a national management plan for a protected non-timber cites listed tree species: prunus africana
TRANSCRIPT
A National Management Plan for a
protected non-timber species:
Prunus africana
Verina Ingram1, Henri Charles Akagou Zedong2,
Nouhou Ndam3, Abdon Awono1, Yanek Decleire4,
Narcisse Mbarga5
1 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), BP 2008, Yaounde, Cameroon2 Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife3 TRAFFIC Central Africa4 GTZ ProPSFE5 ANAFOR
Introduction
• Cameroon largest exporter of Prunus africana
worldwide (>50%)
• Traditional multiple-uses timber, fuel-wood
and medicine.
• Local, low volume trade for medicinal use
• Raw material prostate drugs and health
supplements.
• Major income source for forest based
communities and enterprises
• Protected species IUCN and CITES
The problems……..
• Prunus availability reduced by:– Bush fires
– Grazing
– Unsustainable harvested quantities
– Insufficient regeneration in wild &
domestication
• Unsustainable exploitation: – Lack or insufficient local management
– Unsustainable harvesting techniques
– Quota based permit system unrelated to actuality
– Difficult regulatory system for SMEs
– Inadequate regulatory controls
– High local and international demand
• Government capacity:– Insufficient capacity and financial allocation to Prunus
to respond to CITES obligations
• Poor market and information:– Little info exchange at all levels
– No processing (added value) in Cameroon since close of Plantecam
• Inventories Mt Cameroon, 2000 & Adamoua, 2001
• Cameroon request to maintain quota for areas not inventoried re livelihood implications 2005
• IRAD/Uni Dschang/Biodiversity International: 3 studies genetic diversity/ planting materials, survey participatory regeneration, 2005 - date
• Conflicts re revenue distribution & massive illegal harvesting, Kilum, 2005
• Uni Yaoundé: Phd on genetic characterisation, 2007
• FAO/SNV/CIFOR NTFP SME project started, Feb 07
• WHINCONET/SNV survey: unsustainability Kilum-Ijum, March 07
• Institute Ethnobotany Stewart: massive degeneration, Kilum Ijum, June 07
• CITES questions status of Prunus, July 07
• GTZ: monitoring Mt Cameroon November, Nov 07
• Cameroon government response to EU‟s Oct concerns, Nov 07
• “Ban” on imports to EU a reality, Nov 07
• MINFoF introduced Circulars, 15 & 22 Nov 2
• No Prunus harvested in NW or SW since Nov 07 (1 seizure SW, Jan 08)
• Exploiters verifying status of plantations & “non-forest” Prunus, Jan 08
• “Prunus Platform” stakeholders & 6 meetings Nov 2007 - 2009
Developments …..
January 2008
• Prunus secondary source of income forest users
• 1985 - 1991 ≈ 9,309 tons exported from Cameroon ≥ 143 million CFA (290,976 US$)
• Plantecam turnover 1998 = 4,000,000 US$.
• Export value in 1999 = 700,000 US$. Export prices for dry bark (chips):
– in 2000 = 2000 CFA per kg
– In 2006 = 660 CFA to 1000 CFA per kg
• In 2005 & 2006, 1500 - 2000 t harvested annually:
– Valued at ≈ 260 million CFA (540,000 US$) to producers (harvesters, community organisations and individuals)
– Export value ≈ ≥ 2,649 million CFA (5,470,000 US$), based on an average export price of 660 CFA (1.34 US$) per kg
• Market chain in Cameroon ≈ 60,000 people in CF communities, unknown individuals with plantations, 500+ harvesters, 11 exploitation permit-holding small scale enterprises and 5 SME exporting enterprises.
• Revenues to government – Estimated between 1.5 to 16 million p.a. from Regeneration
Tax
– Estimated up to 22 million CFA form Permit sales p.a.
Pygeum: Economic value
But it’s an NTFP!
Prunus revenues are nothing compared to
timber revenues…..
September 2008
• Cameroon Highlands chain of volcanic mountains
• Habitat ranges from sub-montane to montane forests and subalpine grasslands.
• Largest remaining patches of Afromontane forest in West Africa.
• One of top 200 worldwide Ecoregions (35 bird species, 10 reptiles, 55 amphibians, 6 mammals & around 100 rare/endemic plant species).
• Human activities have fragmented, degraded and isolated remaining forest –, unsustainable harvesting, fires, agriculture and bushmeat poaching.
• Huge losses forest:
– 1958 = 37% of province forest covered
– 2000 = 3.5% largest montane forest is approximately 98km2 in Bamenda Highlands
• Role of traditional conservation & management by Traditional Authorities increasingly less successful and un-enforced
• 38 Community Forests, up to 5000 hectares each = 72,681 hectares (2007) - conserving biodiversity and sustainable livelihoods
• Adamaoua largely unpopulated and no community forests – not traditionally used
• Highlands forests provide other essential services and benefits: water, water catchments, fuel wood, medicine, fertile land, animals, sacred shrines and ecotourism.
Conservation importance
highlands forests
West Province
• Prunus africana used locally as important traditional medicine
• 4th most popular medicinal plant collected around Mt Cameroon by 14% of households. 1st or 2nd most popular medicinal plant in Oku.
– Human use: barks/leaves/roots/seeds powdered or tea, 45+ uses:– Anti-inflammatory - Analgesic
– Stomach ache - Genito-urinary complaints
– Allergies - Kidney disease
– Malaria - Fever
– Parasites - Aphrodisiac
– Menstruation problems - Infertility
– Animal use: – Pox, cholera, diarrhoea, purgative, wounds gastric problems for fowls & small livestock
• Bark is dried, chipped or powdered and pharmalogically active compounds chemically extracted (ratio wet 2 kg:dry 1kg: extract5g-0.05g). Extract also contained in roots & leaves. Forms the raw material for internationalpharmaceutical industry: Italy, France, Spain, Madagascar & USA for drugs to treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, a non-cancerous glandular disorder affecting mainly older men, also excessive hairiness and aging.
Pygeum: Health importance
January 2008
• Prunus africana, well known species internationally as:
– African Cherry
– Iron Wood or Stinkwood
– Pygeum
Locally as:
– Kanda stick
– Kirah (Lamnso)
– Elouo (Kom)
– Eblaa (Oku)
– Bi‟beh‟kemb‟oh‟ (Fulfulde)
– Wotangu (Bakweri)
• Durable wood is used locally for:
– Axe handles
– Poles
– Hives
– Door frames
– Charcoal
– Fuel wood
– Carving
• Bee-loving tree for local “Oku white” honey
Pygeum: Social functions
• Prunus secondary source of income forest users
1985 - 1991 ≈ 9,309 tons exported from Cameroon
≥ 143 million CFA (290,976 US$)
• Plantecam turnover 1998 = 4,000,000 US$.
• Export value in 1999 = 700,000 US$. Export prices for dry bark (chips):
– in 2000 = 2000 CFA per kg
– In 2006 = 660 CFA to 1000 CFA per kg
• In 2005 & 2006, 1500 - 2000 t harvested annually:
– Valued at ≈ 260 million CFA (540,000 US$) to producers (harvesters, community organisations and individuals)
– Export value ≈ ≥ 2,649 million CFA (5,470,000 US$), based on an average export price of 660 CFA (1.34 US$) per kg
• Market chain in Cameroon ≈ 60,000 people in CF communities, unknown individuals with plantations, 500+ harvesters, 11 exploitation permit-holding small scale enterprises and 5 SME exporting enterprises.
• Revenues to government – Estimated between 1.5 to 16 million p.a. from Regeneration
Tax
– Estimated up to 22 million CFA form Permit sales p.a.
Pygeum: Economic value
But it’s an NTFP!
Prunus revenues are nothing compared to
timber revenues…..
Sustainable?
How much is available? > 30 DBH average 55 – 68kg per tree, every 7-11 years (Hall 2000, GTZ 2000)
• Inventory: GTZ Mt Cameroon = 209 t. pa average (2000-2005)/ 0.369 m3/ha
(2008-2013)
• Inventory: MINFoF Samba Pelmali Boudounga = 28.21 m3/ha (?)
• Inventory: ANAFOR Tchabal Mbabo = 493 t. pa (2001-2011) *
• Inventory: ANAFOR Tchabal Gang Daba = 8.8 t. pa (2001 -2011)*
• Inventory: CIFOR Kilum-Ijum = 1.036 m3/ha (2008-2013)*
• Inventory: CIFOR Kupe Muanenguba = 0.248 m3/ha (2008-2013)*
Natural forests current inventories = 735 t p.a.
(*adjusted for prior & unsustainable harvesting in Mt Cameroon, Kilum Ijum, Mt
Manengouba and Adamaoua Tchabals)
Perhaps 343 t. in private and community based plantations
Differentiation for Kilum-Ijum CFs and Mt Cameroon
Rest of Cameroon?
Approach
• Science and pragmatic guidance to develop
national management plan for the sustainable
exploitation of Prunus africana in short & long term
• Innovative for Cameroon and Africa
• Culmination of 2 year process:
– Scientific evidence
– Regulatory study
– Negotiated policy
– indigenous knowledge
– Stakeholder participation
• Plan has general consensus from majority of
stakeholders.
Context
• Draft plan financed by EU, CIFOR and
GTZ
• Close collaboration ANAFOR & MinFoF
• Consultations with CITES - Prunus
Working Group, TRAFFIC, EU and
scientific experts
• Output: Guidance & norms for a national
Prunus Management Plan adopted by
governmentActors believe in the sustainability of plan
incorporating a combination of measures;
Shared knowledge, technical, scientific & regulatory
Proposed Plan
Key elements 1
Replaces annual, non-quota based, multiple permit
holder, non-specific geographic areas system with:
1. National quota for commercial, large scale = ∑ PAU stock
(Inventory + MP) + registered planted Prunus africana
2. Distinctions;
• Commercial, large scale exploitation different from
small-scale, traditional use
• Planted different from wild
3. 6 major landscapes containing Prunus divided into Prunus
Allocation Units
Key elements - 2
4. Exploitable quantity Prunus in a PAU over 10 year period Determined by inventory
Approved by Cameroon CITES authorities
Commissioned and financed by the PAU holder
5. Inventories according to „Inventory Norm‟*
6. Harvesting according to „Harvest Norm‟*
Planted different from wild
7. Trained and certified harvesters
8. Regeneration obligation in PAU
9. Controls, monitoring & traceability strengthened - role
national and regional authorities
Includes cross-border trade Nigeria
10. Coordination & roles Management and Scientific
Authorities clarified
Permanent Forest Non-Permanent Forest
Protected areas
excluded *Mt Cameroon NP
Council Forests Communal or
Community Forests
Private land
Leased
Concession Unit
CF CF Registered
Prunus
Single exploiter
(Enterprise or GIC)
Council CBO, Council or FMI Owner
Regeneration
obligation
Regeneration
obligation
Regeneration
obligation
Open bidding Respective
Council
Relevant Council,
CBO or FMI
Owner
Zoned Zoned Zoned Registered
Inventory and
Management Plan
Inventory and
Management Plan
Inventory and
Management Plan
Certificate of
Origin
Key elements - 3
Figure 1 Monitoring Scheme
Schéma 2 : Visualisation du système Prunus de la région.
Transporters
ANAFOR
Sci. Authority
MINFoF
RDs
CITES Secretariat
PAU permit
holder
MINFOF Mgt Authority
Exporters
Scientific Committee Research institues & NGOs
Importers
Advice on PAU Mgt Plan
Monitoring Checklist
Monitoring Form D
Monitoring Form A
Private
owner
Monitoring Checklist Annual report CITES species
EC CITES Secretariat
Approved PAU Mgt Plan
Harvesters
Transporters
Monitoring Form B
Advice on Harvest & inventory
norms
Inter-Minsiterial Cmmttee
Annual
DExploitation Permit
Monitoring Form E
Monitoring Form C
Registration prunus
CITES species
Monitoring Checklist
PAU Management
Plan Approval
PAU Annual report
Addressing CITES and EU concerns
Short term (2009 to 2010)
1. CITES 2006 Lima meeting (this Management Plan)
2. Location 2007 stock traced
3. Current availability est. 1078 t. of wet weight bark annually*;
• 735 t. current inventories of natural forests (adjusted for prior
and unsustainable harvesting in Mt Cameroon, Kilum Ijum, Mt
Manengouba and Adamaoua Tchabals)
• 343 t. in private and community based plantations
4. Actual quantity only known with PAU inventories/Management Plans +
when Prunus on private land is registered
5. No harvesting in protected areas = conservation of genetic resources &
regeneration stock
6. Distinction between ‘wild’ and domesticated Prunus embedded in
exploitation regime via Certificate of Origin
7. A new permit system devised and agreed by stakeholders as
sustainable alternative to current system.
8. Consensus on scientific & practical inventory method.
9. Conservative harvesting technique and certification
agreed.
10.Revised monitoring & control government and
communities agreed
11.Ongoing research needs consolidated & being
addressed. ANAFOR coordination & dissemination.......
12.Coordination mechanisms e.g. Prunus Platform......
13.Awareness raising & education on CITES & regulations
started
14.Need to promote domestication and planting +
regeneration program in wild.
Addressing CITES and EU concerns
Short term (2009 to 2010)
Addressing concerns
Long term (2011 +)• Further exploitation continue to be quota based
• PAUs emerge in response to market demand and
bidding
• Gradually inventories and PAU Management plans
conducted for MinFoF approval
• Ongoing capacity building of CITES Scientific authority
(ANAFOR) will bear fruit (ITTO Project)
• Results of ongoing projects on Prunus africana sector
(Domestication, support to small enterprises, changes in
the legal framework of NTFPs, domestication & ongoing
research) become available and incorporated into
national policy as appropriate.
Regulatory
authorities
Pharmaceutical
companies
Government Projects / NGOs Permit Holders Owners of
trees/
Plantations
Communities /
CBOs
CITES Adapt
regional
regulations
Needs to regulate
trade through
certification
Country
implementation of
CITES
recommendation
s
Feedback on
scientific
information on
CITES species
Create & sustain
awareness on CITES
issues
Motivation for more
planting.
Create & sustain
awareness on CITES
issues
Pharm
companies
Support
sustainable
forest
management
Agree to support &
champion
sustainable
management
Support policy
development
Fund development
projects
Buy only from
responsible Permit
holders (certification)
Long term link for
direct supply.
Support long term
partnership
Government Support
participation
in
international
fora
Provide framework
for certification
Develop regional
strategies
Feed back on
relevant field data
& information in
exchange for
respecting Project
recommendations
Issue permit after
agreed inventory &
Prunus Management
Plan
Provide
planting/regeneration
incentives
Incentive for
cultivation
Provide planting/
regeneration
incentives
Establish a favourable
policy
& provide technical
support for
sustainable
management
Development
Projects /
NGOs
Promote
Project
achievements
at national &
international
levels
Continuous
awareness raising
Set enabling
environment for
Projects to
support Prunus
sustainable
management
Support Prunus
related workshops
& networking
Collaborate for
sustainable
management
Support tree
planting
Advocacy for best
practices (e.g.
sustainable
management, fair
price, regeneration)
Permits
Holders
Raise
awareness to
respect
CITES
Fair prices to fight
poverty
Issue a single
long term permit
per permit
allocation site
Organise & train
community based
harvesters, Fund
regeneration
Support sustainable
Prunus management
and regeneration
Fair price Buy from organised
villagers with training
in harvesting skills
Owners of
trees/
plantations
Promote
domestication
Registration
of trees
Promote large
scale production
Set enabling
environment for
private planting
Capacity building
for propagation
Offer fair prices to
encourage large scale
production
Networking, setting
common price,
exchange of
information
Collaborate in
regeneration and
marketing of Prunus
Communities /
CBOs
Raise
awareness to
respect
CITES
Support
sustainable forest
management
Issue permit to
organised
communities (e.g.
MOCAP, FMIs)
Support capacity
building
&sustainable
Prunus
management
Establish a fair price
for equitable benefit
sharing
Collaborate for
inventory and
protection.
Networking, setting
common price,
exchange of
information
Table 9 Matrix of Prunus stakeholder responsibilities roles and actions
What next? A road map Annex 1 & 4
1. Gaps - Nigeria transboundary trade, Reforestation plans
2. Revise and appropriate Management Plan
3. Send Plan to CITES and EU CITES
4. Include Harvest & Inventory Norms
5. Revise and adopt the Management Plan (Ministerial
Decision?)
6. Translation
7. Diffusion Plan - (CIFOR print)
8. Training MinFoF and ANAFOR national & regional on control
monitoring
9. Set up Scientific Committee
10. Implement e.g. Bids for PAUs, open registers for private
prunus