a new approach to history in a london museum

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THE JUNIOR MUSEUM AT THE METROPOLITAN by LOUISE CONDIZ’ United Staates of America A school class arrives at the Junior Muscum of the Metropolitan for a programme which includes a gallery talk and may includc a filin, music of the period, a library visit and a quiz guide. Des écoliers arrivent au Musée des Jeunes du Metropolitan pour une visite commentée. Lc pro- gramme pourra comprendre en outre un film, une séance dc musique d’kpoquc, une visite à la biblio- thbquc ct IC jeu des ((questions et riponscss. 192 he American Association of Museums, meeting in Boston in May of last year, T devoted no less than three of its twenty-one sessions to a consideration of museum activities for children. Those who met together represented institutions of many types - independent children’s museums, school museums, adult museums of history, art, archaeology, industry and natural science. Clearly, service to youth, from scattered and modest beginnings less than fifty years ago, has come to be a prominent fcature of American museum practice. Despite annual meetings in which staff meill- bers discuss common problems, childrcn’s activities have not become standardized. On the contrary, each museum evolves its own programme on the basis of its esta- blished purpose, its resourccs and the needs of its community. The Junior Museum of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York is, then, a unique development, the effort of a large art museum, in a very large city, to make its collections available to young people in an interesting, intelligible, and practic- able way. Some 300,000 school children visit the Museum each year. By 1941 it had become clear that a way must be found to channel their activities. With the opening of the Junior Museum in October of that year, there was for the first time a centre for children’s activities, with facilities designed especially for their comfort and con- venience. Also for the first time it became possible to offer co-ordinated programmes, including special exhibitions, books, movies, and demonstrations planned especially for boys and girls of 9 through 14 years. , The space set aside for the Junior Museum comprises five large, sunny galleries on the main floor, galleries formerly occupied by plaster casts. These are conveniently located at the Park entrance, so that children may, if they wish, come directly into their own museum. A panel at the entrance identifies the Junior Museum and serves as a bulletin board, announcing current exhibitions and services. Just inside is a capacious checking counter, where everything from ski suits to roller skates may be stowed away. Beyond, two sunny rooms, with sturdy chairs and tables topped with coloured linoleum, serve as meeting place, resting place and lunchroom. A refreshment counter offers for sale ice-cream, milk and packaged cookies, popular alone or with the paper-bag lunches that come along from home. On the wall by each table a small lighted case displays museum objects selected for their appeal to the young. Each of these cases tells its own story but together they form an exhibition. At the moment the theme is “Crafts and Craftsmen”, and at lunch the convcrsation nearly always centers for a time on “What’s at our table”. Beyond the lunchrooms are two exhibition galleries. Here the Junior Museum staff presents changing shows planned and installed in co-operation with the cura- torial departments of the Museum. Subjects that can be illustrated with museum objects are chosen for their interest to boys and girls, their value in supplementing school studies, and their relation to the programme of the Museum as a whole. More than twenty such exhibitions have been presented since the opening of the Junior Museum. They have included such subjects as The Age of Ex$oration, China and Its People, The Christmas Stoty, A Pietwe Book Festival, and Cirms Parade. The current exhibition, E Phwibzcs Unzlm, is the second in the field of United States History. From the exhibition one enters a small auditorium, seating zoo, equipped for projection of slides and films. Musical instruments from the Museum collections, a piano, and record-player, enable us to present simple music programmes related to exhibition subjects. In a large, light, corner gallery, apart from the hubbub of “talkies”, music and lunch, is the Junior Museum Library, a reference collection selected to meet the needs not only of visiting classes but of individual children as well. Books on arts, crafts and techniques form the core of the collection, including museum publications of a non-technical nature as well as several periodicals. The greater part of the library consists of books providing somewhat more general background information con- tributing to an understanding of the museum collections - myths and legends, fairy tales, the Bible, biography, history and geography. A large picture-book section, on

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THE J U N I O R M U S E U M AT THE METROPOLITAN

by LOUISE CONDIZ’ United Staates of America

A school class arrives at the Junior Muscum of the Metropolitan for a programme which includes a gallery talk and may includc a filin, music of the period, a library visit and a quiz guide. Des écoliers arrivent au Musée des Jeunes du Metropolitan pour une visite commentée. Lc pro- gramme pourra comprendre en outre un film, une séance dc musique d’kpoquc, une visite à la biblio- thbquc c t IC jeu des ((questions et riponscss.

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he American Association of Museums, meeting in Boston in May of last year, T devoted no less than three of its twenty-one sessions to a consideration of museum activities for children. Those who met together represented institutions of many types - independent children’s museums, school museums, adult museums of history, art, archaeology, industry and natural science. Clearly, service to youth, from scattered and modest beginnings less than fifty years ago, has come to be a prominent fcature of American museum practice. Despite annual meetings in which staff meill- bers discuss common problems, childrcn’s activities have not become standardized. O n the contrary, each museum evolves its own programme on the basis of its esta- blished purpose, its resourccs and the needs of its community.

The Junior Museum of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York is, then, a unique development, the effort of a large art museum, in a very large city, to make its collections available to young people in an interesting, intelligible, and practic- able way. Some 300,000 school children visit the Museum each year. By 1941 it had become clear that a way must be found to channel their activities. With the opening of the Junior Museum in October of that year, there was for the first time a centre for children’s activities, with facilities designed especially for their comfort and con- venience. Also for the first time it became possible to offer co-ordinated programmes, including special exhibitions, books, movies, and demonstrations planned especially for boys and girls of 9 through 14 years. ,

The space set aside for the Junior Museum comprises five large, sunny galleries on the main floor, galleries formerly occupied by plaster casts. These are conveniently located at the Park entrance, so that children may, if they wish, come directly into their own museum. A panel at the entrance identifies the Junior Museum and serves as a bulletin board, announcing current exhibitions and services.

Just inside is a capacious checking counter, where everything from ski suits to roller skates may be stowed away. Beyond, two sunny rooms, with sturdy chairs and tables topped with coloured linoleum, serve as meeting place, resting place and lunchroom. A refreshment counter offers for sale ice-cream, milk and packaged cookies, popular alone or with the paper-bag lunches that come along from home. On the wall by each table a small lighted case displays museum objects selected for their appeal to the young. Each of these cases tells its own story but together they form an exhibition. At the moment the theme is “Crafts and Craftsmen”, and at lunch the convcrsation nearly always centers for a time on “What’s at our table”.

Beyond the lunchrooms are two exhibition galleries. Here the Junior Museum staff presents changing shows planned and installed in co-operation with the cura- torial departments of the Museum. Subjects that can be illustrated with museum objects are chosen for their interest to boys and girls, their value in supplementing school studies, and their relation to the programme of the Museum as a whole. More than twenty such exhibitions have been presented since the opening of the Junior Museum. They have included such subjects as The Age of Ex$oration, China and Its People, The Christmas Stoty, A Pietwe Book Festival, and Cirms Parade. The current exhibition, E Phwibzcs Unzlm, is the second in the field of United States History.

From the exhibition one enters a small auditorium, seating zoo, equipped for projection of slides and films. Musical instruments from the Museum collections, a piano, and record-player, enable us to present simple music programmes related to exhibition subjects.

In a large, light, corner gallery, apart from the hubbub of “talkies”, music and lunch, is the Junior Museum Library, a reference collection selected to meet the needs not only of visiting classes but of individual children as well. Books on arts, crafts and techniques form the core of the collection, including museum publications of a non-technical nature as well as several periodicals. The greater part of the library consists of books providing somewhat more general background information con- tributing to an understanding of the museum collections - myths and legends, fairy tales, the Bible, biography, history and geography. A large picture-book section, on

hand for younger visitors, serves to introduce book illustration as an art in its own right.

Adjoining the library is an information desk where a member of the staff is always on hand, ready to help boys and girls, parents and teachers, use the resources of the Museum to best advantage. Museum publications that are inexpensive, and interesting and helpful to children, are offered for sale at this desk. Colour prints, picture sets and postcards are most in demand. The picture sets, prepared in response

the requests children make, sell for only ten cents. Each set, or envelope, contains eighteen postcard-size reproductions in black and white, each with a brief description. popular titles are The Obmpic Games, Lqe in a Mediaeval Castle and Tbe New Nation. Children like to take them home as souvenirs, or to school for use in follow-up projects. Teachers use thein as lantern slides in opaque projectors.

A description of the Junior Museum, however complete, cannot suffice to ex- plain it, for it is a programme as well as a place. Its stated purpose is “to introduce the children of New York to the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art” and that is a task of interpretation as well as of hospitality. In part that interpretation is accomplished through special exhibitions, books, publications and supplementary activities within the Junior Museum. However, as a programme, the Junior Museum is by no means confined to its own quarters. It acts as a springboard to the collections in the main galleries, to which children are introduced through the guidance of a sympathetic interpreter. Informality is the rule, with freedom to question or comnicnt at all times. The same type of guidance prevails within the Junior Museum’s own borders. Because children like to be active about the things that interest them, guid- ance that combines looking, thinking and doing is usually most successful.

What happens, then, when a group of chddren visits the Museum? Suppose it is a school class coming to see the special exhibition E Plwibtrs Unzm; their teacher has previously made an appointment for the three-hour correlated programme offered each day. Upon arriving they check wraps and lunches at the door. They meet two other classes coming for the same programme and together they go into the “Movie Room”, as the auditorium is affectionately known. A member of the staff welcomes them to the Museum and “sets the stage” for what is to come. They sing songs that were popular with the new nation, and see Servant of the People, a twenty-minute movie re-enacting the events preceding the Constitutional Convention (which met in Philadelphia in 1787 to draft a new constitution). This is not only good fun, but provides an excellent introduction to the events and personalities presented in the exhibition. Each class has an hour to see E PhribHs Umm with the help of a quiz guide, a sheet of questions and statements to be completed. Each child works indivi- dually, using drawing board and pencil. After lunch, they settle down in the Junior Library where books on the period may be consulted for facts, or read for pleasure. Before leaving, most children stop at the sales counter to pick out one or more publi- cations, usually the picture set, The New Nation, and the broadside, The Grcd Seal $ the United States.

Similar programmes are offered on a score of subjects, using all the collections of the Museum. For exhibitions other than those in the Junior Museum, however, an hour’s guidance takes the place of the quiz guide. At the present time, seven chses a day are scheduled for such correlated programmes and three oc four more make appointments to use the lunchroom. These numbers are limited by space and

not by demand, which is far greater. Owing to the demand, in fact, it has become necessary to limit free guidance to New York City public school classes, in grades five through nine.

Fortunately younger brothers and sisters, and out-of-towner’s too, do not lose Out entirely. After school each week-day and on Saturdays, Sundays and holidays

come in, often bringing their fathers and mothers, to show them what they have Seen and learned. Some come especially for half-hour talks, offered on week-ends during the winter and on week-day afternoons during the summer. On these occasions the vote for the exhibition or collection they want most to see. This leisure- time a t t m k “ l more than equals school class attendance, indicating that boys and girls, as well as their teachers, like museum subjects presented this way.

then, is the programme of the Metropolitan’s Junior Museum today. It has taken shape gradually during seven years, as techniques were found that would

Buying a postcard to take home, from the Junior Information and Sales Desk, at the Metropolitan. Choix d‘une carte postale souvenir au Bureau des renscignements et des ventes du Musee des Jeunes, au Metropolitat).

Classes make appointments for guidance at the Junior Museum of the Metropolitan. Informality is the rule, with freedotn to question and comment at all times. Cctte classe a pris un rendez-vous pour une visite commentée au hlusée dcs Jeunes du Afelropolitan. La camaraderie c s t de rbglc; tous peuvent poscr dcs questions et formuler tlcs rcmarqucs.

I93

work on the grand scale our population necessitates. In no sense is it a finished programme, for the staff makes no claim to have accomplished its whole objective. ‘rhat challengc remains to stimulate the changes that will mark the second Seven years.

LE MUSÉE DES J E U N E S DU h f E T R O P O L I T A N par LOUISE CONDIT Etats-Unis d’Amérique

Studying the Paul Revere Exhibition at thc Junior Muscum of the Metropolitan with a quiz guide. Visite de l’Exposition Paul Revere au M u s k des Jcuncs du Netuopohtan au moycn du jeu des aques- tions et rtponsesii.

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Ur les vingt et une séances de la session de cette année, tenue à Boston en mai, S l’Association américaine des musées n’en a pas consacrd moins de trois à l’étilde des services qu’un musée peut rendre aux enfants. T.es délégués représentaient des institutions très diverses, musdcs privés pour enfants, musées scolaires, musées polir adultes, historiques, artistiques, archéologiques, industriels et scicntifiques. Certes, les services que les musées rendent aux jeunes, de rares et modestes qu’ils étaient il y a moins de cinquante ans, sont devenus un des traits distinctifs de la vie d’un musée américain. Malgré les réunions annuelles au cours desquelles les membres du person- nel étudient les problèmes qui leur sont communs, les services pour enfants n’ont pas été uniformisés. Bien au contraire, chaque musée élabore son propre programme d’aprts sa destination particulière, ses ressources et les besoins de son public.

Le MusCe des Jeunes du Mttropolitan Mttseum of A r t constitue donc une initia- tive unique en son genre; il représente l’effort fourni par un grand musée d’art dans une t r ts grande ville pour présenter ses collections aux jeunes de façon intéressante, intclligible et pratique. Chaque année, le musée reçoit la visite d’environ 300.000

écoliers. I1 est devenu évident, dès 1941, qu’il fallait canaliser leur activitk. Avec l’ouverture du Musée des Jeunes, au mois d’octobre de cette même année, était créé pour la première fois un centre spkcialement consacré aux enfants et doté de toutes les installations voulues pour leur assurer confort et commodité. I1 devenait Cgale- ment possible pour la première fois de leur offrir des programmes coordonnés com- portant des expositions spécialement conçues à cet effet, des livres, des présentations de films et des démonstrations adaptées à des enfants, garçons et filles, de 3 à 14 ans.

Les locaux réservés au Musée des Jeunes comprennent cinq grandes galeries ensoleillées à l’étage principal, précédemment occupées par des moulages. Ces galeries sont commodément situées à l’entrée du Parc de sorte que les enfants peuvent, s’ils le dksirent, accéder directement à leur musée. Sous le porche, un panneau en signale l’existence et sert également

Le seuil franchi, vient un vestiaire spacieux où tout peut être déposé, depuis les équipements de ski jusqu’aux patins à roulettes. Au delà s’ouvrent deux pièces claires meublées de chaises solides et de tables recouvertes d’un linoldum de couleurs vives; elles servent de salles de réunion, de repos et de restaurant. Un buffet met en vente des glaces, du lait, des gâteaux, que les visiteurs apprécient, soit qu’ils les consomment à part, soit que ces mets complètent le déjeuner froid apporté de la maison. Au mur, près de chaque table, est fixée une petite vitrine éclairée où sont exposés des objets de musée, spécialement choisis pour l’attrait qu’ils exercent sur les enfants. Chacune de ces vitrines a son intérêt propre, mais l’ensemble constitue une véritable exposition. Actuellement, elle a pour thème des métiers et les artisans 1) et, à l’heure du repas, les conversations ont presque toujours pour sujet, à un certain moment tout au moins, les objets que les enfants ont devant les yeux.

Au delà des salles du restaurant s’ouvrent deux galeries où le personnel du Musée des Jeunes présente des expositions périodiquement renouvelées dont la préparation et l’installation se font en collaboration avec lcs services de conservation du musée. Les questions susceptibles d’être illustrkes par les objets qu’il possède sont choisies d’après l’intérêt qu’elles présentent pour les enfants, leur valeur de complément de l’enseignement scolaire et leur rapport avec le programme d’ensemble du musée- Depuis l’ouverture du Musée des Jeunes, plus de vingt expositions de ce genre ont eu lieu. Parmi les différents sujets citons : Le Siècle des Exploratews, L a Chine e t Chinois, Le Conte de Noël, Un Festival du livre d’images, et L a Parade de cirque. L’ex- position E Plzribus Umm actuellement présentée est la seconde qui traite de l’histoire des Etats-Unis.

En quittant les salles d’exposition, le visiteur entre dans un petit auditorium de deux cents places équipé pour la projection de vues fixes et de films. Des instruments de musique appartenant aux collections du niusCe, un piano et un pick-up nous per-

annoncer les expositions et les divers services.

mettent de présenter des programmes musicaux simples qui se rattachent au sujet des ,xpositions.

Dans une galerie d’angle, vaste et lumineuse, loin du bruit du ((parlant)), de la et de la salle à manger, se trouve la bibliothèque du Musée dcs Jcunes, q u i

posskde une collection d’ouvrages de rkfkrencc choisie de façon à donner satisfaction non seulement aux classes venues en groupe au muske, mais aussi aux jeunes visiteurs isolés. Le gros de la bibliothèque est constitué de livres sur les arts, lcs métiers et les techniques, y compris des publications d’ordre non technique é d i t h par le musée ainsi que plusieurs périodiques. La plupart des livres de la bibliothèque contiennent des informations d’ordre plus général permettant de comprendre la valeur des col- lections du musCe : mythes ct légendes, contes de fkes, la Bible, biographies, histoire et gtographie. Une section comportant de nombreux livres d’images, à la disposition des visiteurs les plus jeunes, présente l’illustration comme un art autonome.

Contigu à la bibliothèque se trouve un bureau dc renseignements où un membre du personnel se tient cn permanence à la disposition des enfants, de leurs parents et de leurs maîtres, pour les aider à tircr le meilleur parti possible des ressources du musée. Des publications du musée, peu coûteuses, intéressantes et utiles aux enfants y sont vendues. Les reproductions en couleurs, les séries dc gravures, les cartes postales sont parmi les articlcs lcs plus demandés. Les séries de gravures, composées d’après les demandes des enfants, ne sont vcndues que dix cents. Chaque enveloppe contient dix-huit reproductions en noir format carte postale, accompagnées chacune d’un bref commentaire. Les jetlx olympiqwes, L a Vie dans an Cbâteatl dg Moyen Age et La Nation notlvelle sont parmi lcs titres les plus en faveur. Les enfants aiment em- porter ces enveloppes en souvenir, soit chcz eux, soit à l’école où ils les utilisent au cours d’activités se rapportant à leur visite. Les maîtres s’en servent pour des projec- tions épiscopiques.

Une description du Musée des Jeunes, si complète soit-elle, ne sufit pas à l’évo- quer car c’est non seulement un musée mais tout un programme, Son but déclare est de mettre à la portée des enfants de New-York les collections du Metropolitan Mtlsetlm ofArt, ce qui implique un rôle d’interprétation aussi bien que d’accucil. Cette inter- prétation utilise notamment les expositions spéciales, les livres, les publications et autres formes d’activité propres au Musée des Jeunes. Cependant, par son pro- gramme, le Muske des Jcunes est loin de se confiner à l’espace qui lui est dévolu. I1 sert d’introduction à la visite des galeries principales que les enfants feront sous

Wingcd Gcnius by Genie Hall, age 9 , This water colour was inspired by the Assyrian Rclicf at the Worcester Art Museum.

Genie ailt, aquarelle de Genic Hall, 9 ans, inspirée du bas-relief assyrien exposé au IVurcesfcr Art Museum.

- la conduite d’un guide compétent. La cordialité est de rtgle et les enfants peuvcnt à tout moment poser des questions ou formuler des remarques. Ils sont guidés de la même façon dans les limites du Musée des Jeunes proprement dit. Les enfants aimant manifester activement leur intérêt, c’est cn faisant appel à leurs yeux, à leur intelli- gence et à leur habileté manuelle qu’on obtient les rncilleurs résultats.

Qu’arrive-t-il donc lorsqu’un groupe d’cnfants visite le musée ? Supposons que ce soit une classe vcnue à l’exposition spéciale E Plwribws Unwz; leur maître a ant& rieurement pris date pour le programme complet de trois heures offert chaque jour. A leur arrivée, ils déposent au vestiaire leurs vêtements et leur repas froid. Ils se joignent à deux autres classes venues assister au même programme et tous pénètrent dans le ((cinéma )) ainsi qu’ils appellent iamilièrement l’auditorium. Un membre du personnel leur souhaite la bienvenue au musée et ((plante le dCcor)) pour ce qui va suivre. Ils exkcutent les chants populaires dc ((la Nation nouvelle)) ct assistcnt à la projection d’un film de vingt minutes, Atl service dzl Petlple, qui retrace les événc- ments ayant précédé la réunion de l’hssemblte constituante à Philadelphie en 1787. Ce film est amusant et constitue une cxccllcnte introduction aux personnalités et aux evenements présentés à l’exposition. Chaque classe dispose d’une heure pour la visiter avec l’aide d’un guidc-questionnaire que les enfants doivent remplir et com- pléter. Chacun d’eux travaille A part au moyen d’un carton A dessin et d’un crayon. Après le déjcuner ils s’installent dans la bibliothkque des jeunes où ils disposent de livres portant sur cette période, qui leur rappellent ICs faits ou qu’ils liront simplc- ment par plaisir. Avant de quitter IC musée, la plupart s’arr6tent au bureau des ventes oh ils choisissent une ou plusieurs publications, le plus souvent la sCric d’images

L a Nation nouz)effe ou la reproduction inplclao du grand sceau des Etats-Unis. Des programmes seniblablcs portent sur une douzainc d’autres sujets pour les-

quels il est fait appel à toutes les collections du musée. Pour les eximsitions autres que Swte page 219