a movement 3 nov 2, 2012 – day 27
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A movement 3 Nov 2, 2012 – Day 27. Introduction to Syntax ANTH 3590/7590 Harry Howard Tulane University. Course management. http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/ANTH3590/ We need to spend our $150 from the Provost ’ s Undergraduate Activities Fund. A-MOVEMENT. Radford §6. REVIEW. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
A movement 3Nov 2, 2012 – Day 27Introduction to Syntax
ANTH 3590/7590
Harry Howard
Tulane University
Course management
http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/ANTH3590/ We need to spend our $150 from the
Provost’s Undergraduate Activities Fund.
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A-MOVEMENTRadford §6
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REVIEW
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CP
TPCø
PRNthere
QPsome
students
T’
V'
VPTshould
First piece of evidence: A VP-internal subject in Belfast English there clauses (6.4) 1
1/0
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Vget
QPø distinctions
CP
TPCø
QPall hell
T’
V'
VPTwill
Second piece of evidence: Subject idioms can be inserted as a unit into VP (6.12)
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Vbreak
APloose
QPall hell
----------
CP
TPCø
QPeveryone
T’
V'
NegPTdid
Third piece of evidence: Negation has scope over a VP-internal subject
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Vfinish
DetPthe assignment
QPeveryone
-----------
Neg'
Negø
VP
n’t
CP
TPCø
DPthe police
T’
V'
VPTwill
Thematic role assignment becomes local (within VP)
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Varrest
DPthe suspect
DPthe police
------------V assigns theme to its internal or first-merged argument
V assigns agent to its external or second-merged argument
CP
TPCø
DPthe police
T’
V'
VPTwill
Unergative intransitive verbs have AGENT subjects
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Vcomplain
DPthe police
------------
V assigns agent to its external or second-merged argument
CP
TPCø
T’
VPTcould
Unaccusative intransitive verbs have THEME subjects
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Varise
QPseveral
complications
QPseveral
complications
-----------------------------
V assigns THEME to its internal argument
CP
TPCø
T’
VPTwere
PASSIVE AS UNACCUSATIVE (49)
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Vreported
QPseveral cases
V assigns THEME to its internal argument
QPseveral cases
--------------------
CP
TPCø
T’
VPTwere
PASSIVE WITH THERE AS UNACCUSATIVE (48)
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Vreported
QPseveral cases
PRNthere
V assigns THEME to its internal argument
PASSIVE PREDICATESAdditional evidence for the unaccusative analysis of the passive
Radford §6.6
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Discontinuous spellout of the passive subject
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CP
TPCø
T’
VPTwas
Vfound
QPno evidence of any corruption
V assigns THEME to its internal argument
QPno evidence
----------------
Object idioms (inserted into V’)
51b) Little heed was paid to what he said.52b) Due homage was paid to General Ghouly.53b) Close tabs were kept on the CIA by the FBI.
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CP
TPCø
T’
VPTwas
Vmade
QPmuch headway
V assigns THEME to its internal argument
QPmuch
headway
------------------
UTAH
Uniform Theta Assignment Hypothesis Constituents which fulfill the same thematic role
with respect to a given predicate occupy the same initial position in the syntax. (55)
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LONG-DISTANCE PASSIVIZATIONRadford §5.6
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Inductive introduction
Some data56a) There are alleged to have been stolen a number of portraits of the Queen.56b) A number of portraits of the Queen are alleged to have been stolen.57a) There are believed to have occurred several riots.57b) Several riots are believed to have occurred.
What was our hypothesis about infinitival complements to believe?They are TPs, not CPs (ECM)
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AuxP
TP
Auxhave
T’
VP
Tto
LONG-DISTANCE THERE (59)
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Voccurred
QPseveral riots
V assigns THEME to its internal argument
PRNthere
----------
CP
TPCø
T’
VPTare
Vbelieved
PRNthere
AuxP
TP
Auxhave
T’
VP
Tto
LONG-DISTANCE PASSIVIZATION (60)1
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Voccurred
QPseveral riots
V assigns THEME to its internal argument
QPseveral riots
--------------------
CP
TPCø
T’
VPTare
Vbelieved
QPseveral riots
--------------------
RAISINGRadford §6.8
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Inductive introduction The following sentences reorganize Radford’s
data into the gradual reduction of a subordinate CP to a TP, then to a passive TP with expletive there, then to a passive TP without there:i. It may appear that they have made remarkably
little progress on disarmament.ii. They may appear to have made remarkably
little progress on disarmament.iii. There may appear to have been made
remarkably little progress on disarmament. (cf. 67a)
iv. Remarkably little progress on disarmament may appear to have been made. (cf. 67b)
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Subordinate CP1
1/0
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CP
TPCø
T’
VPTmay
Vappear
PRNit
CP
Cthat
TP
T’
V’
TAf
Vmade
V assigns THEME to its internal
argument
AuxP
Auxhave
VP
PRNthey
V assigns AGENT to its external argument
PRNthey
-------
QPlittle progress on disarmament
TP
T’
V’
Tto
Subordinate TP with raising of AGENT, first draft
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Vmade
QPlittle progress
on disarmament
V assigns THEME to its internal argument
CP
TPCø
T’
VPTmay
Vappear
PRNthey
-------
AuxP
Auxhave
VP
PRNthey
V assigns AGENT to its external argument
PRNthey
-------
TP
T’
VP
Tto
Passive subordinate TP with raising of expletive there
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Vmade
QPlittle progress
on disarmament
V assigns THEME to its internal
argument
CP
TPCø
T’
VPTmay
Vappear
PRNthere
PRNthere
-------
AuxP
Auxhave
AuxP
Auxbeen
TP
T’
VP
Tto
Passive subordinate TP with raising of THEME, cf. (71)
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Vmade
QPlittle progress
on disarmament
V assigns THEME to its internal
argument
CP
TPCø
T’
VPTmay
Vappear
QPlittle progress on
disarmament
--------------------------------------------
AuxP
Auxhave
AuxP
Auxbeen
QPlittle progress on
disarmament
--------------------------------------------
More data Raising of expletive there
66a) There does seem to remain some hope of peace.66b) Some hope of peace does seem to remain.67a) There does appear to have been made remarkably little progress on disarmament.67b) Remarkably little progress on disarmament appears to have been made.
CP vs. raising68a) It would seem that Senator Slime has been lying to Congress.68b) Senator Slime would seem to have been lying to Congress.69a) It would appear that they have underestimated her.69b) They would appear to have underestimated her.
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Comparing raising and control predicatesRadford §6.9
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Control vs. raising predicates Don’t these two sentences look similar?
72b) He does want to scare them. 72a) He does seem to scare them.
Four ways in which they are different.1.Expletive there subjects:
84b) *There wanted to remain several unsolved mysteries. 84b) There seem to remain several unsolved mysteries. cf other examples (54-7) p. 223
2.Subject idioms:85a) ??Whenever they meet, all hell wants to break loose. 85a) Whenever they meet, all hell seems to break loose.
3.Synonymy under long-distance passivization:87b) Mary wants to be helped by John.87a) ≉ John wants to help Mary.86b) Mary seems to have been helped by John.86a) ≈ John seems to have helped Mary.
4.Restrictions on subject:88) My {cat/!gesture} wants to be appreciated. 89) My {cat/gesture} seems to be appreciated.
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Summary of the differencesNote that control is ‘normal’
Control (want, be keen)
Raising (seem, be likely)
Expletive there subject
* ok
Subject idiom * ok
Synonymy under long-distance passivization
* ok
Restrictions on subject
yes no
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EXPLANATION
A control predicate like want assigns EXPERIENCER to its specifier/external argument and THEME to its complement/internal argument. If clausal, the complement is CP.
A raising predicate like seem assigns no theta role to its specifier/external argument and takes a TP complement/internal argument.
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TP
T’
V'
Tto
Control verb want (78)
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Vscare
PRNthem
V assigns THEME to its complement
PRNhe
-----
CP
TPCø
T’
V'
Tdoes
Vwant
PRNPRO
-----
VP
PRNPRO
V assigns AGENT to its specifier
CP
Cø
V assigns THEME to its CP complement
VP
V assigns EXPERIENCER to its specifier
PRNhe
PRNhe
TP
T’
V'
Tto
Raising verb seem (73)
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Vscare
PRNthem
V assigns THEME to its complement
PRNhe
-----
CP
TPCø
T’
VPTdoes
Vseem
PRNhe
-----
VPV assigns AGENT to its
specifier
V assigns THEME to its TP complement?
SUMMARYRadford §6.10
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The conditions
Theta/θ criterion Predicate-internal theta-marking hypothesis Constraint on extraction domains
Only complements allow material to be extracted from them (not specifiers or adjuncts).
Uniform theta marking hypothesis Attract closest condition Relativized minimality condition
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NEXT TIMEQ8
Exercises 6.1-2
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