i

A Preliminary Classification of the Rocky Mountain Shrubland Communities of Alberta

Prepared by

Steven Kembel September 2000

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Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................. II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................VI

CONTACT INFORMATION ....................................................................................................VI

INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1

METHODS .................................................................................................................................... 1 DATA PREPARATION..................................................................................................................... 1 ORDINATION AND CLASSIFICATION .............................................................................................. 2

RESULTS....................................................................................................................................... 5 ORDINATION SUMMARIES ............................................................................................................ 5 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF PLOTS ........................................................................................ 5 CLASSIFICATION SUMMARIES .................................................................................................... 11 RARE PLANT COMMUNITY TYPES AND FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS ........................................... 17 COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS....................................................................................................... 17 MONTANE GROUPS .................................................................................................................... 19

Picea glauca – Populus tremuloides / Salix bebbiana – Shepherdia canadensis / Elymus innovatus ............................................................................................................................... 19 Salix myrtillifolia – Betula pumila / Carex spp.. – Juncus balticus ...................................... 20 Salix petiolaris - Betula glandulosa – Salix candida / Deschampsia cespitosa – Juncus balticus .................................................................................................................................. 21 Potentilla fruticosa – Symphoricarpos occidentalis / Festuca scabrella – Festuca idahoensis – Bromus inermis .................................................................................................................. 22 Symphoricarpos occidentalis – Rosa woodsii / Poa pratensis – Bromus inermis ................ 24 Symphoricarpos occidentalis – Artemisia cana / Poa compressa – Stipa spp...................... 25 Juniperus horizontalis – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi / Agropyron dasystachyum – Calamagrostis purpurascens ................................................................................................ 26 Potentilla fruticosa – Salix planifolia – Rosa woodsii / Agropyron repens – Poa pratensis – Stipa viridula......................................................................................................................... 27 Salix bebbiana – Salix glauca – Salix lanata / Deschampsia cespitosa – Phleum pratense – Poa pratensis......................................................................................................................... 28 Crataegus douglasii / Viola canadensis - Osmorhiza depauperata – Parietaria pensylvanica............................................................................................................................................... 29 Pinus contorta / Vaccinium caespitosum - Amelanchier alnifolia – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi - Juniperus communis / Umbilicaria deusta............................................................................ 30 Populus balsamifera / Elaeagnus commutata - Amelanchier alnifolia - Juniperus horizontalis / Agropyron dasystachyum................................................................................ 31 Juniperus communis – Shepherdia canadensis / Herb / Stipa columbiana .......................... 32 Salix spp. – Betula glandulosa / Equisetum arvense............................................................. 33

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Pinus contorta – Picea glauca / Shepherdia canadensis - Arctostaphylos uva-ursi - Juniperus communis / Elymus innovatus .............................................................................. 34 Picea glauca / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi – Potentilla fruticosa – Juniperus horizontalis / Carex scirpoidea – Koeleria macrantha............................................................................... 36 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi – Shepherdia canadensis / Elymus innovatus ................................ 38 Alnus crispa - Symphoricarpos occidentalis – Amelanchier alnifolia – Salix scouleriana / Herbs ..................................................................................................................................... 39 Picea glauca / Alnus tenuifolia – Rosa acicularis – Shepherdia canadensis / Equisetum arvense / Thuidium abietinum............................................................................................... 40 Dryas drummondii – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi - Elaeagnus commutata / Herb / Koeleria macrantha.............................................................................................................................. 41 Salix arbusculoides / Equisetum fluviatile / Carex spp. / Sphagnum spp. - Tomenthypnum nitens ..................................................................................................................................... 42 Rosa acicularis - Elaeagnus commutata – Salix scouleriana - Rubus idaeus – Lonicera dioica / Urtica spp. / Phleum pratense.................................................................................. 43 Picea engelmannii / Juniperus communis – Shepherdia canadensis / Koeleria macrantha 44 Betula pumila – Potentilla fruticosa – Salix spp. / Carex spp. – Deschampsia cespitosa - Juncus spp. / Drepanocladus spp. – Campylium stellatum................................................... 45 Picea mariana / Ledum groenlandicum – Alnus tenuifolia / Hylocomium splendens .......... 46 Picea mariana / Salix myrtillifolia – Ledum groenlandicum / Carex spp. / Tomenthypnum nitens ..................................................................................................................................... 47 Pinus contorta / Alnus spp. - Linnaea borealis / Cornus canadensis / Elymus innovatus.... 48 Dryas drummondii – Alnus tenuifolia ................................................................................... 49 Salix planifolia / Herb / Poa spp. – Carex spp. / Campylium stellatum ............................... 50

ALPINE/SUBALPINE GROUPS ...................................................................................................... 51 Pinus contorta / Alnus crispa – Salix scouleriana – Linnaea borealis / Festuca idahoensis51 Ledum groenlandicum – Shepherdia canadensis / Elymus innovatus / Hylocomium splendens – Pleurozium schreberi......................................................................................... 52 Pinus contorta / Shepherdia canadensis – Linnaea borealis / Elymus innovatus / Pleurozium schreberi................................................................................................................................ 54 Salix spp. – Betula glandulosa / Carex aquatilis / Sphagnum warnstorfii – Tomenthypnum nitens ..................................................................................................................................... 56 Salix barrattiana – Salix glauca / Trollius albiflorus / Aulacomnium palustre – Tomenthypnum nitens............................................................................................................ 57 Salix glauca – Salix barrattiana – Betula glandulosa / Fragaria virginiana....................... 59 Salix barrattiana – Salix glauca – Betula glandulosa / Carex aquatilis / Aulacomnium palustre – Tomenthypnum nitens........................................................................................... 61 Salix reticulata – Salix arctica / Potentilla diversifolia........................................................ 63 Betula glandulosa – Salix myrtillifolia / Carex spp. / Tomenthypnum nitens – Sphagnum spp. ........................................................................................................................................ 64 Betula glandulosa – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi – Salix glauca / Elymus innovatus ................ 66 Salix glauca – Betula glandulosa.......................................................................................... 68 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi – Juniperus communis / Elymus innovatus .................................... 70 Salix spp. – Betula glandulosa / Carex spp. / Aulacomnium palustre .................................. 72 Salix myrtillifolia / Carex aquatilis – Calamagrostis stricta / Aulacomnium palustre – Sphagnum warnstorfii ........................................................................................................... 73

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Salix drummondiana – Betula glandulosa – Ledum groenlandicum / Carex aquatilis / Sphagnum spp. ...................................................................................................................... 74 Salix spp. – Betula glandulosa / Stipa spp. / Thuidium abietinum........................................ 75 Salix arctica / Aulacomnium palustre ................................................................................... 77 Pinus contorta – Picea engelmannii / Menziesia ferruginea – Shepherdia canadensis / Elymus innovatus / Pleurozium schreberi – Hylocomium splendens.................................... 79 Salix spp. – Potentilla fruticosa – Betula glandulosa / Carex spp. / Aulacomnium palustre81 Vaccinium scoparium – Salix spp. / Dicranum scoparium – Barbilophozia lycopodioides . 83 Betula glandulosa – Salix spp. – Potentilla fruticosa / Carex scirpoidea ............................ 85 Picea engelmannii / Salix vestita – Potentilla fruticosa / Valeriana sitchensis / Carex spp. / Dicranum scoparium............................................................................................................. 87 Pinus contorta – Picea engelmannii / Shepherdia canadensis – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi – Juniperus communis / Elymus innovatus .............................................................................. 89 Salix arctica / Antennaria lanata – Artemisia norvegica...................................................... 91 Salix barrattiana (- Salix spp.) / Herb / Aulacomnium palustre ........................................... 93 Pinus contorta / Juniperus communis – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi – Shepherdia canadensis 95 Salix arctica / Erigeron peregrinus....................................................................................... 96 Vaccinium scoparium – Vaccinium myrtillus........................................................................ 97 Betula glandulosa – Ledum groenlandicum – Salix glauca / Carex aquatilis – Scirpus cespitosus / Tomenthypnum nitens – Aulacomnium palustre................................................ 99 Salix farriae – Salix barclayi (- Salix spp.) / Herb.............................................................. 101 Vaccinium scoparium – Juniperus communis / Epilobium angustifolium / Polytrichum juniperinum ......................................................................................................................... 103 Salix arctica – Salix reticulata / Sibbaldia procumbens / Carex spp. / Polytrichum spp. .. 104 Dryas drummondii............................................................................................................... 105 Salix glauca – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi / Elymus innovatus ............................................... 106 Salix reticulata – Dryas octopetala – Cassiope tetragona / Lichen ................................... 108 Betula pumila – Vaccinium caespitosum / Fragaria virginiana / Poa alpina .................... 109 Salix glauca – Betula glandulosa – Potentilla fruticosa / Danthonia californica .............. 110 Ledum groenlandicum – Salix glauca / Equisetum arvense / Sphagnum fuscum – Drepanocladus revolvens.................................................................................................... 112 Vaccinium membranaceum / Epilobium angustifolium ...................................................... 114 Potentilla fruticosa – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi / Elymus innovatus – Koeleria macrantha 115 Salix spp. / Fragaria virginiana – Penstemon procerus / Agropyron violaceum ............... 116 Salix glauca – Salix barrattiana – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi / Koeleria macrantha / Tortula ruralis .................................................................................................................................. 117 Abies lasiocarpa / Salix vestita – Salix glauca – Salix barrattiana / Artemisia norvegica 118 Abies lasiocarpa / Rhododendron albiflorum – Phyllodoce empetriformis........................ 119 Salix arctica / Equisetum scirpoides / Tortula norvegica – Pert dac ................................. 120 Salix glauca / Valeriana sitchensis / Deschampsia cespitosa – Carex aquatilis / Aulacomnium palustre......................................................................................................... 121

REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................... 123

APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................... 124 APPENDIX 1. LIST OF ALL ROCKY MOUNTAIN SHRUBLAND PLOTS SORTED BY GROUP NUMBER.................................................................................................................................................. 124

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APPENDIX 2. CLASSIFICATION AND ORDINATION OUTPUT FILES............................................... 124 APPENDIX 3. SPECIES BY GROUP SUMMARY TABLES. ............................................................... 124 APPENDIX 4. PLOT LOCATIONS GIS FILE.................................................................................. 124 APPENDIX 5. LIST OF INCLUDED FILES...................................................................................... 124

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Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Lorna Allen for help with the project and for comments on the report and analyses. Thanks also to Keith Ainsley who provided valuable information about the ESIS database. Finally, I am grateful to Agnes Wong and David Beilman for advice and discussions about the classifications and maps.

Contact Information This report was prepared by: Steven Kembel Apt. 2, 8610 – 99 Street Edmonton, AB T6E 3T8 skembel@ualberta.ca

mailto:skembel@ualberta.ca

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Introduction The Alberta Natural Heritage Information Centre (ANHIC) collects, analyses and disseminates information on the natural biodiversity of Alberta. One of the elements of diversity which ANHIC monitors are plant community types. Plant communities of special conservation concern are placed on tracking and watch lists which are being developed for the province (Allen 2000). Much of the vegetation of Alberta is still poorly understood, and ANHIC has identified several high priority vegetation groups that require further study and classification. One such high priority group is the shrubland communities of the Rocky Mountain Natural Region. The objective of this report was to develop a better understanding of the shrubland community types of the Rocky Mountain Natural Region through the numerical classification of existing plot data.

Methods This study used a quantitative approach to the classification of Rocky Mountain shrubland communities. The classification system used was based on comparing species abundances within study plot, with plots placed into groups based on their similarity in species composition. The groups identified in this report correspond to the “association” level of classification used in the U.S. National Vegetation Classification System (Grossman et al. 1998). Previous work on Alberta’s Rocky Mountain vegetation has often focused primarily on community types other than shrublands, sampled only a limited area, or described vegetation at a level of organization higher than the fine-scale associations which are useful for identifying rare plant community types (Archibald et al. 1996, Beckingham et al. 1996, Corns and Achuff 1982, Willoughby et al. 1997, Willoughby 1999, Timoney 1999).

Data preparation Raw data for this analysis were obtained from the Alberta Ecological Site Inventory System (ESIS), a database of vegetation survey plots collected from numerous sources. All analyses were performed on data from the ESIS database version “DMR #005S13, NAD27 ASCII data, Extracted May 11, 2000”. The ESIS database is a collection of data from a large number of sample locations in Alberta. Each sample location is referred to as a plot, with each plot having a unique identifier (“Other Plot #”) that can be used to combine species, environmental and location data from different files for that particular plot. All data files from the ESIS database were imported into a Microsoft Access database (ESIS.mdb) as tables, and linked together using the “Other Plot #” field.

The first stage of the data preparation was to extract a list of plots which were located in the Rocky Mountain Natural Region and could be defined as shrublands. Plant species covers were obtained from the exss.txt data file, while the natural subregion each plot occurred in was obtained from the exloc.txt data file. We defined a shrubland plot as any plot in which total shrub cover was greater than 10% and total tree cover less than 25%. This definition allowed the inclusion of plots which might contain less than 25% shrub cover, but in which shrubs were still

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the dominant species, as per the Nature Conservancy’s definition of a shrubland (Grossman et al. 1998).

The ESIS database includes a summary of the total cover for different plant strata in each plot in the file exveg.txt. For trees and shrubs, these strata (e.g. “S1 – Tall Shrubs” or “T1 – Main Canopy Trees”) are defined by plant height, not growth form. For example, the ESIS stratum “S1 – Tall Shrubs” may include shrub species, as well as trees between 2.5 and 5 meters in height (Alberta Environmental Protection 1994). Since this classification required that plots be classified by cover of shrub species, not by cover of both trees and shrubs below a certain height, a summary file (EXSS_AllRecords_Strata.xls) was generated which listed the total cover of tree and shrub species in each plot as defined by the Alberta Master Plant Species List (Alberta Environmental Protection 1993). Total cover of tree species in each plot was calculated from the species covers listed in exss.txt, and these total tree cover values were subtracted from the total cover of all tree/shrub strata (T1, T2, S1, S2) to obtain the corrected total shrub cover in each plot. This list was then queried to include only plots which occurred in the alpine, subalpine or montane subregions in which shrub cover was greater than 10% and tree cover less than 25%, creating a master list of 1363 Rocky Mountain Shrubland plots (Group_ID.xls) which was used for all subsequent analyses.

Exploratory analysis of the data indicated that the montane subregion was very different from the subalpine and alpine subregions in terms of environmental and species characteristics, so the montane plots were analyzed separately from the subalpine and alpine plots. The total number of plots used in the analysis was 1363, of which 1228 were subalpine and alpine, and 135 were montane.

Ordination and classification The initial analysis of the data involved performing ordinations on the Rocky Mountain shrubland plots to better understand the structure of the data, and the relationships between species and environmental variables. This required that the data be formatted in spreadsheet format for use by the analysis software PC-ORD (McCune and Mefford 1997). Since most spreadsheets cannot work with more than 255 columns of data, and since most ordination methods require the number of sites to be greater than the number of species being analyzed (Legendre and Legendre 1999), ordination/classification output files were limited to include 255 species or less. This was achieved by only including species which occurred a given number of times in the data set. For the montane data, there were a total of 135 plots which contained 648 different species. The output data files used in the montane ordination contained only those species which occurred in at least 10 plots, leaving 100 species in the output data file mon-sp10.wk1. For the alpine/subalpine data , there were a total of 1228 data plots containing 1237 species. The output file as-spp33.wk1 used in the alpine/subalpine ordination contained only those species occurring in at least 33 plots, leaving 254 species in the analysis. A possible consequence of only including species which occur a minimum number of times in the data is that the ordinations and classifications could overlook plant communities dominated by rare species which were omitted from the data set. However, the majority of the species omitted from the analysis data sets occurred in very few plots, and they tended to have very low cover when they did occur. In any case, these species would show up in the summaries which were prepared for each group, since the group descriptions were based on a query of the

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complete species data set (exss.txt) for all plots in each group, not the data sets with species omitted. Using information from the exloc.txt and exsias.txt files, I prepared output files (mon-env.wk1 and as-env.wk1) which contained the environmental data associated with each plot included in the analysis. The environmental variables used in the analysis included aspect, slope, drainage, ecological moisture regime, natural subregion and nutrient status. These six variables were selected because most of the Rocky Mountain Shrubland plots had values listed for them; many of the other variables in the ESIS database were only listed for a small proportion of the plots. The location of each plot was also included (as UTM coordinate or latitude/longitude) when it was supplied in the ESIS database, although many of the plots did not have a precise location listed. Ordinations of the two data sets were performed to allow a qualitative evaluation of the species and environmental associations found in the data. Using PC-ORD, I performed Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) on the data. Although numerous ordination methods exist (Legendre and Legendre 1999), DCA was chosen because it produced easily interpretable ordinations that illustrated the trends in the data well.

In order to classify the plots into community types, hierarchical agglomerative clustering algorithms were used to define groups based on their similarity in species composition. There are a large number of methods available to cluster biological data, but after a literature review and a test of several different methods, I chose to use the Sorensen distance metric and farthest neighbour clustering algorithm (Legendre and Legendre 1999) as the classification methods for this study. These methods are useful when classifying biological communities, since they tend to produce well-defined, distinct clusters, which is desirable when trying to define homogenous species assemblages. Classifications were performed separately on the montane and alpine/subalpine input files (mon-sp10.wk1 and as-spp33.wk1) using PC-ORD software (McCune and Mefford 1997). After the data had been classified, it was necessary to determine a number of groups to recognize. The classification itself merely ranks the plots in terms of their similarity to each other; it is up to the analyst to decide what cutoff level of similarity will be used to define a group. The choice of the number of groups to recognize once the plots had been classified is a difficult and somewhat arbitrary decision. A small number of groups can be easier to interpret, but the groups will tend to be larger in size, and heterogenous in terms of their species composition. Groups of large size may include several rare community types, so when searching for rare communities a higher number of smaller groups is desirable. However, a very large number of groups is difficult to interpret due to the sheer number of different community types which must be summarized and compared, and in some cases differences between the classification algorithm’s groups may not be biologically significant, being merely due to a single species being present or absent, with the same species dominant in both groups. The choice of the number of groups to use in this classification was made based on examination of the data and experimenting with different numbers of groups, keeping in mind the objective of recognizing rare community types and providing a usable classification scheme. The final decision was to recognize 30 groups in the montane data, and 80 groups in the alpine/subalpine data, which gave fairly homogenous community types which correspond to The Nature Conservancy’s “association” level of community organization (Grossman et al. 1998). Several of these groups were later manually combined or eliminated from the analysis. Once each plot had been assigned to a group, the species list exss.txt was queried to

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create a list of all species occurring in each group (mon_group_spp_summary.xls and as_group_spp_summary.xls). Groups were summarized as a list of the species occurring in each group and each species’ mean cover and frequency. Environmental variables were also listed for all plots in each group. This allows individual species (e.g. species on the ANHIC tracking list) to be queried to determine which groups they are associated with. A problem associated with the definition of shrubland plots used in this analysis is that some plots which contain greater than 10 % shrubs and less than 25% trees may still end up being better classified as herbaceous, woodland or sparsely vegetated communities rather than shrublands. For example, a plot might contain 90% cover of grasses, but if it also contained 10% shrubs and no trees, it would meet the definition of a shrubland plot used in this analysis. Clearly, such a plot would be better classified as a herbaceous or grassland community, so a visual inspection of mean stratum covers for each group was used to eliminate groups which were obviously not shrublands due to their being dominated by non-shrub species. Groups were only eliminated if the cover at least one non-shrub stratum was clearly much greater than total shrub cover, and if shrub cover was near the 10% lower limit. Eliminated groups were not included in the descriptive summaries. Several borderline groups which were difficult to classify were included in the descriptive summaries, but were indicated as such in their discussion. I also eliminated groups from the alpine/subalpine classification which were dominated by dwarf shrubs, since these communities were treated in Timoney's 1999 report on high elevation dwarf shrublands. I defined a dwarf shrubland as an alpine or subalpine community that was dominated by Cassiope mertensiana, Cassiope tetragona, Dryas integrifolia, Dryas octopetala, Phyllodoce glanduliflora, Phyllodoce empetriformis, or Empetrum nigrum. After manually eliminating unsuitable groups, 29 montane and 46 alpine/subalpine groups remained, containing 134 montane and 646 alpine/subalpine plots respectively. Each group was given a group number, as well as a descriptive name containing the dominant species in that community type. I used a naming convention similar to the Nature Conservancy's standard for naming plant community associations (Grossman et al. 1998). The dominant species in each community type (those with high cover and/or frequency) were listed in the community name, with different strata separated by a "/" and species within a strata listed in order of their dominance, and separated by a "-" character. When several species of the same genus were dominant in a community type, they were usually combined and the suffix "spp" added to the genus name. The community names used in this report are more verbose than those used by the Nature Conservancy. Since these are provisional groups, descriptive but lengthy community names were chosen over shorter but less descriptive names. For each group, a summary writeup was prepared which includes a list of the characteristic species (those with mean cover across all plots in the group ≥ 2%), a summary of the habitat characteristics associated with the group, and a list of the plots included in the group with their respective locations. Where appropriate, notes were included on the distribution of each group and its potential status as a shrubland community type. Using the UTM coordinates associated with each plot in the ESIS database, a map of the geographic location of the plots was created using ArcView GIS software. Since many of the ESIS plots were missing location data, this map is incomplete, but it gives a general indication of the distribution of ESIS sample plots in the Rocky Mountain Natural Region. The location data is provided with this report as an ArcView shapefile (plot_UTMS_shapefile directory).

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Results

Ordination Summaries Both the montane and alpine/subalpine data sets were very heterogenous, with a large number of species and community types occurring in each subregion (Figures 1 – 4). The main environmental gradients in the montane data were nutrient regime and drainage (Figure 2, Axis 1) and a gradient of decreasing moisture availability at higher elevations (Figure 2, Axis 2). The main environmental gradient in the alpine/subalpine data was elevation (Figure 4, Axis 1). Raw data from the ordination result files can be found in Appendix 2.

Geographic Distribution of Plots A map of plot locations for plots which had location data listed in the ESIS database (Figure 5) indicates that large portions of the Rocky Mountain Natural Region’s vegetation remain poorly represented in the ESIS database. This may be a result of the data sources that are included in the ESIS database, which in the Rocky Mountain Natural Region appear to be primarily National Park surveys. The vast majority of Rocky Mountain Shrubland sample plots in the ESIS database were located in Banff and Jasper National Park, with the rest of the Natural Region very sparsely sampled. Several large protected areas such as Willmore Wilderness Park, White Goat and Siffleur Wilderness Areas, and most of the area south of Banff National Park (e.g. Kananaskis, Crowsnest Pass and Waterton National Park areas) are poorly represented in the ESIS database. The area north of Willmore Wilderness Park which is road-accessible (Grande Cache and surrounding area) has been lightly sampled.

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Figure 1. Ordination diagram of species scores from Detrended Correspondence Analysis of montane shrubland plots.

ACHIMIL

AGOSGLA

AGRODAS

AGROTRA

ALLICER

ALNUTENAMELALN

ANEMCYLANEMMUL

ANEMPAT

ANTEPAR

ARCTUVA

ARNICOR

ARTEFRI

ARTELUD

ASTECIL

ASTECON

ASTEFAL

ASTELAE

ASTRSTR

BETUOCC

BETUPUM

BROMCIL

BROMINE

CAMPROT

CAREAQU

CARECON

CARESPP

CASTMIN

CERAARV

CLADPYX

COMAUMB

CORNCAN

CORNSTO

DISTCAP

DREPUNC

ELAECOM

ELYMINN

EPILANG

EQUIARV

ERIGCAE

FESTSCA

FRAGVIR

GAILARI

GALIBOR

GENTAMA

GERAVIS

GEUMALE

GEUMTRI

HEDYALP

HEDYBOR

HETEVIL

HYLOSPL

JUNCBAL

JUNICOM

JUNIHOR

KOELMAC

LATHOCH

LINNBOR

LINULEW

MITENUD

ORTHSEC

OXYTSER

OXYTSPL

PELTRUF

PHLEPRA

PICEGLA

PICEMAR

PINUCON

PLEUSCH

POAPRA

POPUBAL

POPUTRE

POTEFRU

POTEGRA

PSEUMEN

PYROASA

RIBEOXY

ROSAACI

ROSAWOO

RUBUIDA

SALIBEB

SALISPP

SENECAN

SHEPCANSISYMON

SMILSTE

SOLISPA

SPIRBET

STIPVIR

SYMPALB

SYMPOCC

TARAOFF

THALVEN

THERRHO

THUIABI

TORTRUR

VICIAME

ZIGAELE

ZIZIAPT

DCA - mont10.wk1 data, rare species downweighted.

Axis 1

Axis

2

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Figure 2. Ordination diagram of plot and environmental scores from Detrended Correspondence Analysis of montane shrubland plots.

17SW2354

32BKR004

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34PC100534PC100634PS156234PS1563

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34YA1015 34YA1016

37YH1217

54AV9116

57WCA058

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DrainageE_Moist

Nutrient

Slope

DCA - mont10.wk1 data, rare species downweighted.

Axis 1

Axis

2

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Figure 3. Ordination diagram of species scores from Detrended Correspondence Analysis of alpine/subalpine shrubland plots.

ABIE LAS

ACHI MILAGOS GLA

AGRO SPP

AGRO VIO

ALEC OCH

ALEC SPP

ANDR CHAANDR SEP

ANEM LIT

ANEM MUL

ANEM OCC

ANEM PAR

ANTE LAN

ANTE PAR

ANTE RAC

ANTE SPP

AQUI FLA

ARCT RUB

ARCT UVA

AREN CAPARNI ANG

ARNI COR

ARNI LAT

ARTE NOR

ASTE CIL

ASTE CON

ASTR ALP

AULA PAL

BARB HAT

BARB LYC

BARB SPP

BETU GLA

BOTR LUN

BRAC GRO

BRAC SPP

BROM INEBRYU CAE

BRYU PSEBRYU SPP

CALA PUR

CALO JUN

CALT LEP

CAMP ROT

CAMP STE

CARE ALB

CARE AQU

CARE ATS

CARE CAP

CARE CON

CARE NAR

CARE NIG

CARE NOR

CARE RUP

CARE SCI

CARE SPE

CARE SPP

CARE VAG

CASS MERCASS TET CAST MIN

CAST OCC

CAST RAU

CERA ARV

CERA PUR

CETR CUC

CETR ERI

CETR ISL

CETR NIV

CETR PIN

CETR SPP

CETR TIL

CLAD ARB

CLAD CAN

CLAD CEN

CLAD CHL

CLAD COC

CLAD COR

CLAD ECM

CLAD GONCLAD GRA

CLAD MIT

CLAD PYX

CLAD SPP

CLAD SQU

CLAD UNC

CLAY LAN

COEL ACU

CORN CAN

DACT ARC

DACT RAM

DANT CALDELP GLA

DESC CES

DESM LAT

DICR BRE

DICR MUE

DICR SCO

DICR SPP

DIST CAPDITR FLE

DRAB SPP

DREP REV

DREP UNC

DRYA INT

DRYA OCT

ELYM INN

EMPE NIG

ENCA RHA

EPIL ANG

EQUI ARV

EQUI SCI

EQUI VAR

ERIG AUR

ERIG PER

EURH PUL

FEST BRA FEST SAX

FEST SPP

FRAG VIR

GALI BOR

GENT AMA

GENT GLA

GENT PRP

HEDY ALP

HEDY BOR

HEDY SUL

HIER TRI

HYLO SPL

HYPN REV

HYPO AUS

JUNC BALJUNC DRU

JUNI COM

JUNI HOR

KOBR MYO

KOEL MAC

LARI LYA

LECA EPI

LECI GRA

LECI SPP

LEDU GRO

LEPR NEG

LETH VULLINN BOR

LOPH SPPLUET PEC

LUZU PIP

LUZU SPI

LYCO ALP

MENZ FER

MINU OBT

MINU RUBMYOS ALP

ORTH SEC

OXYT CUS

OXYT POD

OXYT SPL

PARM AMB

PARM HYP

PARN FIM

PEDI ARC

PEDI BRA

PEDI GRO

PELT APH

PELT CAN

PELT MAL

PELT RUF

PELT SPP

PELT SPU

PHLE COM

PHYL EMP

PHYL GLA

PHYS MUS

PICE ENE

PICE ENGPICE GLA

PICE MAR

PINU ALB

PINU CON

PLEU SCH

POA ALP

POA SPP

POGO ALP

POHL CRU

POHL NUT

POLY JUN

POLY PIL

POLY SPP

POLY VIV

POPU TRE

POTE DIV

POTE FRU

POTE NIV

PSEU RAD

PTIL CRI

PYRO ASARANU ESC

RHAC CAN

RHIZ GEO

RHOD ALB

RHYT RUG

ROSA ACI

RUBU ARC

SALI ARC

SALI BAA

SALI FAR

SALI GLA

SALI MYR

SALI RET

SALI SPP

SALI VES

SAXI BROSAXI OCC

SAXI OPP

SAXI TRI

SEDU STE

SELA DEN

SENE IND

SENE LUG

SENE TRI

SHEP CAN

SIBB PRO

SILE ACA

SMEL CAL

SOLI MUL

SOLI SPA

SOLO CRO

SPHA WAR

STER ALP

STER TOM

THAL OCC

THAM SUB

THUI ABI

TOME NIT

TORT FRA

TORT NOR

TORT RUR

TORT TORTRIS SPI

TROL ALB

UMBI HYP

USNE SOR

VACC CAE

VACC MEM

VACC SCO

VACC VIT

VAHL ATR

VALE DIO

VALE SITVERO ALP

VIOL ADU

XANT ELE

ZIGA ELE

DCA - as33.wk1 data, rare species downweighted.

Axis 1

Axis

2

9

Figure 4. Ordination diagram of plot and environmental scores from Detrended Correspondence Analysis of alpine/subalpine shrubland plots.

17SR252417SR3693

17SR3697

24SD0205

31GP4585

31GP4586

31GP7472

31GP7474

31GP7478

31GP7480

31GP7483

31GP748631GP7489

31GP749431GP7496

31GP7499

31GP8509

31GP8512

31GP8533

31GP8633

31GP8638

32CC0074

32CC0077

32GP6113

32RC0029

32RC003032RC003232RC0035

32RC00A2

32RC00H1

32RC00H5

32RC00H632RC00H7

32RC00H9

32RC0H13

32RC0H14

34CB2459

34CB2460

34CB2470

34CN1001

34GP0105

34GP0125

34KP0011

34PS1601

34RDP001

34RDP003

34RDP004

34RDP006

34RDP01134RDP014

34RDP021

34RDP029

34RDP03634RDP037 34YA1002

37BF1002

37BF1034

37BF1055

37BF1088

37BF1123

37BF1141

37YH1136

37YH1231

37YH1243

57WCA012

57WCA028

57WCA029

57WCA031

57WCA061

67HT4930

67RD4911

94AW5001

94AW5002

94AW5012

94AW5017

94AW5021

94AW5026

94AW5027

94AW5034

94AW5036

94AW5038

94AW5047

94AW5048

94AW5058

94AW5059

94AW5061

94AW5064

94AW5068

94AW5070

94AW507194AW5072

94AW5073

94AW5074

94AW5075

94AW507694AW507794AW507894AW5079

94AW5082

94AW5086

94AW508794AW5088

94AW5089

94AW5090

94AW5091

94AW5092

94AW510194AW5104

94AW5106

94AW5118

94AW511994AW5130

94AW513194AW5132

94AW5133

94AW5134

94AW5140

94AW5149

94AW6001

94AW6029

94AW6030

94AW6050

94AW6063

94AW6064

94AW6070

94AW6073

94AW6080

94AW6081

94AW6087

94AW6098

94AW6100

94AW6102

94AW6103

94AW6104

94AW6105

94AW6106

94AW6108

94AW6115

94AW6120

94AW6127

94AW612894AW6132

94AW6134

94AW7001

94AW7002

94AW7003

94AW7008

94AW7009

94AW7010

94AW7015

94AW7028

94AW7032

94AW7037

94AW7041

94AW7044

94AW7045

94AW7047

94AW7051

94AW7053

94AW7054

94AW7055

94AW7061

94AW706294AW7068

94AW7080

94AW7081

94AW709094AW7091

94AW7093 94AW7094

94AW7095

94AW7099

94AW7100

94AW7101

94AW710394BK5018

94BK5098

94BK6052

94BK6061

94BK6070

94BK6071

94BK607294BK6073

94BK6074

94BK6075

94BK6076

94BK6079

94BK6084

94BK6087

94BK6088

94BK609094BK6091

94BK609894BK6099

94BK6102

94BK6103

94BK6106

94BK6110

94IC6019

94IC6021

94IC6023

94IC6038

94IC6041

94IC6102

94IC6103

94IC610594IC6106

94IC6107

94IC7039

94IC8077

94IC8079

94IC8080

94IC8084

94IC8087

94IC8090

94JC6003

94JC6015

94JC6016

94JC6017

94JC6019

94JC6020

94JC6025

94JC6026

94JC6030

94JC6033

94JC6040

94JC6042

94JC6044

94JC6045

94JC6046

94JC6048

94JC6049

94JC6051

94JC6052

94JC605394JC6055

94JC6056

94JC605794JC6058

94JC6059

94JC6066

94JC6067

94JC6068

94JC6069

94JC6070

94JC6072

94JC6075

94JC6078

94JC6079

94JC6081

94JC608294JC6090

94JC609194JC6092

94JC6093

94JC6094

94JC6095

94JC6101

94JC610594JC610694JC6107

94JC6108

94JC6114

94JC6115

94JC7019

94JC7020

94JC702594JC7031

94JC7036

94JC7045

94JC7046

94JC7052

94JC7053

94JC705794JC7061

94JC706894JC7072

94JC7078

94JC7079

94JC7089

94JC7096 94JC7100

94JC7107

94JC7119

94JC8004

94JC8005

94JC8007

94JC8008

94JC8011

94JC8012

94JC8017

94JC8018

94JC8019

94JC8020

94JC8023

94JC8026

94JC8030

94JC8033

94JC8034

94JC8039

94JC8040

94JC8048

94JC8050

94JC8055

94JC8056

94JC8057

94JC8060

94JC8068

94JC8069

94JC8070

94JC8071

94JC8072

94JC8073

94JC8074

94JC8076

94JC8077

94JC807994JC8080

94JC8089

94JC8092

94JC8093

94JC8094

94JD5017

94JD5031

94JD5032

94JD5033

94JD5034

94JD5037

94JD5043

94JD5044

94JD5046

94JD5048

94JD5051

94JD5052

94JD5054

94JD5060

94JD5063

94JD5064

94JD5069

94JD5072 94JD507594JD5084

94JD5092

94JD5097

94JD5098

94JD5099

94JD5100

94JD5126

94JD6026

94JD6035

94JD6041

94JD6042

94JD6044

94JD6050

94JD6053 94JD6062

94JD6063

94JD6071

94JD6078

94JD6081

94JD6082

94JD6083

94JD6087

94JD6088

94JD6093

94JD7008

94JD7014

94JD7015

94JD7020

94JD7027

94JD7031

94JD7040

94JD7044

94JD7047

94JD7052

94JD7053

94JD7054

94JD7079

94JD7080

94JD7081

94JD7082

94JD7086

94JD7089

94JD7093

94JD7094

94JD7096

94JD7099

94JD7101

94JD710394JD7104

94JD7107

94JD7112

94JD7116

94JD9005

94JD9007

94JD9008

94JD9009

94JD9010

94JD9021

94JD9025

94JD9026

94JD9031

94JD9037

94JD9049

94JD9050

94JD905294JD905494JD9060

94JD906494JD9065

94JD9070

94JD9071

94JE8006

94JE8007

94JE8009

94JE8012

94JE8020

94JE8024

94JE8025

94JE8026

94JE8027

94JE8028

94JE8029

94JE8030

94JE803194JE8033

94JE8034

94JE8035

94JE8037

94JE8038

94JE8040

94JE8042

94JE8044

94JE8046

94JE8047

94JE8048

94JE8049

94JE8050

94JE8051

94JE8056

94JE8057

94JE8060

94JE8065

94JE8066

94JE8070

94JE8071

94JE8072

94JE807394JE8075

94JE8076

94JE8078

94JE8081

94JE8082

94JE8083

94JE808494JE8085

94JE8087

94JE8088

94JE8090

94JE8091

94JE8092

94JE809394JE8094

94JE809894JE8100

94JE8101

94JE810294JE8103

94JE8104

94JE8110

94JE8111

94JE8112

94JE8113

94JE8114

94JE811694JE8121

94JE8123

94JE8124

94JE8125

94JE8126

94JE8128

94JE8129

94JE8130

94JE813194JE813294JE8135

94JE8137

94JE8139

94JE8140

94JE8141

94JE8142

94JE8143

94JE8144

94JE8147

94JE8148

94JE8149

94JE8156

94JE8158

94JE8159

94JE8162

94JE8163

94JE8164

94JE9001

94JE9002

94JE9011

94JE9013

94JE9020

94JE9022

94JE9023

94JE9024

94JE9026

94JE9028

94JE9029

94JE9030

94JE9032

94JE9033

94JE9034

94JE9035

94JE9036

94JE9037

94JE904294JE9047

94JE9051

94JE9052

94JE9053

94JE9055

94JE9057

94JE9058

94JE9059

94JE9060

94JE9061

94JE9064

94JE9070

94JE9071

94JE9074

94JE9075

94JE9076

94JE9077

94JE9079

94JE9080

94JE9081

94JE9082

94JE9084

94JE9088

94JE9091

94JE9094

94JE9095

94JE9097 94JE9101

94JE9104

94JE9108

94JE9110

94JE9112

94JE9113

94JE9118

94JE9119

94JE9120

94JE9122

94JE9124

94JE9125

94JE9126

94JE913094JE9131

94JE9132 94JE9134 94JE9141

94JE9143

94JE9146

94JE9147

94JE9150

94JE9153

94JE9154

94JE9156

94JE9160

94JE9164 94JE9165

94JE9166

94JE9172

94JE9173 94JE9176

94JE9179

94JE9181

94JE9183

94JI5020

94JI5021

94JI5024

94JI5026

94JI5029

94JI5030

94JI5031

94JI5032

94JI5035

94JI5049

94JI5057

94JI5059

94JI506094JI5061

94JI5063

94JI5068

94JI5076

94JI5078

94JI5086

94JI5092

94JI5099

94JI5109

94JI5117

94JI6031

94JI6037

94JI6045

94JI6046

94JI6047

94JI6048

94JI6051

94JI6054

94JI6057

94JI6058

94JI6059

94JI6061

94JI6066

94JI607394JI6074

94JI6093

94JI6121

94JI6130

94JI7002

94JI7050

94JI7056

94JI7058

94JI7059

94JI7064

94JI7065

94JI7066

94JI7068

94JI7070

94JI7072

94JI7073

94JI7081

94JI7087

94JI7095 94JI8015

94JI8017

94JI8020

94JI8022

94JI8023

94JI8025

94JI8031

94JI8032

94JI8033

94JI8034

94JI8036

94JI8040

94JI8042

94JI8049

94JI8055

94JI8062

94JI8066

94JI8067

94JI8070

94JI807194JI8093

94JI8095

94JI9001

94JI9003

94JI9006

94JI9008

94JI9010

94JI9013

94JI9014

94JI9016

94JI9018

94JI9022

94JI9023

94JI9024

94JI9025

94JI9026

94JI902794JI9030

94JI9037

94JI9039

94JI9045

94JI9051

94JI9054

94JI9056

94JI905894JI9059

94JI9062

94JI9066

94JI9071

94JI9076

94JI9077

94JI9078

94JI9088

94JI9089

94JI9090

94JI9091

94JI9096

94JI9100

94JI9101

94JI9104

94JI9121

94JI9128

94JI9129

94JI9131

94JI9133

94JI9138

94JI914294JI9145

94JI9150

94JI9152

94JI9156

94JM7004

94JM7020

94JM7021

94JM7023

94JM7024

94JM7025

94JM7026

94JM703494JM703594JM7036

94JM7045

94JM7047

94JM705094JM7054

94JM7055 94JM7057

94JM705994JM7062

94JM7066

94JM7068

94JM7069

94JM7072

94JM707394JM707494JM7075

94JM7077

94JM7078

94JM7080

94JM7081

94JM7085

94JM7086

94JM7088

94JM7089

94JM7091

94JM7092

94JM7096

94JM7097

94JM7100

94JM8006

94JM8007

94JM8010

94JM8011

94JM8025

94JM8027

94JM803094JM8035

94JM8036

94JM8037

94JM8038

94JM8039

94JM8044

94JM8046

94JM8047

94JM8048

94JM8055

94JM8057

94JM8068

94JM8071

94JM8073

94JM8075

94JM8078

94JM8085

94JM8086

94JM8095

94JM8102

94JM8113

94LC9001

94LC9009

94LC9016

94LC9018 94LC9021

94LC9028

94LC9029

94LC9033

94LC903894LC9040

94LC9041

94LC9042

94LC9043

94LC9044

94LC9046

94LC9050

94LC9055

94LC905894LC9061

94LC9067

94LC9072

94LC9073

94LC9074

94LC9075

94LC9076

94LC9081

94LC9082

94LC9083

94LC9084

94LC9091

94LC9092

94LC9093

94LC9097

94LC9099

94LC9102

94LC9103

94LC9107

94LC9108

94LC9111

94LC9112

94LC9113

94LC911494LC9116

94LC911994LC9123

94LC9124

94LC9125

94LC9128

94LC9130

94LC9131

94LC913494LC9135

94LC9138

94LC9139

94LC9148

94LC9154

94LC9158

94LC9160

94LC9161

94LC9162

94LC9163

94LC9164

94LC9166

94LC9168

94LC9173

94LC917494LC9175

94LC9177

94LC9183

94LC9185

94PA7006

94PA7016

94PA7017

94PA7022

94PA7024

94PA7026

94PA7028

94PA7029

94PA7030

94PA7034

94PA7036

94PA703794PA7038

94PA7040

94PA704194PA7043

94PA7045

94PA7052

94PA705394PA7055

94PA7057

94PA7061

94PA7064

94PA7065

94PA7066

94PA7067

94PA7070

94PA7078

94PA7081

94PA7082

94PA7088

94PA7092

94PA7095

94PA7096

94PA7099

94PA7107

94PA7108

94PA7109

94PA7116

94PA7117 94PA7118

94PA7119

94PA7120

94PA7121

94PA7122

94PA7123

94PA7124

94PA7125

94PA7126

94PA7129

94PA7130

94PA7131

94PA7132

94PA7133

94PA7135

94PA7136

94PA713894PA7139

94PA714194PA7142

94PA7143

94PA7147

94PA7149

94PA7152

94PA7156

94PA7161

94PA7162

94PA7166

94PA7171

94PA7172

94PA7176

94PA7177

94PA7178

94PA717994PA7181

94PA7188

94PA8003

94PA8004

94PA8005

94PA8009

94PA8014

94PA8016

94PA8017

94PA8018

94PA8019

94PA8025

94PA8026

94PA8031

94PA8032

94PA8033

94PA8036

94PA8039

94PA8043

94PA8046

94PA8047

94PA8048

94PA8055

94PA805794PA8062

94PA8067

94PA8070

94PA8071 94PA8074

94PA8075

94PA8076

94PA8077

94PA8078

94PA8080

94PA8083

94PA8084

94PA8085

94PA8086

94PA8092

94PA8093

94PA8095

94PA8096

94PA8101

94PA8108

94PA8109

94PA8111

94PA8112

94PA8113

94PA8114

94PA8117

94PA8118

94PA811994PA8125

94PA8126

94PA8129

94PA8130

94PA8136

94PA8142

94PA8143

94PA8147

94PA8149

94PA8154

94PA8161

94PA8162

94PA816394PA8166

94PA8167

94PA8169

94PA9002

94PA9004

94PA9006

94PA9008

94PA9011

94PA9013

94PA9015

94PA9017

94PA901994PA9025

94PA9033

94PA9034

94PA9040

94PA9046

94PA9047

94PA9050

94PA9057

94PA9060

94PA9061

94PA9062

94PA9068

94PA9072

94PA9074

94PA9076

94PA9080

94PA908794PA9088

94PA9095

94PA9098

94PA9099

94PA9108

94PA9109

94PA9111

94PA9112

94PA9114

94PA9115

94PA9116

94PA9117

94PA9118

94PA9119

94PA9120

94PA9121

94PA9124

94PA9125

94PA9128

94PA9129

94PA9130

94PA9131

94PA9135

94SJ7038

94SJ7039

94SJ7040

94SJ7041

94SJ7046

94SJ7049

94SJ7053

94SJ7057

94SJ7058

94SJ7059

94SJ7060

94SJ7069

94SJ707094SJ7076

94SJ7079

94SJ7085

94SJ8002

94SJ8005

94SJ8009

94SJ8024

94SJ8027

94SJ8028

94SJ8029

94SJ8031

94SJ8032

94SJ8035

94SJ8036

94SJ803794SJ8039

94SJ8040

94SJ8044

94SJ8050

94SJ8052

94SJ8056

94SJ8058 94SJ8062

94SJ8065

94SJ8067

94SJ8068

94SJ8069

94SJ8071

94SJ8072

94SJ8075

94SJ8079

94SJ8096

94SJ8099

94SJ8102

94SJ8104

94SJ9002

94SJ9003

94SJ9004

94SJ9007

94SJ9010

94SJ9011

94SJ9012

94SJ9014

94SJ9016

94SJ9018

94SJ9019

94SJ9022

94SJ9023

94SJ9024

94SJ9025

94SJ9026

94SJ902794SJ9028

94SJ9029

94SJ9032

94SJ9033

94SJ9034

94SJ9037

94SJ9040

94SJ9041

94SJ9042

94SJ9043

94SJ9044

94SJ9046

94SJ9047

94SJ9048

94SJ9049

94SJ9051

94SJ9052

94SJ9055

94SJ9056

94SJ9057

94SJ9058

94SJ905994SJ906594SJ9072

94SJ9074

94SJ907694SJ9077

94SJ9080

94SJ9081

94SJ908294SJ9084

94SJ9085

94SJ9087

94SJ9091

94SJ9092

94SJ9093 94SJ9094

94SJ9095

94SJ9097

94SJ9100

94SJ9102

94SJ9106

94SJ9107

94SJ9108

94SJ910994SJ9110

94SJ911194SJ9112

94SJ911394SJ9118

94SJ9119

94SJ9121

94SJ9122

94SJ9130

94SJ9134

D4JD7118

D4JD7121

D4JD7123

D4JD7132

D4JD7133

D4JD7140

D4JD7141 D4JD7142

D4JD7146

D4JD7149

D4JD7154

D4JD7157

D4JD8005

D4JD8007

D4JD8012

D4JD8013

D4JD8014D4JD8017

D4JD8019D4JD8025

D4JD8028

D4JD8029 D4JD8031

D4JD8032

D4JD8033

D4JD8037

D4JD8044

D4JD8050

D4JD8056

D4JD8057

D4JD8058

D4JD8059

D4JD8060

D4JD8061

D4JD8062

D4JD8063

D4JD8064

D4JD8065

D4JD8066

D4JD8067

D4JD8068

D4JD8070

D4JD8072

D4JD8074

D4JD8077

D4JD8083

D4JD8084

D4JD8088

D4JD8090

D4JD8091

D4JD8093

D4JD8097

D4JD8098

D4JD8101

D4JD8102

D4JD8106

D4JD8109

D4JD8110

D4JD8113

D4JD8114

D4JD8117

D4JD8119

D4JD8120

D4JD9075D4JD9078

D4JD9080

D4JD9081

D4JD9083

D4JD9087

D4JD9089

D4PA8170

Elevatio

DCA - as33.wk1 data, rare species downweighted.

Axis 1

Axis

2

10

Figure 5. Map of geographic locations of Rocky Mountain shrubland plots which had location data listed in the ESIS database.

##

######

##

########## #### ######## ##

## ### ########

## ### # #### ## ###### #### ## ## #### ### # ##

## ###### #### #### ## # ###### ### #### #

### ###### ### # ### #### ## ## ###### ### #### ## # ### #### ### ## ### # ##

## #### ###### ### ## ## ## ## ## ### ## #### ## # ###### ##### ## ### ### ##### #### ## #### ## ###### ## ## ### # #### ## #

## ### ### # ######## ## ### ### #### #### # ## ##### ## # ## #### ## ### ## ### #### ## #### ## ### ## ## ## ### ## ### # ### # ### ### ##

# ## #### ## ## ##### ## ## ####### # # ##### # ### # # ### ## ### ###### ### ####### ##### ### ## ### # # ### # # ### ## #

## ######## ## ### ### ## #### #### ## ### ## ### ## #### # ## ### ### # ### # #### ## ####### ### ###

## #### ### ## ### # ######## ### ## ## #

# ######### ## ## ######### ## ## ######### # #######

## ## ## ## ############ ### ##

## ### ##### ###### ### # ### ##### ##

# ### # #### ## ### ## # ##### ## # ## # #

# ### ### # ## ###### ## ## # # ## ## ## ###

# ## #### ### ### # ## #### ### ## ##### ###### # ## ### ##### #### # ### ## ### # ## ## ### ### ##

### #### ### ## #### # ## #### ## ### ## #### # ## ## ## ## ##### ## ## ### ##

## ## ## #### ## # # # #### ## ## # ## #### ## ## ### ### ####

#### #### # ### #### # ### # ### # ### # ### ## ### # ## # ### # ## ## ###

### ### ## ## # ### ### # ### # ### # ## ### ## ## # ### ###### #### ### #### #### # ##

### # #### ## ### # ## ## ## ## #### ## ##### ### ######## ### ## ### ## #### ### # ## ## ### ### #### #### ##

### # # #### # ### ### ##### ### # ##### # ## ## ###### ######## # #### ## ## ## # ## ## ## ### # ##### ###### ## ## # ## ### ## ### ## ## ## ### ### ###### ## # ## ## #

# # ### ## ## ### #### ## # ## ### ## # ## ##### ## # # # #######

# #######

###### ##

#######

### ###

m6

m1

m1

m1

m1m1

m63m64

m37

m38m39

m37

m56m71

m63m71

m63m39

m63

m74

m63m85

m63 m49

m85 m84

m49

m56

m49m49

m63 m63

m49

m88

m16m63

m76 m63m49

m88m92 m49

m98

m63m85m69

m84m63m63m64

m88

m56 m69m92 m46m56m69

m74m74

m69

m76

m76

m104

m105

m104

m37m37

m49

m63

m69m76m84m63m69m49m56m56

m69 m13

m104

m128

1 0 0 0 10 0 2 00 Mi l es

N a t u r a l R e g i o n s A l p i n e S u b r e g i o n S u b a l p i n e S u b r e g i o n M o n t a n e S u b r e g i o n

# R o c k y M t n S h r u b l a n d P l o t s

N

E W

S

11

Classification Summaries The community types recognized in each subregion are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. . For each group, the number of plots included in the group (N) is indicated, along with the mean values and standard deviation of the environmental variables for each group. The montane community types have been ranked in order of increasing moisture, while the alpine/subalpine community types have been ranked in order of increasing elevation. A complete list of all plots included in the analysis and their group numbers can be found in Appendix 1

12

Tab

le 1

. Lis

t of s

hrub

land

com

mun

ities

in th

e m

onta

ne su

breg

ion

and

thei

r ass

ocia

ted

envi

ronm

enta

l cha

ract

eris

tics,

sorte

d by

m

oist

ure.

Val

ues a

re li

sted

as g

roup

mea

n ±

stan

dard

dev

iatio

n. U

nits

use

d fo

r env

ironm

enta

l var

iabl

es a

re li

sted

in T

able

3.

Grou

p N

G

roup

Nam

e A

spec

t D

rain

age

Ele

vatio

n M

oist

ure

Nut

rien

t Sl

ope

m84

3

Pice

a en

gelm

anni

i / J

unip

erus

com

mun

is –

Shep

herd

ia c

anad

ensis

/ K

oele

ria m

acra

ntha

22

5.0

± 90

.0

±

14

20.0

± 1

90.8

2.

0 ±

±

51.7

± 18

.9

m39

2

Juni

peru

s com

mun

is –

She

pher

dia

cana

dens

is /

Her

b / S

tipa

colu

mbi

ana

192.

0 ±

17.0

2.

0 ±

15

12.5

± 1

45.0

2.

5 ±

0.7

±

41

.5±

9.2

m13

5

Juni

peru

s hor

izont

alis

– A

rcto

staph

ylos

uva

-urs

i / A

grop

yron

das

ysta

chyu

m –

Cal

amag

rosti

s pu

rpur

asce

ns

197.

2 ±

67.9

2.

6 ±

1.1

1269

.8 ±

147

.6

3.2

± 1.

5 3.

0 ±

0.0

21.8

± 30

.6

m37

4

Pinu

s con

torta

/ Va

ccin

ium

cae

spito

sum

- Am

elan

chie

r aln

ifolia

– A

rcto

staph

ylos

uva

-urs

i -

Juni

peru

s com

mun

is /

Um

bilic

aria

deu

sta

210.

8 ±

20.2

2.

3 ±

0.5

1624

.8 ±

132

.9

3.3

± 1.

3

±

36.3

± 13

.1

m63

15

Arc

tosta

phyl

os u

va-u

rsi –

She

pher

dia

cana

dens

is /

Elym

us in

nova

tus

186.

6 ±

71.9

2.

2 ±

0.8

1338

.7 ±

178

.8

3.3

± 0.

8 2.

3 ±

0.6

36.4

± 27

.3

m11

5

Sym

phor

icar

pos o

ccid

enta

lis –

Arte

mis

ia c

ana

/ Poa

com

pres

sa –

Stip

a sp

p.

209.

0 ±

46.2

3.

0 ±

1.6

1197

.8 ±

40.

0 3.

4 ±

0.5

3.0

± 0.

0 26

.6±

9.1

m76

4

Rosa

aci

cula

ris -

Ela

eagn

us c

omm

utat

a –

Salix

scou

leria

na -

Rubu

s ida

eus –

Lon

icer

a di

oica

/ U

rtic

a sp

p. /

Phle

um p

rate

nse

217.

3 ±

85.2

3.

3 ±

1.5

1155

.0 ±

165

.0

3.7

± 1.

2 3.

0 ±

0.0

33.8

± 32

.5

m38

3

Popu

lus b

alsa

mife

ra /

Elae

agnu

s com

mut

ata

- Am

elan

chie

r aln

ifolia

- Ju

nipe

rus h

orizo

ntal

is /

Agro

pyro

n da

systa

chyu

m

120.

5 ±

140.

7 3.

0 ±

0.0

1473

.3 ±

175

.5

4.0

± 1.

7 2.

5 ±

0.7

12.7

± 19

.3

m71

2

Dry

as d

rum

mon

dii –

Arc

tosta

phyl

os u

va-u

rsi -

Ela

eagn

us c

omm

utat

a / H

erb

/ Koe

leria

mac

rant

ha

90.0

±

2.0

±1.

4 13

69.5

± 1

3.4

4.0

±

3.0

±

1.0

±

m10

13

Sym

phor

icar

pos o

ccid

enta

lis –

Ros

a w

oods

ii / P

oa p

rate

nsis

– B

rom

us in

erm

is

119.

5 ±

131.

9 3.

7 ±

0.9

1194

.4 ±

58.

8 4.

2 ±

0.4

3.0

± 0.

0 10

.9±

13.1

m56

10

Pic

ea g

lauc

a / A

rcto

staph

ylos

uva

-urs

i – P

oten

tilla

frut

icos

a –

Juni

peru

s hor

izon

talis

/ C

arex

sc

irpoi

dea

– Ko

eler

ia m

acra

ntha

23

4.3

± 53

.3

3.1

±1.

2 12

57.4

± 2

22.0

4.

2 ±

1.5

3.0

± 0.

7 19

.4±

21.1

m6

8 Po

tent

illa

frutic

osa

– Sy

mph

oric

arpo

s occ

iden

talis

/ Fe

stuca

scab

rella

– F

estu

ca id

ahoe

nsis

– Br

omus

iner

mis

15

2.1

± 11

2.5

3.0

±0.

8 13

64.3

± 1

07.2

4.

3 ±

0.7

3.1

± 0.

4 15

.7±

8.5

m49

14

Pin

us c

onto

rta –

Pic

ea g

lauc

a / S

heph

erdi

a ca

nade

nsis

- Ar

ctos

taph

ylos

uva

-urs

i - J

unip

erus

co

mm

unis

/ El

ymus

inno

vatu

s 19

2.0

± 77

.4

2.8

±0.

7 14

15.1

± 1

93.2

4.

4 ±

0.8

2.7

± 0.

5 16

.6±

23.2

m16

4

Pote

ntill

a fru

ticos

a –

Salix

pla

nifo

lia –

Ros

a w

oods

ii / A

grop

yron

repe

ns –

Poa

pra

tens

is –

Stip

a vi

ridul

a 15

3.3

± 98

.7

3.7

±1.

2 11

95.8

± 3

2.2

4.8

± 1.

0 3.

0 ±

0.0

14.3

± 9.

7

m36

1

Cra

taeg

us d

ougl

asii

/ Vio

la c

anad

ensis

- O

smor

hiza

dep

aupe

rata

– P

arie

tari

a pe

nsyl

vani

ca

157.

5 ±

95.5

±

1366

.7 ±

83.

3 5.

0 ±

0.0

±

21

.7±

11.9

m10

4 3

Pinu

s con

torta

/ Al

nus s

pp. -

Lin

naea

bor

ealis

/ Co

rnus

can

aden

sis /

Ely

mus

inno

vatu

s 22

5.0

±

±

12

10.0

±

5.0

±

±

10

.0±

m10

5 1

Dry

as d

rum

mon

dii –

Aln

us te

nuifo

lia

350.

0 ±

3.

0 ±

12

41.0

±

5.0

±

3.0

±

10.0

±

m64

2

Alnu

s cri

spa

- Sym

phor

icar

pos o

ccid

enta

lis –

Am

elan

chie

r aln

ifolia

– S

alix

scou

leria

na /

Her

bs

112.

5 ±

95.5

4.

0 ±

15

90.0

± 1

4.1

5.5

± 0.

7 3.

0 ±

47

.5±

38.9

m1

5 Pi

cea

glau

ca –

Pop

ulus

trem

uloi

des /

Sal

ix b

ebbi

ana

– Sh

ephe

rdia

can

aden

sis /

Ely

mus

inno

vatu

s 20

1.0

± 67

.1

4.3

±1.

3 11

28.0

± 1

40.4

6.

0 ±

1.7

4.0

± 1.

4 9.

2±

9.7

m46

2

Salix

spp.

– B

etul

a gl

andu

losa

/ Eq

uise

tum

arv

ense

90

.0 ±

3.

0 ±

12

68.5

± 4

08.0

6.

0 ±

1.4

4.0

±

2.5

± 3.

5

m85

3

Betu

la p

umila

– P

oten

tilla

frut

icos

a –

Salix

spp.

/ C

arex

spp.

– D

esch

amps

ia c

espi

tosa

- Ju

ncus

spp.

/ Dre

pano

clad

us sp

p.

±

±

1270

.0 ±

252

.4

6.0

±

±

0.

0±

m88

3

Pice

a m

aria

na /

Ledu

m g

roen

land

icum

– A

lnus

tenu

ifolia

/ H

yloc

omiu

m sp

lend

ens

0.0

±

±

12

70.0

± 2

6.5

6.0

± 1.

4

±

24.0

± 41

.6

m69

7

Pice

a gl

auca

/ Al

nus t

enui

folia

– R

osa

acic

ular

is –

Shep

herd

ia c

anad

ensi

s / E

quis

etum

arv

ense

/ Th

uidi

um a

biet

inum

19

2.3

± 10

6.3

3.0

±

1019

.1 ±

41.

2 6.

2 ±

1.5

4.0

±

15.7

± 31

.9

m22

3

Salix

beb

bian

a –

Salix

gla

uca

– Sa

lix la

nata

/ D

esch

amps

ia c

espi

tosa

– P

hleu

m p

rate

nse

– Po

a pr

aten

sis

150.

0 ±

103.

9 5.

7 ±

0.6

1366

.0 ±

152

.3

6.3

± 0.

6 3.

7 ±

0.6

3.3

± 1.

5

m4

4 Sa

lix p

etio

lari

s - B

etul

a gl

andu

losa

– S

alix

can

dida

/ D

esch

amps

ia c

espi

tosa

– J

uncu

s bal

ticus

18

4.5

± 12

0.9

5.3

±1.

0 14

62.8

± 2

8.5

7.0

± 1.

4 3.

8 ±

0.5

1.5

± 2.

1

13

Gro

up

N

Gro

up N

ame

Asp

ect

Dra

inag

e E

leva

tion

Moi

stur

e N

utri

ent

Slop

e

m2

2 Sa

lix m

yrtil

lifol

ia –

Bet

ula

pum

ila /

Care

x sp

p.. –

Jun

cus b

altic

us

310.

0 ±

14.1

6.

5 ±

0.7

1440

.0 ±

0.0

8.

0 ±

0.0

4.0

± 0.

0 5.

5±

0.7

m92

2

Pice

a m

aria

na /

Salix

myr

tillif

olia

– L

edum

gro

enla

ndic

um /

Care

x sp

p. /

Tom

enth

ypnu

m n

itens

22

5.0

±

±

12

30.0

± 9

9.0

8.0

±

±

0.

0±

0.0

m74

3

Salix

arb

uscu

loid

es /

Equi

setu

m fl

uvia

tile

/ Car

ex sp

p. /

Spha

gnum

spp.

- To

men

thyp

num

nite

ns

45.0

± 7

7.9

6.5

±0.

7 11

96.7

± 5

8.6

8.5

± 0.

7 4.

0 ±

0.0

0.7

± 1.

2

m12

8 1

Salix

pla

nifo

lia /

Her

b / P

oa sp

p. –

Car

ex sp

p. /

Cam

pyliu

m st

ella

tum

±

7.0

±

990.

0 ±

9.

0 ±

±

0.0

±

14

Tab

le 2

. Lis

t of s

hrub

land

com

mun

ities

in th

e al

pine

/sub

alpi

ne su

breg

ions

and

thei

r ass

ocia

ted

envi

ronm

enta

l cha

ract

eris

tics,

sorte

d by

ele

vatio

n. V

alue

s are

list

ed a

s gro

up m

ean

± st

anda

rd d

evia

tion.

Uni

ts u

sed

for e

nviro

nmen

tal v

aria

bles

are

list

ed in

Tab

le 3

. Gr

oup

N

Gro

up n

ame

Asp

ect

Dra

inag

e E

leva

tion

Moi

stur

e Sl

ope

Nat

SubR

as

57

5 Sa

lix m

yrtil

lifol

ia /

Care

x aq

uatil

is –

Cal

amag

rosti

s stri

cta

/ Aul

acom

nium

pal

ustr

e –

Spha

gnum

war

nsto

rfii

145.

0 ±

21.2

6.

0±

0.0

1385

.0±

137.

0 8.

0 ±

1.4

1.2

± 1.

6 8.

0 ±

0.0

as60

4

Salix

dru

mm

ondi

ana

– Be

tula

gla

ndul

osa

– Le

dum

gro

enla

ndic

um /

Car

ex a

quat

ilis /

Sp

hagn

um sp

p.

150.

3 ±

144.

3 6.

3±

1.0

1435

.0±

127.

1 7.

8 ±

1.0

3.0

± 2.

4 8.

0 ±

0.0

as1

8 Pi

nus c

onto

rta /

Alnu

s cri

spa

– Sa

lix sc

oule

riana

– L

inna

ea b

orea

lis /

Festu

ca

idah

oens

is

196.

5 ±

61.9

3.

3±

0.5

1535

.0±

244.

1 4.

4 ±

0.7

32.0

± 1

6.3

8.0

±0.

0

as15

4 4

Dry

as d

rum

mon

dii

90.0

± 4

5.0

2.5

±0.

7 15

42.5

± 92

.2

4.3

± 3.

2 7.

5 ±

13.0

8.

0 ±

0.0

as62

4

Salix

spp.

– B

etul

a gl

andu

losa

/ St

ipa

spp.

/ Th

uidi

um a

biet

inum

21

0.0

± 26

.0

2.8

±0.

5 15

55.0

± 15

2.9

4.3

± 1.

2 16

.3 ±

13.

8 8.

0 ±

0.0

as12

14

Be

tula

gla

ndul

osa

– Sa

lix m

yrtil

lifol

ia /

Car

ex sp

p. /

Tom

enth

ypnu

m n

itens

– S

phag

num

sp

p.

202.

4 ±

86.0

6.

1±

0.8

1563

.6±

282.

9 7.

5 ±

0.9

9.8

± 26

.0

7.9

±0.

3

as5

9 Sa

lix sp

p. –

Bet

ula

glan

dulo

sa /

Car

ex a

quat

ilis /

Sph

agnu

m w

arns

torfi

i –

Tom

enth

ypnu

m n

itens

25

2.0

± 98

.3

6.3

±0.

7 15

86.1

± 22

9.8

7.6

± 0.

9 1.

6 ±

2.1

8.0

±0.

0

as4

17

Pinu

s con

torta

/ Sh

ephe

rdia

can

aden

sis –

Lin

naea

bor

ealis

/ El

ymus

inno

vatu

s /

Pleu

roziu

m sc

hreb

eri

163.

9 ±

80.1

2.

8±

0.6

1592

.9±

205.

1 4.

9 ±

1.0

21.1

± 1

8.6

8.0

±0.

0

as12

2 22

Be

tula

gla

ndul

osa

– Le

dum

gro

enla

ndic

um –

Sal

ix g

lauc

a / C

arex

aqu

atili

s – S

cirp

us

cesp

itosu

s / T

omen

thyp

num

nite

ns –

Aul

acom

nium

pal

ustr

e 15

0.8

± 12

3.3

6.5

±0.

5 16

34.1

± 23

1.5

7.8

± 1.

0 6.

5 ±

5.8

7.9

±0.

3

as34

9 5

Ledu

m g

roen

land

icum

– S

alix

gla

uca

/ Equ

iset

um a

rven

se /

Spha

gnum

fusc

um –

D

repa

nocl

adus

revo

lven

s 18

0.0

± 77

.9

6.0

±0.

8 16

46.0

± 17

7.1

6.5

± 1.

7 4.

6 ±

2.3

7.8

±0.

4

as76

10

Sa

lix sp

p. –

Pot

entil

la fr

utic

osa

– Be

tula

gla

ndul

osa

/ Car

ex sp

p. /

Aula

com

nium

pa

lust

re

202.

5 ±

101.

6 6.

0±

0.5

1677

.0±

186.

8 7.

3 ±

1.4

1.3

± 1.

3 7.

9 ±

0.3

as2

30

Ledu

m g

roen

land

icum

– S

heph

erdi

a ca

nade

nsis

/ Ely

mus

inno

vatu

s / H

yloc

omiu

m

sple

nden

s – P

leur

oziu

m sc

hreb

eri

162.

9 ±

129.

6 3.

3±

0.8

1708

.5±

609.

3 5.

0 ±

0.8

24.0

± 2

3.0

7.9

±0.

3

as27

5 2

Betu

la p

umila

– V

acci

nium

cae

spito

sum

/ Fr

agar

ia v

irgin

iana

/ Po

a al

pina

45

.0 ±

±

1730

.0±

99.0

5.

5 ±

0.7

2.5

± 3.

5 8.

0 ±

0.0

as73

13

Pi

nus c

onto

rta –

Pic

ea e

ngel

man

nii /

Men

zies

ia fe

rrug

inea

– S

heph

erdi

a ca

nade

nsis

/ El

ymus

inno

vatu

s / P

leur

oziu

m sc

hreb

eri –

Hyl

ocom

ium

sple

nden

s 21

0.0

± 13

0.6

3.6

±0.

9 17

63.1

± 19

4.5

5.2

± 0.

4 21

.1 ±

13.

3 7.

8 ±

0.4

as47

9 2

Salix

spp.

/ Fr

agar

ia v

irgi

nian

a –

Pens

tem

on p

roce

rus /

Agr

opyr

on v

iola

ceum

22

5.0

± 12

7.3

3.0

±0.

0 17

65.0

± 53

0.3

5.5

± 0.

7 3.

5 ±

0.7

7.5

±0.

7

as9

15

Salix

bar

ratti

ana

– Sa

lix g

lauc

a –

Betu

la g

land

ulos

a / C

arex

aqu

atili

s / A

ulac

omni

um

palu

stre

– T

omen

thyp

num

nite

ns

123.

9 ±

101.

7 6.

3±

0.5

1782

.7±

302.

9 7.

7 ±

1.1

2.9

± 2.

5 7.

8 ±

0.4

as42

2 6

Pote

ntill

a fru

ticos

a –

Arct

osta

phyl

os u

va-u

rsi /

Ely

mus

inno

vatu

s – K

oele

ria m

acra

ntha

18

7.5

± 44

.2

2.7

±0.

5 17

95.0

± 32

0.4

4.3

± 1.

0 62

.2 ±

9.9

7.

8 ±

0.4

15

Gro

up N

G

roup

nam

e A

spec

t D

rain

age

Ele

vatio

n M

oist

ure

Slop

e N

atSu

bR

as94

4 6

Salix

gla

uca

/ Val

eria

na si

tche

nsis

/ D

esch

amps

ia c

espi

tosa

– C

arex

aqu

atili

s /

Aula

com

nium

pal

ustr

e 72

.0 ±

60.

4 5.

4±

0.9

1798

.3±

87.5

6.

0 ±

1.0

7.0

± 5.

9 7.

8 ±

0.4

as84

14

Be

tula

gla

ndul

osa

– Sa

lix sp

p. –

Pot

entil

la fr

utic

osa

/ Car

ex sc

irpoi

dea

199.

3 ±

92.9

5.

4±

0.8

1809

.3±

279.

0 6.

2 ±

0.7

6.1

± 5.

3 7.

8 ±

0.4

as18

36

Be

tula

gla

ndul

osa

– Ar

ctos

taph

ylos

uva

-urs

i – S

alix

gla

uca

/ Ely

mus

inno

vatu

s 13

3.1

± 76

.0

4.2

±1.

4 18

16.9

± 26

4.1

5.1

± 1.

8 13

.7 ±

17.

5 7.

8 ±

0.4

as10

7 12

Pi

nus c

onto

rta /

Juni

peru

s com

mun

is –

Arc

tosta

phyl

os u

va-u

rsi –

She

pher

dia

cana

dens

is21

2.7

± 57

.2

2.8

±0.

5 18

37.5

± 18

6.3

3.7

± 1.

2 59

.5 ±

13.

5 7.

9 ±

0.3

as88

15

Pi

nus c

onto

rta –

Pic

ea e

ngel

man

nii /

She

pher

dia

cana

dens

is –

Arct

osta

phyl

os u

va-u

rsi –

Juni

peru

s com

mun

is /

Elym

us in

nova

tus

204.

0 ±

56.1

2.

6±

0.7

1844

.7±

114.

1 4.

3 ±

1.4

38.3

± 1

6.0

7.9

±0.

3

as13

1 6

Salix

farr

iae

– Sa

lix b

arcl

ayi (

- Sal

ix sp

p.) /

Her

b 20

2.5

± 58

.1

4.6

±1.

5 18

60.0

± 93

.2

6.3

± 1.

0 19

.4 ±

17.

0 7.

5 ±

0.5

as31

11

Sa

lix sp

p. –

Bet

ula

glan

dulo

sa /

Car

ex sp

p. /

Aula

com

nium

pal

ustr

e 13

0.7

± 12

3.6

4.8

±1.

3 18

67.3

± 25

1.3

7.1

± 1.

8 6.

7 ±

11.0

7.

6 ±

0.5

as87

3

Pice

a en

gelm

anni

i / S

alix

ves

tita

– Po

tent

illa

frutic

osa

/ Val

eria

na si

tche

nsis

/ Car

ex

spp.

/ D

icra

num

scop

ariu

m

120.

0 ±

170.

4 5.

0±

0.0

1880

.0±

321.

4

±

28.0

± 2

8.2

7.7

±0.

6

as57

7 5

Abie

s las

ioca

rpa

/ Rho

dode

ndro

n al

biflo

rum

– P

hyllo

doce

em

petr

iform

is

135.

0 ±

105.

5 3.

3±

0.5

1890

.0±

56.6

4.

5 ±

1.0

51.0

± 2

1.6

8.0

±0.

0

as22

51

Ar

ctos

taph

ylos

uva

-urs

i – J

unip

erus

com

mun

is / E

lym

us in

nova

tus

192.

2 ±

39.4

2.

4±

0.5

1904

.6±

304.

7 3.

3 ±

0.9

53.8

± 1

8.5

7.8

±0.

4 as

535

9 Ab

ies l

asio

carp

a / S

alix

ves

tita

– Sa

lix g

lauc

a –

Salix

bar

ratti

ana

/ Arte

misi

a no

rveg

ica

130.

0 ±

106.

6 3.

2±

1.2

1910

.0±

185.

1 5.

1 ±

0.3

44.1

± 1

1.6

7.6

±0.

5

as20

26

Sa

lix g

lauc

a –

Betu

la g

land

ulos

a 17

3.9

± 88

.2

3.7

±1.

3 19

23.1

± 23

8.2

4.8

± 1.

5 24

.4 ±

19.

9 7.

7 ±

0.5

as8

38

Salix

gla

uca

– Sa

lix b

arra

ttian

a –

Betu

la