a new articulation test applied to a selected group of children living in the state of new mexico

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Speech and Hearing Sciences ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations

9-30-2016

A New Articulation Test Applied to a SelectedGroup of Children Living in the State of NewMexicoRobert Edwin Burkhalter

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Recommended CitationBurkhalter, Robert Edwin. "A New Articulation Test Applied to a Selected Group of Children Living in the State of New Mexico."(2016). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/shs_etds/9

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P R I N T E D IN U . S . A .

U N I V E R S I T Y O F N E W M E X I C D L IB R A R Y

MAANUSCRIPT THESES

Unpublished thesess s submitted for the Master’s and Doctor’s degrees and deposited iin t the University of New Mexico Library are open for inspection, hmtut are to be used only with due regard to the rights of the authors. BBibliographical references may be noted, but passages may be copietd d only with the permission of the authors, and proper credit must b>e ? given in subsequent written or published work. Extensive copyiingig or publication of the thesis in whole or in part requires also the ccconsent of the Dean of the Graduate School of the University of NIeww Mexico.

This thesis b y ___R ttobert Edwin B u r k h a lte r ..........................has been used by the ffolbllowing persons, whose signatures attest their acceptance of the abowe e restrictions.

A Library which loonrrows this thesis for use by its patrons is expected to secure thee si signature of each user.

NAME AND /ADDDRESS DATE

Y f i ' i

o • b 1

•: ' t t - f c y r

• i - > ‘ .I

: > S * X * \ :

A NEW ARTICULATION EsT APPLIED TO A SELBC' El 0 :QTp OF CHILDREN

LIVING IN THE STATS OF NEW MEXICO

A T h e s i s

P r e s e n t e d t o

th e F a c u l t y o f he D epartm ent o f S o e e ch

U n i v e r s i t y o f New M exico

In P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t

o f th e R e q u ir e m e n ts f o r th e D egree

M a ster o f A r ts

by

R o b er t Edwin B u r k h a l te r

June 19£3

This thesis, directed and approved by the candidate’s committee, has been accepted by the Graduate Committee of the University of New Mexico in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Thesis committee

X

3 7 t U f 0Itv) 30iju. I ^ i T 3&

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLE ........................................................

CHAPTER

I . BILINGUALISM ........................................

E f f e c t o f b i l i n g u a l i s m « •

B i l i n g u a l i s m i n New M exico

I I . THE ^ELECTION OF SOUNDS AND CHILDREN

THE TESTING PROCEDURE . .

Sounds ................................................

C h i ld r e n ................................................

I I I . METHODS OF ARTICULATION TESTING

R eview o f a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t i n g

Summary . . . . . .

P i c t u r e w ord a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t i n g

D e f i n i t i o n s o f te r m s u s e d •

IV. THE Ei>r DESIGNED FOR HIS S'"TTDY

S e l e c t i o n o f s n o e c h sounds •

S e l e c t i o n o f w ords , . .

s e l e c t i o n o f p i c t u r e s . . .

A d m i n i s t e r in g and s c o r i n g t h e t e s t

V. THE PICTURE IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEY

TESTING PROCEDURE ................................

P i c t u r e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n p r o c e d u r e •

FOR

PAGEv

1

2

k

7

7

9

11111 ?

16

18

21

21

22

2k

2?

27

27

186840

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A p p l i c a t i o n p r o c e d u r e t o r e v e a l i n c i d e n c e

o f a r t i c u l a t i o n d e f e c t s ............................................... 29

V I . FINDINGS OF mHE bTTTDY ............................... ....... . . 3k

P i c t u r e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n ............................................... 3U

Form A ............................................................ * . • 3k

Form A ......................................................... 36

B e s t t w e n t y - f i v e p i c t u r e s . . . . . . 39

V a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y o f p i c t u r e s i n

e l i c i t i n g s p o n t a n e o u s word r e s p o n s e s . • III

V a l i d i t y ................................................... I l l

R e l i a b i l i t y ................................................. l\.2

I n c id e n c e o f sound s u b s t i t u t i o n s , o m i s s i o n s ,

a d d i t i o n s and d i s t o r t i o n s ................. il3

bou nds k3

200 g i r l s t e s t e d . . . . . . . . . li£

200 b o y s t e s t e d ............................................. ................. [}.$

T o t a l s ( g i r l s p l u s b o y s ) . . . . . . ii6

V a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y o f th e r e s u l t s

o b t a i n e d from th o t e s t i n g o f s p e e c h

so u n d s .............................................. k7

V a l i d i t y ....................................... ii7

R e l i a b i l i t y . . . . . . . . . . il7

BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. tji

APPENDIX ...................................................................................................... ££

iv

LIST OF TABUJIS

TABLE

I . P o p u l a t i o n o f New M ex ico by C o u n t ie s . •

I I . S e l e c t e d b n ee c h bounds in Word C o n te x t •

I I I . P i c t u r e I d e n t i f i c a t i o n ^ c o r in g • • •

IV . Purvey S c o r i n g Form A . . . . . .

V. S u rv ey ^ c o r in g Form B ................................ ........

V I . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n R e s u l t s Form A . • • •

V I I . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n R e s u l t s Form B . • . •

V I I I . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n R e s u l t s f o r th e B e s t

T w e n t y - f i v e P i c t u r e s . . . . •

IX. I n c id e n c e o f A r t i c u l a t i o n P rob lem s • •

PAGE

623

30

32

33

37

36

ko

14

CHAPTER I

BILINGUALISM

A c c o r d in g t o W eb ster th e term " b i l i n g u a l ” m eans, "Of,

c o n t a i n i n g , e x o r e s s e d i n , or u s i n g , two l a n g u a g e s . As u s e d

i n t .h i 3 s tu d y i t means t h e a b i l i t y t o sn ea k S o a n is h a s w e l l

a s E n g l i s h .

B i l i n g u a l i s m i s much more p r e v a le n t i n t h e U n i t e d

s t a t e s th a n i s commonly b e l i e v e d . G oodyk oontz n o i n t s o u t

t h a t "one c h i l d i n e v e r y f i v e , a g e d f o u r t e e n y e a r s o r u n d e r ,

i s o f f o r e i g n b orn o r m ixed p a r e n t a g e . "2 S in c e our c o u n tr y

i s s t i l l a m e l t i n g n o t o f th e w o r ld w here l a r g e num bers o f

c i t i z e n s c o n v e r s e i n o t h e r t o n g u e s and where many c h i l d r e n

s t i l l e n t e r our s c h o o l s w i t h o u t s n e a k in g a word o f E n g l i s h ,

th e n r o b le m o f b i l i n g u a l i s m and f o r e i g n d i a l e c t w i l l f r e

q u e n t l y be e n c o u n t e r e d by th e s c h o o l t e a c h e r .

A d u l t s whose s p e e c h b e t r a y s t h e i r s o c i a l e n v ir o n m e n t

or f o r e i g n o r i g i n a r e commonly h a n d ic a n p e d i n a m a j o r i t y o f

t h e m ajor o c c u p a t i o n s . S x a m n les w ou ld be c l e r i c a l and

k in d r e d w o r k e r s , sa le sw o m e n and s a l e s m e n , c r a f t s m e n , d o m e s t ic

s e r v i c e w o r k e r s , e t c e t e r a . I t i s common kn ow led ge t h a t t h e y

L A. Kerriam-Webster, Webster1s New Collegiate 1- i c - ionary , ( Sor ingfie ld , Massachusetts: G.&C. MerriamComo any, lPlj.9 )» n. 8 £ , 2

2 B e s s G o o d v k o o n tz , " E lem en tary E d u c a t io n ," S c h o o l L i f e , 2b; 2 2 8 - 2 ^ 6 , May, 1 9 3 9 .

—

.

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2a r e d i s c r i m i n a t e d ago I n s 3 4: , g i v e n lo w e r p a y in g jo b s and a re

r e q u i r e d t o ta k e l o n g e r p er i o c s o f on the jo b t r a i n i n g in

o r d e r to l e a r n th e f u n d a m e n ta ls n e c e s s a r y f o r a d v a n ce m e n t ,

T hese I n d i v i d u a l s r e q u i r e s k i l l e d t r e a tm e n t a s e a r l y i n t h e i r

l i v e s a s p o s s i b l e I f t h e y a re t o e l i m i n a t e t h e i r s p e e c h

d i f f e r e n c e and h a n d i c a p .

E f f e c t o f b i l i n g u a l i s m . There a re a l i m i t e d number o f

r e s e a r c h s t u d i e s p e r ta in 5 .n g t o b i l i n g u a l i s m , A s e l e c t e d

f e w w i l l be e x a m in e d In t h i s r e v i e w ,

Hudolph P ^ n tn e r , an o u t s t a n d i n g e a r l y a u t h o r i t y i n

th e f i e l d o f t e s t i n g I n t e l l i g e n c e o f b i l i n g u a l c h i l d r e n ,

s t u d i e d a g ro u p o f s t u d e n t s o f m ix ed f o r e i g n la n g u a g e s and a

g ro u p o f E n g l i s h s p e a k in g y o u n g s t e r s o f m ixed a n c e s t r y ,

'so o ted a s f o l l o w s a r e h i s c o n c l u s i o n s w i t h r e s p e c t t o I , Q,

1 ) The E n g l i s h g r o u p w as s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r th a n ‘ he f o r e i g n g r o u p ,

2 ) The f o r e i g n c h i l d r e n ’ s I . Q. r a t e s w ere d e c i d e d l y lo w e r w h e th e r b e c a u s e o f a c t u a l lo w e r i n t e l l i g e n c e or la n g u a g e h a n d i c a p ,

3 ) C h i ld r e n who h e a r a f o r e i g n la n g u a g e a t home t o s t lo w e r a s a g e n e r a l r u l e when g i v e n t e s t s w h ich r e q u i r e a minimum k n o w le d g e o f E n g l i s h . 3

H aught s t u d i e d th e la n g u a g e d i f f i c u l t i e s o f S p a n is h

s p e a k in g c h i l d r e n . H is r e s u l t s a r e a s f o l l o w s :

l ) I n t e l l i g e n c e q u o t i e n t s o f S p a n is h c h i l d r e n as r e v e a l e d in t h i s s t u d y do n o t i n c r e a s e w i t h c h r o n o l o g i c a l a g e ,

3 R ud olph P I n t n e r and Ruth K e l l e r , ” I n t e l l i g e n c eP e s t s o f F o r e ig n C h i l d r e n , ” J o u r n a l o f E d u c a t i o n a l P sy ch o l o g y , 13 :2 1k - 2 2 2 , S e p te m b e r , 1922 .

3b u t t h e r e i s a s l i g h t t e n d e n c y f o r them t o d e c r e a s e . T h is c o n c l u s i o n a ssu m es t h a t no s e l e c t i v e f a c t o r i s i n v o l v e d , and i t i 3 l i k e l y t h a t s e l e c t i o n w o u ld o p e r a t e t o i n c r e a s e r a t h e r th a n d e c r e a s e th e i n t e l l i g e n c e quot i e n t s .

2 ) There i s a sudd en dron i n i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o t i e n t a t a b o u t t e n y e a r s o f a g e .

3 ) b i n c e o l d e r c h i l d r e n a r e h a n d ic a p p e d a s much as th e y o u n g e r , t h e r e seem s t o be no J u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r a s s i g n i n g th e d i f f i c u l t y t o i n a b i l i t y t o u s e o r u n d e r s t a n d E n g l i s h .

k ) U n t i l t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a la n g u a g e h a n d ic a p on t h e o a r t o f th e b o a n l s h c h i l d r e n i s d e m o n s t r a t e d by p r o n e r l y c o n t r o l l e d e x n e r im e n t s i t seem s s a f e r t o a v o id u s i n g t h e c o n c e p t a s an e x n l a n a t o r y p r i n c i n l e i n e d u c a t i o n a l p r o b le m s .

£ ) The a v e r a g e S p a n is h c h i l d h a s an I n t e l l i g e n c e q u o t i e n t o f 79 a s com nared w i t h 100 f o r th e a v e r a g e A n g lo c h i l d .

6 ) There a r e some S p a n is h c h i l d r e n a s b r i g h t a s t h e v e r y s u r e r i o r A n g lo c h i ld r e n J l-

M. V. 0 ! Shea f e e l s a s f o l l o w s :

"Let any a d t i l t a t t e m p t t o e x n r e s s h i m s e l f upon any f a m i l i a r s u b j e c t i n a f o r e i g n to n g u e o f w h ic h he i s n o t t h o r o u g h ly a m a s t e r and he w i l l show some c o n f u s i o n and i n h i b i t i o n a s d o e s t h e c h i l d who i s j u s t b e g i n n i n g c o m o o s i t i o n . ”5

b a n ch ez n e r fo r m e d an e x o e r im e n t t o d e t e r m in e w hat

s t e p s c o u ld be ta k e n t o h e i r th e b p a n is h s n e a k in g c h i l d r e n .

P a r t o f what he fo u n d w as:

"The w r i t e r t e s t e d a s e c o n d g r a d e g r o u p and f o u n d t h e m ed ia n I . Q. t o b e 72 . W orking on t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t th o t e s t s r e f l e c t e d a f u n c t i o n o f th e s c h o o l , r e m e d i a l I n s t r u c t i o n i n la n g u a g e and la n g u a g e a r t s was g i v e n o v e r a two y e a r p e r i o d w i t h th o r e s u l t t h a t th e m ed ian I . Q. was ' r a i s e d ' t o a p p r o x im a t e ly 1 0 0 o r n o r m a l . ”0 * 6

^ B. F . H a u g h t, "Language D i f f i c u l t i e s o f S p a n is h ^ m erig a n Q i ^ d r e n , " J o u r n a l o f A p p l ie d P s ,ych o log , , 1 5 :1 8 7 - 1 9 2 ,

M. V. O’ b h e a , L i n g u i s t i c D ev e lo p m e n t anu E d u c a t i o n ,(New York: The M a c m il la n Company, 1 9 0 7 ) , p . 266.

6 G eorge I . S a n c h e z , " B i l i n g u a l i s m and M en ta l M easures ,” J o u r n a l o f A p p l ie d P s y c h o l o g y , 1 8 , (1 9 3 U )» u p . 76$ .

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M anuel and W rig h t s t u d i e d S p a n is h s n e a k in g M ex ica n

c h i l d r e n and d i s c o v e r e d t h a t :

"In m a s t e r i n g t h e t o o l s o f e d u c a t i o n , he h a s to l e a r n b o th th e o r a l and w r i t t e n la n g u a g e o f th e s c h o o l* T h is i s th e f i r s t h a n a i c a p - - t h a t o f h a v i n g more t o l e a r n .In a d d i t i o n t o t h i s he h a s f o r a c o n s i d e r a b l e t im e much l e s s a b i l i t y t o r e s n o n d t o th e ^ la n g u a g e o f t h e s c h o o l as an in s t r u m e n t o f i n s t r u c t i o n . " ?

L a te r i n th e 3ame s t u d y t h e y p o i n t o u t :

" I t i s s u b m it t e d s o l o n g a s th e a b i l i t y t o u n d e r s t a n d and u s e E n g l i s h i s b o lo w th e a b i l i t y t o u n d e r s t a n d and u s e S p a n i s h , t h e r e i s p r o b a b ly a la n g u a g e h a n d ic a p i n s c h o o l w o r k . ””

Van R ip e r s t a t e s :

"Some p a r e n t s d e l i b e r a t e l y a t t e m p t t o t e a c h t h e i r c h i l d r e n two l a n g u a g e s , a p r o c e d u r e w h ic h i s u s u a l l y d i s a s t r o u s . S t u d i e s i n d i c a t e t h a t i n e f f i c i e n c y and c o n f u s i o n r e s u l t fro m s u c h t r a i n i n g e v e n i n a d u l t h o o d . M ost c h i l d r e n i n f o r e i g n la n g u a g e homes l e a r n th e f o r e i g n s p e e c h f i r s t , and th e n make th e s h i f t when t h e y e n t e r s c h o o l . T h is can u s u a l l y be d o n e w i t h o u t much d an ger b u t when o l d e r c h i l d r e n i n ’■he f a m i l y i n s i s t upon s n e a k in g E n g l i s h , th e s i t u a t i o n b ecom es d a n g e r o u s ."

I t i s e v i d e n t t h a t th e f o r e g o i n g e x p e r t s r e g a r d

b i l i n g u a l i s m a s a m a jo r p r o b le m .

B i l i n g u a l i s m in New M e x ic o . B i l i n g u a l i s m i s p r e s e n t

in many p a r t s o f th e U n i t e d s t a t e s and i t i 3 e s p e c i a l l y

p r e v a l e n t in New M e x ic o .

? H. T. M anuel and C a r r ie E. W r ig h t , "Language L i f f i c u l t i e 3 o f M ex ic a n C h i l d r e n ," P e d a g o g i c a l S e m l n y y and J o u r n a l o f G e n e t i c Pay c h o lo g y XG ~ J a n u a r y , ' 1 9 2 9 .

u I b i d . , p . i ;6 0 .

^ C h a r le s Van R i p e r , 6p c e c h C o r r e c t i o n : P r i n c i p l e sand M e th o d s , (New 1'ork: P r e n t i c e H a l l I n c . , 1 9 3 9 ) , p . 192

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5In 19 3 0 W i l l i a m L e i 3 In h i 3 t h e s i s b r o u g h t t o l i g h t

th e p e r c e n t a g e s o f S p a n is h s n e a k in g p e o n i e s i n th e Southwest-?-^

New M e x ic o , w i t h I4. I , 6 5 $ had th e l a r g e s t S p a n is h s p e a k in g

p o p u l a t i o n . A c c o r d in g t o S a n c h e z , "The S p a n i s h - s n e a k i n g

p o p u l a t i o n f o r t h e S t a t e o f New M ex ico e x c e e d s 2 1 1 , 6 5 9 , 1,11

Table I , p age 9 , ( P o p u l a t i o n o f New M ex ico by c o u n t i e s )

i n d i c a t e s th e p r o p o r t i o n o f n a t i v e S p a n is h s p e a k in g p e o p le

in th e v a r i o u s c o u n t i e s , s e v e n c o u n t i e s h a v e 7? p e r c e n t

and o v e r o f S p a n is h s n e a k in g p o p u l a t i o n ; t e n 5 0 -7 U p e r c e n t ;

and s i x h a v e l e s s th a n 2lj. p e r c e n t . D u r in g th e p a s t t e n y e a r s

t h e r e h a s b e e n a trem en d o u s I n f l u x o f n o n - b i l i n g u a l

I n d i v i d u a l s i n t o t h e s t a t e o f New M e x ic o , A lth o u g h th e

p e r c e n t a g e o f S p a n is h s p e a k in g p o p u l a t i o n h a 3 d e c r e a s e d t h e r e

are now many more p e o p le a v a i l a b l e t o be i n f l u e n c e d by t h e

S p a n ish ' la n g u a g e , H o n - b i l i n g u a l c h i l d r o n a r e s u b j e c t e d t o

th e sounds o f S p a n is h w h i l e t h e y a re a t t e m p t i n g t o l e a r n o r

p e r f e c t E n g l i s h and a r e th u s I n f l u e n c e d by i t .

W i l l ia m L e i s , "The s t a t u s o f E d u c a t io n f o r M ex ican C h ild r e n i n Four B o rd er S t a t e s , ” ( u n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r * s t h e s i s , The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a , Los A n g e l o s , 1 9 3 1 ) , q u o ted in Kbnda Lynn, B i l i n g u a l i s m ,

H G eorge X, S a n c h e z , "The E d u c a t io n o f B i l i n g u a l s in a S t a t e S c h o o l S y s te m ," ( u n p u b l i s h e d L o c t o r ' s d i s s e r t a t i o n , The U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a , B e r k e l e y ) , o p , 1 2 - 1 3 ,

TABLE I 6

POPULATION OF NEW MEXICO BY COUNTIES12

COUNTIES POPULATIONTOTAL

PSR CENT OP SPANISH- dPEAKING POPULATION

B e r n a l i l l o 1+3,1+30 90C atron 3.282 1+6C haves 19,91+9 8C o lf a x 19,197 38Curry 19,809 3I-e Baca 2,893 29Lena Ana 27,£55 66Eddy 19, 8)|2 30G u ad a lu oe 7,027 60H a rd in g 1+.1+21 51H id a lg o 9,023 61Lea 6, 11+L 12L in c o ln 7,198 b$Luna 6,21+7M cK inley 20,91; 3 37Mora 10,322 95O te r a 9,770 30Quay 10,828 19R io A r r ib a 21,301 93R o o s e v e l t 11,109 9S a n d o v a l i i , m 88San Juan li+,701 17San M ig u e l 23,836 77S a n ta Fe 19,667 $bS i e r r a 9,181+ 6 2S o c o r r o 9,611 79Taos 111,391+ 90T o rra n ce 9,269 58U nion 11,036 30V a l e n c i a 16,186 77G rant 19,090 99

TOTALli-PercerfEacre o f S p a n is h

1+23,317sneaklne1 norm 1 AT

90-::-;1ort Tor tlin s tn ln

o f New M ex ico a s o f 1 9 3 0 .

-2 L, 8 , T ir e man, T ea c h in g S p a n is h - S n e a k in g C h i ld r e n , (A lb u q u e r q u e : The O n i v o r s i t y o f New M ex ico P r e ss , 19lu' J, n p . l 5 - l 6

■. -i V

CHAPTER II

THE SELECTION OF SOUNDS AND CHILDREN FOR THE TESTING PROCEDURE

A l a r g e number o f c h i l d r e n in New M ex ico e n t e r th e

s c h o o l s e a c h y e a r w i t h l i t t l e o r no k n o w led g e o f E n g l i s h .

C h i ld r e n e n t o r i n g t h e f i r s t g r a d e h ave o f t e n sp o k en n o t h in g

b u t S n a n is h ud t o th e t im e o f s c h o o l e n t r a n c e . T hese

c h i l d r e n s h o u l d be h e l p e d w i t h t h e i r A m erican E n g l i s h s n e e c h

d e v e lo p m e n t a s e a r l y i n t h e i r l i v e s a s n o s s i b l e .

In o r d e r t o h e I n t h e s e c h i l d r e n Im orove t h e i r E n g l i s h

s n e e c h t h e r e must f i r s t be an a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t t h a t i s

s u i t a b l e f o r s y s t e m a t i c a l l y d e t e c t i n g th e e f f e c t s o f b i l i n

g u a l i s m . At t h e p r e s e n t t im e th e a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t s

a v a i l a b l e a r e n o t s n e c i f i c a l l y a d a o t e d t o d e t e r m i n e w h e th er

or n o t th e E n g l i s h s n e e c h so u n d s o f f i r s t g r a d e c h i l d r e n

l i v i n g i n New M ex ico are i n f l u e n c e d by th e n r e s e n c e o f th e

d n a n is h la n g u a g e .

In o r d e r t o n r o v id e an a d e q u a te a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t fo r

Now M e x ic o s c h o o l t e a c h e r s t o u s e t o c l a s s i f y th e s n e e c h

30un< s o f t h e i r f i r 3 g r a d e c h i l d r e n , c h i l d r e n o f th e p ro n er

age m ust be s t i m u l a t e d t o p r o d u ce th e d e s i r e d so u n d s and the

e x a m in e r must r e n d e r ju d g em en ts c o n c e r n in g t h o s e s o u n d s .

S o u n d s . Long and c o m n l i c a t e d a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t s a r e

n e e d l e s s l y b u r d e n in g t o t e a c h e r s who a r e b e i n g t a x e d t o a

maximum j u s t in h a n d l i n g t h e i r r e g u l a r e d u c a t i o n a l d u t i e s .

T h e r e f o r e , th e a u t h o r h a s s e l e c t e d t o t e s t o n ly t h o s e

so u n d s w h ic h a r e m ost i n f l u e n c e d by th e p r e s e n c e o f t h e

S p a n is h la n g u a g e .

The f o l l o w i n g s p e e c h so u n d s a r e th e o n e s m o st i n f l u

e n c e d by th e S n a n i s h s p e e c h n a t t e r n . The I n t e r n a t i o n a l

P h o n e t i c A lo h a h e t sy m b o ls f o r th e so u n d s i n d i c a t e d a re i n

p a r e n t h e s e s and d i d n o t a p p e a r i n t h e o* i g i n a l q u o t a t i o n ,

b u t w ere i n s e r t e d by t h i s w r i t e r . A c c o r d in g t o B arrow s:

"V ow els in h e r ( * ) , c u p ( A ) , p i t ( I ) , p a t (OR) and c o n s o n a n t s

t h ( # ) , wh (At), t ( t ) , d ( d ) , v ( v ) , 1 ( l ) , r ( r ) , b ( b ) ,

h ( h ) , and ng ( 13) when n o t f o l l o w e d by k . " 1 A c c o r d in g t o

b i p i n : " V o w e ls and d ip h t h o n g s a s i n p i g ( I ) , c a t ( ® , b ook

( U ) , cup (A)# end c o n s o n a n t s as ng i n r i n g , r ( r ) i n

r e d , 1 ( 1 ) in b a l l , t h (tf) in f e a t h e r , sh ( / ) i n s h o e , s ( j )

i n c a s u a l , h ( h ) i n h o r s e , wh CA\) in w h e e l , and w (w ) i n

w i t c h . "2

The a u t h o r h a s fo u n d t h e f o l l o w i n g s p e e c h so u n d s t o

be d i f f i c u l t f o r New M ex ico s c h o o l c h i l d r e n t o a c q u i r e . The

b a ra h T. -a rro w s , " T ea ch in g E n g l i s h t o F o r e ig n C h i ld r e n ," The C l a s s r oom Te a c h e r , 2 :Z4.8l4.~i4.85, May, 1 9 2 7 .

8

2 L. b i n i n , "A C om parative A n a l y s i s o f th e P h o n e t i c s y s t e m o f C e r t a in Mocern L an gu ages w i t h a p p l i c a t i o n s t o the C o r r e c t io n o f F o r e i g n D i a l e c t s , " ( u n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r * s t h e s i s ,The b t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f Iowa, 1914-9)*

, - '

: • '< j ©|8

<(U>

fc J

■ * - Vi

.»**««*. — *

.

— ■■ - ■■ —

9"ch" (tf) a s *n c h a i r , t h e ”e n ( £ ) a s i n b e d , th e "ee" ( 1 )

a s in t r e e , th e ”p ” ( p ) a s i n p e n c i l , th e "s" ( s ) a s i n

£>anta, th e " t h ” (0) a s i n b i r t h d a y , t h e "z" ( z ) a s i n

z i p p e r and th e " g e ” Uj) a s In o r a n g e .

The f o l l o w i n g a r e t h e s e l e c t e d s p e e c h s o u n d s a s t h e y

a p p ea r i n : h e f i n a l t e s t : a {Q& , b ( b ) , ch ( t 5) , d ( d ) ,

e ( £ ) , e e ( i ) , h ( h ) , i ( I ) , i r ( 3T), j or ge ( d ^ , 1 ( 1 ) ,

ng (> )), oo ( U ) , n ( p ) , r ( r ) , s ( s ) , sh ( J ) , t ( t ) , t h ( 0 ) ,

t h C8 ) , u (A) , v ( v ) , w ( w ) , wh (M and s s ( z ) . T h is

c o m p r is e d a t o t a l o f t w e n t y - f i v e s o u n d s t o be t e s t e d * F u r t h e r ,

i i s comr.on k n o w led g e t h a t he so u n d s l i s t e d ab ove a r e th e

o n e s w h ich New M exico s c h o o l c h i l d r e n h a v e t h e m ost d i f f i

c u l t y ? n a cqu i r i n g .

C h i l d r e n * In o r d e r t o a o n l y t h e so u n d s o b e t e s t e d

c h i l d r e n had t o be s e l e c t e d f o r a t e s t i n g o r o c e d u r e . The

a u t h o r i s S p e e c h T h e r a p i s t f o r t h e New M ex ico S o c i e t y f o r

C r in k le d C h i ld r e n and A d u l ' s , I n c * , and d u r in g th e f a l l o f

1 ° £ 2 d i r e c t e d s p e e c h c l i n i c s in Las C r u c e s , Las V e g a s ,

P o r t a l e 3 and C a r lsb a d * d ln c e he was a c q u a i n t e d w i t h th e

s c h o o l o f f i c i a l s In t h e s e c i t i e s he d e c id e d t o f i n d o u t i f

t h e s e f o u r c i t i e s w ere an a d e q u a te r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f th e s p e e c h

a r e a s o f New M e x ic o , The a u t h o r a r r a n g e d a p e r s o n a l I n t e r v i e w

w i t h Ir* R o b ert E , 3 a r t o n A l l e n o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f New

M ex ico s p e e c h D e p a r tm e n t . Dr. A l l e n i s on t h e b o a rd o f

10e d i t o r s f o r th e New M ex ico s e c t i o n o f he A m erican L i n g u i s t i c

D i c t i o n a r y , C o n c e rn in g Las C r u c e s , Las V e g a s , P o r t a l e s and

C a r lsb a d Dr, A l l e n s a i d , "The S t a t e o f New M ex ico f a l l s

I n t o t h r e e b a s i c s p e e c h a r e a s , N o r th , S o u th and E a s t (u n d e r

T exas i n f l u e n c e ) . The fo u r c i t i e s s e l e c t e d r e p r e s e n t t h e s e

t h r e e b a s i c s p e e c h a r e a s w i t h C a r lsb a d r e p r e s e n t i n g b o t h

t h e S o u th e r n and E a s t e r n a r e a s * ”3

F i f t y g i r l s and f i f t y b o y s w ere s e l e c t e d t o be t e s t e d

i n e a c h c i t y f o r a t o t a l t e s t i n g g ro u p o f 200 g i r l s and 200

b o y s . No a t t e m p t was made t o d i v i d e th e c h i l d r e n i n t o l a n

gu age g r o u p s b e c a u s e i t was n o t th e a im o f t h i s s tu d y t o

make a c o m o a r iso n b e tw e en b i l i n g u a l and n o n - b i l i n g u a l

c h i l d r e n .

In o r d e r t o p r o v i d e an in s t r u m e n t t h a t w ou ld be

v a l u a b l e f o r u s e by New M ex ico t e a c h e r s t o c l a s s i f y th e

A m erican E n g l i s h s o o e c h sounds o f h e i r f i r s t g ra d e c h i l d r e n

i t wa3 d e c id e d t o l i m i t th e t e s t i n g g ro u p t o f i r s t g r a d e

c h i l d r e n b e tw e e n s i x and s e v e n y e a r s o f a g o .

3 P e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w w i t h D r, R o b e r t E. B a r to n A l l e n ,October 1, 19^2,

—

CHAPTER III

METHODS OF ARTICULATION TESTING

T here a r e many e x i s t i n g in s t r u m e n t s f o r t e s in g th e

s p e e c h so u n d s o f y o u n g c h i l d r e n . The f o l l o w i n g i s a r e v i e w

o f 3ome o f t h e s e t e s t s ,

R ev iew o f a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t i n g . On© o f th e p r im a ry

o b j e c t i v e s o f a s p e e c h e x a m in a t io n a s s t a t e d b y Jo h n so n and

others^* i s " to o b t a i n a c a r e f u l d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s n e e c h

e r r o r s and t h e f a c t o r s w h ic h seem t o be r e l a t e d t o them a s

c a u s e s or m a i n t a i n i n g c o n d i t i o n s , "

The m a j o r i t y o f e x i s t i n g a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t s f o r s p e e c h

sound a n a l y s i s a r e m o d i f i e d fo rm s o f th e T r a v i s and Rasmus2

T e s t , T hree h u n d red -and s i x t y - s i x p a i r s o f s p e e c h sou n d s

c o m p r ise t h e T r a v i s and Rasmus s p e e c h sound d i s c r i m i n a l : i o n

t e s t . T hese sound s a r e a l l com pared on a b a s i s o f l i k e n e s s

o r d i f f e r e n c e i n q u a l i t y ,

The p a i r 3 a r e a r r a n g e d i n a ch an ce o r d e r , Each

c o n s o n a n t i 3 com pared w i t h a l l o t h e r c o n s o n a n t so u n d s and

w i ' h i t s e l f t o c o m p r ise t h r e e h u n d red p a i r e d c o n s o n a n t sounds,

W e n d e ll J o h n so n and o t h e r s , t>r>eech H a n d ica p p ed S c h o o l C h ild r e n (New Y ork : H arper and B r o t h e r s , 1 9 ^ 6 ) , p , 10f?.

2 L, E , T r a v i s , and B, J , Rasm us, "The S p ee c h -S o u n d D i s c r i m i n a t i o n A b i l i t y o f C a se3 w i t h F u n c t i o n a l D i s o r d e r s o f A r t i c u l a t i o n , " Q u a r t e r ly J o u r n a l o f S p e e c h E d u c a t io n , 1 7 : 2 1 7 - 2 2 6 , A p r i l , 1 9 3 1 .

The v o w e l "ah" i s com bined w i t h e a c h c o n s o n a n t . Vowel and

c o n s o n a n t so u n d s a r e n o 1 com pared .

The "Iowa S n e e c h C l i n i c S p eech bound D i s c r i m i n a t i o n

T e s t "3 h a s a t o t a l o f s e v e n t y p a i r e d s n e e c h s o u n d s . A l l

so u n d s t o be d i s c r i m i n a t e d a r e c o n s o n a n t s . T here a r e

e i g h t e e n p a i r s w h ic h a r e th e same sound and t h e r e m a in in g

p a i r s a r e d i f f e r e n t s o u n d s . The c o n so n a n t sou n d i s com bined

w i t h v o w e l ’‘a h . ”

The s h o r t form o f " T e m p l i n g T e s t ”^ o f sound d i s c r i

m i n a t i o n h a s s e v e n t y p a i r e d s y l l a b l e s . S e v e n t e e n p a i r s a r e

s i m i l a r com bin ed s o u n d s . The c o n s o n a n t so u n d s a r e com bined

w i t h th e v o w e l s £ , S , and 5 . The a v e r a g e num bers o f e r r o r s

on t h i s t e s t u s i n g t h i r t y n o r m a l - s p e a k in g c h i l d r e n s t a t e d

by Van H in er^ a r e :

12

Grade A verage Number o f E r r o r s

2 1k.23 1 1 .8h 1 0 .15 10 .26 1 0 .1

Ten or more e r r o r s above th e a v e r a g e s g i v e n are c o n s i d e r e d

a s i n d i c a t i o n s o f p o o r s p e e c h sound d i s c r i m i n a t i o n . Van

3 J o h n s o n , ojo. c i t . , n o . Ij.28-I4.30,

^ M. T em p lin , "A S tu d y o f bound D i s c r i m i n a t i o n A b i l i t y o f E le m e n ta r y S c h o o l P u p i l s , " The J o u r n a l o f S p e e c h D is o r d e r s , 8 : 1 2 7 - 1 3 2 , J u n e , ~ ...... ~

^ Van H i p e r , o p . c i t . , p . 138 ,

R i p e r , ' In a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h i s t e s t , s t r e s s e s th e g r e a t ca re

w h ic h i s n e c e s s a r y t o e n s u r e a t t e n t i o n and p r e v e n t f a t i g u e

i n o r d e r t o g a i n s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s *

H en sen ? i n c l u d e d t h e MT r a v l s —G la a p ey T o s t , ” a n o t h e r

m o d i f i c a t i o n o f th o ”T r a v i s and Rasmus T e s t , ” i n h i s s t u d i e s

o f s p e e c h so u n d d i s c r i m i n a t i o n * T h i s t©3t c o n t a i n s n i n e t y

n a i r e d s p e e c h so u n d s and f i f t e e n p a i r e d words* The i n c l u

s i o n o f w ords i n t h i 3 t e s t e n a b le d Henson t o t e s t s p e e c h

so u n d s i n I n i t i a l , m e d i a l , and f i n a l p o s i t i o n s *

Ihe ”ilo b b i n s ,( S p e e c h bound M s c r i m i n a l * on T e s t s ”

i n c l u d e a p i c t u r e t e s t f o r u s e w i t h y o u n g e r c h i l d r e n * T h is

t e s t h a s one h u n d red and e i g h t p a i r e d s p e e c h so u n d s p r e s e n t e d

by nam ing two h u n d r e d and s i x t e e n p i c t u r e s * 'Hi© s p e e c h

so u n d s a r e a r r a n g e d in n i n e g r o u p s *9

1* V o w els

2* b o m l-v o w e ls

3 . N a s a l s

h* invoiced plosives V3* unvoiced fricatives and sibilants

T>. 1 3 8 .

F* H a n sen , ”The A p p l i c a t i o n o f bound h i 3c r i m i n a t i o n T e s t s t o F u n c t i o n a l A r t i c u l a t o r y D e f e c t i v e s w i t h Norm al H ear- i n g , ” J o u r n a l o f S p e e c h D i s o r d e r s , 9:3k7, D ecem b er , 19k3*

b* D. R o b b in s and R, S . R o b b in s , b gp och b ound P i s - c r l in lnp. 1 1 on To a 1 3 ( 'B oston : Exp. 4e s a l o n Co*, 19fy8Ti p p * 6- 26 .

I k l d , , p * l .

13

1U9 . C ognate p l o s i v e s

6 . C ognate f r i c a t i v e s and s i b i l a n t s

7 . V o ic e d p l o s i v e s

0 . U n v o ic e d f r i c a t i v e s and s i b i l a n t s

9 . V o ic e d f r i c a t i v e s and s i b i l a n t s

j -w e n ty -fo u r p i c t u r e s a r e u s e d In e a c h group*

•lie p i c t u r e s a r e a r r a n g e d In t h r e e co lum n s and f o u r

row s on a p age* The o p p o s i t e p age c o n t a i n s th e r e m a in in g

t w e l v e p i c t u r e s o f th e g r o u p . " B efo re he i s g i v e n the t e s t ,

lie ch Id i s t a u g h t th e nam es o f e v e r y o l e t u r e on e a c h page

i n th e o r d e r i n w h ic h t h e p i c t u r e s a p p e a r . "10 rpj10 ex a m in e r

D r e s e n t s t h e names i n a random o r d e r a f t e r th e c h i l d h a s

m em orized t h e nam es o f a l l p i c t u r e s on a g i v e n p a g e . The

c h i l d i s a sk e d t o p o i n t t o e a c h p i c t u r e a s i t i s named.

The " d o b b in s 1 '.:e s t " l l f o r o l d e r c h i l d r e n u s e s t h e

sarne n -ne g r o u p s o f s p e e c h so u n d s p r e s e n t e d i n word c o n t e x t .

There a r e s i x h u n d red and t h i r t y w ords p r e s e n t e d i n t h r e e -

word g r o u p s . Two w ord s a r e i d e n t i c a l . The t h i r d d i f f e r s

•11 o n ly one s p e e c h s o u n d . The c h i l d i s a s k e d t o r e p o r t i f

" a l l t h r e e w ord s a re a l i k e , or w h e th e r th e f i r s t , s e c o n d ,

or l a s t word i s d i f f e r e n t fr o m th e o t h e r tw o w o r d s ." lB

The a u t h o r s a d v i s e g i v i n g w o r d - p a ir s i n s t e a d o f

~ ^ I b ia T , p . 3 .

11 IkM*# w , 27-3lu

^ I b i d . , P . 3

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,

. ;f - v • • - j ! '

t h r e e - w o r d g r o u p s t f th e c h i l d h a s d i f f i c u l t y i n f o l l o w i n g

I n s t r u c t i o n s * The c h i ld , i s a s k e d t o r e p o r t w h e th e r th e two

w ord s a r e a l i k e o r d i f f e r e n t * Two h u n d red and t e n p a i r e d

s p e e c h so u n d s a r e p r e s e n t e d by e l i m i n a t i n g th e r e p e t i t i o n

o f ' h© same w ord In the t h r e e - w o r d grou p s*

In a d d i t i o n o t h e s p e e c h so ’-nd d i s c r i m i n a t i o n t e s t s

t h e ’’Murphy T e s t "13 o f a u d i t o r y d i s c r i m i n a t i o n u s e d i n t h e

f i e l d o f r e a d i n g r e a d i n e s s w as c o n s id e r e d * T h is t o s t em p lo y s

p i c t u r e ® o f s i n g l e o b j e c t s f o r a u d i t o r y d i s c r i m i n a t i o n *

T h is t e s t c o n t a i n s w ord s w i t h s i m i l a r i n i t i a l b u t d i f f e r e n t

f i n a l s o u n d s , s i m i l a r so u n d s a t t h e end b u t d i f f e r e n t i n

th e b e g i n n i n g , s i m i l a r b e g i n n i n g and e n d in g sou n d s b u t a

s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e i n th e m id d le sound s*

SHMUinr OF ARTICULATION TESTING REVIEW

1 , The Mir a v i s - G l a s n e y Hllj- T e s t and th e ’’d o b b in s * "15

T e i t we -e th e o n l y • o s t s r e v i e w e d i n s p e e c h sou n d d i s c r i m i

n a t i o n w h ic h I n c l u d e d s p e e c h sou n d s In w ord c o n t e x t *

J o h n so n and o t h e r s ^ p o i n t o u t th e f o l l o w i n g :

’For m o st o f u s , a d u l t s a s w e l l a s c h i l d r e n , t h e s p e e c h sou n d i s n o t an e n t i t y , a m e a n in g f u l u n i t o f an^ s o r t , and we d o n ’ t h e a r i t a s an e n t i t y . Nor do

H e le n A* M urphy, "Group T o s t f o r A u d ito r y D i s c r i m i n a t i o n , ’ ( u n p u b l i s h e d t e s t , B o s t o n U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 d - l ) , pp* 1 -lf.*

H e n s e n , o n , o f . , , p # 3^ 7 .

^ R o b b in s , o p . £ i t . , D p . 6- 26 .

l u J o h n s o n , op* c l t * * p . HjJj..

16

we v e r y o f t e n l e a r n I t a s s u c h . What we h e a r , and w hat we l e a r n , a r e w o r d s , and t h e I n d i v i d u a l s p e e c h so u n d s w h ic h make up t h o s e w ords arc f o r th e m ost p a r t somewhat am orphous and u n d i f f e r e n t l a t e d p i e c e s o f t h e w h o le co m p lex a u d i t o r y p a t t e r n . "

T h e r e f o r e , s p e e c h so u n d s i n word c o n t e x t a p p ea r t o be a

d e s i r a b l e f a c t o r i n a t e s t f o r a r t i c u l a t i o n u s e d w i t h t h e

f i r s t g r a d e c h i l d .

2 . The t e s t s f o r a r t i c u l a t i o n c o n s i d e r e d v a r i e d in

l e n g t h from s e v e n t y t o t h r e e h u n d red and s i x t y - t w o p a i r e d

s p e e c h s o u n d s . The m onotony o f l i s t e n i n g t o l o n g l i s t s o f

n o n s e n s e s y l l a b l e s and or w ords may make t h e young c h i l d

l e s s i n t e r e s t e d t o a c c u r a t e l y a r t i c u l a t e s p e e c h s o u n d s .

P i c t u r e word a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t i n g . The u s e o f a p i c

t u r e t e s t t o o b t a i n a c o n c e p t o f th e c h i l d * s s p e e c h e r r o r s

i s a h i g h l y m o t i v a t i n g f a c t o r in s p e e c h e x a m i n a t i o n s . Such

an in s t r u m e n t s h o u ld i n v o l v e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f s p e e c h so u n d s

i n word c o n t e x t , e l i c i t e d by p i c t u r e s f o r a h i g h e r d e g r e e

o f m o t i v a t i o n t o th e you n g c h i l d .

W en d e ll J o h n so n r e p o r t s t h a t :

" I t h a s u s u a l l y b e e n c o n s i d e r e d b e t t e r p r a c t i c e o o b t a i n a s p o n t a n e o u s sam ple o f th e c h i l d * a s p e e c h r a t h e r th a n t o a 3k th e c h i l d t o r e p e a t w ords s p o k e n by th e e x a m in e r , The n o t i o n h a s b e e n t h a t i n th e l a t t e r m eth od th e c h i l d * s r e s p o n s e m ig h t be i n f l u e n c e d by t h e p a t t e r n g i v e n t o rh e e x t e n t t h a t he m ig h t n o t p ro d u ce e r r o r s w h ic h w ou ld o r d i n a r i l y o c c u r in h i s s p o n t a n e o u s s p e e c h . Any e r r o r s w h ic h w ould f a i l t o a p p e a r b e c a u s e o f a s i ia p le h e a r i n g o f th e c o r r e c t sound sp o k e n by th e e x a m in e r w ou ld seem t o be l i t t l e c o n s e q u e n c e anyw ay. N e v e r t h e l e s s , th e p r e s e n t w r i t e r s f a v o r th e p i c t u r e m ethod o f t e s t i n g b e c a u se o f i t s g r e a t e r i n h e r e n t i n t e r e s t f o r th e c h i l d .

17M o r e o v e r , i f w e l l p la n n e d i t i s u s u a l l y no more t im e c o n s u m in g .”17

C h a r le s Long s p a t e s : "The p i c t u r e s w h ic h c o m p o se a

p i c t u r e word a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t h a v e more e y e a n n e a l and

c h a l l e n g e th a n j u s t w ord s o r s e n t e n c e s w h ic h in c lu d e th e

souncis t e s te d ." -* - t:'

The l a r g e number o f p i c t u r e s n e c e s s a r y t o d e te r m in e

s a t i s f a c t o r y or u n s a t i s f a c t o r y s p e e c h sound a r t i c u l a t i o n in

m ost t e s t s liraife t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n as in s t r u m e n t s i n r o u t i n e

c la s s r o o m e x a m i n a t i o n s .

The e x i s t i n g a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t s a r e n o t s p e c i a l l y

d e s i g n e d f o r t e s t i n g c h i l d r e n l i v i n g i n New M e x ic o . They

are no m o t i v a t i n g t o t h e c h i l d r e n and 'h e y d o n o t t e s t

j u s t t h o s e sou n d s w h ic h some New M ex ic o s c h o o l c h i l d r e n

seem t o h a v e th e m o st d i f f i c u l t y a c q u i r i n g .

They a r e s o i n v o l v e d t h a t i t i s h a r d f o r t h e a v e r a g e

s c h o o l t e a c h e r t o u n d e r s t a n d or* u s e them f o r t e s t i n g th e

s p e e c h so u n d s o f t h e i r p u p i l s . Ko3t o f them a r e so l o n g

t h a t he t im e n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n i s n o t

a v a i l a b l e . The p r e s e n t s t u d y i s an e f f o r t t o p r o v id e a

s u i t a b l e in s t r u m e n t f o r t e s t i n g t h e s p e e c h so u n d s o f f i r s t

g r a d e New M ex ico s c h o o l c h i l d r e n .

1 7 J o h n s o n , o n . c l t . , p . 6 .

h'*"/5 ' J* LonC* "S p eech P u rvey Method f o r th e S i x t hG r a d e ," ( u n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , The U n i v e r s i t y o f New M e x ic o , A lb u q u e r q u e , 19 ^2 ) , p p , 77 .

18

D e f i n i t i o n s o f te r m s U3e d . The f o l l o w i n g a r e d e f i n i t i o n s

o f te r m s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e i r u s e i n t h i s s t u d y .

A c c e p t a b le s p e e c h so u n d . A c c e p t a b le s p e e c h sou n d i s

a sound t h a t i s p e r c e i v e d a s f a l l i n g w i t h i n a c e r t a i n s p e e c h

ohoneme .

A r t i c u l a j~ i o n . A r t i c u l a t i o n m eans " l i t e r a l l y , a

j o i n i n g ; i n s p e e c h , th e u t t e r a n c e o f th e i n d i v i d u a l so u n d s

o f s p e e c h in c o n n e c t e d d i s c o u r s e ; th e m ovem ents d u r in g

s p e e c h o f t h e o r g a n s t h a t m o d ify t h e s tr e a m o f v o i c e d or

u n v o ic e d b r e a t h i n t o m e a n in g f u l so u n d s ; t h e s p e e c h f u n c t i o n

p e r fo r m e d l a r g e l y th r o u g h m ovem ents o f t h e m a n d ib l e , l i p s ,

t o n g u e , and v e l u m . ”19

C o n so n a n t . C onsonan t I 3 Man a c o u s tic te r m i n d i c a t i n g

t h a t t h e s e so u n d s a r e a cco m p a n ie d by c e r t a i n f r i c t i o n

n o i s e s . In te r m s o f movement c o n s o n a n t s a r e e i t h e r c o n t i n u

a n t s or s t o p s . A c o n t i n u a n t c o n so n a n t i s a s p e e c h sound

p r o d u ce d by f o r c i n g t h e a i r s tr e a m th r o u g h an o p e n in g i n t h e

o r a l c a v i t y 3 m a ll en o u g h t o p r o d u ce f r i c t i o n n o i s e s . For a l l

p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s , th e a r t i c u l a t o r y m ech an ism i s h e l d f i x e d

d u r in g th e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e s o u n d . T hese c o n s o n a n t s may b e

v o i c e d , -hat i s made w i t h th e v o c a l f o l d s c l o s e d t o t h e p o i n t

—■——, - ■ ......Robert We3t , Lou Kennedy and Anna C a rr , The Rehab 1 1 -

“ ^ e e c ^ * Y ork : H arper and B r o t h e r s , 19l | / fJ ,

o f v i b r a t i o n ; or v o i c e l e s s t h a t i s made w i h t h e v o c a l f o l d s

oT )on*"^

D ip h th o n g . D ip h th o n g i s "a v o w e l l i k e sound made

w h i l e th e a r t l c u l a o r s make a c o m p a r a t iv e ly r a p i d movement

from t h e p o s i t i o n o f one v o w e l t o t h a t o f a n o t h e r . ' ' ^ !

Ihonem o. MIhe c o n c e n t o f a phoneme i s p r e s e n t when

e v e r an i n d i v i d u a l b eco m es aware o f a v a r i a t i o n i n t h e

p r o d u c t i o n o f a g i v e n s o e e c h sound t h a t i s d i v e r g e n t enough

t o moke h im f e e l t h a t t h e s n e a k e r h a s u s e d a d i f f e r e n t sound

fr o m th e one he* h i m s e l f , w ou ld h a v e u s e d * M22

P i c t u r e w ord . P i c t u r e word moans th e p r o c e s s o f u s i n g

p i c t u r e s t o e l i c i t a s p o n t a n e o u s r e s p o n s e fr o m t h e c h i l d o f

w ord s con a l n i n g th e sou n d s t o bo t e s t e d ,

^b31 i t u t i o n , Sound s u b s t i t u t i o n means th e

d i r e c t s u b s t i t u t i o n o f one phoneme f o r a n o t h e r i n a w ord ,

o m is s i o n , Sound o m i s s i o n means th e o m i s s i o n o f

a phoneme g e n e r a l l y p r e s e n t i n a w ord .

Op ........... . C laude K a n tn e r and R o b er t W est , P h o n e t i c s . (New

l o r k : h a r p e r and B r o t h e r s , 1 9 ^ 1 ) , p . 126 . ~~

21 W est, K ennedy and C a rr , o p . e f t . , p . 5 9 9 .

22 K an tn er and W e st , o p . c l t . ,

19

p . 21

.

.

.

20Sonnd add i t I o n * Sound a d d i t i o n ineans a d d i t i o n o f a

phoneme w h ich d o es n o t b e l o n g In t h e word*

Sound d i s t o r t i o n * Sound d i s t o r t i o n means th e c h a n g in g

o f th e s p e e c h sound i n s u c h a way t h a t i t i s no lo n g e r

n o r c e i v e d a s b e l o n g i n g t o any d e f i n i t e phoneme o f A m erican

E n g l i s h .

'/owe 1 * A v o w e l i s Ma v o i c e d s p e e c h sound r e s o n a t e d

and e m i t 4 ed th r o u g h t h e m outh w i t h an o r i f i c e l a r g e en o u g h

t o o r e c l u d e any a p n r e c i a b l e f r i c t i o n n o i s e a s t h e a i r s t r e a m

i s d i s c h a r g e d . ”^

-oung s p e e c h h a n d ic a p p e d c h i l d . Young s p e e c h h a n d i -

canned c h i l d m eans a c h i l d w hose c h r o n o l o g i c a l and m e n ta l

age p l a c e h im i n th e p r im a r y g r a d e s i n s c h o o l ; w h ose s p e e c h

d e v i a o s s o f a r fro m t h a t o f o t h e r p e o p le t h a t i n t h e w ords

o f C h a r le s Van H ip e r : " i t c a l l s a t t e n t i o n t o i t s e l f , i n t e r

f e r e s w i t h c o m m u n ic a t io n , or c a u s e s i t 3 p o s s e s s o r t o b e

m a l a d j u s t e d * "2h

W est , K ennedy and C a r r , o p . c i t . , n . 637 .ry I

, C* Van R i p e r , S p ee c h C o r r e c t Ion P r i n c i p l e s and M e th o d s , (Now York: P r e n t i c e H a l l I n c . , 19 ij.7), p . 15*T ^

CHAPTER IV

THE TEST DESIGNED FOR THIS STUDY

The f o l l o w i n g i s th e cruder i n w h ic h t h i s t e a t was

c o n s t r u c t e d :

a . The s e l e c t i o n o f th e sou n d s t o b e t e s t e d

b . The s e l e c t i o n o f w ords t h a t c o n t a in e d th e

so u n d s t o be t e s t e d

c . The s e l e c t i o n o f p i c t u r e s o f o b j e c t s whose

name3 w ould e l i c i t t h e s e l e c t e d w ords

c o n t a i n i n g t h e so u n d s t o be t e s t e d

d* E s t a b l i s h i n g a m ethod o f a d m i n i s t e r i n g and

s c o r i n g th e sounds t o be t e s t e d i n word

c o n t e x t .

The r e s u l t s o f th e t e s t i n g were a n a ly z e d In r e l a t i o n t o t h e

c h i l d ’ s a b i l i t y t o i d e n t i f y th e p i c t u r e s u s e d and th e p r e s e n c e

o f sound s u b s t i t u t i o n s , o m i s s i o n s , a d d i t i o n s and d i s t o r t i o n s

In r e l a t i o n t o th e so u n d s b e in g t e s t e d .

S e l e c t i o n o f s p e e c h a o u n d s . The b a s i s f o r s e l e c t i o n

o f s p e e c h so u n d s t o be t e s t e d In t h i s s t u d y was g o v e r n e d b y

t h o s e s p e e c h so u n d s w h ic h a r e m ost i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e p r e s e n c e

o f th e S p a n is h la n g u a g e i n New M e x ic o .

The s e l e c t e d sp e e c h sou n d s p r e s e n t e d i n word c o n t e x t

a r e u n d e r l i n e d i n T a b le I I . £>Ince two t e s t s w ere c o n s t r u c t e d

■

I

t o t e s t th e same s o u n d s , one t e s t was c a l l e d Form A and the

o t h e r Form B.

S e l e c t i o n o f w o r d s . H o s t o f !he w ords u s e d f o r t h i s

I n s tr u m e n t w ere s e l e c t e d fro m th e "San J o s e t r a i n i n g s c h o o l

word l i s t . Ml The San J o s e word l i s t i s a l i s t c o n t a i n i n g

t h o s e w ords w h ic h c o m p r is e a s ta n d a r d m in im a l s p e a k in g

v o c a b u la r y f o r p r e - f i r s t g r a d e c h i l d r e n . The w ord s u s e d in

t h i s in s t r u m e n t w h ic h w ere n o t a p a r t o f t h e San J o s e word

l i s t w ere s e l e c t e d a f t e r c o n s u l 1. in g w i t h v a r i o u s f i r s t grad e

t e a c h e r s o f New M e x ic o , They l i s t e d w ord s w h ic h t h e y f e l t

were w i t h i n th e v o c a b u l a r y l i m i t s o f f i r s t g r a d e c h i l d r e n .

The b a s ' s f o r d e t e r m in in g th e sou n d c o n t e x t o f fcba

sound t o be t e s t e d w as d e c i d e d by th e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f w ords

w h ic h w ere w i t h i n ‘h e v o c a b u la r y l i m i t s o f f i r s t g r a d e New

M ex ico s c h o o l c h i l d r e n . The word w h ich was w i t h i n th e v o c a -

b u l a r y l i m i t s d e t e r m in e d w h e th e r th e s e l e c t e d sound a p p e a r e d

i n th e i n i t i a l , m e d i a l o r f i n a l word p o s i t i o n . B eca u se o f

ne m ethod o f s e l e c t i o n o f w o rd s th e l o c a t i o n o f t h e sou n d

i n th e word c o u ld n o t be c o n t r o l l e d .

In T a b le I I th e w ord s o p p o s i t e one a n o t h e r i n Form A

ana Form B c o n t a i n th e same s e l e c t e d s p e e c h sound i n th e

same p o s i t i o n i n th e w ord .

—------------ ------------------L* T irem a n , T e a c h in g S p a n is h S p e a k in g C h i ld r e n ,

(A lb u q u e r q u e : N n i v e r s i t y o f New M ex ico Pr©¥£719I{.B), pp. 7 1 - 7 3 .

22

, f r - Y

-i.

23

SELECTED SPEECH SOUNDS IN WORD CONTEXT

TABLE I I

FORM A FORM 3

NO. PICTURE

1 2?

O

• PICTURE

1 . h a t ( ® 1 . c a t ( « )2 . b o a r ( b ) 2 . b u s (b)3 . c h a i r (tn 3 . c h ic k e n (tou . dog ( d ) h. d o l l ( d )5 . bod ( € ) 5 . pen (C)6 . t r e e ( 1 ) 6 . bee ( i )7 . h o r n ( h ) 7 . h o r s e ( h )8 . n i g ( I ) 6 . sh I d ( i )o . g i r l (3-) 9 . b i r d ( * )

10 . o ra n g e J u i c e 10 . J a r -J a m (<*3)1 1 . l e t t e r ( 1 ) 1 1 . b a l l ( 1 )1 2 . s w in g (D ) 12 . k in g (13)1 3 . book (V) 1 3 . f o o t (t f li t . Dene11 ( p ) Ik. p a p e r (P )1 5 . r a b b i t ( r ) 1 5 . r a d i o ( r )1 6 . Sjanta C la u s ( s ) 16 . s o c k s - s t o c k i n g s ( s )1 7 . sh o e ( f ) 1 7 . sh o ep ( /• )18 . t o p ( t ) 18 . t e l e phone ( t )1 9 . b l r t h d a y (©) 1 9 . t o o t h b r u s h ( e )20 . f e a t h e r (« ) 20. m o t h e r - f a t h e r O ff )2 1 . cup (A) 2 1 . gun (•A)22 . v a l e n t in e ( v ) 22. s h o v e l (v )2 3 . wagon (w) 2 3 . w i t c h ( w )2k. w h e e l (M) 2k. w h a le (M)2 5 . z i p p e r ( z ) 2 5 . s c i s s o r s ( z )

2k

S e l e c t i o n o f p i c t u r e s . A t o t a l o f 6^0 P i c t u r e s o f

f a m i l i a r o b j e c t s w hose names w o u ld e l i c i t w ords c o n t a i n i n g

t h e so u n d s t o be t e s t e d was c o l l e c t e d . T h ese p i c t u r e s were

th e n shown t o f i r s t g r a d e New M exico s c h o o l c h i l d r e n a t

e v e r y p o s s i b l e o p p o r t u n i t y d u r in g c l i n i c a l work i n New

M e x ic o . The p i c t u r e s t h a t w ere d i f f i c u l t f o r th e c h i l d r e n

t o i d e n t i f y were im m e d ia t e ly d i s c a r d e d . A word l i s t o f th e

d i s c a r d e d p i c t u r e s may be fo u n d i n th e A p p en d ix . Some o f

th e p i c t u r e s d u r in g t h i s i n i t i a l t r y o u t seem ed t o be n e a r l y

e q u i v a l e n t i n r e l a t i o n t o he c h i l d r e n ’ s a b i l i t y to i d e n t i f y

them . In o r d e r t o d e t e r m in e t h e b e s t p i c t u r e a v a i l a b l e

two p i c t u r e s were s e l e c t e d f o r e a c h sound t o be t e s t e d w i t h

th e u l t i m a 1e g o a l b e i n g th e s e l e c t i o n o f J u s t one p i c t u r e

f o r e a c h sou n d b e in g t e s t e d . One s e t o f p i c t u r e s whose

nam es c o n t a i n e d ‘he t w e n t y - f i v e sou n d s t o be t e s t e d was

c a l l e d Form A, The s e c o n d s e t o f d i f f e r e n t p i c t u r e s w hose

names c o n t a i n e d t h e same so u n d s i n t h e same word p o s i t i o n s

wq3 c a l l e d Form B. By t h i s m eth o d , th e p i c t u r e i d e n t i f i e d

c o r r e c t l y t h e g r e a t e r number o f t i m e s o u t o f t h e two p i c t u r e s

b e in g u s e d f o r th e same sound c o u ld be s e l e c t e d for* th e

f i n a l P ic tu r e word a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t . Form A and Form B

w ere n o t b e i n g com pared .

The p i c t u r e s w ere s e l e c t e d on a b a s i s o f b e i n g e a s i l y

r e c o g n i z e d b y c h i l d r e n . V i s u a l p e r c e p t i o n was n o t b e i n g

t e s t e d ana t h e a u th o r d e s i r e d t o a v o id any p o s s i b i l i t y o f a

.

,

■fr.')0 € Wi\ a

25v i s u a l d e f e c t l i m i t i n g t h e c h i l d r e n ^ a b i l i t y t o i d e n t i f y

t h e n i c u r e s ; t h e r e f o r e , l a r g e c o l o r f u l p i c t u r e s m ounted on

n in e In ch by n*n e in ^ h c a r d s were s e l e c t e d f o r t h e two t e s t s .

E ach o i c u re r e p r e s e n t e d a word and care was ta k e n i n t h e

s e l e c t i o n o f th e p i c t u r e s t o make s u r e o n ly t h e d e s i r e d

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n was p o s s i b l e from th e p i c t u r e s t i m u l u s .

A d m i n i s t e r in g and s c o r i n g th e t e s t . The o r d e r o f t h e

P i c t u r e s i n th e tw o t e s t s was a r r a n g e d on an a l p h a b e t i c a l

b a s i s f o r s c o r i n g s i m p l i c i t y . The p i c t u r e s w ere numbered

from one t o t w e n t y - f i v e and t h e s e numbers w ere s e l e c t e d

t o d e te r m in o th e o r d e r o f p r e s e n t i n g e a c h p i c t u r e , Ihe

num bers c o r r e s p o n d e d w i t h t h e a l p h a b e t i c a l a r r a n g e m e n t .

The f o l l o w i n g p e o p l e a s s i s t e d *n th e t e s t i n g p r o c e

dure : M rs. A n n eta Z a z v o r k a , g r a d u a t e a s s i s t a n t * and Mr,

F lo y d E m an u el, c l i n i c a l a s s i s t a n t o f th e U n i v e r s i t y o f

rew Hex co S p e e c h d e p a r tm e n t; M rs. F r a n c e s C a r m ic h a e l ,

Hr. C h a r le s C l a i r and Mr. Duward L e e , g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s

of th e c a s e r n Hew M ex ico U n i v e r s i t y S p e e c h D ep artm en t and

Mr3 , JoAnn >/eber o f t h e La3 C ruces s c h o o l s y s t e m who h a s a

M a s t e r f s L e g r e e In S p e e c h .

Each c h i l d was t e s t e d i n d i v i d u a l l y by one o f th e a b o v e .

The c h i l d was i n s t r u c t e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e p i c t u r e on th e card

t h a t c o n t a i n e d he so u n d b e in g t e s t e d . I f any d i f f i c u l t y

was n o t e d i n i d e n t i f y i n g t h e P i c u re th e e x a m in e r was

p e r m it ed t o g i v e any h e l p p o s s i b l e a s l o n g as he d id n o t

i d e n t f y th e p i c u re f o r th e c h i l d b e in g t e s t e d .

The e x a m in e r s s c o r e d e a c h i +em Im m e d ia te ly a f t e r th e

r e s p o n s e by p l a c i n g ^he c o r r e c t sy m b o ls i n t h e a p p r o p r i a t e

c o lu m n s , The r e s p o n s e w as s c o r e d "yes'* or "no” In r e l a t i o n

t o th e c h i l d * s a b i l i t y t o i d e n t i f y th e p i c t u r e and i t was

s c o r e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g key i f an a r t i c u l a t i o n p r o b le m was

p r e s e n t : Key: Mark s u b s t i t u t i o n s w i t h 3ound s u b s t i t u t e d ,

o m i s s i o n s ( - / s y m b o l ) , a d d i t i o n s ( / / s y m b o l ) , d i s t o r t i o n s

( d i s / s y m b o l ) , One p i c t u r e on t h e s c o r i n g s h e e t may be

marked:

26

NO. PICTURE YES NO S 0 A D COMMENTS

k. dog X - / d

C om plete d i r e c t i o n s f o r a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h i s p i c t u r e

word a r t i c u l a t i o n t e s t may be fou n d i n th e b ox c o n t a i n i n g

th e p i c t u r e s a c co m p a n y in g t h i s t h e s i s * S c o r in g form s a r e

a l s o p r e s e n t i n t h e b o x , There was no t im e l i m i t on t h i s

t e s t .

CHAPTER V

THE PICTURE IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEY TESTING PROCEDURE

Form A and Form B w ere u s e d t o t e s t th e sam e s p e e c h

s o u n d s . Two g o a l s were s e l e c t e d t o b e f u l f i l l e d i n th e

t e s t i n g n r o c e d u r e - t h e s e w e r e :

1* D eterm in e t h e d e g r e e t o w h ic h f i r s t g r a d e c h i l d r e n

c o u ld i d e n t i f y p i c t u r e s s e l e c t e d ,

2 . The a p p l i c a t i o n o f th e t e s t t o r e v e a l th e p r e s e n c e

and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f sound s u b s t i t u t i o n s , so u n d

o m i s s i o n s , sound a d d i t i o n s and sound d i s t o r t i o n s

among3t f i r s t g r a d e c h i l d r e n i n th e c i t i e s

s e l e c t e d .

Pi c t u r e i d e n t i f l c a t io n p r o c e d u r e . The s e l e c t e d p i c

t u r e s w ere shown t o 200 g i r l s ana 200 b o y s who w ere i n th e

f i r s t g r a u e i n th e f o u r c i t i e s t e s t e d . Form A was u s e d t o

r e s t 100 g i r l s and 1 0 0 b o y s . Form B was u s e d t o t e s t 100

g i r l s and 100 b o y s . F i f t y g i r l s and f i f t y b o y s were t e s t e d

i n e a c h of. he f ou r a r e a s s e l e c t e d . The f o u r c i t i e s

s e l e c t e d were Las C r u c e 3 f Las V e g a s , P o r t a l e s and C a r ls b a d .

A l l th e c h i l d r e n w ere t e s t e d d u r in g th e f i r s t h a l f o f t h e i r

f i r s t g r a d e s c h o o l te r m . No c h i l d was t e s e d u n t i l he had

c o m p le te d a t l e a s t s i x w eek s o f f i r s t g r a d e s t u d i e s . The

a u t h o r f e l t t h i s s i x wook p e r i o d w ould g i v e th e c h i l d r e n a

28

ch an ce o a d j u s t t o th e s c h o o l s i t u a t i o n and more a c c u r a t e

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n r e s u l t s w o u ld th u s be a t t a i n e d . A l l o f th e

c h i l d r e n w ere t e s t e d i n d i v i d u a l l y i n a p r i v a t e room i n ^ h e ir

r e s p e c t i v e s c h o o l s . As th e t e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e was c o n c lu d e d

w i l h one c h i l d , 'h e n e x t c h i l d who had b een w a i t i n g o u t s i d e

th e d o o r w ould come i n t o th e t e s t i n g room. The c h i l d who had

j u s t c o m p le te d h i s t e s t i n g w ould g o b a ck t o h i s room and

t h e t e a c h e r w o u ld th e n s e n d t h e n e x t c h i le , to t h e w a i t i n g

P o s i t i o n . T h is m eth od o f p r o c e d u r e w orked v e r y s a t i s f a c t o r

i l y . Hie t im e n e c e s s a r y t o t e s t e a c h c h i l d a v e r a g e b e tw e e n

f o u r and f i v e m in u te s * T w e n t y - f i v e p i c t u r e s w ere u s e d i n

Form A and th e some number i n Form B. Each i n d i v i d u a l

p i c t u r e o f e i t h e r Form A or Form B w as shown t o an e q u a l

number of g i r l s and b o y s i n e a c h a r e a s e l e c t e d . Only one

form (A or B) was u s e d f o r e a c h c h i l d t e s t e d . A s e p a r a t e

s c o r i n g s h e e t was u s e d f o r e a c h c h i l d t e s t e d . The f o l l o w i n g

i n f o r m a t i o n was f i l l e d i n a t th e t o p o f e a c h s c o r i n g s h e e t :

th e c h i l d 1s nam e, s c h o o l , g r a d e , s e x , b i r t h d a t e , d a t e o f

t e s t i n g , c i t y , t h e e x a m in e r * s name, th e form number (A or B)

and t h e s c o r i n g s h e e t number ( l t o 5 0 ) . As e a c h i n d i v i d u a l

p i c t u r e was o r e s e n t e d t o t he c h i l d , t h e s c o r i n g s h e e t was

c h e c k e d " y e s 3, o r "no" d e p e n d in g on t h e c h i l d * s a b i l i t y to

i d e n t i f y th e p i c t u r e ^. Phe My©s" o r "no" c h e c k (X) f o l l o w e d

th e name o f th e p i c t u r e b e i n g p r e s e n t e d t o t h e c h i l d .

T a b le I I I r e p r e s e n t s t y p i c a l s a m p le s o f t h e c o m p le te d

I

I'

. f -

I

- ‘ : ■<-. *"V

I

29i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s e c t i o n s o f t h e s c o r i n g s h e e t s . T ab le I I I

show s t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s c o r i n g p r o c e d u r e f o r Forms A and

3 . In th e a c t u a l t e s t i n g s i t u a t i o n th e s c o r i n g f o r Forms

A and 3 was done on s e p a r a t e f o r m s . For exam ple i n r e a d in g

T ab le I I I th e c h i l d who was shown Form A knew a l l th e p i c t u r e s ,

e x c e p t f e a t h e r and t h e c h i l d who was t e s t e d w i t h Form B

knew a l l he n l c ' u r e s e x c e p t w h a le . The ch eck mark (X) In

t h e "no" colum n i n d i c a t e d t h e c h i l d c o u ld n o t i d e n t i f y t h e

p i c t u r e *

A p p l i c a t i o n p r o c e d u r e t o r e v e a l I n c id e n c e o f a r t l e u l a -

d e f e c t s . A c c o r d in g t o an a c o u s t i c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n t h e r e

a r e f o u r m ain t y p e s o f a r t i c u l a t o r y d e f e c t s ( d e f i n e d on page

1 9 ) , E x a m p les o f sound s u b s t i t u t i o n s w ou ld be wed f o r r e d ,

tu n f o r .sun and 3h o b e l f o r s h o v e l . E xam ples o f sound

o 1 I s s lo n s w o u ld be -o r s© f o r h o r s e , - u s f o r bu s and - ip p e r

f o r z i p p e r . E xam ples o f sou n d a d d i t i o n s w ou ld be e^socks f o r

s o c k s , shoet_ f o r sh o e and .s to p f o r t o p . E xam ples o f sou n d

d i s t o r t i o n s w ou ld be a w h i s t l e d Ms M so u n d , a h a r s h " r M

sou n d and shun f o r s u n .

T a b le IV r e p r e s e n t s a t y p i c a l scruple o f th e su r v e y

s c o r i n g p r o c e d u r e s f o r Form A. I t shows t h a t th e c h i l d

shown h i s form (A ) s a i d T an ta f o r b a n ta (so u n d s u b s t i t u t i o n ) ,

og f o r dog ( so u n d o m i s s i o n ) , 3 t o o f o r t o p ( s o u n d a d d i t i o n )

and d i s t o r t e d th e ng In sw in g and r i n r a b b i t . The c h i l d

►

*-

w

*

s

'" m"" B ' 1 <■ » _______________ .,- — ' ■|«|-»|«» | -i r - ' i f A m i i— a a » . ___

—»-— ■ il iwgfr - .^. t*..... ... .

30

TABLE IIIPICTURE IDENTIFICATION SCORING

FORM A FORM B

NO. PICTURE YES NO

1. hat X2. bear X3. chair Xh* dog X5. bed X6. tree X7. horn X8. pig X9. g i r l X

10. orange Juice X11. le t er X12. swing YM U

13. book Xii+. Dene11 X15. rabbit X16. Santa Claus X

} J - shoe X18 . too X19.20.

birthdayfeather

X

21. cup X22. valentine X23. wagon X2 b . wheel X25. zipper X

NO. PICTURE YES NO

1. cat2. bus

• chicken . d o ll

5. pen6. bee

, horse . Ship

9* b ird1 0 . Jar-Jana11. b a l l12. king 11. foot it. uaper 1?. rad io16. Isocks-stockinga 17• sheep18 . t e l e p h o n e19. toothbrush20. xflothor-father21. gun22. shovel23. witch2k* whale X25>. sc issors X

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

• » ................... ....

t i ' •* • t * ► *. . ' . k.

s a i d a c c e p t a b l y , a l l t h e r e s t o f t h e s o u n u s b e in g a n a ly z e d

i n t h i s t e s t ,

t a b l e V r e p r e s e n t s t y p i c a l sa m p le s o f th e s u r v e y

s c o r i n g p r o c e d u r e s f o r Form B. I t shows t h a t th e c h i l d

shown t h i s form (B ) s a i d t o o s b r u a h f o r t o o t h b r u s h , w a le f o r

w h a le , u s fo r b u s , s h i p t f o r s h i p and he d i s t o r t e d th o 1 in

b a l l , The c h i l d s a i d a l l th e r e s t o f t h e sou n d s b e i n g

a n a l y z e d i n t h i s t e s t a c c e p t a b l y .

C o p ie s o f c o m n le te Form A and c o m p le te Form B may be

fo u n d i n th e A ooen d ix* In t h e c o m n le te copy o f e a c h fo rm

th e s p a c e s f o r s c o r i n g th e c h i l d * s a b i l i t y t o i d e n t i f y t h e

p i c t u r e s and t h e s p a c e s f o r s c o r i n g t h e a r t i c u l a t i o n

p r o b le m s a r e on th e same p a g e . Form A and Form B a r c on

s e p a r a t e s c o r i n g s h e e t s .

P a r t o f t h e a im o f t h i s s t u d y was t o d e te r m in e th e

i n c i d e n c e o f h e s e f o u r t y p e s o f a r t i c u l a t i o n p r o b le m s i n th e

f o u r c i t i e s t e s t e d . T h is s t u d y d id n o t c o n c e r n i t s e l f w i t h

p r o b le m s o f a c c e n t , r h y th m , v o i c e or s y m b o l i z a t i o n . However

when any t y n e o f m ajor s n e e c h d i f f i c u l t y was e n c o u n t e r e d i t

was b r o u g h t t o th e t e a c h e r * s a t t e n t i o n and r e c o m m e n d a t io n s

w ere made in r e l a t i o n o p o s s i b l e t h e r a p e u t i c p r o c e d u r e s .

TABLE IVSTTRVOT SCORING FORM A

32

NO. PICTURE S 0 A D

1 .2.3 .U.5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .

1 0.1 1 .12.1 3 .H i .1 5 .1 6 .1 7 .18.1 9 .20. 21. 22 . 2 3 . 2i | . 2 5 .

hatbearc h a i rdogbedt r e eh o rn

g i r lo r a n g e jn icef e t t e rsw in gbookp e n c i lF a b b l tS a n ta C la n sshoeto pb i r t h d a yf e a t h e rcnpv a l e n t i n ewagonwheelz i n n e r

t

t/s

d l s / n g

d l s / r

33TABLE V

SURVEY SCORING FORM B

NO. PICTURES S 0 A D

1# cat2 . bu3 ~ /b3* chicken k. d o l l %• p en 6* bee 7 * hop .308 . s h i p / / t9 . b ird

10 , ja r -ja m11* b a l l d i s / i12 , k i n g13. f o o t lli-. Paper 15* r a d io16. ^ocks-stockings 17* sheep18 . te lep h o n e19 . too thbru3h s2 0 . m o th e r -fa th er2 1 . gun2 2 . sho vo123 . w i t c h2k . whale w2 ? . s c i s s o r s

CHAPTER VI

FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

Tho n u r o o 3e o f h i s s tu d y was t o p r o v id e an a r t i c u

l a t i o n t e s t t h a t New M ex ico s c h o o l t e a c h e r s c a n u s e t o

c l a s s i f y t h e A m erican E n g l i s h s o e e c h so u n d s o f t h e i r f i r s t

g r a d e c h i l d r e n t h a t a r e m ost i n f l u e n c e d by th e p r e s e n c e o f

th e S o a n l s h l a n g u a g e .

The r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y w ere a n a ly z e d t o d e t e r m in e :

!♦ The c h i l d r e n ’ s a b i l i t y t o i d e n t i f y t h e s e l e c t e d

p i c t u r e s o f o b j e c t s w hose names c o n t a in e d th e sou n d s t o be

t e s t e d *

2 . The i n c i d e n c e o f sound s u b s t i t u t i o n s , aouna

o m i s s i o n s , sound a d d i t i o n s and sound d i s t o r t i o n s i n th e

c i t i e s t e s t e d .

P i c t u r e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . The r e s u l t s o f t h e c h i l d r e n ' s

a t t e m p t s t o i d e n t i f y th e s e l e c t e d P i c t u r e s a r e d i v i d e d in i o

t h r e e s e c t i o n s : Form A, Form B and "the b e s t ” t w e n t y - f i v e

p i c t u r e s *

Pforrc A. The t w e n t y - f i v e p i c t u r e s w h ic h com nosed Form

A w ere shown t o w e n t y - f i v e g i r l s and t w e n t y - f i v e b o j s

b e tw e e n s i x a n d s e v e n y e a r s o f a g e and i n th e f i r s t g r a d e i n

e a c h o f th e f o l l o w i n g c i t i e s : Las C r u c e s , Las V e g a s , P o r t a l e s

and C a r l s b a d . T h is c o m p r is e d a t e s t i n g g r o u p o f 100 g i r l s

- ' * t

, ■

, S J

3?

and 100 b o y s .

T a b le VI show s t h e r e s u l t s o f th e c h i l d r e n ^ a b i l i t y

t o i d e n t i f y th e n i c t u r e s . I t i s d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r s e c t i o n s ;

th e n i c t u r e s u s e d , th e b o y s t e s t e d , th e g i r l s t e s t e d ana

th e t o t a l s . The s e c t i o n on n i c t u r e s l i s t s t h e p i c t u r e s u s e d

w h ose names c o n t a i n e d t h e so u n d s t o be t e s t e d . The s e c t i o n

on b o y s e s t e d i s d i v l d e d i n t o tw o c o lu m n s , " y e s ” and " n o ."

The " y e s ” co lum n l i s t s how many o f the 1 0 0 b o y s c o r r e c t l y

i d e n t i f i e d e a c h p i c t u r e b e i n g u s e d . The "no" colum n l i s t s

th e number o f b o y s t h a t co u ld no': i d e n t i f y e a c h p i c t u r e #

The s e c t i o n on g i r l s t e s t e d i s d i v i d e d i n t o two

c o lu m n s , " yes" and " n o ." The " y e s ” co lum n l i s t s how many

o f th e 100 g i r l s t e s t e d c o r r e c t l y i d e n t i f i e d e a c h p i c t u r e

b e i n g u s e d . Hie "n o” colum n l i s t s how many o f t h e g i r l s

c o u ld n o t i d e n t i f y e a c h n i c t u r e . The s e c t i o n on t o t a l s l i s t s

th e t o t a l s o f th e b o y s and g i r l s "yes" and "no" r e s p o n s e s .

Each p i c t u r e i n Form A was shown t o 1 0 0 g i r l s an d 1 0 0

b o y s . T h e r e f o r e , a p e r f e c t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s c o r e e q u a l s 1 0 0 .

The g i r l s p e r f e c t l y i d e n t i f i e d b e a r ( b ) , p i g ( I ) and

p e n c i l ( o ) . The m ost d i f f i c u l t p i c t u r e f o r th em was t o p

( t ) w h ic h t h e y i d e n t i f i e d o n l y 68 t im e s o u t o f 100 a t t e m p t s .

The mean s c o r e o f th e 1 0 0 g i r l s a ttem n s t o i d e n t i f y th e

t w e n t y - f i v e p i c t u r e s was 9U . 6iu

h e b cy g p e r f e c t l y i d e n t i f i e d h a t ('20) , c h a i r ( t j ) ,

beci ( £ . ) , t r ee ( i ) , p i g ( I ) , sw in g (*>)), b ook (tJ ) , p e n c i l

( p ) , r a b b i t ( r ) , b a n ta ( s ) and sh oe ( f ) . The m ost d i f f i c u l t

— — — — — —

.

.

• "

, ________________________

I

36

p i c t u r e f o r 'hern was v a l e n t i n e ( v ) w h ic h th e y I d e n t i f i e d

o n ly 77 t im e s o u t o f 100 a t t e m p t s . The mean s c o r e o f t h e

100 b o y s a t t e m p t s t o i d e n t i f y th e t w e n t y - f i v e p i c t u r e s was

96 , 61; ,

The 10C g i r l s u l u s t h e 1 0 0 b o y s t e s t e d on Form A p e r

f e c t l y i d e n t i f i e d p i g ( I ) and p e n c i l ( p ) . The m ost

d i f f i c u l t p i c t u r e f o r t h e g i r l s ana b oys t o g e t h e r was t o o

( t ) w h ich t h e y i d e n t i f i e d o n ly 153 t im e s o u t o f 200 a t t e m p t s .

The mean s c o r e o f th e 100 g i r l s p l u s he 100 b o y s a t t e m p t s

t o i d e n t i f y t h e t w e n t y - f i v e p i c t u r e s was 95*61}.,

Form B, The t w e n t y - f i v e p i c t u r e s w h ic h com posed Form

B were shown t o a d i f f e r e n t g r o u p o f w e n t y - f i v e g i r l s and

t w e n t y - f i v e b o y s b e tw e e n s i x and s e v e n y e a r s o f age and i n

th e f i r s t g r a d e i n e a c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g c i t i e s : Las C r u c e s ,

Las V e g a s , P o r t a l s s and C a r l s b a d , T h is c o m p r ised a t e s t i n g

g r o u p f o r Form B o f 10 0 g i r l s and 10 0 b o y s .

T ab le V II shows t h e r e s u l s o f t h e c h i l d r e n ^ a b i l i t y

t o i d e n t i f y th e p i c t u r e s i n Form B, I t i s d i v i d e d i n t o th e

snme f o u r s e c t i o n s a 3 T ab le VI and t h e r e s u l t s a r e s c o r e d In

e x a c t l y th e same manner a s d e s c r i b e d f o r T ab le V I ,

The g i r l s p e r f e c t l y i d e n t i f i e d b u s ( b ) , d o l l ( d ) ,

h o r s e ( h ) , b i r d C?) , b a l l ( l ) , f o o t (XJ) , r a d i o ( r ) , 3p c k s

( s ) , t o o t h b r u s h (0), and gun (A), The m ost d i f f i c u l t

p i c t u r e f o r hem w ;s w h a le (iV\) w h ic h t h e y i d e n t i f i e d o n l y ij.0

37

IDENTIFICATION RESULTS FORM A

TABLE VI

I I I I I INO, PICTURES BOYS GIRLS TOTAL

YES NO YES NO YES NO

1. hat ('£) 100 0 99 1 199 12* boar (b) 99 1 100 0 199 13. Fhair (t n 100 0 98 2 198 2u. log (a) 98 2 98 2 196 u5. bed (C) 100 0 98 2 198 26. tree (1) 100 0 98 2 198 27. horn (h) 96 k 92 8 188 128. M g (I) 100 0 100 0 200 09. girl (3D 99 1 99 1 198 210. orange Juice Ml) 99 1 97 3 196 k11. letter (1) 8? 15 88 12 173 2712. 3U ing (p) 100 0 99 1 199 113. book (V) 100 0 98 2 198 2U.U nencil (n) 100 0 100 0 200 015. rabbit (r) 100 0 98 2 198 216. Santa Clans (s) 100 0 98 2 198 217. sVioe ( / ) 100 0 99 1 199 118. t o p (t) 85 15 68 32 153 it719. Firthday (e) 97 3 93 7 190 1020. feather (S') 95 5 85 15 180 2021. cup (A) 98 2 97 3 195 522. valentine (v) 77 23 78 22 155 U523. wagon (w) 98 2 95 5 193 72 k . wheel (A\) ' 98 2 9b 6 192 825. ziooer (z) 92 8 97 3 189 11

38

IDENTIFICATION RESULTS FORK B

TABLE VII

T I I I I INO. PICTURES BOYS GIRLS TOTAL

YES NO YES NO YES NO

1 . e a t ( « ) 93 7 9 6 k 189 112 . bu s (b ) QQ 1 100 0 199 13 . c h ic k e n a f ) 89 11 9 5 5 l 8h 16£ • d o l l <d) 96 100 0 196 h5 . p en ( £ ) 76 2k 9 2 8 168 326 . be <3 ( i ) 83 17 91 9 i7 h 267 . h o r s e (h ) 9 8 2 100 0 198 28 . sh ij) ( i ) 81 19 81 19 162 389 . b i r d ( ? ) 99 1 100 0 1^9 1

10 . i n r-Jam U3) 65 35 86 111 l 5 l k 911 . b a l l ( 1 ) 99 1 100 0 199 11 2 . k in g ( $ ) 66 3k 73 27 139 611 3 . f o o t (V) 98 2 100 0 198 21k . l>aper ( n ) 99 1 99 1 198 21? . r a d i o ( r ) 98 2 100 0 198 0l£>. so ck s —s tock ln p rs ( 3 ) 96 k 100 c 196 k1 7 . s h e e p ( f ) 83 17 89 11 172 281C. t e l e p h o n e ( t ) 9 5 5 99 1 I9 h 61 9 . to o th b r u s h ( 0 ) 9 k 6 100 0 1 9 k 62 0 . m o t h e r - f a t h e r (If) 88 12 97 3 185 152 1 . gun (A ) 99 1 ICO 0 199 12 2 . s h o v e l ( v ) 9 7 3 97 3 I9 h 62 3 . w 11 ch (w ) 96 k 9h 6 190 102 k . w h a le (M) hO 60 32 68 72 1282 5 . s c i s s o r 3 (*> 96 k 99 1 195 5

t i m e s o u t o f 1 0 0 a t t e m p t s . The mean s c o r e f o r th e 1 0 0 boy’s

a t t e m p t s t o I d e n t i f y t h e t w e n t y - f i v e p i c t u r e s w as 8 8 * 9 2 .

The 1 0 0 g i r l s p l u s th e 100 b o y s t e s t e d on Form B

p e r f e c t l y i d e n t i f i e d no p i c t u r e s . H ow ever , t h e y c o r r e c t l y

i d e n t i f i e d 199 t im e s o u t o f 200 a t t e m p t s th o f o l l o w i n g :

bus ( b ) , b i r d (3 l ) , b a l l ( l ) and gun (A) . The m ost d i f f i c u l t

p i c t u r e f o r t h e g i r l s and b o y s t o g e t h e r was w h a le CM) w h ic h

t h e y i d e n t i f i e d o n l y 72 t im e s o u t o f 200 a t t e m p t s . The

mean s c o r e o f t h e 100 g i r l s p l u s th e 100 b o y s a t t e m p t s t o

i d e n t i f y th e w e n t y - f i v e p ic '~ u r e 3 was 9 0 . 8 6 .

B e s t t w e n t y - f i v e p i c t u r e s . Form A and Form B w ere

shown t o an e q u a l number o f g i r l s and b o y s i n e a c h c i t y

t e s t e d . The r e a s o n f o r t h i s m ethod o f t e s t i n g was th e a u t h o r

d e s i r e d t o s e l e c t th e " b e s t o n e M o f th e two p i c t u r e s b e i n g

u s e d f o r e a c h s o u n d f o r h i s f i n a l p i c t u r e word a r t i c u l a t i o n

t e s t . The " b e s t o n e ” was t h e p i c t u r e t h a t was c o r r e c t l y

i d e n t i f i e d th e g r e a t e s t number o f t im e s on i t s p r e s e n t a t i o n

t o t h e c h i l d r e n i n t h e t e s t i n g s i t u a t i o n .

Table VTIT show s th e r e s u l t s o f he c h i l d r e n ^ a b i l i t y

t o Ideiv i f y th e " b e s t t w e n t y - f i v e p i c t u r e s " w h ic h w ere s e

l e c t e d fr o m Form A and Form B. I t i s d i v i d e d i n t o t h e same

f o u r s e c t i o n s a s 'Table VI and th e r e s u l t s a r e s c o r e d i n

e x a c t l y t h e same manner a s d e s c r i b e d f o r T ab le V I.

The g i r l s p e r f e c t l y I d e n t i f i e d bu s ( b ) , h o r s e ( h ) ,

ko

XESHTIPICATIOK RESULTS FOR ,pHE BEST TWBNTY-FTVEPICTURES

TABLE VIII

I I I I I INO* PICTURES BOYS GIRLS TOTAL

YES NO YES NO YES N(

1 . hat m 10 0 0 99 1 199 12* bus (b ) 99 1 100 0 199 13. chair (tf) 100 0 98 2 198 2k. log (d ) 98 2 98 2 196 k5. bed (6) 100 0 98 2 193 26. tree ( i ) 1 0 0 0 98 2 198 27. horse (h ) 98 2 1 0 0 0 198 26 * pig ( i ) 1 0 0 0 100 0 2 0 0 09. bird i t ) 99 1 100 0 199 1

1 0* orange ju ice U3) 99 1 97 3 196 u.1 1. b a l l (1) 99 1 10 0 0 199 11 2* swing ( y » 100 0 99 1 199 113. book (0) 100 0 98 2 198 21U. pencil (p ) 100 0 10 0 0 200 01?. rabb it It ) 10 0 0 98 2 198 216. Santa Claus ( s ) 100 0 98 2 198 217. sh oe ( p 1 0 0 0 99 1 199 118 . telephone ( t ) 95 5 99 1 19U 619. too,hbrush (0) 9 k 6 100 0 19U 620. mother-father («*) 88 12 97 3 185 1521. SUP (A) 99 1 100 0 199 122. shove1 (v ) 97 3 97 3 1914. 623 . wagon (w) 98 C 95 5 193 72 k . wheel !M) 98 2 9k 6 192 829. scissors ( z ) 96 99 1 195 5

,1

. c

* 4 •-

.

.

« V- • . •’>

,1.

•

•

n ig ( I ) , b ir d (3f), b a h l ( l ) , p e n c i l ( p ) , to o th b ru sh ( 0 ) and

nun (TV). 'The "’os' d i f f i c u l t n ic .!'ure fo r thorn was w heel m w hich th e y id e n t i f i e d 9lj. t im es out o f 100 a t te m p ts . The

mean sco re fo r th e 100 g i r l s a ttem p ts to i d e n t i f y the tw en ty -

f i v e p ic t \ ir e s was 98,[|Jj.,

The boys o e r f e c t l y i d e n t i f i e d h a t (90), c h a ir ( t f ) ,

bed ( £ ) , tr e e ( i ) , n i g ( I ) , sw ing (*}), book (1J) 9 p e n c i l ( p ) ,

r a b b it ( r ) , banta ( s ) and shoe ( f ) . The n o s ! d i f f i c u l t p i c

tu re fo; them was m o th e r -fa th er (<J*) w hich th ey I d e n t i f i e d

88 t im es out o f 100 attem p ts* The mean score fo r th e 100

boys a ttem p ts to id e n t i f y th e tw e n ty - f iv e p ic t u r e s was 98, 28.

The 100 g i r l s p lu s th e 100 boys t e s t e d p e r f e c t ly

i d e n t i f i e d n ig ( I ) and g e n c i l ( p ) . The most d i f f i c u l t p i c

tu re fo r the g i r l s and boys to g e th e r was m o th e r -fa th er (V) which th e y i d e n t i f i e d l 8£ t l a e s out o f 200 a t te m p ts . The

mean sc o re o f the 100 g i r l s p lu s the 100 boys a ttem p ts

to id e n t i f y th e tw e n ty - f iv e p ic tu r e s was 98. 36,

The " b est tw e n ty - f iv e p ic tu r e s " o f the f i f t y u sed in

Form A and Form B may be found in the box th a t goos w ith

t h i s t h e s i s .

V a lid ity and r e l i a b i l i t y o f p ic t u r e s in e l i c i t i n g

spontaneous word r e s p o n s e s .

V a l id i t y . "By v a l i d i t y 13 meant the e x te n t to w hich

the d e v ic e a c t u a l ly does what i t p u rp o rts to do."^- The

P ic tu r e s u sed in t h is 3tudy were d esig n ed to e l i c i t

sp ontan eou s r e sn o n ses from f i r s t grade ch ild ren * As observed

by the exam in ers, the n ic u r e s " p r a c t ic a l ly alw ays" e l i c i t e d

a sn ontaneous r e a c t io n . The term " n r a c t ic a l ly alw ays" i s

u sed fo r academ ic accu racy because th e exam iners noted two

c h ild r e n out o f [j.00 t e s t e d not resp on d in g sp o n ta n eo u sly to

one or two p ic t u r e s in the s e t o f tw e n ty - f iv e u sed fo r each

c h i ld . 'Therefore p ic tu r e s used in t h i s study may be c o n s i

dered v a l id in s o fa r as e l i c i t i n g sp ontaneous v e r b a l r e

sp o n ses i s concerned .

R e l i a b i l i t y . " R e l ia b i l i t y means th e degree to which

th e procedure can be guaran teed to g iv e c o n s is t e n t r e s u l t s . "2

In order to e s t the a r t i c u la t io n o f a c h i ld i t i s o b v io u s ly

n e c e ssa r y fo r him to v e r b a l iz e . T his stu d y was s e t up in

such a manner th a t p ic tu r e s o f o b je c t s were u sed to e l i c i t

v e r b a liz e d words w hich con ta in ed th e sounds to be t e s t e d .

I t was assumed h at i f ‘he c h ild r e n cou ld v e r b a lly id e n t i f y

th e p ic tu r e s a h ig h p ercen ta g e o f th e tim e th en t h i s t e s t was

c o n s i s t e n t ly doing what i t was d esig n ed to d o . 'The mean

^ C a r te r V. G ood, A. S. Barr and Douglas E. S c a te s , f he M eth o d o lo g y o f Educa t to n a l R esearch , (New York: D.Apple ton -C en tu ry C r o fts , I n c . , 19lfl T, p .

2 I b i d . , n*

sco re o f the 200 c h ild re n * a a ttem p ts to id e n t i f y the ’’b e s t

tw e n ty - f iv e p i c t u r e s ” was 98. 36. S in ce the porcen age o f

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n i s but 1.61; per cen t sh ort o f u n iv e r s a l

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f a l l p i c t u r e s , i t appears sa fo to assume

th a t subsequent a p p l ic a t io n o f th e s e p ic tu r e s to s im ila r

groups would r e s u l t in a comparably h ig h id e n t i f i c a t io n

in d e x . F u r th e r , th a t in d ex i s b e l ie v e d s u f f i c i e n t l y h ig h

to w arrant c o n fid e n c e in c o n s is t e n t id e n t i f i c a t io n o f th e

n ic u r e s by the f i r s t grade c h ild r e n p a r t ic u la r ly in v iew

o f the la r g e group t e s t e d .

In c id en ce o f sound s u b s t i t u t io n s , o m is s io n s . a d d it io n s

and d i s t o r t i o n s . A survey to d eterm in e the in c id e n c e o f

a r t i c u l a t io n problem s (sound s u b s t i t u t io n s , sound o m is s io n s ,

sound a d d it io n s and s ound d i s t o r t io n s ) in th e American

E n g lish 3peech sounds o f a s e le c t e d group o f 200 g i r l s

and 200 boys was com pleted in t h i s s tu d y . Only the tw onty-

f i v e sounds b e in g t e s t e d ( l i s t e d in Table IX) were scored

by the exam iners duxing the p ic tu r e i d e n t i f i c a t io n t e s t in g

p ro ced u re .

Table IX l i s t s the In c id en ce o f th e d i f f e r e n t ty p es

o f a r t i c u la t io n problem s in th e sp eech o f the !;00 c h ild r e n

t e s t e d . I t i s d iv id e d in to fou r s e c t io n s : the sou n d s u se d ,

th e 200 g i r l s t e s t e d , the 200 boys to3fced and th e t o t a l s .

Sounds. The se c t* o n on the sou n d s u sed l i s t s the

TABLE IX

INCIDENCE OF ARTICULATION PROBLEMS

NO. SOUNDS

2 0 0

0

GIRLS

D T S

200

0

BOYS

D T *TOTALS

1 . a (-$; 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 22 . b (b ) 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 13 - ch ( t D 11 2 1 Hi 8 0 0 8 22k* d (d ) 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 25 . © ( e ) 5 0 9 2 0 0 2 116 , e e t o l 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 17* h (h ) 1 1 1 3 0 1 0 1 ko . i ( i ) 6 1 0 7 6 0 1 7 i u9 . i r (3-) 1 2 7 10 1 1 15 17 27

1 0 . g e - J (43) 3 12 0 15 3 1 2 6 211 1 . 1 ( l ) 3 2 1 6 1 2 2 5 111 2 . ng ( T)) 1 2 20 23 0 0 26 26 14-91 3 . oo ( u ) 2 1 5 8 0 1 1 2 10l £ . P ( n ) 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 21$ . r ( r ) 9 2 2 13 9 0 2 11 2k1 6 . s ( s ) 0 3 0 3 *4- 1 3 8 111 7 . sh ( f ) 8 2 1 11 19 1 0 20 311 8 . t ( t ) 1 1 0 2 1 0 1 2 b1 9 . th ( 0 ) 19 7 1 27 k l 7 2 5o 772 0 . t h o r ) 12 3 1 16 17 2 3 22 382 1 . u (A) 7 1 3 11 1 0 2 3 Hi2 2 . V ( v ) 30 0 0 3 0 29 0 0 29 592 3 . w (w) 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 22fw wh M) 8 0 0 8 7 0 1 8 162 5 . z ( z ) 22 2 b 28 15 3 6 2ft 52

TOTALS 156 b S 5 1 2 5 2 l61t 20 7 0 25ft 506

A d d it io n s : n o n e .S - sou n d s u b s t i t u t i o n s D - sound d i s t o r t i o n s0 - sound o m is s io n s T - t o t a l s

&

sounds th a t were s e le c t e d fo r t h i s study*

200 g i r l s t e s o d . The s e c t io n on he 200 g i r l s t e s t e d

i s d iv id e d in to fo u r columns* The "b,r column l i s t s th e

sound s u b s t i t u t io n s , the ,f0 M column l i . s t s the sound o m is s io n s ,

the column l i s t s th e sound d is t o r t io n s and the "T"

column l i s t s the t o t a l o f sound s u b s t i t u t io n s , sound

o m issio n s and sound d i s t o r t io n s in r e la t io n to each sound

b e in g t e s t e d . There were no sound a d d it io n s so rhey were not

ch a r ted .

The g i r l s made 156 sound s u b s t i t u t io n s , sound

o m issio n s and 5 l sound d i s t o r t io n s fo r a t o t a l o f 252 sounds

which were n o t p e r c e iv e d as prooer phonemes fo r the s e le c t e d

sou nd s. The sounds w hich p r e sen ted the l e a s t d i f f i c u l t y

were a ( ® ) , b ( b ) , oe ( i ) and w ( w) . The m ost d i f f i c u l t

sound was v ( v ) .

The mean sc o re fo r he in c id e n c e o f a r t i c u la t io n

o ro b len s o er v /e n ty -f iv e sounds fo r each g i r l t e s t e d i s

1 .2 6 . I t i s d iv id e d as fo l lo w s :

a . sound s u b s t i t u t io n • .7 6

b . sound o m issio n s - .2 2 5

c . sound d i s t o r t io n - .255

200 b o y s t e s t e d . . The s e c t io n on th e 200 boys t e s ed

i s d iv id e d in to *:he same fo u r columns a 3 the 200 g i r l s

t e s t e d and l i s t s th e r e s u l t s in th e same manner. There were

no sound a d d it io n s so th e y were n ot c h a r te d .

. 3 ’■f’ AtiQ

*

k6

The h o y s made I 6I4. so u n d s u b s t i t u t i o n s , 2 0 sound

o m is s io n s and 70 sou n d d i s t o r t i o n s f o r a t o t a l o f 25>1 sou n d s

w h ic h w ere n o t p e r c e iv e d a 3 p r o p e r phonem es f o r t h e so u n d s

s e l e c t e d * The so u n d s w h ic h p r e s e n t e d th e l e a s t d i f f i c u l t y

w ere b ( b ) , d ( a ) , e e ( 1 ) , and p ( p ) . The m o st d i f f i c u l t

sound w as th e ( 9 ) .

The mean s c o r e f o r th e in c id e n c e o f a r t i c u l a t i o n

p r o b le m s p e r t w e n t y - f i v e so u n d s f o r e a c h b o y t e s t e d i s

1*27* I t i s d iv i d e d a s f o l l o w s :

a . sou n d s u b s t i t u t i o n s - *82

b . sound o m is s io n s - .10

c . sound d i s t o r t i o n s - *3f>

T o t a l s . For t h e 200 g i r l s and 200 b o y s t© 3t e d £06

so u n d s w ore n o t p e r c e iv e d a s t h e sou n d s b e in g t e s t e d . The

so u n d s w h ic h p r e s e n t e d th e 3e a s t d i f f i c u l t y i n b e in g

p e r c e iv e d a c c e p a b le w ere b (b ) and e e ( i ) . 'The m o st

d i f f i c u l t sou n d was t h ( 0 ) .

The mean s c o r e f o r th e in c id e n c e o f a r t i c u l a t i o n

p ro b lem s n o r ' w e n fc y -f iv e so u n d s f o r a l l th e g i r l s an d b o y s

t e s t e d i s 1 *26£*

The t w e n t y - f i v e s n e e c h 3 oun ds u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y a r e

l i s t e d i n th e a p p e n d ix i n th e o r d e r o f th e degree? o f d i f f i c u l

t y (m o st d i f f i c u l t to l e a s t d i f f i c u l t ; th e y p r e s e n t e d

t o th e !{.00 c h i l d r e n .

k7

V a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y o f th e r e s u l t s o b t a in e d

fro m th e t e s t Inr o f s p e e c h sonnds>

V a l i d i t y . 'Hie v a l i d i t y o f th e f i n d i n g s o f t h i s s tu d y

d ep en d s on t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f th e e x a m in e r s . A l l th e

p e o p le who a s s i s t e d in t h i s t e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e w ero s p e c i a l

i z i n g i n s p e e c h c o r r e c t i o n and a l l w ere g r a d u a te s t u d e n t s

w it h th e e x e c u t i o n o f Mr. F lo y d E m an u el. The e x a m in e r s a l l

had t r a i n i n g i n th e p h o n e t ic s o f th e E n g l i s h la n g u a g e and

a l l o f them w ere g iv e n p u re to n e a u d lo m o tr ic h e a r in g t e s t s

p r io r t o th e su r v e y t e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e and w ero fo u n d t o h a v e

norm al h e a r in g . C o n s id e r in g t h e i r s p e c i a l i s e d t r a i n i n g

and n o rm a l h e a r in g t h e s e p e o p le w ere c o n s id e r e d q u a l i f i e d to

make he n e c e s s a r y a r t i c u l a t i o n e v a lu a Io n s r e q u ir e d in t h i s

s u r v e y . F u r t h e r , th e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s tu d y te n d t o a g r ee

in s u b s ta n c e w i t h t h e f i n d i n g s o f Roe and M llls e n ,-^ who

a p o l l e d a s t r i c t c r i t e r i o n o f c o r r e c t n e s s o f a r t i c u l a t i o n

in t h e i r s tu d y o f a b o u t 2000 In d ia n a s c h o o l c h i l d r e n . They

fo u n d n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e mean num ber o f

e r r o r s f o r b o y s and g i r l s and th e y fo u n d t h a t so u n d s u b s t i

tu te ons w ere th e m o st common, sou n d d i s t o r t i o n s and o m is s io n s

n e x t ‘n t h a t o r d e r . T h e r e f o r e , th e f i n d i n g s o f t h e s e e x a m in e r s

sh o u ld h e c o n s id e r e d v a l i d .

b e f e c t i v e Xr t f c u l a *o f S p eech Li s o r d e r . 7 : 3 7 - 5 0 , M arch,

e c ta r v.19IJ.2

on

R e l i a b i l i t y , 'The d e g r e e t o w h ic h h e r e s u l t s con be

g u a r a n t e e d t o b e c o n s i s t e n t i s r e l i a b i l i t y , b in c e th e

e v a l u a t i o n s made in t h i s s tu d y a r e d e p e n d e n t u p on human

ju d g em en t a c e r t a i n am ount o f e r r o r i s i n h e r e n t .

The f o u r c i t i e s s e l e c t e d f o r th e t e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e

w ere r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e th r e e b a s i c s p e e c h a r e a s o f Hew

M e x ic o , The m o st q u a l i f i e d p e r s o n n e l a v a i l a b l e w ere u t i l i z e d

a s e x a m in e r s , th u s m in im iz in g th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f human e r r o r

in e v a l u a t i o n s . The s c o r in g fo r m s w ore c o n s t r u c t e d and

s y s t e m a t i s e d i n su c h a m anner a 3 t o f u r t h e r m in im iz e s c o r in g

e r r o r s . An e q u a l number o f g i r l s and b o y s w ore t e s t e d in

e a c h c i t y , E ach e x a m in e r t e s ed an e q u a l number o f g i r l s

and b o y s . I f th e e x a m in e r u s e d Form A t o t o s t th e g i r l s

h e u s e d Form B t o t o s t th e b o y s or v i c e v e r s a . The p r o c e

d u r e s w ore s h i f t e d in t h e above m anner f o r th e p u r p o se o f

a v o id in g i n d i v i d u a l b i a s in r e l a t i o n t o th e t e s t i n g o f g i r l s

and b o y s , th e u s e o f th e t e s t fo r m s and th e l o c t i o n o f th e

a p p l i c a t i o n o f th e t e s t s . U nder t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s e v a l u a t i o n

e r r o r s s h o u ld te n d t o b e n o n - s y s t e m s t i c , and p o s i t i v e and

n e g a t iv e e v a l u a t i o n e r r o r s b y th e v a r io u s e x a m in e r s s h o u ld

fe n d t o c a n c e l e a c h o th e r * A o o s i ' iv e e v a lu a io n e r r o r may

bo i n t e r p r e t e d a s an e r r o r t h a t ad d s t o th e t o t a l I n c id e n c e

o f a r t i c u l a t i o n d e f e c t s , A n e g a t iv e e v a l u a t i o n e r r o r may be

in t e r p r e t e d a s an e r r o r t h a t r e d u c e s th e t o t a l in c id e n c e o f

a r t i c u l a t i o n d e f e c t s

In v ie w o f th e ab ove c o n s id e r a t io n s i t i s f e l t t o be

h9

a s a f e a ssu m e Ion t h a t wha e v e r e r r o r s are p r e s e n t a re

n e g l i g i b l e .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A, BOOKS

W e b s te r , A. M errlara, d e b a t e r s New C o l l e g i a t e D ic t io n a r y . G. & C. M erriam BomnanyT l $ f r Z ---------------------------

0 * S h a a , K, V , t L i n g u i s t i c D evelop m en t and E d u c a t io n . New Y o r k , 1 9077 —

Van H ip e r , C h a r le s , S p ee c h C o r r e c t io n : P r i n c i p l e 3 andMethod 3 . New Y o rk , 1939*

H r e n a n , L, 6 . , t e a c h in g S p a n is h s p e a k in g C h i ld r e n .A lb u q u erq u e : U n i v e r s i t y o f New M ex ico P r e s s , 19l|_8.

J o h n so n , W en d ell and o t h e r s , S p ee c h H a n d !cann ed s c h o o l C h ild r e n * New Y ork : H arper and B r o t h e r s , 19V $.

R o b b in s , s . P . and H. 6 . i to b b in s , s n e e c h sou n d D i s c r i m in a t io n ' t s t s , Bos on: E x p r e s s io n Company, 19q 8 ,

V /e st , R o b e r t , Lou K ennedy and Anna C a rr, The R ehab1 1 1 - t o t f on o f S p e e c h , New Y ork: H arper and B r o th e r s*

K antne^ C lau d e and R o b e r t N e s t , P h o n e t i c s , New Y ork: H arper and B r o t h e r s , 19 lj.l.

G o o d ,^ C a r te r V , , A. s . Barr and P 'ouglas E , s Ca t e s , The :YM^o_dologiv o f '-d u es! l o n a l R esea rch * New Y ork:■C. A n n ie 4 o n -C e n tu r y ^ r o f t 3 , f n c * , I 9I4.X.

F a ir b a n k s , G r a n t , Vo i c e ano A r t t c u la M o n P r t l l b o o k . New Y ork: Ha. o e r B r o t h e r s , 1 9 ^ 0 .

B . PER TOPICAL ARTICLES

G o o d y k o o n tz , B e s s , ’'E lem en ta ry E d u c a t io n ,” S c h o o l L i f e .2k:228- 36 , May, 1 9 3 9 . ---------------------

P i n t n e r , H udolnh and H uth K e l l e > , " I n t e l l i g e n c e T e s t s o f F o r e ig n C h i l d r e n ,” J o u r n a l o f E d u c a t io n a l Ps y c h o lo g y * 1 3 : 21i.j.-22,' S e p tem b e r / T 9 2 2 V ’

H a u g h t, F . , "Langnar-Q L u ff i c u l t i e s o f S p a n is h A m erican C h ild r e n , ” J o u r n a l o f A p p lie d Psy e t io lo g y , 15tJ_87-92, P ecam b er , 1 9 3 1 , ------------------------~ ---------------~---------- — w 1 y ’

52if.* S a n c h e z , G eorge I * , " B i l in g u a l i s m and M en ta l M e a su r e s ,"

J o u r n a l o f Aon l i e d P s y c h o lo g y . 1 8 : 7 6 5 , May, 19 3 4-•

5* M a n u el, H, T, and C a r r ie E , W r ig h t , "Language D i f : l e n i t i e s o f M ex ica n C h ild r e n ," P e d i g o g t c a l S em in a ry and J o u r n a l o f G e n e t ic P s y c h o lo g y , J a n u a r y ,

6 . B a rro w s, 5 a r a h T . , " te a c h in g E n g l i s h t o F o r e ig n C h ild r e n , The C la ssro o m Te a c h e r . 2 :Ji8).j-85, N a y , ♦ 1927 .

7* T r a v i s , L. E„ and B . J . R asm us, "The b n e e c h bound D i s - c r im in a t io n A b i l i t y o f Cas-’s w it h F u n c t io n a l L is o r d e r s o f A r t i c u l a t i o n ," q u a r t e r l y J o u r n a l o£_ S p e e c h E d u c a t io n , 1 7 : 2 1 7 - 2 6 , A p r i l 1931*

8* T em p lin , M ,, "A c>tudy o f bound d i s c r i m i n a t i o n A b i l i t y o f E lem en ta ry b c h o o l P u p i l s ," The J o u r n a l o f ^p o o c h D is o r d e r s , 8 ( 2 ) : l 2 7 - 3 2 , June 1 9 l |3 .

9 . H a n sen , F . , "The A p p l i c a t io n o f Bound, D i s c r im in a t i6 n T e s t s t o F u n c t io n a l A r t i c u l a t o r y D e f e c t i v e s w i t h Norm al H e a r in g ," J o u r n a l o f S p ee c h D i s o r d e r s .9 1h ) • 3b7 $ De cem b er , lO ljiu

1 0 . R o e , V, and R . D i l i s e n , "The E f f e c t o f M a tu r a t io n Upon D e f e c t i v e A r t i c u l a t i o n In th e E le m e n ta r y G r a d e s ," J o u r n a l o f s p e e c h P i so ‘d e r s , 7 1 3 7 - 5 0 , M arch, 19 4-2 .

C, TJNPUBLIbHED MATERIALS

1 . L e i s , W il l ia m , "The b a t u s o f E d u c a t io n f o r M ex ica nC h ild r e n i n Four B ord er b t n t e s , " U n p u b lish e d M a s t e r ’ s T h e s i s , th e U n i v e r s i t y o f boufchern C a l i f o r n i a , 1 9 3 1 .

2 . S a n c h e z , G eorge I . , "The E d u c a t io n o f B i l i n g u a l s in ab tn e b c h o o l b y s te m ," U n n u b ltsh e d D o c to r * s d i s s e r t a t i o n , th e U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a , 1932*

3 . b i p i n , , L , , "A C o m p a ra tiv e A n a ly s i s o f th e P h o n e t icb s te m o f C e r ta in M odern L a n g u a g es w i t h A p p l ic a t i o n s t o th e C o r r e c t io n o f F o r e ig n D i a l e c t s , U n p u b lish e d M a s te r ’ s t h e s i s , th e b t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f lo w s , 1 9 lt8 .

1 9 2 9 .ii

[(.. M urphy, H e len A . , "Group T o st f o r A u d ito r y D is c r im in a t io n ," U n p u b lish e d T e s t , 3o 3‘ on U n i v e r s i t y , 19U l*

L on g , C, A , , " S p eech P u rvey M ethod f o r th e S i x t h G ra d e ," U n p u b lish e d M a s t e r ’ s t h e s i s , t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f New M e x ic o , 1 9 5 2 ,

6 . 0 l 3 e n , d ie h a r d L i e f , "A C o m p a ra tiv e £>tudy o f s e n t e n c e L en g th bcorevS and I n t e l l i g e n c e S c o r e s f o r a Group o f M o n o lin g u a l and B i l i n g u a l C h i ld r e n ," th e U n i v e r s i t y o f W is c o n s in , 1 9 5 2 ,

53

PSHPiP

- •mu. m.,«~T V

mmmm

<js

APPENDIX

5>$

FORM-A CITY SCHOOLNAMEEXAMINER

GRADE SEX BIRTHDATE

NO. PICTURE YES NO 8 w /r 0 3/ - A e / a D r / d i s COMMENTS

1 . h a t2 . b ea r3 • .cha i rJu dog9 • bed 6 . t r e e 7 • h ° r n8 . D ig 9 • g i r l

1 0 . o r a n g e - j o i c e1 1 . 3.01 t e r1 2 . 3\i ■ ng13 • b ookl i u g e n c i l1 9 . r a b b i t 1 6 . S a n ta C la n s 1 ? • sh oe l 8 • to o1 9 . b ir t h d a y2 0 . f e a t h e r2 1 . cun2 2 . v a l e n t i n e 2 3 • wagon 2U. w h e e l2 9 . z in ^ e r

——

.s• e.

*

. ? x* d,r

. 3 1

letfr? f s

J X. •

• ! '.'kl

*r>S

__________________________

56

FORM-BNAMEEXAMINER

CITY SCHOOLGRADE SEX

NOBIRTHDATE

NO. PICTURE

1 . ca t2 . bn s3 . cht ckenh* d o l l5 . pen6 . bee7 . h orse8 . sh ip9 . b ir d

1 0 . J a r -Jam1 1 . b a l l1 2 . k in £13. f o o tHi. oaoer19. r a d io1 6 . ao cks - at ock Inp: s17 . sheep18. te lep h o n e1 0 . too th b ru sh2 0 . m o th e r -fa th er2 1 . ppm2 2 . sh o v e l?3 . w itch2k. whale25 . s c i s s o r s

YES JIO S w /r 0 a / — A © /a D r / d i s COMMENTS

57

PICTTTRE-WORD AR^TCnLATlON r”KST

CITYNAMEEXAMINER

SCHOOLGRADE SEX

NO,BIRTHDATE

NO. PICTTTRE 3 w/r 0 s/- D r/dis COMMENTS

1* hat ( ®2. bus (b )3. chair (tJ)h . dor (d )5. bed (G)6. tree (1 )7. horse (h )8. ~ig ( I )9. bird (3-)

10. oranpe-Inice «3>11. b a l l (1 )12. swlnp JT)>13. book (V)Hu pencil to)15. rabb it ( r )16. bant a Claus ( s )17. shoe ( f )18 . toIeohone ( t )19. toothbrush ( e)20. mother-fa her («-)21. gim (A )22. shovel ( v )23. wap-on (w)2k. wheel (M>25. scissors (z )

58WORD LIST OF DISCARDED PICTURES

NO. SOUND DISCARDED PICTURES

1 . ( « )2 . (b )

( t rk. U )5 . ! c ;dv■* m ( i )7 . ( h )0 . ( i )9 . (T ,

1 0 . m1 1 . ( i )1 2 . ( p )1 3 . (V)I k . ( p )1 5 . ( r )1 6 . ( s )1 7 . m18 . ( t >1 9 . ( 9 )2 0 . (tf)2 1 . (A)2 2 . ( v )2 3 . (w)2in ( M2 5 . ( z )

b a g , mar), t a c k , c a nb u t e r , b o a ' , b o y , boxc h i l d , c h u r c h , k i t c h e n , h a n d k e r c h i e fd o o r , d o c ! o r , c i n n e r , d ayh e n , w eb , e l e p h a n t , n e c kf e e t , b e a d , k e y , kneeh a i r , hammer, h o e , h o u seI n c h , b i l l , Ink, m i l kf u r , s i s t e r , n e i g h b o r , b l i s t e rg a r a g e , ju n k , J e l l o , s o l d i e rl i g h t , l i m b , l i n k , l a c er i n g , s p r i n g , f i n g e r , monkeyb r o o k , w o o l , c o o k , b r u shn o t , p o p c o r n , p e n n y , p i c t u r er o c k , r a i n , room , r a i ls o u p , s u g a r , s i n k , saw3hop , b r u s h , f i s h , p a r a c h u t et a b l e , t a i l , t o y , townt h r e a d , t h i n , thumb, t e e t hl e a t h e r , b r o t h e r , w e a t h e r , l a t h e rn u t , mud, s u n , to n g u ev e s t , v i n e , s t o v e , e n v e l o p ew i n d , window, w a t e r , w a l lw h e a t , w h ip , w h e e l b a r r o w , b o b w h i t ez e b r a , z o o , e y e s , n o s e

59LIST OF SOUNDS TIT RELAr TON TO ':HKTH DEGREE

OF DIFFICULTY pnR fc.PO CHILDREN

SOUND NUMBER OF TIMES MISUSED

I , th (0) 772. V (v) 593. r r

u ( z ) 52U. ng 0 » U95. th (IT) 386. 3h ( / ) 317. i'r O') 278. r (r ) 2l|9. ch (tj) 2210. o e - j (dj) 21

11. wh ( M 1612. 4 ( I )13. U r A } illHi. e (C) 1115. 1 (X) 1116. 3 ( 3 ) 1117. oo (V) 1018. h (h) ii19. t ( t ) Ll20. a (•*) 321 . d (d) 222 . p (p) 223. (w} 22!u b (b) 125. ec ( i ) X

a new articulation test applied to a selected group of children living in the state of new mexico

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