a power. presentation from t.madhavan, m.sc., m.l.i.s., m.ed., m. phil. (fs), pg.d.c.a., lecturer in...

A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M. Phil. (FS), PG.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology.

An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

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… to the session on Skeletal disorders & Orthopedics



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It deals with all bone deformities (may

either be congenital or acquired) occurring in children as well as adults.

Congenital deformities is caused by developmental abnomalities (teratogenic).

Acquired deformities caused by trauma or infections or by metabolic disorders.



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management of orthopedic disorders: The corrective measures

Plaster cast and wedging manipulation under anaesthesia,

Surgical & neurological examination,

Splinting and use of appliances,

Traction procedure,

Physiotherapy.



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FRACTURES

JOINTS’ DISLOCATION

ARTHRITIS

RICKETS

OSTEOMALACIA

Just click on the topic that you want to know



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F R A C T U R E S

Defined as a break in the bone.

In the 14th century B.C. Hippocrates described the treatment of fractures and injuries to limbs.

In India the treatment of fractures to limbs is still carried out by traditional bonesetters.

Modern methods of treatments are available which are more scientific and appropriate



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Mechanism of F R A C T U R E

Fracture can be caused either by direct violence or indirect violence.

Direct violence causes a fracture at the site of impact of force.

Indirect violence causes fracture to a home away from the site of impact.

Torsion produces spiral or oblique fracture.



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Open fracture (Compound fracture)

Green Stick fracture

Pathological fracture

Stress fracture

Closed fracture

Birth fracture

F R A C T U R E S : types

A power . presentation from T.MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil.(FS), PG.DCA., Lecturer in Zoology.


Green Stick fracture

Occurs in the young bones of children.

This fracture break is incomplete.

leaving one cortex intact.



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Closed fracture

In this type of fracture the Haematoma (blood clot) does not communicate

with the outside.



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Open fracture (Compound fracture)

haematoma communicates with the outside through an open

wound in this type of fracture

It is a serious injury through which infectious

germs may enter in to the body.



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Pathological fracture

It may be due to hyper-parathyroidism.

This type of fracture occurs due to the pathological lesions after a trivial

violence in a weak bone.



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The stress fracture occurs at a site in the bone due to repeated minor stresses over a long period of time.

Stress fracture



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BIRTH FRACTURE

It is a fracture occurring in the newborn babies due to injury during delivery.



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Healing of Bones in fracture

It involves three phases, viz

Inflammatory phase

Remodelling phase.

Repairative phase



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At the site of fracture the blood vessels get broken and the blood fills up the bone.

blood clots to form a haematoma. this process takes place in one to two days.

The soft tissue of this region undergoes inflammation

Healing of Bones in fracture :

Inflammatory phase



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Repairative phaseA single of callus is formed.

The callus is nothing but granulation of tissues around the site of fracture.

It bridges the gap and establishes contact between the ends of fractured bone.

This phase takes place about 8 to 12 weeks



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Remodelling phase

the fracture is bridged by the callus

the site of fracture undergoes remodeling by muscular and weight bearing stresses

slight deformity goes corrected by moulding.

remodeling takes up to one year.



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The common problems at the end of fracture treatment are:

the wasting of

muscles

stiffness of

joints.

F R A C T U R E S:F R A C T U R E S: therapytherapy

These two problems can

be rectified gradually by

physiotherapic exercises



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Physiotherapy is the therapeutic exercise to make the limbs work normally

The exercise is carried by physiotherapists

under the supervision of orthopedic surgeon.



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Joints’ dislocationJoints’ dislocation

Dislocation of Joints: the dislocation is total displacement of the particular end of the bone.

By this the normal alignment of the becomes altered.



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Dislocations: types

Dislocations are classified as Pathological

Congenital Traumatic

Paralytic

These are also called teratologic or Teratogenic disorders



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Congenital deformitis are due to genetic factor or factors operating on the developing foetus.

Traumatic dislocation is due to a serious violence.

It occurs in the shoulder, elbow and hip

Dislocations: types



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Pathological dislocation

is caused by some diseases like tuberculosis.

*/ Tuberculosis of the hip may cause dislocation of the acetabulum. /*

Paralytic dislocation occurs when a remarkable

imbalance on the muscle power. */ Poliomyelitis. /*

Dislocations: types



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The inflammation of all the components and structures of joints.

It involves synovium, articular and capsule.

Etiological factors attributed to the origin of Arthritis (arthiritogenesis).

Diet, Diseases,

Psycho-somatic illness &

Metabolic abnormalities etc.,



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Arthritis: types

Infective arthritis

Rheumatic arthritis

Osteo arthritis

Metabolic arthritis



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Infections such as Staphylococcal, Streptococcal, Gonococcal, Rheumatic, Smallpox, Syphilis,

Tuberculosis, Guinea worms, etc.,

can cause pain at the joints produces Arthritis

Infective arthritis



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Rheumatic Arthritis is considered to be of auto immune origin and is due to immunological disorder against an unknown antigen

Affects the connective tissues of the whole body

Focalizes the involvement of musculoskeletal system.

Rheumatic Arthritis



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Osteo-arthritis [Osteo-arthrosis] Osteo-arthrosis is a

degenerative condition of the joints without any inflammatory process

Osteoarthritis is a progressive process affecting the articular of cartilage of aging joints.



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It is characterized by focal

degeneration of the articular cartilage.

In the later stage, the cartilage gets

eroded and exposing the

sclerosed bone.

Osteo-arthritis [Osteo-arthrosis]



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Metabolic Arthritis [Gout]

It is commonly called as Gout. It is characterized by onset of pain swelling and reddening of joints.

Caused by an inborn error of Purine metabolism.

This condition is characterized by the deposition of Sodium Urate crystals (uric acid) on the articular cartilage, synovial membrane and in the peri-articular tissues.



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This X-ray reveals bone deformation, leg curvature

due to rickets.

The rickets caused by inadequate mineralisation in the bones.

Rickets caused by nutritional deficiency is called Nutritional rickets. It is due to Vitamin D deficiency.

It occurs in children below four years. Lack of Vitamin D Causes softening of bones and pliable deformity.



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In children the symptoms of rickets are

bowed legs, knock knees, Pigeon chest,

protruberant abdomen,broadening of wrist and ankles,

The primary prevention of the Rickets in the child begins with better nutrition rich in Vitamin D of the pregnant mother.



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Osteomalacia caused due to the deficiency of Vitamin D and Calcium.

It causes brittleness in the bones.

This is characterized by bone pain and tenderness

… end.

a power. presentation from t.madhavan, m.sc., m.l.i.s., m.ed., m. phil. (fs), pg.d.c.a., lecturer in...

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