Commonly Damaged Size (d.b.h.) ranges
1998 1995-2005
Size (d.b.h.) Range % of Total % of Total
6-10 inches 28.6 29.0
>25 inches 25.7 26.0
20-25 inches 15.7 16.0
10-15 inches 14.3 14.0
15-20 inches 14.3 14.0
Storm Damage in Minnesota:
1998 n=564 1995-2005 n=1584
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•32% of all tree failures , located on the edges of storms
•26% of all boulevard total tree failures (53% of 6-10” category)
•68% of Little-leaf Lindens that failed in boulevards (#3rd most
common species)
•> 90% of trees that had SGRs had stems buried 4” or more.
Storm Damage in Minnesota: Failures due to
Stem Girdling Roots
1995-2005 n=1584
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Storm Damage in Minnesota: SGRs below ground with compression
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides)
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Commonly Damaged Species
with Chronic Problems
1998 1995-2005
Little Leaf Lindens: 73% of all 76%
that failed were 4”+ deep and had
stem girdling roots causing stem
compression.
These trees failed below the stem
compression points.
Storm Damage in Minnesota:
1998 n=564 1995-2005 n=1584
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Stem Girdling Suckers
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Stem Girdling Suckers
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Stem Girdling Suckers
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Treatments?
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Treatments?
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Treatments?
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Treatments?
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Treatments?
Mark Dungan
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Treatments?
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Treatments?