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A New Sorghum Production System in Burkina Faso

By John Sanders

January 24, 2016

Abstract

An open pollinated cross between two sorghum races was identified in Mali in the early ‘90s. Grinkan

was very successful on farmers’ fields in Mali with average yields of 1.5 and 1.9 T/ha on 50 and 150 ha in

2008 and 2009 respectively. In 2010 Grinkan was introduced into the cotton region of Burkina Faso in a

four year pilot project. Over the period 2010 to 2014 high yields were achieved. There was no scaling up

program1 in Burkina in contrast with Grinkan in Mali. There was an especially rapid decline once the

pilot project terminated.

So below we consider this collapse in Burkina focusing on the principal complaint about food processing

leading to the disappearance of the markets. We explain the technical response to this processing

problem. Grinkan has now been absorbed into the INERA breeding program and we expect the

emergence of a Grinkan like cultivar with the Saraisso title of a Burkina cultivar. Then we review the

impacts of the other components of the new technology and marketing strategy introduced.

Program Components and Grinkan

The higher rainfall regions in the Sahel are primarily cotton regions. Who cares about raising

cereal yields when white gold is available? Unfortunately there have been several problems with cotton

in the Sahel. Historically cotton zones have problems with declining soil fertility over time. Cotton yields

have been stagnating and even declining in the Sahel in the last decade. Secondly, the introduction of Bt

cotton internationally has reduced the costs of controlling insects and/or given yield advantages to

adopting producers. This has resulted in declining international prices for cotton and increasing difficulty

for non-adopters of Bt to compete internationally. But unlike the rest of sub-Saharan Africa outside of

South Africa Burkina has incorporated the Bt gene into its local adapted cotton varieties. Hence, cotton

has still remained as a very profitable activity followed by maize with a series of new high yielding

cultivars and hybrids and rapid productivity gains. Hence, even an improved sorghum technology would

be the third major cash crop and be treated like this in the farm planning process. So new sorghum

technology in the cotton zone needs to be introduced in the more marginal regions for rainfall variability

to take advantage of the greater tolerance to irregular or inadequate rainfall of sorghum than that of

cotton and maize.

Grinkan has out-yielded local sorghums by 50 to 100%.Local sorghums are tall and have loose

grain formation in the heads. Hence their maximum yield potential is expected to be about 1.2 tons/ha

with the expectation that following cotton in the rotation normal yields would be 800 kg/ha to 1 ton/ha.

1 The Ministry of Agriculture did make substantial quantity of seed available to the extension service for distribution in the cotton zone in 2013.

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Following fertilizer and other recommendations for normal and good rainfall years Grinkan would be

expected to give yields of 1.5 to 2 tons/ha with very good farmers getting 3 tons and higher. 2

2010 was a year of demonstrating Grinkan in a nearby plot while farmers adopted the

technology package but put it mainly in their locally improved Guinea cultivar Saraisso 11. In the 2011

and 2012 pilot project farmers began switching to Grinkan on a large scale. 2012 turned out to be an

excellent year for high yields of Grinkan (Pictures 1-3).

However, in the local markets, where farmers sell small quantities of sorghum to get cash (or

barter trade)on market day and make their small purchases, village women started avoiding Grinkan

because of the consistency of the grain on the second day of processing in the traditional method of

“to” preparation.3 This marketing effect spread to regional and urban markets in price discounts or even

refusal to buy Grinkan.

Picture 1. Grinkan in Kouakole, Burkina Faso 2012

2 Grinkan needs moderate fertilization (one sack of DAP and one sack of Urea or two sacks of NPK and one sack of Urea). Also especially in the lower fertility regions organic fertilizer is necessary to improve the structure and thereby better retain water and nutrients. 3 To the women this meant a runny “to“ on the second day. To food scientists this is the consistency problem. A section follows explaining how this problem is being overcome.

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Picture 2. Grinkan, Kouakole, Burkina Faso Farmer one ha plots put together in blocks. November 2012.

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Picture 3. Grinkan in the Bobo region before the harvest in 2012.

Rejection of Grinkan: pilot project sites

With the food processing and resulting marketing problem there was a 40% decline of area in

Grinkan from 2012-13 to 2013-14 decline. With the very late rainfall in 2014-15 farmers planted their

first two cash crops cotton and maize late so combined with the “to” preparation problem sorghum fell

out of the rotation in 2014-15.

Table 1. Introduction of Grinkan in the Bobo Region

Associations 2012 - 2013 2013 - 2014 2014 - 2015

Kouakole Grinkan : 50 ha Sariasso 11+ local=20 ha

Grinkan : 40 ha Sariasso 11+ local= 30 ha

Grinkan: 2 ha Sariasso 11+ local= 68 ha

Missidougou Grinkan : 50 ha Sariasso + local=20 ha

Grinkan : 20 ha Sariasso 11+ locale= 50 ha

Grinkan: 0 ha Sariasso 11+ local= 70 ha

Soukouralaye Grinkan : 2 ha Sariasso 11+ local=58 ha

Grinkan : 1.5 ha Sariasso 11+ local= 58.5 ha

Grinkan: 0 ha Sariasso 11+ local= 60 ha

The reasons given by Kouakole and Lena farmers for dropping Grinkan can be summarized:

1) “To” quality. With the usual production method of soaking overnight softer Grinkan becomes

too “watery” or loses consistency. For making “to” the dehulled grain needs to maintains its

thickness.4 Consistency is a trait well known and measured by nutritionists so can be used in

sorghum evaluation. Normally sorghum is not tested for consistency but it has been a leading

reason for the failure to adopt cultivars that were actively promoted such as NAD 1, L30 and

SRN 39. NAD 1 was a highly touted hybrid. SRN 39 has Striga resistance and L30 had high yields.

All three were promoted in Niger and then just disappeared (B. Ouendeba, conversation, 2015).

Food scientists can do consistency tests so consistency could be an important qualification

criteria along with yields, specific resistances, and taste.5 There are simpler solutions involving

two modifications of the preparation process. Unfortunately, village women did not adopt these

modifications and the word quickly went out about the “to” problem.

2) Markets. This “to” quality problem resulted in the loss of sale in the local markets as village

women refused to buy it. Subsequently, some regional merchants would not buy Grinkan. Then

even in urban areas there was a discount on Grinkan. So it is serious when women identify a

problem in the production of “to” even if there are other products that people appreciate from

this sorghum.

4 In the Bobo region substantial advances have been made in maize production and maize is consistently cheaper than either millet or sorghum and is now the predominant cereal used for “to” in the cotton zone. For the other traditional products, “bouillie” (a thick porridge), couscous and “zoum-koum” (a thin porridge) there is a preference for Grinkan. For forage, animals like Grinkan and some farmers in Mali specialized in using Grinkan as a forage. 5 The more different characteristics the breeder insists on having in his new cultivars, the less likely is he to produce a new cultivar. This is one reason why improving primary staple productivity is difficult.

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3) Susceptibility to the mold-head bug complex from late rains. The compact heads of Caudatum

enable high potential yields. Unfortunately, they do not dry quickly hence late rains on the

mature heads can lead to yield declines from mold and insects plus poor seed germination (if

not stored very dry)6 in the succeeding season. The short season Grinkan needs to be planted

late in the cotton zone. In doing that farmers can either plant too late or the farmers may have

already allocated their best land to other crops.

4) Insects. Grinkan is generally considered to taste better than most sorghums for humans and

animals but it also appeals to insects. Seedlings are attacked by insects (“chenilles”). During the

crop season when the heads are formed, the cecidomaye can lay their eggs and the larvae later

destroy the grain. This cecidomaye problem does not occur every year but is a serious problem

all over the world and attacks various cereals. Storage insects can be handled with the three

layered PICs sacks but these are more expensive than the usual sacks.7 Polypropylene sacks with

Phostoxin also give good control of insects but Phostoxin is dangerous. Further development of

Grinkan types with harder polycarp for more insect resistance in storage has already taken place

in IER (the national agricultural research institution of Mali).

5) Increased agronomic labor requirements. Farmers claim that Grinkan is much more sensitive to

the lack of sufficient weeding in the early stages than Saraisso 11. Thinning (not traditionally

done by farmers), density, and time of planting are all important with Grinkan. But this is typical

of a higher yielding cultivar to be more demanding of soil fertility and of improved agronomic

practices. It is a necessary labor investment for high cereal yields.

6) Weight per volume. Women also complain about Grinkan weighing less for the volume than

Saraisso 11. For women this appears to be more work for the mortar and pestle operation.

In Lena farmers complained about the consistency the next day and asserted that there were

problems in marketing associated with this and that the merchants preferred Saraisso 11. There were

adverse rainfall conditions late in the season in 2013 and a late commencement of rain in 2014 and

these were the principal reasons given for dropping Grinkan in Kouakole.

The Consistency of the “To “

So the consistency-marketing problem and sorghum being the third most important cash crop were

the principal factors resulting in the decline of Grinkan in the cotton zone. For the latter we need to

define the zones of more marginal cotton production. However, if the women are unhappy with the

basic staple the cultivar will be rejected. So let’s consider the processing process and the characteristics

of Grinkan different from traditional hard sorghums:

6 The PICs sacks for storage insect control make deterioration hence germination worse if the sorghum is not adequately dried. 7 The evidence is mixed on the use of PICs sacks for seed storage. Wholesalers use the polypropylene sacks with Phostoxin

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Threshing-Separating the grain from the panicule.

Dehulling-Removing the bran (“son”)

Milling into flour-

The traditional West African sorghums are Guineas with hard and vitreous (2.5-3.5) grains. In

contrast the Caudatum sorghums are soft and floury (vitrosity of 0 to 2). Grinkan is 25% Guinea and 75%

Caudatum.

After dehulling the traditional Guinea sorghums are soaked overnight to facilitate the grinding of the

hard grain in the milling process. When Grinkan is soaked overnight, the grain becomes too watery or

loses consistency.8 So the overnight soaking needs to be eliminated and the dehulling and milling done

in the same day. An alternative is to eliminate the dehulling process as is often done for cereals

emphasizing the health food characteristics.

Some women in Koutiala villages of Mali have adopted these processes when Grinkan was

introduced. Moreover, the extension service teaches these preparation techniques in southern Mali. So

in Mali this consistency problem is now more of a communication problem than a requirement to find

another cultivar.

Are Grinkan and Caudatum types dead in Burkina Faso?

The decline of the pilot program was rapid in Burkina with only two farmers (would be seed

producers) still producing Grinkan in 2014. NAFASO, a private seed company in Bobo with which AGRA

(a development program financed by the Gates Foundation) had been working, stopped producing

certified Grinkan seed in 2014 and had no plans to do so in 2015 because they could not obtain

foundation seed of Grinkan from the INERA research stations. So Grinkan has disappeared into the two

research stations in the cotton region, Farako-Ba and Fada. But we expect a Grinkan type to emerge

with a Saraisso title indicating that it is a product of these research stations (Hamido Traore, DG of

INERA, conversation, Dec 7, 2015). The yields, taste and attraction for animals are too great to drop this

genetic material.

Most farmers concentrated on their cotton and maize with the late rains in 2014. However,one

seed producer of Grinkan in Kouakole still obtained very high yields of 2 t/ha in 2014 as compared with

1.2 to 1.3 tons/ha for Saraisso 11 in the village. This same situation of continuing production of Grinkan

by individual producers in Mali has the problem of variety depreciation over time if the seed system

does not renew the cultivar making foundation seed available for farmer producers of certified seed.

8 In more technical terms this soaking reduces the amylose content of Grinkan which needs to be above 20.5% on a dry basis .A. Ndoye, Notes on Preparation of “To,” mimeo, June, 2015.

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Meanwhile we need to evaluate the other impacts of the pilot project in Burkina Faso.

Village Level Impact of our Project:

The principal impacts of the project were:

1) The acceptance of the need to fertilize directly the sorghum with a moderate level of inorganic

fertilizers. Previously, in the cotton zone sorghum had often followed cotton or maize and taken

advantage of the residual effects of fertilizer from the previous year but was not fertilized.

Farmers in the cotton region (Bobo area) are more accustomed to inorganic fertilizer so putting

it on sorghum was not a big change in practices. But it is only going to be practiced if farmers

believe they have markets. The yield effects and profitability of sorghum have been documented

at the farm level (see T. Abdoulaye et al, 2008; F. Baquedano et al, 2009; J. Coulibaly, 2010; J.

Coulibaly et al., 2013; J. Coulibaly et al., 2015).

2) Market strategy. The concept of storing and selling later to avoid the price collapse at harvest

was practiced with storage facilities being widely built with part of the labor being supplied by

farmers’ associations. Searching for markets higher in the marketing chain and even outside the

region became part of the activities of the farmers’ associations. But this marketing step to

higher levels of the marketing chain requires making investments in information and sometimes

in transportation especially if there is cartel behavior among wholesalers.

3) Development of the farmers’ associations and the revolving funds. A basic objective was to

create strong farmers’ organizations that could accelerate diffusion, organize the fertilizer

purchases, identify markets for the cereals, sell opportunely, and finally help members get

access to bank credit using the revoling funds as leverage. The best indicators of the evolution of

the farmers’ associations are the repayment rates on the input credits for fertilizer purchases.

With some initial difficulties in Lena in personnel selection both the Kouakole and the Lena sites

are now experiencing 100% repayment rates for the input credits financed with the revolving

funds.

When we started working with Kouakole in 2010 we financed 2.25 million cfa in inputs

for 50 members to be paid back to the farmers’ association in sorghum at harvest. The farmers’

association then would store and sell before the next planting season thereby both creating a

rotating fund and avoiding the post-harvest price collapse. In February 2015 in Kouakole there

were 220 active members (defined as those receiving input credits from the revolving fund to

buy inorganic fertilizers) and the revolving fund had increased to 13.4 million cfa. So no bank

financing is required and the farmers’ association has been increasing in area and farmer

membership. The Kouakole farmers’ is presently an independent organization servicing its

farmers. In 2014 OXFAM an English NGO, built a cement storage facility (50 ton capacity) for

Kouakole. So other agencies have facilitated activities here, which is also a sign of a functioning

farmers’ association.

Lena’s history was very different going through periods of poor reimbursement and

throwing out non-reimbursing members. We began Lena with 50 members and putting 2.25

million cfa into a revolving fund in 2010.9 In Febuary 2015 there were 52 members and a

9 The program paid for fertilizer with the condition that the farmers repay the loan to the farmers’ associations in sorghum (after the first year in Grinkan) before the next planting season.

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revolving fund of 2.5 million cfa. The rotating fund and membership have not expanded but they

still exist. Moreover, with their bank accounts the Lena farmers’ association has been able to get

loans for warrantage (loans with the grain in the storage as the guarantee for the loans) during

the last four years. OXFAM built them a new storage facility in 2014.

The farmers’ associations

Now let’s look at these farmers’ associations in more detail. The main program

accomplishments to date were to convince farmers to fertilize sorghum with two to three sacks, a

step upward from the zero or micro fertilization recommendations generally made for sorghum and

millet. Our recommendation was one sack of DAP and one sack of Urea or two sacks of NPK and one

sack of Urea. There was difficulty finding DAP in 2013 and 2014 and sometimes even Urea so

farmers’ substituted NPK. So there was good following of the fertilizer recommendations in general

given the difficulty in finding DAP.

The first four sites (different groups within the two farmers’ associations) show the cotton

system here with maize being more important in area terms than sorghum and a variety of

sorghums being produced (Tables A-1 and A-2). Some farmers’ groups received the subsidized

fertilizer and some did not. This apparently depends upon connections with the extension service.

The difference of 5,000 cfa/50 kg sack is large between subsidized and unsubsidized fertilizers.

The prices received for the sorghum are very low in the Bobo region as compared with the

Central Plateau in Burkina (Tables A-! and A-2). Moreover there was a discount for the private sale

of Grinkan at 9,000 cfa/sack while the average prices of sorghum sold by the association in the

program were 11,000 to 12,500 in 2013 and 2014 respectively.10

There are many crops in this cotton system. The increased world prices for cotton in 2010

resulting in higher Burkina prices in 2011 and the introduction of Bt cotton increasing productivity

(reducing costs)11 in Burkina undoubtedly influenced the decline in interest in Grinkan by providing

more cash income and encouraging area shifts to more cotton (Coulibaly, 2015).In the better cotton

regions the introduction of improved varieties and hybrids of maize with much higher fertilization

lev4els has also been rapid.

Moving to the Central Plateau in Korsimoro (Table A-2) some farmers were already

using an improved Caudatum, ICSV 1040 from ICRISAT. They were using organic fertilizer at reasonably high levels for semi-arid regions given their low animal density and plant residue availability. Moreover, the use of a traditional water retention device similar to tied ridges, the “zai”, was widespread.12 The local sorghum Kapelga, a Guinea, was low yielding but farmers appreciated

10 The UN program (PAM) to acquire grain from farmers and distribute it to the malnourished paid 15,000 cfa/sack in 2013 in Lena. 11 If high levels of insecticide were being used the principal effect of Bt is to reduce these costs of the insecticide rather than increasing yields. If low levels of insecticide were being used, the effect is to increase yields. Increasing yields also reduces per output unit costs. Generally, we would expect the predominance of the first effect of reducing the insecticide costs. 12 This technique consists of digging small holes in the field and then putting the organic fertilizer and the seed in the holes. It is a more labor intensive technique of tied ridges, as the tied ridges are done with oxen or horse traction and a plow adapted to make tied ridges.

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the taste and the price premium. There was also a great variety of crops and a much smaller total area in crops than in the cotton zone. The “zai” and the production (compost heaps) and delivery of organic fertilizer are very labor intensive. Areas involved in the farmers’ association sorghum program were smaller here than in the cotton zone and membership in the farmers’ associations stayed constant over the period in Korsimoro and Pissili.

The price per sack of 18,000 fcfa/sack was 5,500 to 7,000 fcfa/sack higher on the Central Plateau than in the cotton zone. Production conditions are much harsher on the Central Plateau. Why is there not more sorghum moving from the cotton zone to the Central Plateau?

Conclusions:

Conceptually using a Caudatum-Guinea cross to get high yields while still maintaining some

tolerance for late rains and mold problems is an excellent innovation and necessary innovation for

increasing sorghum productivity. Grinkan provided high potential yields with moderate fertilization

and excellent tastes. Grinkan follows the physiological innovations of the ‘50s that led to the

successes of the Green Revolution in rice and wheat. The basic idea is to convert the plant so that it

produces more grain and less stalk and leaves. Secondly, the plant is built with a sturdier stalk and

shorter to take higher fertilizer levels without lodging.

So we demonstrated the yield potential of an open pollinated intermediate height cross

between Guinea and Caudatum with high yield potential and excellent taste characteristics.

However, the adaptation of “to” processing was not generally known so women rejected the new

cultivar in the villages. This led to the rejection of Grinkan on the village markets and ultimately on

the larger markets. Now it is known how to make good “to” from Grinkan and this information could

be widely communicated. This communication process has begun in Mali.13 Now there is a technical

solution so the problem is communication14 (see the companion paper, Introducing a New Sorghum

Production System in Mali).

The problems that we documented need to be considered as second generation problems

because Grinkan is an outstanding new cultivar. Grinkan progeny or sister lines have already been

developed in Mali with a harder endosperm for greater resistance to storage insects. A longer cycle

progeny would be able to be planted earlier without as much risk from late season rains. The

experiment stations (in both Faroka-Ba and Fada) have incorporated Grinkan into their breeding

activity. So there was a setback here in 2014-2015 but we expect a strong comeback for the progeny

of Grinkan or lines with similar characteristics.15 We expect a Grinkan-like cultivar to emerge from

INERA in the next few years (Hamido Traore, DG of INERA, Dec 7, 2015).

Meanwhile, these research stations could continue to produce foundation seed of Grinkan for

the private seed companies to make certified seed available to farmers. Unfortunately, sorghum

hybrids have been the focus of the national programs in Mali and Burkina Faso with AGRA financing

13 This adaptation of processing for maize “to” is also necessary for some of the new maize hybrids. 14 The extension service in Sikasso has already been training women in adapting the processing techniques as many of the new maize hybrids have a similar soft, floury nature. This needs to be supplemented with TV and radio explanations aimed at women to take advantage of the potential of Caudatum cultivars. 15 Grinkan and similar related cultviars continue to be diffused in Mali and in the high rainfall region of Niger.

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and ICRISAT research support over the last five years. Moreover, in the cotton zone the focus of

development attention is on the new Bt cotton and the high yields of maize cultivars and hybrids. In

our pilot program in Burkina there should have been more initial effort to identify and focus field

activities on the more marginal cotton regions where both cotton and maize are more subject to

rainfall variation

The other components of our pilot program especially the introduction of new marketing

practices and the development of the farmers’ associations are now known. Many of these

associations have split into smaller units. So even if the funding and several associations remain,

they have lost this dynamic incentive from the new agricultural technology. A successful new

technology introduction drives this process of improving storage and marketing

In contrast with Mali the farmers’ associations have not changed very much their level of the

marketing chain to which they sell except to handle directly the collection functions. Increasing

interest in the marketing activity will occur once the farmer’ associations get back to a higher

yielding cultivar. Then marketing performance becomes much more important.

References

Abdoulaye, T., J.H. Sanders and B. Ouendeba, 2008. Evaluation of Sorghum and Millet

Technology and Market Strategy Introduction: 2006-2007 Crop year, INTSORMIL Bulletin No 8

Lincoln Ne 22 pages

Baquedano, F., J.H. Sanders, and J. Vitale, 2010. Increasing Incomes of Malian Farmers: Is

Elimination of US Subsides the Only Solution? Agricultural Systems, 103: 418-432

Coulibaly, Jeanne, 2010. Evaluation des Technologies de Production et de Commercialisation du

Sorgho et du Mil dans le Cadre du Projet IER-INTSORMIL/Mali, Campagne Agricola 2008-2009.

Bulletin IER-INTSORMIL n° 10, Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, 36 pages.

Coulibaly, J. J.H. Sanders, P. Preckel, and T. Baker, 2015 “Will Cotton Make a Comeback in West

Africa-Mali?” Agricultural Economics, 46:53-67

Coulibaly, Jeanne, Gautam Kumaraswamy and John H. Sanders, 2013.Economic Impact of

Sorghum and Millet Technologies in Mali Agricultural Campaign, 2010-11, Bulletin IER-INTSORMIL n°

11, Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, 31 pages.

Table A-1. Characteristics of the Participating Farmers’ Associations in the Bobo (Cotton Zone) Region,

2012-2015

Zones : Cotton zone 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 Traditional Production System

No 1. Kouakale - Area (ha) - First year - Members - Reimbursement

80 2011 200 483 sacks

100 - 200 500 sacks

120 - 220 600 sacks

Maize : 1.5 ha Sésame : 1 ha Red sorghum 1 ha Sariasso 11 :2,5 ha

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(5 sacks/ha) - Sorghum Price (ASS.) - Inorganic

Fertilizer/ha (unsubsidized)a

- Organic Fertilizer/ha

12,500 f en Mai 3 sacks NPK 20-10- 05; 1 NPK=17500

12000 f en Mai 3 sacks NPK 20-10- 05; (1NPK=17500f)

- - 3 sacks NPK 20-10- 05;1 NPK=17500f 7.5 t/ha

Cowpeas: 0.25 haa

No2. Missibougou (part of Kouakale)

- Area (ha) - First year - Members - Reimbursement - - Price - Inorganic fertilizer/ha

(un-subsidized) - - Organic fertilizer/ha

25 2008 35 125 sacks (5 sacks/ha) 12,500 fcfa 2 sacks de NPK (20N 10P 5K)

35 - - 175 sacks 12,000 fcfa

40 - - 200 sacks 5.4 tons

Cotton : 3.5 ha Maize : 2 ha Millet : 2 ha Sariasso 11 :1 ha

No3. Lena Monemeta - Area (ha) - First year - Members - Reimbursement - Price - Inorganic Fertilizers

/ha (subsidized: Urea=12500 f and NPK=13500f)

- Organic fertilizer/ha

50 2009 54 with 4 women 200 sacks (4 sacks/ha) 15,000b 2NPK (14-23-14 ) + 1 Urea 0 (but planted after cotton)

52 - - 208 (4 sack/ha) 11,000 fcfa 2NPK (14-23-14 ) + 1 Urea

52 - - 208 sacs - 2NPK (14-23-14 ) + 1 Urea

Cotton : 4 ha Maize : 5 ha Sesame : 2 ha Red sorghum 2 ha Sariasso 11: 1 ha

No4. Lena : Korodiadi and Relwindi

- Area (ha) - First Year - Members - Reimbursement - Price assoc. sorghum - Price individual (sorg) - Inorganic fertilizer/ha

(subsidized)

8 2012 8 32 sacks 4sac/ha) 15,000-fcfab 9,000 fcfa 2 NPK (14-23-14)+ 1 Urea

8 - - 32 sacs 11,000-fcfa 9,000 fcfa 2 NPK (14-23-14) + 1 Urea

10 - - 40 sacs - - 2 NPK (14-23-14) + 1 Urea

Cotton : 3 ha Maize : 2.5 ha Millet : 1 ha Sariasso 11 : 1 ha Peanuts: 0.25 ha Cowpeas : 0.25 ha

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- Organic fertilizer/ha

5.4 tons

a. In Kouakale, the unsubsidized NPK (20-10-05) was: 17,500 fcfa. In Lena farmers were able to get the

subsidized NPK (14-23-14) at 13,500f/sack and Urea at 12,500 f/sack. DAP is (18-46-0) and Urea is (46-0-

0)

b. Purchased by SONEGESS, the Burkina agency charged to acquire and distribute cereals to the malnourished.

Table A-2.Interviews with Farmers’ associations on the Central Plateau (Febuary 2015)

Zone of Korsimoro 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 Traditional Production System

No 1. Relwende 2009 - Area (ha) ICSV - Members - Reimbursement - Yields (sacks/ha) - Price/sack - Inorganic fertilizer/ha

Subsidized : Urea 12,500f ; NPK=13,500f

- Organic fertilizer/ha

8 8 24 NA 18,000 fcfa NA 3 T with zai 6 T without zai

8 8 24 23-24 18,000 fcfa 2NPK (14-23-14) + 1 Urea 3 T with zai 6 T without zai

8 8 16 23-24 NA 1 DAP + 1 Urea 3 T with zai 6 T without zai

Maize: ¼ - ½ ha Millet: ½ - 1 ha Sesame: ½ - 1 ha Sorghum: ICSV: 1 – 5 ha Local Sorghum: ½ - 1 ha Peanuts ¼ - 1 ha Cowpea: ½ - 1 ha Upland rice: ¼ - ½ ha

No2. Nabouswende - Area (ha) - First year - Members - Reimbursement total - Price/sack - Inorganic fertilizer/ha

Organic fertilizer/ha

16 2009 26 48 sacks 18,000 fcfa NA NA

16 - 26 24 sacks 18,000 fcfa 2 NPK + 1 Urea 3 T with zai 6 T without zai

16 - 26 32 sacks NA 1 DAP+1 Urea 3 T with zai 6 T without zai

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No3. Tegwende - Area (ha) - First Year - Members - Reimbursement total - Price (fcfa)/sack - Inorganic fertilizer/ha

(subsidized : Urea 12500 f et NPK=13500f)

- Organic fertilizer/ha

25 2010 43 33 sacks 18,000 NA 3 T with zai 6 T without zai

25 - 43 32 18,000 2 NPK + 1 Urea

3 T with zai 6 T without zai

25 - 43 50 NA 1 DAP + 1 Urea 3 T with zai 6 T without zai

No 4. Wendwaoga - Area (ha) - First Year - Members - Reimbursement - Price/sack association - Inorganic

Fertilizers/ha (subsidized)

- Organic fertilizers/ha

13 2011 22 15 18,000 NA NA

13 - 22 14 18,000 2 NPK + 1 Urea 3 T with Zai 6 T without Zai

13 - 22 24 NA 1 DAP + 1 Urea 3 T with Zai 6 T without Zai

Zone de Pissila 2012-2013 2013 - 2014 2014-2015 Systèmes de production

No 1. Tegwende - Area (ha) - First Year - Members - Rembursement

- Price/sack paid by

association

- Inorganic fertilizer/ha (subsidized)

- Fumure organique/ha

15 2011 15 Reimbursed in cash No sale NA

15 - 15 Reimbursed in cash No sale - 2 NPK (14-23- 14) + 1 Urea 1.75 t

15 - 15 NA NA 2 NPK + 1 Urea 1.75 t

Maïze: ¼ ha Millet : 1 – 2 ha Sesame : 1 ha Sorghum-Kapelga : 1-4 ha Peanuts : ¼ - 1 ha Cowpea: 1 ha

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No 2. Namanegb - Area (ha) - First Year - Members - Rembursement

- Price/sack paid by

association

- Inorganic fertilizer/ha (subsidized)

- Organic fertilizer/ha -

- - - - - - -

10 2013 10 Crédit reimbursed in cash No sale 2 NPK + 1 Urea 1.5 t

10 - 10 NA NA 2 NPK + 1 Urea 1.5 t

This farmers association was not financed by the project. Farmers imitated the farmers’ association implementing the project activities.

No 3. Sougrimane - Area (ha) - First Year - Members - Rembursement

- Price/sack paid by

association

- Inorganic fertilizer/ha (subsidized)

- Organic fertilizer/ha -

- - - - - - -

10 2013 10 Sold cowpeas to reimburse credit No sale 2 NPK + 1 Urea 2.25 t

10 - 10 NA 2 NPK + 1 Urea 2.25 t

This farmers’ association was not financed by the project. Farmers imitated the farmers’ association implementing the project activities