a musicological journey

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A Musicological Journey

Mollie Cale


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MUSIC


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The 15th Century

The 15th century was a time that we call the Middle Ages.

The Middle ages saw a change in the English culture. The DarkAges led society to lack elegance or refinement. (much like today)The Medieval music consisted of the secular music of the church.The Crusades led to a new and unprecedented interest in beautiful

objects like poetry, music and elegant manners. Where have the Middle Ages gone? I miss them so.

Middle Ages music in Europe was influenced by Arab love songs.The ideals of courtly love were introduced further influencing thecontent and styles of the music of the Middle Ages.

Music was extremely important to the people who lived during the

Medieval era, especially in th

e royal courts of th

e Middle Ages.


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Musical Instruments of the Middle

Ages The oldest musical instrument played by

Minstrels, Knights, and Troubadours was thehuman voice! (Knights not only had to be able to

fight, but to woo their lady with music) Wind Musical Instruments were instruments

which were blown like trumpets or bagpipes.

Stringed Musical Instruments were instruments

which were played with a bow or plucked. Percussion Musical Instruments were various

forms of drums and bells.


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The Flute - Similar to our modern flutes. This type of Musicalinstruments played by flute-minstrels of the Middle Ages

The Trumpet - Long instrument made of metal, often in four parts -often associated with fanfares and pageants

The Pipe - The pipe was an extremely basic instrument usuallyhaving only three melody holes

The Shawn - The shawn was a reed instrument with vent holes

Recorder - The recorder was also an extremely basic instrumentwith melody holes

The Bagpipe - The Bagpipe was an ancient instrument, used by thepoorest people and was made using a goat or sheep skin and a reedpipe

The Crumhorn - The crumhorm (Curved Horn) was introduced in the1400's as a double reed musical instrument

The Gemshorn - The gemshorn was made of an ox horn and playedas a flute-like musical instrument

The Lizard - The lizard was a descriptive term for an s-shaped horn


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lizard

trumpet

Gemshorn

pipe

Flute

Shawm

bagpiperecorder

crumhorn


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The Harp - The harp was a favorite instrument of the troubadoursand minstrels and was about 30 inches in length

The Fiddle - There were a variety of Medieval Fiddles which wereplayed with a bow or plucked and usually held under the chin or inthe crook of the arm. Easily portable and one of the most popularstreet musical instruments

The Rebec - The rebec was an instrument with a round pear-shapedbody much like an early violin

The Psaltery - The Psaltery was a musical instrument of the MiddleAges which was a cross between a harp and a guitar

The Dulcimer - The Dulcimer was played by striking the strings withsmall hammers

The Hurdy-gurdy - the hurdy-gurdy was introduced to Englandduring the 12th century - the bow was replaced by strings attachedto a wheel which was cranked by a handle

The Viol - Viols were played with a bow and held on the lap orbetween the legs


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fiddle

rebec

psaltery

Hurdy gurdy

dulcimer

viol

harp


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The Drum - Drums were made initially froma hollow tree trunk, clay or metal andcovered by skins of water animals - alsocalled tambours

The Cymbal - Thin round concave metalplates

The Triangle - The triangle was a musicalinstrument introduced during the 14th

century The Tambourine - This Musical instrument

was traditionally used by a woman


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Drum

Cymbal

Triangle

Tambourine


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MUSIC


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The 16th Century

This Music was more like the Renaissance Music.

The growing emphasis on individualism during the Renaissance began achange of status for composers of music in society. Renaissancecomposers were recognized often during their lifetimes.

In comparison with medieval music, Renaissance harmony was moreunrestrained and more expressive - the period between Josquin Deprez andPalestrina is known as "the golden age of polyphony.

Imitation - where one musical line shares or imitates the same musicaltheme of the preceeding line - became an important polyphonic technique.Imitation was used to introduce complexitities by simpler means and at thesame time give listeners the ability to perceive the structureof thecomposition.

Polyphonic imitation can be heard in the masses and motets of practically

all the composers beginning with Desprez, and in the instrumantal music ofWilliam Byrd, Orlando Gibbons, and Andrea and Giovanni Gabrielli.


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Musical Instruments ofThe 16th

Century


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17th Century Music

Its derived from the Italian barocco, meaning bizarre,though probably exuberantwould be a better translationmore accurately reflecting the sense. The usage of thisterm originated in the 1860s to describe the highlydecorated style of 17th and 18th century religious andpublic buildings in Italy, Germany and Austria, as typifiedby the very baroque angelic organist adorning theGottfried Silbermann organ completed in 1714 for theCathedral in Freiberg, Saxony. Later, during the early tomid 1900s, the term baroque was applied by association

to music of th

e 17th

and early 18th

century, and todaythe term baroque has come to refer to a very clearlydefinable type or genre of music which originated,broadly speaking, around 1600 and came to fruitionbetween 1700 and 1750.


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17th Century Musical Instruments

ClavichordThe clavichord produced sound by striking a metal wedge striking against a string

when a key was pressed. The sound quality was weak, but the instrument was ableto produce some dynamics. It was mainly used in Germany and usually played as asolo instrument or in a small ensemble.

OrganThe Baroque organ was more powerful than its predecessor, the Renaissance

organ. Organs were mostly associated with church music and used as soloinstruments or accompaniment instruments. A vast growth in organ literature tookplace during this period.

HarpsichordThe Harpsichord was very popular and was known by various names in different

parts of Europe. In Italy, it was called aclavicembalo . In England, it was referred toas a virginal. In France it was termed a clavecen , and in Germany, it wasnamed klavier. The harpsichord usually had two manuals or keyboards. It's tone was

produced with quills which plucked the strings mechanically every time a key waspressed. The tone of the harpsichord was stronger than the clavichord but it could notproduce dynamics. The harpsichord was the main instrument employed in the bassocontinuo. It is one of the most distinctive sounds of the Baroque Era and was themost favored instrument in solo music.


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Cont

String InstrumentsThe principal string instruments of the 1600s were the viol family. The

new violin family of instruments slowly replaced them. The violin soonbecame the new leader of the stringed instruments, and its sound becamethe dominant timbre in late Baroque ensemble music. The bass violcommonly known as the contrabass, or double bass was still utilized, even

though the other viols died out. During the 1600s, the lute started to lose itsdominance in the music world. A few pieces of lute music were still beingproduced, mainly in France and Germany.

Wind InstrumentsDuring the Baroque era the principal woodwind instruments used were

the bassoon, flute, and oboe. Older end-blown recorders were still in useduring the late Baroque period. The transverse flute started to become acommon solo and ensemble instrument. Brass instruments such as horns,trumpets, and trombones were used in large ensembles, but rarely as soloinstruments.

Percussion InstrumentsTimpani were the only percussion instruments in common use at this

time. They were used sparingly in the orchestra.


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18th Century

These are the Characteristics of Classical Music

1. Less complicated texture than Baroque (more homophonic).

2. Emphasis on beauty, elegance and balance.

3. More variety and contrast within a piece than Baroque(dynamics, instruments, pitch, tempo, key, mood and timbre).

4. Melodies tend to be shorter than those in baroque, withclear-cut phrases, and clearly marked cadences.

5. The orchestra increases in size and range. The harpsichordfails out of use. The woodwind becomes a self-contained section.

6. The piano takes over, often with Alberti bassaccompaniment.

7. Importance was given to instrumental music - sonata, trio,string quartet, symphony, concerto.

8. Sonata form was the most important design.


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18th Century Instruments


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MUSIC


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Classical Orchestra

The orchestra usually consisted of

~One or two flutes

~Two oboes

~Two clarinets

~Two bassoons

~Two horns

~T

wo trumpets~Two kettledrums

~Strings


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The 19th Century Music

This was the romantic era.

The word romanticism was first used to describe new ideas in painting and literature,towards the end of the 18th century. This word was later taken up by musicians, todescribe the changes in musical style, which took place soon after the turn of thecentury. Unlike Classical composers, Romantic composers aimed for a store powerfulexpression of emotion, often revealing their innermost thoughts and feelings.Romantic music is not just about the emotion of love, it can also be about hate or

death (positive or negative feelings). Many Romantic composers took an interest inart and literature:

~Far off lands

~The distant past

~Dreams

~Night and moonlight

~Rivers, lakes and forests

~Nature and the seasons~The joy and pain of love

~Fairy tales

~The supernatural

~Magic


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Characteristics of Romanticism

Freedom of form and design. It was more personal and emotional.

Song-like melodies (lyrical), as well as many chromatic harmoniesand discords.

Dramatic contrasts of dynamics and pitch.

Big orchestras, due mainly to brass and the invention of the valve.

Wide variety of pieces (i.e. songs up to five hour Wagner operas) Program music (music that tells a story)

Shape was brought to work through the use of recurring themes.

Great technical virtuosity.

Nationalism (a reaction against German influence)


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The Orchestra

The romantic orchestra consisted of

~ flute

~ oboe

~ clarinet

~ bassoon

~ horn

~ strings

~ trumpet

~ kettle drums

~ piccolo

~ cor anglais~ bass clarinet

~ double bassoon


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Romantic Musical Instruments


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MUSIC


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20th Century Music TYPES

There are way to many types of music to write on each.

Rock

Country

Jazz Blues

Reggae

R&B

Salsa

Hip Hop

Rap

Disco and Many MORE


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20th Century Music


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21st Century Music TYPES

THIS IS WHATYOU HEAR ON THE

RADIO!!!!!


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Examples

An example of music you hear today is

Jenifer Lopezs Hit On The Floor.

Th

ere is also Katy Perrys E.T

. OrThere is also, one of my personal

favorites by LMFAO. It is.


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PARTY ROCK ANTHEM

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