a prospective model of the relationship between psychological climate, work attitude, and staff...
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A prospective model of the relationship between psychological climate, work attitude, and staff
turnover
Bryan R. Garner, Ph.D. & Brooke D. Hunter, B.S.
Chestnut Health SystemsNormal, IL
R01AA017625 (PI: Garner)#270-07-0191
(PIs: Dennis & Godley)
Opinions are those of the authors and not official positions of the government
Addiction Health Services ResearchFairfax, VA – October 4, 2011
R01DA030462 (PI: Garner)
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Defining turnover
Turnover is when a current staff member voluntarily or involuntarily leaves the organization.
• 33% annual counselor turnover and 23% clinical supervisor turnover (Eby, Burk, & Maher, 2010).
• 31% annual counselor turnover and 19% clinical supervisor turnover (Garner, Hunter, Modisette, Ihnes, & Godley, under review).
Estimates of Staff Turnover within Substance Use Treatment Field?
Generally most prevalent and of greatest concern
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Why should we care about staff turnover?
Negative consequences of staff turnover:
1. Financial costs associated with recruiting, selecting, and training replacement staff.
2. Potential for reductions in quality or effectiveness of services being delivered to the organizations’ customers or clients.
Why do staff turnover?
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Models of staff turnover process
1. Intermediate Linkages Model
Mobley (1977)
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2. Meta-analytic, structural equation modeling turnover model
Hom, Caranikas-Walker, Prussia, & Griffeth, 1992
Models of staff turnover process
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3. Culture, climate, work attitudes, and staff turnover
Aarons & Sawitzky (2006)
Relationship not reported
Correlational relationship
Models of staff turnover process
Limitations
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Hypothesized model
PsychologicalClimatea
Work Attitudeb
StaffTurnover
Study Entry 3-month post-study entry
4 -18 months post-study entry
a James & Jones (1974); James & James (1989); Parker, 1999
b Parker et al. (2003)
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Psychological Climate
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Hypothesized model
PsychologicalClimatea
Work Attitudeb
StaffTurnover
Study Entry 3-month post-study entry
4 -18 months post-study entry
a James & Jones (1974); James & James (1989); Parker, 1999
b Parker et al. (2003)
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Psychological Climate
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Hypothesized model
PsychologicalClimatea
Work Attitudeb
StaffTurnover
Study Entry 3-month post-study entry
4 -18 months post-study entry
a James & Jones (1974); James & James (1989); Parker, 1999
b Parker et al. (2003)
An individuals perception of their work environment
An individuals evaluation of those perceptions
What’s the difference between these?
“PCg and satisfaction are distinct constructs” (p.265)
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Psychological Climate andWork Attitudes
Parker et al. (2003)
the relationships of psychological climate with employee motivation
and performance are fully mediated byemployees’ work attitudes. (p. 389)
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Hypothesized model
PsychologicalClimatea
Work Attitudeb
StaffTurnover
Study Entry 3-month post-study entry
4 -18 months post-study entry
Caution: Temporal order does not imply causation
a James & Jones (1974); James & James (1989); Parker, 1999
b Parker et al. (2003)
Test direct relationship
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Participants
• 95 substance abuse treatment (SAT) therapists participating in a multisite (N=29) evidence-based practice dissemination and implementation initiative (Godley, Garner, Smith, Meyers, & Godley, 2011) and a related pay-for-performance experiment (Garner, Godley, Dennis, Godley, & Shepard, 2010).
Background Characteristics M (SD) or %
Age in years 36 (11)
Female 73%
Caucasian 56%
Master’s degree+ 55%
Recovery Status 5%
Annual Salary $34,769 ($7,494)
None of these were significant predictors of turnover
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Procedures
• Under IRB approval, participants were asked to complete a 30-45 minute survey at study entry and three months post-entry.
• Staff turnover information was provided by supervisors at each respective treatment site.
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Measures
• Psychological Climate – five-factor latent construct created using items from the Psychological Climate Questionnaire (James & Sells, 1981), the organizational climate domain of the Organizational Readines for Change (ORC) instrument (Lehman, Greener, & Simpson, 2002), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach, Jackson, & Leiter, 1996).
Job Challenge& Autonomy
RoleClarity
RoleOverload
CoworkerSupport
SupervisorSupport
PsychologicalClimate
Fit statistics:χ2/df = 1.02, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = .015; comparative fit index (CFI)
= .998; Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = .996, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = .042).
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Measures continued
• Work Attitude – five-factor latent construct created using items from the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (Weiss, Dawis, England, & Lofquist, 1967), the pay satisfaction questionnaire (Heneman & Schwab, 1985), the job involvement scale (Lodahl & Kejner, 1965; Reeve & Smith, 2001), and the intentions-to-quit scale (adapted for this study based on items developed by Walsh, Ashford, & Hill, 1985).
Job Involvement
Intentions-to-Quit
BenefitSatisfaction
PaySatisfaction
Job Satisfaction
WorkAttitude
Fit statistics:χ2/df = 1.86, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = .095; comparative fit index (CFI)
= .918; Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = .836, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = .049).
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Measures continued
• Turnover – represented as a latent factor with four binary event indicators where 1 = turnover and 0 = no turnover and with event indicators coded as missing once turnover occurred or the observation period ended.
Months13-18
Months10-12
Months7-9
Months4-6
Turnover
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Analyses
Mediation analysis using multilevel discrete-time survival analysis with latent variables, which combines the strengths of:• Mediation analysis (e.g., Baron & Kenny, 1986)• Longitudinal data analysis (e.g., Singer & Willett, 2003)• Multilevel modeling (e.g., Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002; Snijders &
Bosker, 1999)• Survival analysis (e.g., Morita, Lee, & Mowday, 1989; Muthén &
Masyn, 2005; Singer & Willett, 1993, 2003; Willett & Singer, 1993)• Structural equation modeling (e.g., Bollen, 1989; Hoyle, 1995)
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Results:Turnover rate
• Of the 95 participants, 19 (20%) left the organization during the course of the study.
• Of the 19 that left, 18 (95%) were voluntary turnovers, which represents a 19% voluntary turnover rate.
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Hypothesized Model:
Study Entry
3-month post-study entry
4 -18 months post-study entryT
IME
PsychologicalClimate
Turnover
WorkAttitude
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Results:Model 1
SS CS RO RC JCA
JS PS BS ITQ JI
WorkAttitude
* p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001
PsychologicalClimate
.74*** .79*** -.49** .56*** .53***
.80*** .66*** .54*** -.50*** .21
.87***
More positive perceptions of work environment at study entry (i.e.,
psychological climate) was predictive of more positive work attitudes
measured 3 months later.
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Hypothesized Model:
Study Entry
3-month post-study entry
4 -18 months post-study entryT
IME
WorkAttitude
PsychologicalClimate
Turnover
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Results:Model 2
SS CS RO RC JCA
PsychologicalClimate
* p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001
Months4-6
Months7-9
Months10-12
Months13-18
Turnover
.82*** .84*** -.52** .62*** .44*** .32** .32** .32** .32**
Hazard Odds Ratio (hOR) = 0.37***
Higher perceptions of work environment at study entry (i.e., psychological climate)
was predictive of decreased likelihood of turnover between months 4 and 18.
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Hypothesized Model:
Study Entry
3-month post-study entry
4 -18 months post-study entryT
IME
WorkAttitude
PsychologicalClimate
Turnover
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Results:Final Model
SS CS RO RC JCA
JS PS BS ITQ JI
WorkAttitude
.75*** .79*** -.61**
* p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001
.62*** .46***
Months4-6
.40**
Months7-9
Months10-12
Months13-18
Turnover
.40** .40** .40**
.88*** .61*** .47*** -.64*** .29**
WorkAttitude
PsychologicalClimate
.82*** hOR = 0.26*
Relationship between Psychological Climate and
Turnover is no longer significant (hOR = 0.95; p=.95) when Work Attitude is included in model
(i.e., Full Mediation)
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Main Findings and Implications
Main Finding #1:19% Voluntary Turnover Rate
Main Finding #2: Work attitude fully mediated
the temporal relationship between psychological climate
and staff turnover
Implication's
Implication's
Voluntary turnover rates were higher than ideal and warrants ongoing monitoring
Organizations wanting to improve work attitude and reduce frequent staff turnover may benefit from focusing on improving dimensions of psychological climate (e.g., supervisor support, coworker support)
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A questionable approach to reducing staff turnover
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Thank You.