a new approach to gravity & space propulsion systems

May 25th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 1

• Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 • • http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ • [email protected] •

• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •

© Solomon 2003© Solomon 2003

A New Approach to Gravity & A New Approach to Gravity &

Space Propulsion SystemsSpace Propulsion Systems

Benjamin Thomas SolomonB.Sc. (Elec. Eng), Dip. O.R., M.A.O.R., M.B.S. (Banking & Finance)

QuantumRisk.com



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


IntroductionIntroduction

1. This paper presents a portion of a new technology, Post-Newtonian Propulsion Technology (PNPT), it is hoped will revolutionize space propulsion systems.

2. There still are gaps in the body of knowledge pertaining to this technology, and with enough funding and scientific scrutiny, this technology will present viable space propulsion systems within this decade.



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


Paper OverviewPaper Overview

1. The Trouble with Time.

2. Time Dilation Gravity Model.

3. Momentum Exchange Bypass

4. Current Research

5. Post Newtonian Propulsion Technology (PNPT) Experimental Results

6. New Technology Options

7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis

8. Future Spacecraft Designs



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


1. The Trouble with Time1. The Trouble with Time

The Trouble with TimeThe Trouble with Time



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


1. The Trouble with Time: Paradoxes [1]1. The Trouble with Time: Paradoxes [1]

1. Time travel can only be possible if we can prove, without unresolvable paradoxes, an effect prior to cause, for any case within the boundaries defined by the wormhole mechanics.

2. “Our current understanding” is the crux of the issue here. Lets explore options in an unbounded manner.

[1] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “Wormholes Create Unresolvable Paradoxes”, Journal of Theoretics, August 6, 2001, Vol. 3-4, http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


1. The Trouble with Time: Explanations [1]1. The Trouble with Time: Explanations [1]

1. One possible explanation is that the wormhole mechanics is not correct. It might be mathematically correct but not the correct model of the universe.

2. If we start with the axiom that there is no past or future, only the present, then wormholes always return us to the present. We observe the past only because the fastest signals, light, takes time to travel across vast distances, but what is happening ‘now’, in that vast distance, is different from what we are observing ‘now’.




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


1. The Trouble with Time: Explanations [1]1. The Trouble with Time: Explanations [1]

3. In order for any theory of time travel to be viable, we must first resolve any paradoxes or at least expose them of not being paradoxes. Only then can we develop any plausible theory of time travel.




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


1. The Trouble with Time: The Universe [2]1. The Trouble with Time: The Universe [2]

Expansion of the Universe

Expansion of the UniverseExpansion of the Universe

Expansion of the Universe

We were here yesterday.

We are here today.

We will be here tomorrow.

[2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


1. The Trouble with Time: Conclusion [2]1. The Trouble with Time: Conclusion [2]

1. Alternatives: The Expanding Universe as Surface Model provides an alternative explanation to “dark energy” [3].

2. Centripetal Force: An expanding and rotating Universe would experience a centripetal force, which would fling all the galaxies apart at an ever-increasing rate. This explanation would circumvent the need to invent a “dark” energy.

3. Fundamentally Incorrect: Most importantly, it suggests that modern theories about spacetime that allow for time travel are fundamentally incorrect.

[2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003[3] Andrew Chaikin, “Dark Energy: Astronomers Still 'Clueless' About Mystery Force Pushing Galaxies Apart”, Editor, Space & Science posted: 07:00 am ET 15 January 2002,http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/cosmic_darknrg_020115-1.html



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


2. Time Dilation Gravity Model2. Time Dilation Gravity Model

Time Dilation Gravity ModelTime Dilation Gravity Model



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: The Mechanics [4]2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: The Mechanics [4]

Time not dilated. Time is dilated.

Center ofmass of lefthemisphere.

Original center ofmass, of righthemisphere.

New center of massof right hemisphere.

Elongation of theright hemisphere ofa particle cloud.

X

Y

Z

[4] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “An Epiphany On Gravity”, Journal of Theoretics, December 3, 2001, Vol. 3-6, http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •



The new center of mass, SCM, is,

SCM = (3/8) sxo (dxd/dxo - 1)

Therefore, the center of mass of the particle probability cloud has shifted further to the right, in keeping with the direction of time dilation.




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •



1. s = (3/8) sxo . t

2. The distanced moved by the particle is a function of the change in time dilation at that point.

3. Note that the change in time dilation, t, is not the same as the duration taken to move.

4. To put it another way, when time dilation is constant with respect to a particle’s frame of reference, the particle is stationary with respect to its own fame of reference.

5. When time dilation is non-linear, the particle is displaced and therefore experiences motion with respect to its own frame of reference.




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: The Gravitational Effect [4]2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: The Gravitational Effect [4]

The gravitational effect can be summarized as follows,

1. Time dilation distorts the shape of a particle’s probability cloud in the direction of increasing time contraction.

2. This distortion of the particle’s probability cloud results in the shifting of the center of mass of the particle in the direction of increasing time contraction.

3. The net effect is that the center of mass of the particle moves in the direction of increasing time contraction.

4. This effect in space is called a gravitational field.[4] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “An Epiphany On Gravity”, Journal of Theoretics, December 3, 2001, Vol. 3-6, http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Summary [2]2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Summary [2]

When time dilation is zero, particle is symmetrical and spherical.

Time dilation field

Particle’s own frame of reference




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •



When time dilation is not zero, particle is symmetrical but ellipsoidal.

Time dilation field





• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •



When time dilation is non-linear, particle is asymmetrical & ellipsoidal.

Time dilation field





• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Lorentz/Escape Velocity[4]2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Lorentz/Escape Velocity[4]

1. Assuming that at infinity, to = 1, reduces the equation to,

vf = c √ (1 – 1/tv2)

2. where vf is the free fall or equivalent Lorentz/time dilation velocity

when time dilation is tv, assuming that this relationship holds.




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Lorentz/Escape Velocity[4]2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Lorentz/Escape Velocity[4]

Object Mass Radius Gravity Gravitational Time dilation Equivalent Escape - Equivalent

at surface Escape Velocity Lorentz/Time Velocity Error Dilation Velocity M R g ve tv vf ve - vf kg m m/s2 m/s s m/s Sun 2.00E+30 6.90E+08 274.98 621,946 1.00000215195969 621,946 0.0000000% Mercury 3.59E+23 2.44E+06 3.70 4,431 1.00000000010922 4,431 0.0000153% Venus 4.90E+24 6.07E+06 8.87 10,383 1.00000000059976 10,383 0.0000018% Earth 5.98E+24 6.38E+06 9.80 11,187 1.00000000069626 11,187 -0.0000080% Mars 6.58E+23 3.39E+06 3.71 5,087 1.00000000014395 5,087 0.0000245% Jupiter 1.90E+27 7.14E+07 23.12 59,618 1.00000001977343 59,618 0.0000002% Saturn 5.68E+26 5.99E+07 8.96 35,566 1.00000000703708 35,566 -0.0000002% Uranus 8.67E+25 2.57E+07 7.77 21,201 1.00000000250060 21,201 -0.0000005% Neptune 1.03E+26 2.47E+07 11.00 23,552 1.00000000308580 23,552 -0.0000019% Pluto 1.20E+22 1.15E+06 0.72 1,178 1.00000000000772 1,178 0.0001586%

That is, the acceleration experienced by a falling body is governed solely by the change in time dilation in the gravitational field.




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Lorentz Transformation 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Lorentz Transformation Breakout [2]Breakout [2]

1. Zero-Point Particles: The logical extrapolation is, particles that do not exhibit a probability density volume will be impervious to gravitational effects.

2. Lorentz Transformation Breakout: Not having probability density shape makes these particles impervious to relativistic effects.

3. Zero Shifting: Substituting sxo = 0, particle size is zero, results in,

SCM = (3/8) . 0 . (tR - tL) = 0

(no change in center of mass)[2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Lorentz Transformation 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Lorentz Transformation Breakout [2]Breakout [2]

4. Short Distance Breakdown: Even if (tR - tL) > 0, this hypothesis

does not breakdown at very short distances approaching zero.

5. New Approach: Yes, this hypothesis suggests an approach that can be used to breakout of the relativistic bind of Lorentz transformations.




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Conclusion [2]2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Conclusion [2]

1. Virtual Field: The “Gravitational Field” is not real. It is a Virtual Field.

2. Real Effect: The “Gravitational Effect” is real, and purely the result of the non-linearity of time dilation.

3. Implicit Assumptions: This Time Dilation Gravity Model does not implicitly assume an UP or DOWN, for the model to work.




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Conclusion [2]2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Conclusion [2]

4. Narrow Scope: Any gravitational model that implicitly assumes an UP or Down is too narrow in scope to deliver future space propulsion technologies.

5. Breakout Possibilities: It is possible to breakout of the relativistic bind of Lorentz Transformation equations.




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


3. Momentum Exchange Bypass3. Momentum Exchange Bypass

Momentum Exchange BypassMomentum Exchange Bypass



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Review [2]3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Review [2]

Particle’s own frame of reference Time dilation field

When time dilation is zero, particle is symmetrical and spherical with respect to its own frame of reference.

When time dilation is not zero, particle is symmetrical but ellipsoidal with respect to its own frame of reference.

When time dilation is non-linear, particle is asymmetrical and ellipsoidal with respect to its own frame of reference.


When time dilation is zero, particle is symmetrical and spherical with respect to its own frame of reference.

When time dilation is not zero, particle is symmetrical but ellipsoidal with respect to its own frame of reference.

When time dilation is non-linear, particle is asymmetrical and ellipsoidal with respect to its own frame of reference.




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Collision Effects [2]3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Collision Effects [2]


Particle moving from left to rightprior to collision

Particle moving from right to leftprior to collision

Particle probability at collision

Time dilation, t= T

Time dilation, t > T

Time dilation, t= T



Particle moving from left to rightprior to collision

Particle moving from right to leftprior to collision

Particle probability at collision

Time dilation, t= T


Time dilation, t= T





• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Collision Effects [2]3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Collision Effects [2]


During collision the particles compress

Time dilation, t <<T

Time dilation, t < T Time dilation, t < T



After collision the particles separate


During collision the particles compress

Time dilation, t <<T

Time dilation, t < T Time dilation, t < T



After collision the particles separate




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Virtual Collision [2]3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Virtual Collision [2]

A non-zero time dilation causes a particle to move from right to left.

Zero time dilation causes the particle to stop.

Non-linearity of the time dilation imposed on the particle causes it to compress and bounces back.

A non-zero time dilation in the opposite sense causes a particle to move from left to right.


Virtual Environment Real Environment

A non-zero time dilation causes a particle to move from right to left.

Zero time dilation causes the particle to stop.

Non-linearity of the time dilation imposed on the particle causes it to compress and bounces back.

A non-zero time dilation in the opposite sense causes a particle to move from left to right.


Virtual Environment Real Environment




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Virtual Collision [2]3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Virtual Collision [2]

1. At this point, all I can say is, the direction of the time dilation, holds the key to the momentum vector.

2. In compressing and bouncing back, the probability cloud is able to use the direction of time dilation to change the momentum vector.

3. This behavior of the probability density shape/size in the absence of a real particle is termed Momentum Exchange Bypass.




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Conclusion [2]3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Conclusion [2]

1. Consistency: The Momentum Exchange Bypass presented here is based on the Time Dilation Gravity model, and is therefore, consistent with this model.

2. Not Straightforward: If the Time Dilation Gravity hypothesis is correct, then there is a lot more to momentum exchange than straightforward transfer of kinetic energy and momentum vectors.

3. A Process: Momentum exchange is a process. This process is able to change vectors, using apparently scalar functions, time dilation and probability density.




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Conclusion [2]3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Conclusion [2]

4. Intercede: Given that momentum exchange is a process, using electromagnetism, one is then able to intercede in this process to deliver virtual momentum exchange behavior, termed, Momentum Exchange Bypass.

5. More Research: Most importantly, Momentum Exchange Bypass suggests that there is more to be done with regard to our understanding of momentum exchange.

6. Propulsion Systems: If Momentum Exchange Bypass is real, then we are on our way to achieving true propellantless propulsion systems.




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


4. Current Research4. Current Research

Current ResearchCurrent Research



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


4. Current Research: 1992, Superconducting Ceramics [5]4. Current Research: 1992, Superconducting Ceramics [5]

[5] E. Podkletnov and R. Nieminen, “A possibility of gravitational force shielding by bulk YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductor”, Physica C 2O3 (1992) 441-444, http://www.gravity-society.org/phc.txt

1. Shielding properties of single-phase dense bulk superconducting ceramics of YBa2Cu3O7-x against the gravitational force were studied at temperatures below 77 K.

2. A small non-conducting and non-magnetic sample weighing 5.48 g was placed over a levitating superconducting disk and the loss of weight was measured with high precision using an electro-optical balance system.



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


4. Current Research: 1992, Superconducting Ceramics [5]4. Current Research: 1992, Superconducting Ceramics [5]

[5] E. Podkletnov and R. Nieminen, “A possibility of gravitational force shielding by bulk YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductor”, Physica C 2O3 (1992) 441-444, http://www.gravity-society.org/phc.txt

3. The sample was found to lose from 0.05 to 0.3% of its weight, depending on the rotation speed of the superconducting disk.

4. Partial loss of weight might be the result of a certain state of energy which exists inside the crystal structure of the superconductor at low temperatures.

5. The unusual state of energy might have changed a regular interaction between electromagnetic, nuclear and gravitational forces inside a solid body and is responsible for the gravity shielding effect.



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


4. Current Research: 1995, Hooper’s Self-Canceling Coils [6]4. Current Research: 1995, Hooper’s Self-Canceling Coils [6]

[6] NASA. Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH. MILLIS, MARC G. WILLIAMSON, GARY SCOTT JUN. 1995 12 PAGES, 31st Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, San Diego CA, 10-12 Jul. 1995; sponsored by AIAA, ASME, SAE, and ASEE NASA-TM-106963 E-9719 NAS 1.15:106963 AIAA PAPER 95-2601 Avail: CASI HC A03/MF A01

1. Experiments were conducted to test assertions from Patent 3,610,971, by W.J. Hooper that self-canceling electromagnetic coils can reduce the weight of objects placed underneath.

2. No weight changes were observed within the detectability of the instrumentation.

3. More careful examination of the patent and other reports from Hooper led to the conclusion that Hooper may have misinterpreted thermal effects as his 'Motional Field' effects.

4. There is a possibility that the claimed effects are below the detection thresholds of the instrumentation used for these tests.



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


4. Current Research: 1998, Superconducting Disks [7]4. Current Research: 1998, Superconducting Disks [7]

[7] David Noever & Ron Koczor, "Radio-frequency illuminated superconductive disks: Reverse Josephson effects and implications for precise measuring of proposed gravity effects." Mail Code: ES76 Space Sciences Lab, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, Abstract for NASA JPL-Ninth Advanced Space Propulsion Research Workshop and Conference, Pasadena, CA March 11-13, 1998

1. We report experiments on RF-illuminated (1-15 MHz) superconducting disks with corresponding gravity readings indicating an apparent increase in observed gravity of approximately 3-5x10^-5 cm/s^2, above and to the side of the superconductor.

2. The observed gravitational modification range is significantly lower than the 2.1% gravity modification reported by Podkletnov.



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


4. Current Research: 1998, Rotating Magnetic Fields [8]4. Current Research: 1998, Rotating Magnetic Fields [8]

[8] David Noever, Ron Koczor, and Rick Roberson*, "Superconductor-mediated modification of gravity? AC motor experiments with bulk YBCO disks in rotating magnetic fields." NASA MSFC ES76, Space Sciences Lab, Huntsville, AL 35812, 34th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Cleveland Convention Center, Cleveland, OH July 12-15, 1998, Special Session of Breakthrough Propulsion Physics (Session 6-APC-1), AIAA-98-3139

1. This configuration was applied with and without a permanent DC magnetic field levitating the superconducting disk, with corresponding gravity readings indicating an apparent increase in observed gravity of less than 1x10^-6 cm/s^2, measured above the superconductor.



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


4. Current Research: 2001, Gravity Shielding- NASA [9]4. Current Research: 2001, Gravity Shielding- NASA [9]

T. Robertson, “Exploration of Anomalous Gravity Effects by rf-Pumped Magnetized High-T Superconducting Oxides”, AIAA-2001-3364, NASA Marshall, Huntsville, AL http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/bpp/pdf/Robertson-JPC.PDF

1. The general conclusion is that the results of these tests gave a null result.

2. Further, it is concluded that the balance is sensitive to mass changes at room temperature and down to approximately –175C . . .



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


4. Current Research: Conclusion4. Current Research: Conclusion

Nobody’s got it.

[10] Frank Vizard, “Grappling with Gravity, Out of the Box or Totally Out of Bounds?”, Popular Science, June 2002, Page 36

“. . . But no one has succeeded in duplicating Podkletov’s results. . . NASA decided to spend $600,000 to prove or disprove the theory once and for all” [10]



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


5. PNPT Experiments5. PNPT Experiments

PNPT ExperimentsPNPT Experiments



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


5. PNPT Experiments: First Generation Experiments [11]5. PNPT Experiments: First Generation Experiments [11]

Device A1, aligned with the Earth’s magnetic field

Device A1, aligned perpendicularly to the Earth’s magnetic field

Motion predicted by conceptual framework

Earth’s magnetic field Earth’s magnetic field


[11] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “Post-Newtonian Propulsion Technology”, International Space Development Conference 2001, May 24-28, Albuquerque, NM



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


5. PNPT Experiments: Second Generation Experiments (2GE) 5. PNPT Experiments: Second Generation Experiments (2GE) [11][11]




Device A1, aligned with the Earth’s magnetic field

Device A1, aligned perpendicularly to the Earth’s

magnetic field

Earth’s magnetic field Earth’s magnetic field



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Weight Loss [11]5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Weight Loss [11]




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Superconductivity (Once) [11]5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Superconductivity (Once) [11]




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


5. PNPT Experiments: Experimental Summary as at April 5. PNPT Experiments: Experimental Summary as at April 2001 [11]2001 [11]


Results Achieved Period

1mm deflection Nov/99 – Feb/00

0.1g weight loss (1 hour) Dec/99 – Jan/00

0.5g weight loss (3 hours) Jan/99 – Feb/00

1.0g weight loss (3 hours) Mar/00 – Aug/00

3.0g weight loss (3 hours) Aug/00 – Sep/00

3.0g weight loss (1 hour) Apr/01



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Device type ‘B’ [2]5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Device type ‘B’ [2]




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Device ‘B2’, Electrical 5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Device ‘B2’, Electrical Characteristics [2]Characteristics [2]

Device (B2) M-Current v M-Voltage (July/07/2001)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5M-Current (A)

M-V

olta

ge (

V)




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Device ‘B2’, Weight Loss [2]5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Device ‘B2’, Weight Loss [2]

Device (B2) Weight v Time (July/07/2001)

13.6

13.8

14.0

14.2

14.4

14.6

14.8

15.0

15.2

15.4

15.6

9:36 10:48 12:00 13:12 14:24 15:36 16:48 18:00

Time of Day

Wei

ght (

g)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

m-C

urre

nt (

A)

B2-Wt x Time B2-m-Current x Time




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Device type ‘J’ [2]5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Device type ‘J’ [2]




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Device ‘J1’, Electrical 5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Device ‘J1’, Electrical Characteristics [2]Characteristics [2]

Device (J) M-Current v M-Voltage (Jan/05/2003)

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6M-Field Current (Amps)

M-F

ield

Vol

tage

(V

olts

)




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Device ‘J1’, Weight Loss [2]5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Device ‘J1’, Weight Loss [2]

Device (J) Weight v Time (Jan/05/2003)

37.0

37.1

37.2

37.3

37.4

37.5

37.6

37.7

37.8

37.9

38.0

38.1

10:19 AM 3:07 PM 7:55 PM 12:43 AM 5:31 AM 10:19 AM 3:07 PM 7:55 PMTime of Day

Wei

ght (

g)

-0.10

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

Device Weight Current Profile




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


5. PNPT Experiments: Basic Observations in Physics [2]5. PNPT Experiments: Basic Observations in Physics [2]

1. Experimental repeatability.

2. Not due to the Earth’s magnetic field.

3. No electric field no force.

4. No magnetic field no force.

5. Not due to the “oxygen” effect.

6. Both electric and magnetic fields must be present to observe a force.

7. Increased m-current increases net weight change.

8. Reverse the electric field and weight change is reversed.

9. Turn it upside down & weight change is reversed.[2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


5. PNPT Experiments: Video5. PNPT Experiments: Video

Stop of Video



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


6. New Technology Options6. New Technology Options

New Technology OptionsNew Technology Options



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


6. New Technology Options: Comparisons [2]6. New Technology Options: Comparisons [2]

NASA / Current

Criteria PNPT (BTS) Research

Built designs that should work Yes, they work No

Built designs that should not work Yes, they don’t work No

Operates at Room Temperature or Higher Yes No

Does Not Use Superconductors Yes No

Does Not Use Exotic Materials Yes No

Has No Moving Parts Yes No

Portable Yes No




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


6. New Technology Options: Technology Ladder [2]6. New Technology Options: Technology Ladder [2]


Observed Anomalies

Recognition

Concepts

Hypothesis

Experimental Devices

Recognized Theories

Prototypes

Commercial Applications

1999-2003

2001-Rudimentary

1973-1999

1973

PNPT/BTS NASA /Current Research

1996?-2003?

Unknown

1992

Experimental Verification

1999-2003

Scientific Community?

2003-2007



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


6. New Technology Options: NASA’s Breakthrough 6. New Technology Options: NASA’s Breakthrough Propulsion PhysicsPropulsion Physics

[12] TD15-PLN-015, John H. Glenn Research Center Baseline, 21000 Brookpark Rd., Cleveland OH 44135 December 4, 2000. Project Plan for Breakthrough Propulsion Physics (BPP) Space Transportation Research Investment Area

NASA’s Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Consortium concepts [12]:

1. Technical Challenge 1 - MASS: Discover new propulsion methods that eliminate or dramatically reduce the need for propellant

2. Technical Challenge 2 - SPEED: Discover how to circumvent existing limits to dramatically reduce transit times.

3. Technical Challenge 3 - ENERGY: Discover fundamentally new modes of onboard energy generation to power these propulsion devices.



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


6. New Technology Options: Breaking the Rules [2]6. New Technology Options: Breaking the Rules [2]

1. Interstellar Travel is not feasible with present day conventional wisdom.

2. If Interstellar Travel is to be a reality, we have to break the rules of conventional wisdom but remain within the orbit of rigorous logic.




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


6. New Technology Options: Interstellar Technology 6. New Technology Options: Interstellar Technology Objectives [2]Objectives [2]


Objectives Supporting Concepts

1. Journey Integrity Post-Newtonian PropulsionZero Propellant ReplenishmentUnbounded Energy Onboard

2. Propulsion Systems Integrity Post-Newtonian Propulsion

3. Live Systems Integrity Trivial Travel Times

4. Navigation Integrity No Unique ReferenceRequired

5. Communications Integrity Super Luminal Communications



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


6. New Technology Options: Paradigm Shift Required [2]6. New Technology Options: Paradigm Shift Required [2]


1. Concept 1: Post-Newtonian Propulsion.

2. Technology Approach: Paradigm shift away from the concept of momentum exchange. Future propulsion systems need to utilize Momentum Exchange Bypass. This avoids the ZPR problem altogether.

3. Technology Required: Propulsion engines need to fold spacetime.



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •




1. Concept 2: Trivial Travel Times.

2. Technology Approach: Paradigm shift away from the concept of velocity and duration.

3. Technology Required: Invent engines that can fold spacetime. Post Newtonian Propulsion Technology is the only option right now.



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •




1. Concept 3: Zero Propellant Replenishment.

2. Technology Approach: Invent new propulsion methods that eliminate the need for propellants.

3. Technology Required: True propellantless propulsion. Nuclear based propulsion is a close choice but not quite it.



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •




1. Concept 4: Unbounded Energy Onboard.

2. Technology Approach: Invent/develop new energy sources/storage that provide unlimited or nearly unlimited propulsion energy requirements.

3. Technology Required: This we have. It is nuclear energy.



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •




1. Concept 5: No Unique Reference.

2. Technology Approach: Invent/develop navigation systems that eliminate the need for a central point of reference. Independent of Earth bound communications & references.

3. Technology Required: Stellar Fingerprinting. To be able to look at the mass of stars and recognize where we are. Use pulsars?



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •



1. Concept 6: Bypass Velocity of Light.

2. Technology Approach: Deep space voyages require us to invent new communications technologies that does bypass the speed of light.

3. Technology Required: Information Teleportation. Dr. Ping Koy Lam of the Australian National University has successfully demonstrated photon teleportation.




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


6. New Technology Options: Technology Summary (BTS) [2]6. New Technology Options: Technology Summary (BTS) [2]

Objectives Concepts State of Technology

1. Journey IntegrityPost-Newtonian Propulsion Feasible - Experimental (BTS)Zero Propellant Replenishment Feasible – NASA/Air Force/NavyUnbounded Energy Onboard Available – Nuclear - NASA/Navy

2. Propulsion Systems IntegrityPost-Newtonian Propulsion Feasible - Experimental (BTS)

3. Live Systems Integrity Trivial Travel Times Unknown

4. Navigation Integrity No Unique Reference Feasible – NASA/Air Force/Navy

5. Communications Integrity Photon Teleportation Feasible – Australian National

University




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis

Technology Sensitivity Technology Sensitivity AnalysisAnalysis



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis: Current Technology7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis: Current Technology

Travel between Earth and Moon.

Non-Critical

Vital

Critical


Journey Integrity

Live Systems Integrity

Propulsion Systems Integrity

Communications Integrity

Navigation Integrity

Tolerable Travel Times

Zero Propellant Replenishment

Radio

Earth Assisted



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis: Advanced Technology7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis: Advanced Technology

Non-Critical

Vital

Critical

Travel beyond the Moon but within the Solar System.



Journey Integrity





Unbounded Energy

Onboard

Zero Propellant Re-fuelling

No Unique Reference

Radio




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis: Future Technology7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis: Future Technology

Non-Critical

Vital

Critical

Travel beyond the Solar System.


Journey Integrity

One & The Same





No Unique Reference

Trivial Travel Times

Bypass Speed of Light



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


8. Future Spacecraft Designs8. Future Spacecraft Designs

Future Spacecraft DesignsFuture Spacecraft Designs



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Newtonian Technology Design8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Newtonian Technology Design

Pictures courtesy of NASA, http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/basics/orbiter/index.htmlhttp://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/basics/index.html

Shuttle Like Spacecrafts (SLS): Unfortunately, this is not the future.



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Newtonian Technology Design8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Newtonian Technology Design

Picture courtesy of NASA, http://www.nasa.gov/extend/HP_ELT_Feature_03.html

Ion Propulsion: Unfortunately, this too, is not the future.



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Key Design Considerations8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Key Design Considerations

1. Silicon wafers can be laid out in two compact formats.

Tubular format, back to back, suggesting an engine design that is cylindrical.

Flat format, side by side, suggesting an engine design that is part of the spacecraft “floor”.




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Key Design Considerations8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Key Design Considerations

2. The field effects must encompass the whole spacecraft.




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Almost Correct Design8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Almost Correct Design

Star Trek Enterprise: Not a likely design as the engines are, too far apart & far back for the field effects to encompass the whole spacecraft in an optimal manner.

Field Effect

Field Effect




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Correct Design8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Correct Design

To maximize the field effects, the propulsion system has to be within and center of the spacecraft.




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


8. Future Spacecraft Designs: PNPT Propulsion Systems 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: PNPT Propulsion Systems LayoutLayout

1st Design Approach: Propulsion system is buried inside the spacecraft, and is an integral part of the vessel design.

Forward/Backward Thrust

Lateral Thrust

Up/Down Thrust




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


8. Future Spacecraft Designs: PNPT Propulsion Systems 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: PNPT Propulsion Systems LayoutLayout

2nd Design Approach: Propulsion system is buried inside the spacecraft, and is an integral part of the vessel design.

Forward/Backward Thrust

Lateral ThrustUp/Down Thrust




• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Future Spacecraft Design8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Future Spacecraft Design

Using the 1st Design Approach, the spacecraft is saucer shaped.


Propulsion System is buried inside the spacecraft



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


9. Summary & Conclusion9. Summary & Conclusion

Summary & ConclusionSummary & Conclusion



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


9. Summary9. Summary

What it takes to be an Interstellar Civilization:

1. Time Travel: Implies incorrect theories. A through re-examination of current theories is required.

2. Dark Energy: Implies a disconnect between the real Universe and modern theories. An approach has been presented. This needs to be investigated further.

3. Current Theories on Gravity: Are too narrow in scope to enable Interstellar Travel. A fundamentally new approach is required. A suggested approach has been presented.



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


9. Summary9. Summary

What it takes to be an Interstellar Civilization . . . continued:

4. Lorentz Transformation Breakout: We can & must breakout of Relativistic Bind of Lorentz Transformations. An approach has been presented, and needs to be investigated further.

5. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Needs to be formally proven.

6. ISSETI: A new Inter-Stellar Space Exploration Technology Initiative (ISSETI) is required.



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


9. Conclusion9. Conclusion

Interstellar Civilization status requires two initiatives:

1. The Space Program needs to advance Science, and not Science advance the Space Program.

2. Inter-Stellar Space Exploration Technology Initiative (ISSETI).



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


9. Acknowledgements9. Acknowledgements

I would like to thank, the following organizations for providing the opportunity,

To present/publish unconventional ideas,1. The Journal of Theoretics2. National Space Society

To test/verify my experiments at their labs, 1. University of Denver, Denver, Colorado2. University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


9. Contact9. Contact

Author: Benjamin Thomas Solomon

Address: P.O. Box 40Conifer, CO 80433-0040

eFax: 801-365-8995

Tel: 303-949-7930

Email: [email protected]



• eFax: 801-365-8995 • Tel: 303-949-7930 •


9. QuantumRisk Journal9. QuantumRisk Journal

Authors required for the following articles:

1. Military Value of the Moon, and its Impact on World Politics.

2. Synthetic Life Forms.

3. Impact of Inter-Planetary Resources on World Politics.

4. First Nations: Independence of Moon & Mars.

5. A World without the United Nations.

Contact: Ben Solomon, [email protected]

a new approach to gravity & space propulsion systems

Documents