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PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
A Primer On Phonon Glass Electric Crystal
Stefan Bringuier
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona
[email protected]://u.arizona.edu/~stefanb
May 1, 2012
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Overview
The Presentation will proceed as follow:
Review of Thermoelectric Materials.
Thermal Conductivity
- Crystalline material- Glass
Thermoelectric Applications and Performance.
Phonon Glass Electron Crystal (PGEC).
Summary of this presentation.
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Overview
The Presentation will proceed as follow:
Review of Thermoelectric Materials.
Thermal Conductivity- Crystalline material- Glass
Thermoelectric Applications and Performance.
Phonon Glass Electron Crystal (PGEC).
Summary of this presentation.
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Overview
The Presentation will proceed as follow:
Review of Thermoelectric Materials.
Thermal Conductivity
- Crystalline material- Glass
Thermoelectric Applications and Performance.
Phonon Glass Electron Crystal (PGEC).
Summary of this presentation.
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Overview
The Presentation will proceed as follow:
Review of Thermoelectric Materials.
Thermal Conductivity
- Crystalline material- Glass
Thermoelectric Applications and Performance.
Phonon Glass Electron Crystal (PGEC).
Summary of this presentation.
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Overview
The Presentation will proceed as follow:
Review of Thermoelectric Materials.
Thermal Conductivity
- Crystalline material- Glass
Thermoelectric Applications and Performance.
Phonon Glass Electron Crystal (PGEC).
Summary of this presentation.
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
BackgroundIn the early 1800’s German physicist, ThomasJohann Seebeck, observed that when twodissimilar materials are joined together and athermal gradient is imposed; a voltage difference isproduced.
The relationship between the two is given by:
α =∆V
∆TWhere α is referred to as the Seebeck coefficient
The Seebeck coefficient is an intrinsic materialproperty.
Material α (µVK
)Metal 1-10Semiconductor 102-103
Insulators High
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Background
In the early 1800’s German physicist, Thomas JohannSeebeck, observed that when two dissimilar materialsare joined together and a thermal gradient is imposed; avoltage difference is produced.
The relationship between the two is given by:
α =∆V
∆TWhere α is referred to as the Seebeck coefficient
The Seebeck coefficient is an intrinsic materialproperty.
Material α (µVK
)Metal 1-10Semiconductor 102-103
Insulators High
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Continued . . .It was later observed by J.C. Peltier, a Frenchphysicist, that the when in reverse (i.e. an appliedvoltage) heat is ejected at the material junction.
The heat absorbed at the lower junction:
Q = ΠI
Where Π is referred to as the Peltier coefficient.This phenomena has between employed in what isknown as a Peltier cooler.
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Continued . . .
It was later observed by J.C. Peltier, a French physicist,that the when in reverse (i.e. an applied voltage) heat isejected at the material junction.
The heat absorbed at the lower junction:
Q = ΠI
Where Π is referred to as the Peltier coefficient.
This phenomena has between employed in what isknown as a Peltier cooler.
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Continued . . .
It was later observed by J.C. Peltier, a French physicist,that the when in reverse (i.e. an applied voltage) heat isejected at the material junction.
The heat absorbed at the lower junction:
Q = ΠI
Where Π is referred to as the Peltier coefficient.
This phenomena has between employed in what isknown as a Peltier cooler.
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Continued . . .
∗∗adapted from www.peltier-info.com
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Figure of Merit
The figure of merit (i.e. benchmark) of a thermoelectricmaterial is given by:
Z =σα2
κ
Where σ and κ are the electrical conductivity and thermalconductivity.
It is often convenient to make this quantity dimensionless bymultiplying a average temperature.
T =T2 + T1
2
So now the dimensionless figure of merit is:
ZT
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Materials
The transport of heat in crystals (excluding metals)is primarily due to lattice waves; acoustic phonons.
Heat transport is primarily limited by the scattering ofacoustic phonons, which is dictated by the mean freepath.The mean free path is given by :
l = Vgτ
where Vg is the group velocity (i.e. direction of energypropagation) and τ is the relaxation time.
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Materials
The transport of heat in crystals (excluding metals) isprimarily due to lattice waves; acoustic phonons.
Heat transport is primarily limited by thescattering of acoustic phonons, which is dictatedby the mean free path.The mean free path is given by :
l = Vgτ
where Vg is the group velocity (i.e. direction ofenergy propagation) and τ is the relaxation time.
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Thermal Conductivity of Glassy Materials
Like crystals phonons carry heat in glasses, but dueto the lack of long-range order, they are scatteredrapidly.
This gives rise to poor thermal conduction for areasonable temperature range. At high enoughtemperatures radiative process dominate.
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Thermal Conductivity of Glassy Materials
Like crystals phonons carry heat in glasses, but dueto the lack of long-range order, they are scatteredrapidly.
This gives rise to poor thermal conduction for areasonable temperature range. At high enoughtemperatures radiative process dominate.
Material κ ( wm·k )
Silica Aerogels 10−2
Wood 10−1
Glasses 0.6 − 1.5Soda-lime Silicate Glass 1.7Al2O3 30.0 − 35.0SiC 84.0 − 93.0Copper 401
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Thermal Conductivity of Glassy Materials
Like crystals phonons carry heat in glasses, but due tothe lack of long-range order, they are scattered rapidly.
This gives rise to poor thermal conduction for areasonable temperature range. At high enoughtemperatures radiative process dominate.
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Thermal Conductivity of Glassy Materials
Like crystals phonons carry heat in glasses, but dueto the lack of long-range order, they are scatteredrapidly.
This gives rise to poor thermal conduction for areasonable temperature range. At high enoughtemperatures radiative process dominate.
Material κ ( wm·k )
Silica Aerogels 10−2
Wood 10−1
Glasses 0.6 − 1.5Soda-lime Silicate Glass 1.7Al2O3 30.0 − 35.0SiC 84.0 − 93.0Copper 401
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Thermoelectric Applications
Power GenerationUsed in Cassini and Voyager NASA missions, life spanof 14 years.
Waste Heat Recovery
Active Cooling and Warming
Localized Cooling
CPUsBiological specimens
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Thermoelectric Applications
Power Generation
Used in Cassini and Voyager NASA missions, life spanof 14 years.
Waste Heat Recovery
Active Cooling and Warming
Localized Cooling
CPUsBiological specimens
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Thermoelectric Applications
Power Generation
Used in Cassini and Voyager NASA missions, life spanof 14 years.
Waste Heat Recovery
Active Cooling and Warming
Localized Cooling
CPUsBiological specimens
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Thermoelectric Applications
Power Generation
Used in Cassini and Voyager NASA missions, life spanof 14 years.
Waste Heat Recovery
Active Cooling and Warming
Localized CoolingCPUsBiological specimens
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Performance
For a value for ZT of 1 , σ = 0.8mΩ · cm andthermal conductivity of 1.25 w
m·k .
Ideally, ZT greater than 2 which requires 0 ≤ κ ≤ 0.1.
†
†Snyder et al.1
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Performance
For a value for ZT of 1 , σ = 0.8mΩ · cm and thermalconductivity of 1.25 w
m·k .
Ideally, ZT greater than 2 which requires0 ≤ κ ≤ 0.1.
†
†Snyder et al.1
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Phonon Glass Electric Crystal
The concept initially proposed by G.A. Slack2, is ifone could incorporate the electrical conductivity ofa single crystal and the poor thermal conductivityof a glass, a very high ZT value may be attained.
G.A. Slack suggested that inserting defects intocrystalline compounds, one could possible give rise toevents which reduce phonon propagation.
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Phonon Glass Electric Crystal
The concept initially proposed by G.A. Slack2, is if onecould incorporate the electrical conductivity of a singlecrystal and the poor thermal conductivity of a glass, avery high ZT value may be attained.
G.A. Slack suggested that inserting defects intocrystalline compounds, one could possible give riseto events which reduce phonon propagation.
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
SkutteruditeSkutterudite is the name of the mineral for which the
structure was identified.
The space group is Im3 and typical chemical formula MX3, ex.(Co,Ni,Fe)As3
They behave like semiconductors when doped with p-type andn-type atoms.
Due to the open structure, large rare-earth atoms can be placedwithin unit cell.
Table 1 Structural parameters of known binary skutterudites
Lattice Voidconstant Density y z radius
Compound (A) (g cm−3) (A) (A) (A)
CoP3 7.7073 4.41 0.348 0.145 1.763CoAS3 8.2055 6.82 0.344 0.151 1.825CoSb3 9.0385 7.64 0.335 0.160 1.892RhP3 7.9951 5.05 0.355 0.139 1.909RhAs3 8.4507 7.21 0.348 0.145 1.934RhSb3 9.2322 7.90 0.342 0.151 2.024IrP3 8.0151 7.36 0.354 0.139 1.906IrAs3 8.4673 9.12 0.347 0.145 1.931IrSb3 9.2503 9.35 0.340 0.153 2.040 ‡
‡Nolas et al. 3
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
SkutteruditeSkutterudite is the name of the mineral for which the structurewas identified.
The space group is Im3 and typical chemical formula MX3,ex. (Co,Ni,Fe)As3
They behave like semiconductors when doped with p-type andn-type atoms.
Due to the open structure, large rare-earth atoms can be placedwithin unit cell.
Table 1 Structural parameters of known binary skutterudites
Lattice Voidconstant Density y z radius
Compound (A) (g cm−3) (A) (A) (A)
CoP3 7.7073 4.41 0.348 0.145 1.763CoAS3 8.2055 6.82 0.344 0.151 1.825CoSb3 9.0385 7.64 0.335 0.160 1.892RhP3 7.9951 5.05 0.355 0.139 1.909RhAs3 8.4507 7.21 0.348 0.145 1.934RhSb3 9.2322 7.90 0.342 0.151 2.024IrP3 8.0151 7.36 0.354 0.139 1.906IrAs3 8.4673 9.12 0.347 0.145 1.931IrSb3 9.2503 9.35 0.340 0.153 2.040 ‡
‡Nolas et al. 3
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
SkutteruditeSkutterudite is the name of the mineral for which the structurewas identified.
The space group is Im3 and typical chemical formula MX3, ex.(Co,Ni,Fe)As3
They behave like semiconductors when doped with p-typeand n-type atoms.
Due to the open structure, large rare-earth atoms can be placedwithin unit cell.
Table 1 Structural parameters of known binary skutterudites
Lattice Voidconstant Density y z radius
Compound (A) (g cm−3) (A) (A) (A)
CoP3 7.7073 4.41 0.348 0.145 1.763CoAS3 8.2055 6.82 0.344 0.151 1.825CoSb3 9.0385 7.64 0.335 0.160 1.892RhP3 7.9951 5.05 0.355 0.139 1.909RhAs3 8.4507 7.21 0.348 0.145 1.934RhSb3 9.2322 7.90 0.342 0.151 2.024IrP3 8.0151 7.36 0.354 0.139 1.906IrAs3 8.4673 9.12 0.347 0.145 1.931IrSb3 9.2503 9.35 0.340 0.153 2.040 ‡
‡Nolas et al. 3
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
SkutteruditeSkutterudite is the name of the mineral for which the structurewas identified.
The space group is Im3 and typical chemical formula MX3, ex.(Co,Ni,Fe)As3
They behave like semiconductors when doped with p-type andn-type atoms.
Due to the open structure, large rare-earth atoms can beplaced within unit cell.
Table 1 Structural parameters of known binary skutterudites
Lattice Voidconstant Density y z radius
Compound (A) (g cm−3) (A) (A) (A)
CoP3 7.7073 4.41 0.348 0.145 1.763CoAS3 8.2055 6.82 0.344 0.151 1.825CoSb3 9.0385 7.64 0.335 0.160 1.892RhP3 7.9951 5.05 0.355 0.139 1.909RhAs3 8.4507 7.21 0.348 0.145 1.934RhSb3 9.2322 7.90 0.342 0.151 2.024IrP3 8.0151 7.36 0.354 0.139 1.906IrAs3 8.4673 9.12 0.347 0.145 1.931IrSb3 9.2503 9.35 0.340 0.153 2.040 ‡
‡Nolas et al. 3
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Continued . . .
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Continued . . .
These rare-earth atoms are weakly bound and thus willundergo large local anharmonic vibrations,causing them to“rattle” independently from other atoms 4.
The mass fluctuation scattering reduces the lattice thermalconductivity to 58% of original value.
§
§Nolas et al.3
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Continued . . .
These rare-earth atoms are weakly bound and thus will undergolarge local anharmonic vibrations,causing them to “rattle”independently from other atoms 4.
The mass fluctuation scattering reduces the lattice thermalconductivity to 58% of original value.
§
§Nolas et al.3
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Continued . . .
PbTe
Bi2Te3
TAGS
Zn4Sb3 Ba8Ga16Ge30
Ag9TlTe5 La3–xTe4Yb14MnSb11
Temperature°C
0 200 400 600 8000
1
2
3
SiGe
κ l(W
m–1K–
1 )
CeFe3CoSb12
Hf0.75Zr0.25NiSn
¶
‖
¶Synder et al.1‖Rogl et al.5
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Recent Progress
LETTERSPUBLISHEDONLINE:11MARCH2012 | DOI:10.1038/NMAT3273
Copperionliquid-likethermoelectricsHuiliLiu1,2,XunShi1,3*,FangfangXu3,LinlinZhang3,WenqingZhang3,LidongChen1*,QiangLi4,CtiradUher5,TristanDay6andG.JeffreySnyder6
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Summary
we have surveyed the following topics:
Thermoelectric materials
Thermal conductivity of crystalline and glass materials.
Thermoelectric application and performance
Phonon Glass Electric Crystals
Thank you!
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Summary
we have surveyed the following topics:
Thermoelectric materials
Thermal conductivity of crystalline and glassmaterials.
Thermoelectric application and performance
Phonon Glass Electric Crystals
Thank you!
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Summary
we have surveyed the following topics:
Thermoelectric materials
Thermal conductivity of crystalline and glass materials.
Thermoelectric application and performance
Phonon Glass Electric Crystals
Thank you!
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Summary
we have surveyed the following topics:
Thermoelectric materials
Thermal conductivity of crystalline and glass materials.
Thermoelectric application and performance
Phonon Glass Electric Crystals
Thank you!
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
Summary
we have surveyed the following topics:
Thermoelectric materials
Thermal conductivity of crystalline and glass materials.
Thermoelectric application and performance
Phonon Glass Electric Crystals
Thank you!
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
References I
[1] G. J. Snyder and E. S. Toberer, “Complexthermoelectric materials,” Nature Materials, vol. 7,p. 105, Feb. 2008.
[2] G. A. Slack, “Design concepts for improvedthermoelectric materials,” MRS Online ProceedingsLibrary, vol. 478, p. null, 1997.
[3] G. S. Nolas, D. T. Morelli, and T. M. Tritt,“SKUTTERUDITES: a Phonon-Glass-Electron crystalapproach to advanced thermoelectric energy conversionapplications,” Annual Review of Materials Science,vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 89–116, 1999.
[4] B. C. Sales, D. Mandrus, B. C. Chakoumakos,V. Keppens, and J. R. Thompson, “Filled skutteruditeantimonides:electron crystals and phonon glasses,”Physical Review B, vol. 56, pp. 15081–15089, Dec.1997.
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
References II
[5] G. Rogl, A. Grytsiv, N. Melnychenko-Koblyuk, E. Bauer,S. Laumann, and P. Rogl, “Compositional dependenceof the thermoelectric properties of (Sr x ba x yb 1 2 x) y co 4 sb 12 skutterudites,” Journal of Physics:Condensed Matter, vol. 23, p. 275601, July 2011.
[6] M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Chen, M. Y. Tang, R. G. Yang,H. Lee, D. Z. Wang, Z. F. Ren, J. . Fleurial, andP. Gogna, “New directions for LowDimensionalthermoelectric materials,” Advanced Materials, vol. 19,pp. 1043–1053, Apr. 2007.
[7] J. Nyln, M. Andersson, S. Lidin, and U. Hussermann,“The structure of -Zn4Sb3: ordering of thePhonon-Glass thermoelectric material -Zn4Sb3,” J. Am.Chem. Soc., vol. 126, no. 50, pp. 16306–16307, 2004.
PGEC
Stefan Bringuier
Overview
ThermoelectricMaterials
Figure of merit
Thermalconductivity
Crystals
Glass
ThermoelectricApplications andPerformance
Phonon GlassElectric Crystal
Skutterudite
Summary
References
References III[8] G. S. Nolas, M. Kaeser, R. T. Littleton, and T. M.
Tritt, “High figure of merit in partially filled ytterbiumskutterudite materials,” Applied Physics Letters,vol. 77, pp. 1855–1857, Sept. 2000.
[9] K. Takahata, Y. Iguchi, D. Tanaka, T. Itoh, andI. Terasaki, “Low thermal conductivity of the layeredoxide (Na,Ca)Co 2O 4: another example of a phononglass and an electron crystal,” Physical Review B,vol. 61, pp. 12551–12555, May 2000.
[10] T. M. Tritt, “Thermoelectric phenomena, materials,and applications,” Annual Review of MaterialsResearch, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 433–448, 2011.
[11] G. J. Snyder, M. Christensen, E. Nishibori, T. Caillat,and B. B. Iversen, “Disordered zinc in Zn4Sb3 withphonon-glass and electron-crystal thermoelectricproperties,” Nature Materials, vol. 3, p. 458, June 2004.
[12] C. Kittel, Introduction to solid state physics. 1997.