UMR 5205

A (Quick) Historical Panorama of Information Technologies

Lionel Brunie

National Institute of Applied Sciences (INSA)LIRIS Laboratory/DRIM Team – UMR CNRS 5205

Lyon, France

http://liris.cnrs.fr/lionel.brunie

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Agenda

Back to (pre-)History

A Quick Look at Cutting-Edge IC Technologies Super Computing Large Scale Computing: Grid and Cloud Computing Mobile, Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing The Internet of Things

How all this has happened? Technological Evolutions Software Evolutions

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A short history of computers and IT…

60 years ago…

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A short history of computers and IT…

25 years ago…

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A short history of computers and IT…

Today…

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A short history of computers and IT…

Tomorrow ?

A Quick Look at Cutting Edge IT

Let’s have a look at cutting edge IT

Super Computing

Grid and Cloud Computing

Mobile, Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing

The Internet of Things

Super Computing

From Vector Machines to Clusters

Old times

Basic ideas A super computer is like a Ferrari → use specific components Super computing is like F1 or WRG → adapt to the application

scenario

Vector Computer (Cray)Database Computer

An alternative idea: Super SIMD (Connection Machines)

Incredible creativity in architecture and network design

A Cray-2

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2013… The Tianhe-2 (Milky Way-2)

Ranked 1st in the top500 list of the most “powerful” (computing intensive) computers (June 2013)

Ranked 6th in the graph500 list of the most “powerful” (data intensive processing) computers (June 2013)

Ranked 32nd in the green500 list of the most energy efficient computer (June 2013)

China (National University of Defense Technology)

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2013… The Tianhe-2 (Milky Way-2)

Rmax = 33862 (i.e., 33,9 Pflops) – Rpeak = 54902 (computing efficiency : 61,7 %)

3,120,000 cores – Memory: 1.375 PB – Disk: 12,4 PB –fat-tree based Interconnection Network

16000 computer nodes

1 node = 2 Intel (12 cores) Ivy Bridge Xeon + 3 (57 cores) Xeon Phi co-procs + 88GB memory shared by the Ivy Bridges procs + 8 GB memory shared by the Xeon Phi chips

Power:17,8 MW (1,9 Tflops/kW – 1,9 Gflops/W … only!)

« Tianhe-2 operation for 1 hour is equivalent to 1.3 billion people calculator operating one thousand years » (best-news.us – assertion not checked)

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2013 #2… The Titan (Cray XK7)

Ranked 2nd in the top500 list (1st in Nov. 2012)299008 cores – Memory: 710 TB – Cray Gemini Interconnect18688 Opteron 6274 16 cores 2.200GHz + 18,688 Nvidia Tesla K20X GPUsRmax = 17590 – Rpeak = 27112 (computing efficiency : 65 %)Power: 8.2 MW… only!

Supercomputing… A Quick Look at the Web

Top500.org performance development logarithmic progression! (x10 in 3years) clusters, clusters (84%)! 54% in industry max power efficiency: 2.9 Gflops/W #500: 96 TFlops! – Total : 223 Pflops poster Top500

Graph500.org BlueGene++

Green500.org and GreenGraph500 List max: 3,2 Gflops/W #1 green500 = #467 top500 (1 T00flops) #1 top500 = #32 green500

Large Scale Computing: the Grid

Resource Sharing and CooperativeComputing in Large-Scale Dynamic

Virtual Organizations

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Grid Computing… The LCG ArchitectureT

ier-

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Tier-0

10 Gbps linksOptical Private Network

(to almost all sites)

Trigger and Data

Acquisition System

Tie

r-2

General Purpose/Academic/Research Network

From F. Malek – LCG FRance

Grid Computing: ApplicationsHigh energy & nuclear physics

Simulation Earth observation, climate modeling Geophysics, earthquake modeling Fluids, aerodynamic design Pollutant dispersal scenarios

Astronomy- Digital sky surveys: modern telescopes produce over 10 Petabytes per year (upto 30 TB per day)!

Molecular genomics

Chemistry and biochemistry

Financial applications

Medical images

…

Large Scale Computing: the Cloud

Business-centric Large-Scale Distributed Computing

Everything as a Service

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Cloud Computing

“A large-scale distributed computing paradigm that is driven by economies of scale, in which a pool of abstracted, virtualized, dynamically-scalable, managed computing power, storage, platforms, and services are delivered on demand to external customers over the Internet” (Foster at al.)

SalesForces, Amazon, IBM, Google, Microsoft, Backblaze…

Everything as a service Infrastructure as a service Platform as a service Software as a service

Behind the scene: some kind of a (proprietary) grid

Mobile/Ubiquitous/Pervasive Computing

A Focus on the User

Mobile/Ubiquitous/Pervasive Computing

Mobile communications have freed the user from the Internet plug

3G/4G mobile Internet is as faster as Internet-at-work and Internet-at-home

Ubiquity, i.e., Internet-everywhere, is a reality (at least in Western countries)

A dramatic social (and business) change!

A still-open issue: context-awareness what is your device, what are the network conditions? where are you? what are you doing right now and in the near future? what are your preferences? Who are your friends? …

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Applications of Ubi./ Perv. Computing

Sensor networks (smart dust)Home networksPatient monitoring (personal area networks)Emergency management / battlefield / borders monitoringMuseums and pervasive buildingsVehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANET) / MANETAlert management (parking, kids, etc.)Supply chainU-Society

People to People (P2P): Facebook on your cell phone People to Object (P2O): IoT platforms Geopositioned Services: App Store

Do-IoT-Yourself: Arduino / Raspberry Pi / Beaglebone - Fab Lab ? …

The Internet of ThingsWhen (Smart) Things Meets Internet

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The « Internet of Things (IoT) is […] a dynamic global network infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual ‘things’ have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network.

In the IoT, ‘things’ are expected to become active participants in business, information and social processes where they are enabled to interact and communicate among themselves and with the environment by exchanging data and information ‘sensed’ about the environment, while reacting autonomously to the ‘real/physical world’s events » (CERP-IoT)

The Internet of Things: Definition

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Applications of the Internet of Things

IoT platforms yet exist: xively (ex-cosm, ex-pachube), sen.se, etc.

Machine To Machine (M2M) / Object To Object (O2O) the never lasting intelligent fridge ? smart maintenance « Intelligent » sensors networks smart factory ITS and Smart car…

What place for humans?

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Key wordsIdentity / PersonalityAutonomy Interaction / Environment Communication / Global Network

A philosophical approach: Spimes (Bruce Sterling, 2004)?

A promise with no future? A nightmare? A dream? The true future?

The Internet of Things

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A Universal Network of Things ?

From readwrite.com

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An Infinity of Networks of Things

From readwrite.com

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How all this has happened?

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Technological Evolutions

Large bandwidth communications Optical fiber 3G, 4G, WiMax WiFi Direct

Low power local communications NFC Zigbee, Bluetooth…

« Universal » identification RFID - Electronic Product Code (EPC) – EPCGlobalNetwork –

Object Naming Service (ONS) IETF Host Identity Protocol (HIP – RFC 4423-5201 )

Geopositioning GPS/Galileo GSM

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Technological Evolutions (Cont’d)

Supercomputing Parallel supercomputers (1- Tianhe-2 - 34 Pflops) Super-clusters/clouds (Microsft = 1 million of servers (July’13) ; Google 2+ millions of servers? Soon 10

millions?)

Super storage Key: ~GB Disk: ~TB Data Center: ~PB

Micro-Nano technologies

Sensors – Sensor networks

“Things”

Convergence digital camera – telephone – laptop → smartphone

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Software Evolutions

Services – SOA

Object Service / Service Object (Everything as a Service)

Social networks

E-Services

Mobility (M-services)

“All digital, any where, any time” Era

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Back to Ubiquitous/Pervasive

Computing

Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing… The Vision of a Calm Technology

« The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it »

[The objective of pervasive computing is to ] “ … make a computer so imbedded, so fitting, so natural, that we use it without even thinking about it.”

“Ubiquitous (pervasive) computing is roughly the opposite of virtual reality. Where virtual reality puts people inside a computer-generated world, ubiquitous computing forces the computer to live out here in the world with people.”

« A new way of thinking about computers in the world, one that takes into account the natural human environment and allows the computers themselves to vanish in the background »

Mark Weiser, Xerox PARC, 1991-

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[M. Satyanarayanan, 2001]Pervasive computing environment = « one saturated with

computing and communication capability, yet so gracefully integrated with users that it becomes ‘a technology that disappears’ »

So:“Smart” spaces“Invisibility” and transparencyScalability

Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing… The Vision of a Calm Technology

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The « object-subject » is actor (a first-class citizen) of the “system” / of the Future

smart objects / smart everything active objects “the” cloud

« Intelligence » is, at first, the « network » i.e., the ability to exchange information / communicate

« Intelligence », is also the ability to self-adapt to the user profile and the context (« context awareness »), “to weave” into the environment

« Ego » is part of the context

« Intelligence », finally, is the ability to organize: autonomously (autonomic computing, self healing…) spontaneously

Multi-Scale Ubiquitous Ego-Centric Digital Ecosystem

Some Key Ideas for an Holistic Vision

A Partial Conclusion

An incredible change!

A digital world (and digital life)

An (almost) unlimited power of processing, storage, communication

Unlimited opportunities of new applications

But a coined in the 60’s client-server way of thinking!

And strong concerns about privacy

(A Highway to) Hell or Eden?

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What IT world do you want to build ?