a molecular biology primer….. genetic information is carried on nucleic acids - dna &rna
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![Page 1: A Molecular Biology primer….. Genetic information is carried on nucleic acids - DNA &RNA](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d405503460f94a19cfc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
• A Molecular Biology primer…..
• Genetic information is carried on nucleic acids - DNA &RNA
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• Genetic information is carried on nucleic acids - DNA &RNA
The five bases are:
adenine, guanine = purines
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• A Molecular Biology primer…..
• Genetic information is carried on nucleic acids - DNA &RNA
The five bases are:
adenine, guanine = purines
and...
thymine, cytosine, uracil = pyrimidines
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A = T (or A = U)
C G
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• Bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, thymine
• Nucleosides: = base + sugar
– on RNA sugar is ribose
– adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, thymidine
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• on DNA sugar is deoxyribose
• deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine etc...
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• Nucleotides: base + sugar + phosphate
• RNA:
• adenylate, guanylate, cytidylate, uridylate
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• Nucleosides: base + sugar + phosphate
• RNA:
• adenylate, guanylate, cytidylate, uridylate
• DNA:
• deoxyadenylate, deoxyguanylate etc...
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• By convention, nucleic acid sequence refers to bases not nucleotides.
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• By convention, nuceic acid sequence refers to bases not nucleotides.
• Sequence is always written 5’ 3
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• Native DNA is normally double stranded
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• Native DNA is normally double stranded
• …the bases project inwards and are attracted by H-bonding.
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• Native DNA is normally double stranded
• …the bases project inwards and are attracted by H-bonding.
• RNA is normally single stranded.
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• At a particular temperature (Tm) H-bonds are broken and structure comes apart.
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• At a particular temperature (Tm) H-bonds are broken and structure comes apart.
… = “melting” (or denaturation)
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• Cooling will lead to renaturation of structure.
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• Cooling will lead to renaturation of structure
… = annealing.
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• Cooling will lead to renaturation of structure
… = annealing.
= basis in vitro of: hybridisation;
PCR
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Information flow is in one direction only:
DNA RNA Proteintranscription translation
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Information flow is in one direction only:
DNA RNA Proteintranscription translation
retroviruses
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Information flow is in one direction only:
DNA RNA Proteintranscription translation
retroviruses
Enzyme activity
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Modifications:
Cleavage: +
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Modifications:
Cleavage: +
Ligation: +
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Modifications:
Cleavage: +
(exo / endonucleases)
Ligation: +
(ligases)
Splicing: +
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• DNA – two major functions:-
• Replication and transcription
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• DNA – two major functions:-
• Replication and transcription
• …in each case a template strand is needed.
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• In replication, the duplex splits locally and each strand acts as a template for synthesis of a new strand.
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• In transcription, the anti-sense strand acts as a template.
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• In transcription, the anti-sense strand acts as a template.
• Therefore the RNA sequence is identical to the coding strand
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• RNA produced is the primary transcript.
1. 5’ capping with 7-methyl guanosine
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• RNA produced is the primary transcript.
1. 5’ capping with 7-methyl guanosine
2. 3’ cleavage to “poly A site”
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• RNA produced is the primary transcript.
1. 5’ capping with 7-methyl guanosine
2. 3’ cleavage to “poly A site”
3. polyadenylation (~250 A)
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• RNA produced is the primary transcript.
1. 5’ capping with 7-methyl guanosine
2. 3’ cleavage to “poly A site”
3. polyadenylation (~250 A)
4. Splicing of exons by excision of introns.
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• RNA produced is the primary transcript.
1. 5’ capping with 7-methyl guanosine
2. 3’ cleavage to “poly A site”
3. polyadenylation (~250 A)
4. Splicing of exons by excision of introns.
5. … = mRNA
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• RNA produced is the primary transcript.
1. 5’ capping with 7-methyl guanosine
2. 3’ cleavage to “poly A site”
3. polyadenylation (~250 A)
4. Splicing of exons by excision of introns.
5. … = mRNA
= pre-mRNA
Or heterogeneous nuclear RNAs (hnRNA)
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• Note that mRNA and pre-mRNA contain untranslated regions
– 3’ UTRs– 5’ UTRs
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• Note that mRNA and pre-mRNA contain untranslated regions
– 3’ UTRs
– 5’ UTRs
…these are “outside” the exon sequences.
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• Splicing is a variable process
• Dogma: 1 gene 1 polypeptide
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• Splicing is a variable process
• Dogma: 1 gene 1 polypeptide
• In fact: many products can be produced from each gene.
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• Splice variants: removal of selected exons.
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• Splice variants: removal of selected exons.
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• Another reason….
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• Another reason….
• Post-translational modification:
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• Post-translational modification:
– Proteins– Glycoproteins– Phosphoproteins– lipoproteins
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• Post-translational modification:
– Proteins– Glycoproteins– Phosphoproteins– Lipoproteins
– The proteome is much more descriptive than the genome.
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• Translation
• There are 20 amino acids used in protein synthesis, but only 4 different bases.
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• Translation
• There are 20 amino acids used in protein synthesis, but only 4 different bases.
…. So how does base sequence code for the amino acid sequence?
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• Each amino acid is coded for by 3 bases
= a codon (a triplet of bases)
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• Each amino acid is coded for by 3 bases
= a codon (a triplet of bases)
Translation is co-linear
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• Each amino acid is coded for by 3 bases
= a codon (a triplet of bases)
Translation is co-linear
… i.e. codon sequence matches the final sequence.
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– CACAACCAAUUU– his asn gln phe
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– CACAACCAAUUU– his asn gln phe
– “Start” and “stop” codons define the reading frame (coding region)
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– CACAACCAAUUU– his asn gln phe
– “Start” and “stop” codons define the reading frame (coding region)
…. Which can be shifted
- physiologically
- by deletion / insertion mutations
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ORF = open reading frame
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ORF = open reading frame
= a suspected coding region once start / stop codons identified.