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(((((ENGLISH SECTION)))))The Sails Are Up Again! æ æ Prince Taw Phaya GalaeOde to Ludu Daw Ahmar æ æ Dr. Maung Maung NyoDear PTJ æ æ KKChawLudu Daw Amar(As a leading dissident writer she fought

for democracy in Burma) æ æ The Guardian (Saturday April 12 , 2008)

My Mum æ æ Po Than Joung

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1 11 11 11 11 1

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1 21 21 21 21 2

1 31 31 31 31 3

“taruawmh ausmif;om;vnf; EkdifiHa&;vkyfoifhw,fvkd hjrif wmyJ?“taruawmh ausmif;om;vnf; EkdifiHa&;vkyfoifhw,fvkd hjrif wmyJ?“taruawmh ausmif;om;vnf; EkdifiHa&;vkyfoifhw,fvkd hjrif wmyJ?“taruawmh ausmif;om;vnf; EkdifiHa&;vkyfoifhw,fvkd hjrif wmyJ?“taruawmh ausmif;om;vnf; EkdifiHa&;vkyfoifhw,fvkd hjrif wmyJ?bmjzpfvkd hwkef;qkdawmh ausmif;om;vnf; wkdif;oljynfom; wa,mufyJ rbmjzpfvkd hwkef;qkdawmh ausmif;om;vnf; wkdif;oljynfom; wa,mufyJ rbmjzpfvkd hwkef;qkdawmh ausmif;om;vnf; wkdif;oljynfom; wa,mufyJ rbmjzpfvkd hwkef;qkdawmh ausmif;om;vnf; wkdif;oljynfom; wa,mufyJ rbmjzpfvkd hwkef;qkdawmh ausmif;om;vnf; wkdif;oljynfom; wa,mufyJ r[kwfvm;? olwae hvl}uD;jzpfvmOD;rSmyJ? tJ'Dawmh Ek difiHa&;rvkyf&if‘t’[kwfvm;? olwae hvl}uD;jzpfvmOD;rSmyJ? tJ'Dawmh Ek difiHa&;rvkyf&if‘t’[kwfvm;? olwae hvl}uD;jzpfvmOD;rSmyJ? tJ'Dawmh Ek difiHa&;rvkyf&if‘t’[kwfvm;? olwae hvl}uD;jzpfvmOD;rSmyJ? tJ'Dawmh Ek difiHa&;rvkyf&if‘t’[kwfvm;? olwae hvl}uD;jzpfvmOD;rSmyJ? tJ'Dawmh Ek difiHa&;rvkyf&if‘t’w,f? jynfolvlxke J htwl a&m_y D;awmh wufºuG&r Smy J /E k d ; -um;&rSmy J /w,f? jynfolvlxke J htwl a&m_y D;awmh wufºuG&r Smy J /E k d ; -um;&rSmy J /w,f? jynfolvlxke J htwl a&m_y D;awmh wufºuG&r Smy J /E k d ; -um;&rSmy J /w,f? jynfolvlxke J htwl a&m_y D;awmh wufºuG&r Smy J /E k d ; -um;&rSmy J /w,f? jynfolvlxke J htwl a&m_y D;awmh wufºuG&r Smy J /E k d ; -um;&rSmy J /v+yf&Sm;&rSmyJvkd h jrifwmyJuGJ h? ausmif;om;awGukd tukefvkH; [kda±$ h'Da±$ h/v+yf&Sm;&rSmyJvkd h jrifwmyJuGJ h? ausmif;om;awGukd tukefvkH; [kda±$ h'Da±$ h/v+yf&Sm;&rSmyJvkd h jrifwmyJuGJ h? ausmif;om;awGukd tukefvkH; [kda±$ h'Da±$ h/v+yf&Sm;&rSmyJvkd h jrifwmyJuGJ h? ausmif;om;awGukd tukefvkH; [kda±$ h'Da±$ h/v+yf&Sm;&rSmyJvkd h jrifwmyJuGJ h? ausmif;om;awGukd tukefvkH; [kda±$ h'Da±$ h/wcgwnf; z±k dz&J jzpfatmif tpGr f;uke f olwk d hbufu vkyfawmhwmyJ?wcgwnf; z±k dz&J jzpfatmif tpGr f;uke f olwk d hbufu vkyfawmhwmyJ?wcgwnf; z±k dz&J jzpfatmif tpGr f;uke f olwk d hbufu vkyfawmhwmyJ?wcgwnf; z±k dz&J jzpfatmif tpGr f;uke f olwk d hbufu vkyfawmhwmyJ?wcgwnf; z±k dz&J jzpfatmif tpGr f;uke f olwk d hbufu vkyfawmhwmyJ?ausmif;om;ukd olwkd hu odyfa-umufaewm? tJ'gyJ tarjrifwm”ausmif;om;ukd olwkd hu odyfa-umufaewm? tJ'gyJ tarjrifwm”ausmif;om;ukd olwkd hu odyfa-umufaewm? tJ'gyJ tarjrifwm”ausmif;om;ukd olwkd hu odyfa-umufaewm? tJ'gyJ tarjrifwm”ausmif;om;ukd olwkd hu odyfa-umufaewm? tJ'gyJ tarjrifwm”

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aps;0,fw,fqkdwm wu,fawmh tenf;qHk; ESpfESpf/ oHk;ESpf tdrfaxmif&Sifrjzpf+yD;rS 0,fwwf/ jcrf;wwf/ ukd,fu temrcH&wJhb0/ wef&mwefuJay;0,fvkd@&wJhb0ukd a&mufwmyg? aps;t0,f0g; r0ao;&if aps;onf taigufcH&wmuc%c%? tav;cdk;cH&wmu ae@wkdif;yJ? +rdK@rSm aps;onfukdifwJhtav; jynfhw,fvkd@tvGefenf;ygw,f? ravsmhygbl;qkd&if wyd\macgif;rSm 5usyfom; 10usyfom;avsmhwwfwmyJ? wcsdK@rsm; 20usyfom;txd avsmhw,f? olwkd@uawmh yGef;vkd@avsmhw,fvkd@ qkdygw,f? wu,fuawmh oHav;awG[m aoG;ypfawmifrS 'gavmuf yGef;p&m r&Sdygbl;? tav;avsmhwJhudpP aps;}uD;awGrSm jrLeDpy,fu csdefcGifawG csdwf+yD; vlapmifhcsdefay;ae&w,f [kwfvm;? tjynfh&a&mayghvkd@ ajymp&mygyJ?jrLeDpy,fu tav;eJ@ csdefcGifeJ@ tvkyform;wa,mufxm;ay;+yD; rouFmvkd@csdefcsifwJh aps;0,f b,folrqkd csdefay;wJhae&m &Sdygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'Dtav;orm;&J@tav;uukdyJ rjynfhbl;? aps; onfawGu rkef@zkd;yJzkd; ay;xm;w,fqkdwJh toHrsdK;vJ=um;&zl;ygw,f? csdefay;wJh tvkyform;u aps;pnfcsdef vufzuf&nfaomuf xGuf&atmif rkef@zkd;ay;wJhvl &Sdw,fqkdwJh pum;rsdK;vJ =um;&zl;ygw,f? +rdK@aps;[m vnfovkd pm;=uwJh ae&m}uD;ygyJ? aps;onfu tav;ckd;/ &mZlckd;ovkd aps;0,fuvnf;vpf&if vpfovkd E_duf,lwmrsdK;vnf; &SdwmyJ? 'gha=umifh aps;0,foGm;&if tdrf&SifruwwfEkdif&if t0wftpm;vwfvwfukd 0wfoGm;&w,f? r[kwfvkd@ t0wftpm;

2 82 82 82 82 8

EGrf;yg;pkwfyJhae&if aps;onfu aps;ckd; tpGJcH&wwfao;w,f? 'Dvkdrsm; cH&rvm;qkd&iftpGJcH&wJholu ‘rsufESm=unfhajymaemf? 'Dvkdvkyfr,fh tpm;vm;’vkd@ jyef+yD;a[muf&w,f? vufqkyfvufukdif rrd&ifawmh tJ'DavoHrsdK; ypfvkdufrS pGyfpGJwJhvlu aemufqkwfw,f? vufqkyfvufukdif rdjyefawmhvJ aps;onfawGu 0kdif;+yD;±kduf=uESuf=uvkd@ ypPnf;cdk;rdwJhcrsmrSm zGwfzGwfausrwwf &SdwJhtcgvJ &Sdygao;w,f?aps;xJrSm bmE_dufajy;vkd@wJh/ bmqGJajy;vkd@wJhqkd+yD; ±kwf±kwf ±kwf±kwf jzpfwmawG/vkduf[ zrf;[ ajy;[ jzpfwmawGuvJ r=umr=um awG@&wwfao;w,f?tJ'D=um;xJurS ukd,f,lvmwJh ykdufqHuav;eJ@ pm;aumif;r,fh pm;p&m csufp&mawG trsdK;rsdK;ukd =unfh&if; wwfEkdifwmav;awGudk oGufoGufvufvuf 0,fvkduf&w,f? tdrfeD;csif;qDtyfxm;cJhwJh ukd,fhuav;rikdcif/ orD;i,fukd xdef;&pfygvkd@rSmcJh&wJh uav;ti,f rvJruGJcif ajcukefokwfjyefzkd@u &Sdao;w,f? taraps;ujyefvmawmh rkef@0,fcJhr,faemfvkd@ acsmhxm;cJh&wJh uav;i,fpm;zkd@ rkef@yJom;a&pmuav;uvnf; 0,fvkdufcsifao;? cifyGef;onfeJ@ om;}uD;orD;}uD;rsm;pm;zkd@csdKcsdKcsOfcsOfuav;uvnf; ygvkdufcsifao;? ygvmwJh ykdufqHuav;uvnf;ravmufriSrkd@ &wwfor#uav;eJ@ yifhoufcs okwfacswif jyefcJh&wwfygw,f?

u|efrwkd@rSm 'DtavhtusifhawGu &csifwkdif;&aeawmh yk*Haps;rSm vwfvwfqwfqwfeJ@ aps;aygvSwJh om;ig;toD;t&GufawGukd awG@&wJhtcg u|efrwkd@wawGu avmbw}uD; 0,fcJhjcrf;cJhrdw,f? tvkt,uf 0,f&avhr&Sdao;wJhaps;rSm tusifh}uD;ygaewJh u|efrwdk@wawG avmbwyfcJhyHkawGukdawmh 'Dae&muyJ}uHKwkef;}uHKckduf yk*HolawGukd awmif;yef&awmhrSmyJ? ? (tustaysmufrSvGJI owfyHkrsm;ukd rl&if;twkdif; xdef;odrf;azmfjyxm; ygonf?)(tustaysmufrSvGJI owfyHkrsm;ukd rl&if;twkdif; xdef;odrf;azmfjyxm; ygonf?)(tustaysmufrSvGJI owfyHkrsm;ukd rl&if;twkdif; xdef;odrf;azmfjyxm; ygonf?)(tustaysmufrSvGJI owfyHkrsm;ukd rl&if;twkdif; xdef;odrf;azmfjyxm; ygonf?)(tustaysmufrSvGJI owfyHkrsm;ukd rl&if;twkdif; xdef;odrf;azmfjyxm; ygonf?)

vlxka':trmvlxka':trmvlxka':trmvlxka':trmvlxka':trmrEWav;0dZ…m/ody`HwuUokdvf ESpfvnfr*~Zif;rEWav;0dZ…m/ody`HwuUokdvf ESpfvnfr*~Zif;rEWav;0dZ…m/ody`HwuUokdvf ESpfvnfr*~Zif;rEWav;0dZ…m/ody`HwuUokdvf ESpfvnfr*~Zif;rEWav;0dZ…m/ody`HwuUokdvf ESpfvnfr*~Zif;

1969 - 70 1969 - 70 1969 - 70 1969 - 70 1969 - 70

2 92 92 92 92 9

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Ekd0ifbm 29 &ufae@wGif touf 91 jynfhrnfjzpfaom pma&;q&m owif;Ekd0ifbm 29 &ufae@wGif touf 91 jynfhrnfjzpfaom pma&;q&m owif;Ekd0ifbm 29 &ufae@wGif touf 91 jynfhrnfjzpfaom pma&;q&m owif;Ekd0ifbm 29 &ufae@wGif touf 91 jynfhrnfjzpfaom pma&;q&m owif;Ekd0ifbm 29 &ufae@wGif touf 91 jynfhrnfjzpfaom pma&;q&m owif;pmq&mr}uD; vlxk a':trm. arG;ae@trSwfw&pum; &&SdEk dif&ef rk d;rcpmq&mr}uD; vlxk a':trm. arG;ae@trSwfw&pum; &&SdEk dif&ef rk d;rcpmq&mr}uD; vlxk a':trm. arG;ae@trSwfw&pum; &&SdEk dif&ef rk d;rcpmq&mr}uD; vlxk a':trm. arG;ae@trSwfw&pum; &&SdEk dif&ef rk d;rcpmq&mr}uD; vlxk a':trm. arG;ae@trSwfw&pum; &&SdEk dif&ef rk d;rc0k dif;awmf om; xdefvif;u w,fvDzkef;jzif h qufoG,fcJ hygonf? Ek d0ifbm0kdif;awmf om; xdefvif;u w,fvDzkef;jzif h qufoG,fcJ hygonf? Ek d0ifbm0kdif;awmf om; xdefvif;u w,fvDzkef;jzif h qufoG,fcJ hygonf? Ek d0ifbm0kdif;awmf om; xdefvif;u w,fvDzkef;jzif h qufoG,fcJ hygonf? Ek d0ifbm0kdif;awmf om; xdefvif;u w,fvDzkef;jzif h qufoG,fcJ hygonf? Ek d0ifbm17 &ufae@wGi f &&S dc J haom qufoG,far;jre f ;csufr S vlxka':trm.17 &ufae@wGi f &&S dc J haom qufoG,far;jre f ;csufr S vlxka':trm.17 &ufae@wGi f &&S dc J haom qufoG,far;jre f ;csufr S vlxka':trm.17 &ufae@wGi f &&S dc J haom qufoG,far;jre f ;csufr S vlxka':trm.17 &ufae@wGi f &&S dc J haom qufoG,far;jre f ;csufr S vlxka':trm.trSwfw&pum;rsm;tm; azmfjyygonf?trSwfw&pum;rsm;tm; azmfjyygonf?trSwfw&pum;rsm;tm; azmfjyygonf?trSwfw&pum;rsm;tm; azmfjyygonf?trSwfw&pum;rsm;tm; azmfjyygonf?

• tarharG;ae@eD;vmvkd@ tarharG;ae@ trSwfw&pum; vkdcsiftarharG;ae@eD;vmvkd@ tarharG;ae@ trSwfw&pum; vkdcsiftarharG;ae@eD;vmvkd@ tarharG;ae@ trSwfw&pum; vkdcsiftarharG;ae@eD;vmvkd@ tarharG;ae@ trSwfw&pum; vkdcsiftarharG;ae@eD;vmvkd@ tarharG;ae@ trSwfw&pum; vkdcsifvkd@yg tar? vli,fawGyJjzpfjzpf vlvwfykdif;awGyJ jzpfjzpfvkd@yg tar? vli,fawGyJjzpfjzpf vlvwfykdif;awGyJ jzpfjzpfvkd@yg tar? vli,fawGyJjzpfjzpf vlvwfykdif;awGyJ jzpfjzpfvkd@yg tar? vli,fawGyJjzpfjzpf vlvwfykdif;awGyJ jzpfjzpfvkd@yg tar? vli,fawGyJjzpfjzpf vlvwfykdif;awGyJ jzpfjzpftaruae =o0g'pum;wckck ajymwmyJjzpfjzpf/ tarh&J@taruae =o0g'pum;wckck ajymwmyJjzpfjzpf/ tarh&J@taruae =o0g'pum;wckck ajymwmyJjzpfjzpf/ tarh&J@taruae =o0g'pum;wckck ajymwmyJjzpfjzpf/ tarh&J@taruae =o0g'pum;wckck ajymwmyJjzpfjzpf/ tarh&J@trSwfw&m ajymcsifwJh ta=umif;t&m bmyJjzpfjzpf ajymtrSwfw&m ajymcsifwJh ta=umif;t&m bmyJjzpfjzpf ajymtrSwfw&m ajymcsifwJh ta=umif;t&m bmyJjzpfjzpf ajymtrSwfw&m ajymcsifwJh ta=umif;t&m bmyJjzpfjzpf ajymtrSwfw&m ajymcsifwJh ta=umif;t&m bmyJjzpfjzpf ajymapcsifvk d @ygtar?apcsifvk d @ygtar?apcsifvk d @ygtar?apcsifvk d @ygtar?apcsifvk d @ygtar?

• taruav æ touf}uD;u &Snfvkdufwm? wkd@Armoufr[kwfbl;/ 91 ESpfqkdwm? t*Fvdyfvkdqdk&if Ekd0ifbm 29 &ufae@rSmjynfhawmhrSmaemf? tJ'Dawmh raoao;bl;aygh? 91 ESpfjynfwJhtarwkd@b0rSmav æ tarwdk@ 'DrSmae&wm tifrwef usOf;usKwfw,f? bmrS rv_yfEkdifbl;? bmrSvnf; rajymEkdifbl;? rif;wkd@tjyifukd a&mufaewJh om;awGorD;awGu ajymEkdifqkdEkdif v_yf&Sm;Ekdif? tJ'Dawmh tarwdk@ukdvnf; owd&w,fqkdawmh tarwkd@u0rf;omw,f?

'gayrJh tarrSmcsifw,faemf wck? wkd@ArmawGuav æ odyf+yD;awmh pkpkpnf;pnf; nDnD!Gwf!Gwf raeEkdifbl;uG? uGJw,f+yJw,faemf? tJ'gawG wwfEkdifor# a&Smif=uyguG,faemf?

91 ESpfjynfh pum;

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3 03 03 03 03 0

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• tarqdkvkd@&S d&if acwfawG trsm;}uD;vnf; rDcJ hw,f tartarqdkvkd@&S d&if acwfawG trsm;}uD;vnf; rDcJ hw,f tartarqdkvkd@&S d&if acwfawG trsm;}uD;vnf; rDcJ hw,f tartarqdkvkd@&S d&if acwfawG trsm;}uD;vnf; rDcJ hw,f tartarqdkvkd@&S d&if acwfawG trsm;}uD;vnf; rDcJ hw,f tar&,f? acwfawGxJrSm 'Dacwfu om;wkd @awG@&wm awmf&,f? acwfawGxJrSm 'Dacwfu om;wkd @awG@&wm awmf&,f? acwfawGxJrSm 'Dacwfu om;wkd @awG@&wm awmf&,f? acwfawGxJrSm 'Dacwfu om;wkd @awG@&wm awmf&,f? acwfawGxJrSm 'Dacwfu om;wkd @awG@&wm awmfawmfav; qk d ;aew,fayg @ tar&,f? taru acwfawmfav; qk d ;aew,fayg @ tar&,f? taru acwfawmfav; qk d ;aew,fayg @ tar&,f? taru acwfawmfav; qk d ;aew,fayg @ tar&,f? taru acwfawmfav; qk d ;aew,fayg @ tar&,f? taru acwfawGtrsm;}uD; rDvmwJh tcgusawmh 'Dacwf&J@ tae txm;awGtrsm;}uD; rDvmwJh tcgusawmh 'Dacwf&J@ tae txm;awGtrsm;}uD; rDvmwJh tcgusawmh 'Dacwf&J@ tae txm;awGtrsm;}uD; rDvmwJh tcgusawmh 'Dacwf&J@ tae txm;awGtrsm;}uD; rDvmwJh tcgusawmh 'Dacwf&J@ tae txm;u b,fvkdyH kpHrsdK;jzpfaevJvkd@ tar b,fvkdjrifvJ tar?u b,fvkdyH kpHrsdK;jzpfaevJvkd@ tar b,fvkdjrifvJ tar?u b,fvkdyH kpHrsdK;jzpfaevJvkd@ tar b,fvkdjrifvJ tar?u b,fvkdyH kpHrsdK;jzpfaevJvkd@ tar b,fvkdjrifvJ tar?u b,fvkdyH kpHrsdK;jzpfaevJvkd@ tar b,fvkdjrifvJ tar?

• 'Dacwftaetxmm;u om;&,f æ tar t*FvdyfacwfrSmaecJh&w,faemf? t*Fvdyfacwf aecJhwkef;u t*FvdyfawGu aer0iftifyg,m}uD;&J@ ocif? olwkd@u tus,f}uD;tkyfcsKyf=uwm?tJ'Dawmh olwkd@rSm ckdif+rJr_ trsm;}uD;&Sdw,f? &Sdawmholwkd@u tarwkd@ukd 'Drkdua&pD ajcmufq,fom; ckepfq,fom; avmufawmhay;xm;wmayg@? tJ'gukd wkd@ArmawGu tckbmajymw,f rSwfwkef; æ “t*Fvdyfu|efjzpf&wm awmfao;w,f”wJh?

b,f'Dvdk[kwfyg@rwkef;? olwkd@u olwkd@wwfEkdifoavmuf vdrRmoavmuf wkd@ukd csKyfxm;wmyJuG? tck wkd@ rvkyfEkdifwmuvnf;olwdk@rSm bmrSrcdkif+rJvkd@/ bmrSraocsmvkd@ wkd@tay: zdwmuG?taru tJ'DvkdyJ jrifw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'gukd wkd@u wwfEkdifoavmuf wif;cH+yD; wkd@tcsif;csif; nDnD!Gwf!Gwf &Sdoxuf jr‡ifhay;&rSmyJ?

3 13 13 13 13 1

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• [kwfuJhygtar æ tarvnf; 'Dxufykd+yD; usef;rmygapvkd@ qkawmif;ygw,f tar?

• at; æ 0rf;omygw,f?

• tar wjcm; ajymcsifwm&Sd&ifvnf; ajymygOD;tar?

• tar usef;rmaeoa&G@ v_yf&Sm;Ekdifao;oa&G@awmh tarvnf;rif;wk@dukdvnf; qkawmif;r,faemf? tarwkd@ukdvnf; ig@om;wkd@utm±HkjyKay;=uygvkd@aemf? ?

tuGJtjyJuk d a&SmifEk di foavmuf a&SmifjyD;awmhtuGJtjyJuk d a&SmifEk di foavmuf a&SmifjyD;awmhtuGJtjyJuk d a&SmifEk di foavmuf a&SmifjyD;awmhtuGJtjyJuk d a&SmifEk di foavmuf a&SmifjyD;awmhtuGJtjyJuk d a&SmifEk di foavmuf a&SmifjyD;awmh

wkdif;jynftwGuf vlrsdK;twGuf/ wkd hArmawG (jrefwkdif;jynftwGuf vlrsdK;twGuf/ wkd hArmawG (jrefwkdif;jynftwGuf vlrsdK;twGuf/ wkd hArmawG (jrefwkdif;jynftwGuf vlrsdK;twGuf/ wkd hArmawG (jrefwkdif;jynftwGuf vlrsdK;twGuf/ wkd hArmawG (jref

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nDnD !Gwf!Gwf pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; cspfcspf cifcifeJhnDnD !Gwf!Gwf pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; cspfcspf cifcifeJhnDnD !Gwf!Gwf pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; cspfcspf cifcifeJhnDnD !Gwf!Gwf pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; cspfcspf cifcifeJhnDnD !Gwf!Gwf pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; cspfcspf cifcifeJh

vkyfp&m&Sdwm vkyfay;-uygvkd h ajymcsifwmyJ?vkyfp&m&Sdwm vkyfay;-uygvkd h ajymcsifwmyJ?vkyfp&m&Sdwm vkyfay;-uygvkd h ajymcsifwmyJ?vkyfp&m&Sdwm vkyfay;-uygvkd h ajymcsifwmyJ?vkyfp&m&Sdwm vkyfay;-uygvkd h ajymcsifwmyJ?

3 23 23 23 23 2

3 33 33 33 33 3

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3 43 43 43 43 4

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vlxk. rdcifausmif;om;xk. tbGm;aumif;&mok*wd vm;ygap?

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4 34 34 34 34 3

jrefrmh*k%fxl;aqmif pma&;q&m owif;pmq&mr}uD; tar vlxk a':trm (93 ESpf) onf {+yDv 7 &uf/ wevFmae@ eHeuf 8 em&D 37 rdepfwGif rEœ av;+rdK@ jynfol@aq;±kH}uD;/ ESvkH;a&m*g txl;ukaqmifY uG,fvGefoGm;a=umif; =um;od&onfhtwGuf tar vlxka':trm. usef&pfol rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESifh xyfwlxyfr#ESajrmwo 0rf;enf; a=uuGJjcif;jzpf&ygonf//

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jynfolvlxk. vlom;qefaom arwWm apwem/ jynfolvlxk. pH,lavmufaom Zmwdrmef/ jynfolvlxk.twk,lzG,f ZGJ owWd tm;rmef/ jynfolvlxk. jrwfEdk;zG,f ,Ofaus;r_ xkH;"avh tp&Sdonfwdk@udk *EÎ0ifajrmuf wdkif;jyKjynfjyK

jrefrmh*k%fxl;aqmifpma&;q&m owif;pmq&mr}uD;tar vlxka':trm (1915 Edk0ifbm 29 - 2008 {+yD 7)

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4 44 44 44 44 4

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jrefrmh*k%fxl;aqmifpma&;q&m owif;pmq&mr}uD; tar vlxka':trmuG,fvGef oGm;jcif;onf ,ae@ jrefrmpmayavmu. ‘a±$awmif}uD;’ +ydKusonfhyrm tpm;xdk;r&Edkifaom uGufvyf}uD;wck usef&pfouJhodk@ jzpf&ayonf?

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4 54 54 54 54 5

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jrefrmh*k%fxl;aqmifpmqdk tar vlxka':trm aumif;&mok*wd bkHb0odk h a&muf&Sdygap// jrefrmh*k%fxl;aqmifpmqdk tar vlxka':trm. wdkif;usdK;jynfusdK;aqmif *k%fowif; t"Gef@&Snfygap?

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4 64 64 64 64 6

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4 74 74 74 74 7

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(6)? jrefrmh pmayynm&Sif}uD; q;Hk±_H;jcif;vnf; jzpfonf?

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tav;eDjyKyg. æ ætar aumif;uifbHkY at;csrf;pGm pHjref;Ekdifygap?

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4 84 84 84 84 8

“0rf;enf;jcif;o0%fv$m (okd@) uEWm&ESif;qDjzL tarokd@ uefawmhyef;”“0rf;enf;jcif;o0%fv$m (okd@) uEWm&ESif;qDjzL tarokd@ uefawmhyef;”“0rf;enf;jcif;o0%fv$m (okd@) uEWm&ESif;qDjzL tarokd@ uefawmhyef;”“0rf;enf;jcif;o0%fv$m (okd@) uEWm&ESif;qDjzL tarokd@ uefawmhyef;”“0rf;enf;jcif;o0%fv$m (okd@) uEWm&ESif;qDjzL tarokd@ uefawmhyef;”

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cJh+yD?taronf i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; Ek difiHukd cspfonf?taronf i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; Ek difiHukd cspfonf?taronf i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; Ek difiHukd cspfonf?taronf i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; Ek difiHukd cspfonf?taronf i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; Ek difiHukd cspfonf?}uD;awmhvnf; Ek difiHukd cspfonf?}uD;awmhvnf; Ek difiHukd cspfonf?}uD;awmhvnf; Ek difiHukd cspfonf?}uD;awmhvnf; Ek difiHukd cspfonf?}uD;awmhvnf; Ek difiHukd cspfonf?i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; vlawGukd cspfonf?i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; vlawGukd cspfonf?i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; vlawGukd cspfonf?i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; vlawGukd cspfonf?i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; vlawGukd cspfonf?}uD;awmhvnf; vlawGukd cspfonf?}uD;awmhvnf; vlawGukd cspfonf?}uD;awmhvnf; vlawGukd cspfonf?}uD;awmhvnf; vlawGukd cspfonf?}uD;awmhvnf; vlawGukd cspfonf?i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; rSefuefr#wr_ukd cspfonf?i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; rSefuefr#wr_ukd cspfonf?i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; rSefuefr#wr_ukd cspfonf?i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; rSefuefr#wr_ukd cspfonf?i,fi,fwkef;uvnf; rSefuefr#wr_ukd cspfonf?}uD;awmhvnf; rSefuefr#wr_ukd cspfonf?}uD;awmhvnf; rSefuefr#wr_ukd cspfonf?}uD;awmhvnf; rSefuefr#wr_ukd cspfonf?}uD;awmhvnf; rSefuefr#wr_ukd cspfonf?}uD;awmhvnf; rSefuefr#wr_ukd cspfonf?

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4 94 94 94 94 9

ork'N&m a&jyifus,fxJrS wpufwaygufr# jyEkdifonfom jzpfvdrfhrnf? aESmif;acwfrsdK;qufopfrsm;twGuf tarhapwem/ tarharwWmrsm;jzifh jyKpka&;om;oGm;aompmayrsm;onf xkxkxnfxnf usef&pfcJhayonf? ±kyfcE<mtm;jzifh taraoqHk;cJh+yD;onfhwkdif tarhpm/ tarhemrnf/ aESmif;vlwkd@tay: xm;&Sdaom tarharwWmw&m;wkd@onf b,faomtcgrS aysmufuG,fysufpD;Ekdifawmhrnf r[kwfacs? Armpmay/ raysmufuG,frysufokOf;oa&G@ ESvHk;tdrfpOfquf udef;atmif; aeawmhrnfomwnf;?

tarhpma&;ouf wav#mufvHk;wGif tqdyftawmufjzpfaponfh pm[lIpkd;pOf;r#r&SdcJh? tarhuavmifzsm;rS xGufay:vmavor# pmwkdif;onf trsdK;om;a&;udk b,fawmhrS vufrv$wfcJh? trsdK;om;,Ofaus;r_ taqmufttHkukdtzufzufu xdef;odrf;umuG,f wnfaqmufoGm;aom uavmif&Sif tar æ?

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5 05 05 05 05 0

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8 68 68 68 68 6

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(2)

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(3)

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8 88 88 88 88 8

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8 98 98 98 98 9

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(4)

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9 09 09 09 09 0

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9 19 19 19 19 1

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ZGefr_dif;29-11-2001?

9 29 29 29 29 2

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9 49 49 49 49 4

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9 59 59 59 59 5

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9 69 69 69 69 6

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atmif[def; (rkH&Gm)7 &uf/ {jyD/ 2008? eHeuf (10 em&D 40)

9 79 79 79 79 7

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9 89 89 89 89 8

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9 99 99 99 99 9

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100100100100100

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101101101101101

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102102102102102

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103103103103103

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104104104104104

(1)• rrSefwJh&yfwnfcsuf ol@woufrSm wpufrSr&Sd

(2)

• acwfwdkif;acwfwdkif;rSm rjrifomwJhaumif;r_ r=um;EdkifwJhtoHr[kwf

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(10 - 5 - 2008)(10 - 5 - 2008)(10 - 5 - 2008)(10 - 5 - 2008)(10 - 5 - 2008)

· · · · · 0uFEWyGJ - qENcH,lyGJ

““em;pGifhxm;&wJhtoH&Sif”

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105105105105105

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107107107107107

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108108108108108

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109109109109109

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110110110110110

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112112112112112

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114114114114114

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atmifjidrf;(23/ 4/ 2008)(23/ 4/ 2008)(23/ 4/ 2008)(23/ 4/ 2008)(23/ 4/ 2008)

115115115115115

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cspfatmif9 - 4 - 2008

127127127127127

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152152152152152

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ausmfoD[u tar&J@ ajc/ vufawGukd oljyKaeustwkdif; ajcqkyfvufe,fquf+yD;vkyfay;aew,f? a'gufwmvif;xGËfu ckwifajc&if;u&yf+yD; =unfhaew,f?orD; rwif0if;u tarhOD;acgif;ukd ol@vufeJ@xd+yD; uefawmhw,f? ausmf&ifjrifhuy&dwfw&m;awmfawG zGifhxm;wJh qJvfzkef;trfyDo&D;ukd tarhnmbufem; teD;rSmxm;&if; tarhacgif;ukd xdef;ukdifxm;w,f?

taru toufukd cufcufcJcJ±SL&if; y&dwfw&m;awmfawGukd tm±HkjyKaewJhyHkygyJ?

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reuf (8) em&DcGJrSm touf±SLyHku ykdnifomvmw,f? reuf (8; 37)rSmtar vl@avmuukd pGef@cGmoGm;ygw,f?

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ausmif;ol rtrmtjzpfom pwifjrifzl;cJh&jcif; jzpfonf? 1936 ausmif;om;oydwfwGif e,frS usaemfwkd@ yxrqHk; EkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m nDvmcHokd@ wufa&mufpOfuolrukd pwifjrifzl;onf? *sLAvDa[mwGif usif;yonf?

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xkd@aemuf usaemf &efukefwuUokdvfokd@ a&muf&SdoGm;pOf ‘a'go’[laom0wÎKwkduav;ukd wuUokdvfausmif;wkduf r*~Zif;wGifvm;rod zwfvkdufrdonf?a&;olu jrrOPL/ *smref0wÎK/ 0wÎKa&;q&m [mrd. Fury 0wÎKukd bmomjyefxm;aom 0wÎK? usaemf ‘a'go’ ukd }udKufoGm;onf? xkd@aemuf jrrOPL 0wÎKrsm;ukd rzwfrd? usaemfyJ rzwfrdovm;/ jrrOPLyJ qufra&;ovm; rodawmh?

xdk@aemuf ppfrjzpfrDumvu }uD;yGm;a&;pmtkyfwkdufrS ‘arm&pfaumvpf’. ‘tr_tcif;rsm;’pmtkyf bmomjyefukd zwf&onf? xkd@aemuf ppf+yD;pwGif‘0gvDpkpum;’. ‘oufwHa&mif’0wÎKbmomjyefukd zwf&onf? ,if;oufwHa&mif0wÎK trSma&;olu ‘ocifoef;xGef;’? oluvnf; pma&;aumif; tzGJ@tEGJ@ aumif;?

1950 'DZifbmvu rEWav;okd@ a&mufoGm;onf? pma&;q&m rdwfqufyGJjzpfonf? 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEku txufjrefrmjynf pma&;q&mESifh atmufjrefrmjynf pma&;q&m rdwfqufyGJ vkyfay;onf? xkdtcgu a':trmukd awG@&onf?

usaemfu touf 30 t&G,f/ a':trmu usaemfhxuf 4 ESpfcef@ }uD;onf?

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1939 usaemf rEWav; a&muf/ ukdA[def;u a':trmqD ac:roGm;/ rawG@vkduf? a&$jynfOD;bwifxHokd@ ukdA[def;u ac:oGm;onf? a&$jynfOD;bwifESifhtwlOD;xifukd awG@&onf? aemufrS OD;xifonf a':trm. zcifrSef; od&onf? a&$jynfOD;bwifu usaemfwkd@ &Srf;jynfoGm;rnfqkdI &Srf;jynfwGif a&ukd txl; *±kpkdufaomuf&ef rSm=um;aeonf? OD;bwifrSm ,ck &o 'g±kdufwm ukd0if;az. zcifjzpfa=umif; aemufrS od&onf? aemufawmh rEWav;a&mufv#if OD;vStdrfrSm wnf;ckdonf? owif;pmbufwGif a&mufae+yD? xkdtcg a':trmonf vlxk a': trmjzpfae+yD?

(c)pmayb0qkdonfu ajym&tcufom;? tuJjzwf&cufonf? rdrdwkd@.

yk*~vdub0ESifh qufpyfaeonf? ukdvSESifh ta=umif;ygaomtcg owif;pmq&mrjzpfoGm;[efwlonf? ukdvSESifh usaemfwkd@u cif=uonf? ausmif;om; b0uwnf;u odu|rf;onf? usaemfhxuf tawmfvnf; }uD;onf? ppfjzpfcgeD;u ukdvSwm0ef,lxkwfaeaom }uD;yGm;a&;r*~Zif;wkdufokd@ 0wÎKwkdav;wyk'fa&; ay;cJhonf?xkdtcgu usaemfusdKufvwfokd@ a&mufaeonf?

0wÎKa&;q&m armfygqGef;. ‘rGef;vkduf’trnf&Sd 0wÎKwkdav;ukd rSD;um a&;vkdufonf? ‘tvS*k%f’[k trnfwyfonf? }uD;yGm;a&;r*~Zif;rSm xkd0wÎK ygvmonf? ukdvSu usaemfzwf&ef pmtkyfrsm;pGm ykd@vkdufonf? 1946 u usaemf wm&mxkwfa0aomtcg a':trmxHu pma&mufvmonf? usaemf. wm&mr*~Zif;twGuf ukd,fpm;vS,fvkyf&ef jzpfonf? okd@aomf usaemfu vlxkwkduftwGufukd,fpm;vS,f ray;jzpfbJ tjcm;wkdufokd@ ay;jzpfoGm;onf? usaemf tm;emaeonf?usaemfu vkyfief;aumif;pGm rvkyfwwfI t&ifvmajymI ajymolukd ay;vkduf[efwlonf? usaemfu rEWav; ta&mufenf;onf? xkd@a=umifh a':trmESifh txdtawG@enf;onf? rEWav;a&mufv#ifvnf; vlxkwkdufwGif ukdvSESifhom pum;ajymjzpfonf? ukdvSESifhpum;aumif;aepOf a':trmu 0ifajymwwfonf?

a':trm a&;aom ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;/ jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfpmtkyfrsm;xGufv#if usaemfhxH ykd@wwfonf? usaemfzwf&onf? a':trmu tpktaqmif;aumif;? rEWav;rS tEkynm&Sif Zmwfq&mrsm;ta=umif; aphaphii a&;onfukd zwf=unfhjzpfonf? usaemfonf Zmwfobif 0goemygojzifh zwfjzpfonf?

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usaemfu jrrOPL jzpfapvkdonf? olr. tawG@t}uHKESifhqkdv#if olrjzwfoef;cJhaom/ olrjzwfoef;aeaom orkdif;tawG@t}uHKESifhqkdv#if/ jrrOPL tzGJ@tEGJ@rsdK;ESifhqkdv#if 0wÎK&Snf a&;zGJ@Ekdifrnf[k xifxm;cJhonf? okd@aomfowif;pmq&mtcef;uvnf; ol@tcef;ESifhol &Sdonfukd usaemfem;vnfonf? ,ckvnf; r*~Zif;rsm;wGif ol.tawG@t}uHKukd tajccHum a0zeftuJjzwfaom pmrsm;ukdvnf;zwfae&I jrrOPLukd rawG@&aomfvnf; vlxka':trmtjzpf awG@&I wrsdK;auseyf&onf?

rESpfu tr&yl& *E<m±Hkausmif;wkdufteD; awmifav;vHk;ausmif;wkduf toGm; rEWav;blwm±Hkqif;v#if a':trmhtdrfokd@ 0ifoGm;&onf? q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;. qDaq;um;csyfa&S@wGif usaemfwkd@ukd {nfhcHonf? c%wjzKwfawmh pum;ajymonf? rEWav;u uAsmq&mESifh pma&;q&mrsm;vnf; ac:xm;I pHkpHkvifvif?jrrOPLta=umif; ajymjy&if; jrrOPLemrnfESifh a&;aom 0wÎKrsm; pkxkwfrnf[k =um;&I0rf;omrdonf? pum;ajym=u&if; wm&memrnfESifh pyfxm;aom tqkdawmfpma&;q&mta=umif; a&mufoGm;onf? ‘rdef;uav;vm;/ a,mufsm;av;vm; rodbl;’[k usaemfuajymjyvkduf&m a':trmu +yHK;I ‘&Sifu rdef;uav;jzpfapcsifwmvm;’ [k usaemfhukd pvkdufonf?(C)

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167167167167167

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csKdonf[k t&omcHv#if omrefxuf rcsdKaom &ocHpm;csufrsm;om jzpfonf? omrefxufcsdKv#if ,cktcsdKonf ayghoGm;rnf? olr. t,ltqrsm;/ olr.cHpm;csufrsm;ukd ,ae@wwd,rsdK;qufrsm; ykdIzwfoifhonf? okd@rSomv#if [email protected]/ olwkd@. v_yf&Sm;r_ rnfhonfhae&m a&muf&Sdae+yDukd ykdIodEkdifaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

usaemfu trsdK;om;ae@rsdK;qufcsif;jzpfI olr. cHpm;csufukd zwfcsifaerdonf?

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wdwdususajym&r,fqkd&if vlxka':trm&J@ arG;ae@tcrf;tem;ukda':trm touf 70 jynfhwJh 1985 Ekdif0ifbm 29 &ufae@u p+yD;usif; yvmcJh=uwmvGefcJhwJh 1997 ckESpf Ekd0if bm29 &uf vlxka':trm touf 82 jynfhwJhtxdygyJ?'DvkdESpfpOfrysuf usif;yvmcJh=uwJh arG;ae@tcrf;tem;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; tcgoifhvkd@tcGifh}uHKwkef; u|efawmfhukd,fu|efawmf *k%f,l ajym=um;&r,fqkd&if u|efawmf[mvlxka':trm&J@ 70 jynfharG;ae@up+yD; 82 ESpfjynfh arG;ae@txd ESpfpOf±kd;&mrysufwufa&mufcJhygw,f? 1988 ck ta&;tcif;umvrkd@ arG;ae@ tcrf;tem; rusif;yEkdifcJhvkd@ tJ'DwESpf ysufuGufcJhygw,f? 'Dvkd *k%f,lajym=um;&wmuvnf; wjcm;a=umifh r[kwfygbl;? ESpfpOf tcrf;tem;ukdwufa&mufvm=uwJh y&dowf oHk;av;&m (wcgw&H y&dowf 500) avmuf &SdwJhtxJu u|efawmfwkd@ ESpfpOfrysufwufa&mufcJhwJh olawGukd vufcsdK;a&wGuf=unfhr,fqkd&if vufwzufawmifjynfhr,f rxifvkd@ygyJ? +yD;awmh 'Dvkd ±kd;&mrysufwufa&mufcJhwm[m vlxka':trmtay: u|efawmf&J@ =unfndKav;pm;r_ twkdif;twm b,favmuf}uD;rm;w,fqkdwm ay:vGifxif&Sm;apcsifvkd@ygyJ?

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wtkyfwavrS ypf&ufp&mr&S daompmtkyfrsm;wtkyfwavrS ypf&ufp&mr&S daompmtkyfrsm;wtkyfwavrS ypf&ufp&mr&S daompmtkyfrsm;wtkyfwavrS ypf&ufp&mr&S daompmtkyfrsm;wtkyfwavrS ypf&ufp&mr&S daompmtkyfrsm;u|efawmf[m vlxka':trmeJ@ ppf+yD;acwf 'Dbufykdif; 1950 jynfhvGefESpf

(vGefcJhwJh ESpfaygif; 40) cef@u vlcsif;pwif awG@qHkcifrifcJh&ayr,fh vlxka':trmqkdwJhuavmiftrnfukdawmh ppfrjzpfrD wESpfavmuf 1938-39 uwnf;u rSwfrSwfxifxif u|rf;0ifaecJhygw,f? ppf}uD;rwkdifrD tJ'Dtcsdefu vlxka':trm&J@ ‘jrefrmjynfwGif ppfaq;cJhaom r_cif;rsm;’eJ@ ‘pENrmvm’0wÎK[m u|efawmfhukd bmomjyef pma&;q&mwa,mufjzpfatmif yxrqHk; v_H@aqmfcJhwJh pmtkyfawGygyJ? tJ'Dpmtkyfukdzwf+yD; a':trm&J@ okweJ@&o bmomjyef ESpfrsdK;pvHk; u|rf;usifykdifEkdifr_ukdvlcsif;rawG@&cifuwnf;u csD;usL;av;pm;rdcJhw,f?

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tJ'Daemuf vlxkowif;pmacwfrSm a&;om;jyKpk xkwfa0cJhwJh ‘qkd&S,fvpfwkdif;jynfrsm;okd@’‘tkd,ef;uD;wkd@’eJ@ ‘aiGeJ@vufeuf’‘b0csif;rwlonfh w±kwfjynf’pwJh pmtkyfawG[mvnf; u|efawmfhtwGuf EkdifiHa&;vrf;!efpmtkyfrsm; jzpfcJhygw,f?

'Dae&mrSm okawoDrsm;twGuf “vlxka':trm&J@ b0eJ@ pmay&ufpGJrsm;”

171171171171171

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(1) cifv0if;(2) ZrŠL'Dyg atmifxGef;(3) zcifatmifEkdif(4) zdk;omatmif(5) jrrOPL(6) trm(7) trm (oydwfarSmuf ausmif;ol)(8) tif;vsm;ausmif;aqmifolwOD;(9) vlxka':trm æ ponfwkd@jzpfygw,f?

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172172172172172

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u|efawmf tck touf 73 ESpf &Sdyg+yD? vlxka':trmxuf 10 ESpfi,fygw,f? 'gayrJh pma&;vmcJhwm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umvmawmh wcgw&H pma&;csifpdwfukefcef;ovdkjzpfvmrdygw,f? 'DtcgrsdK;rsm touf 83 ESpftxd uavmifudk vufurcsbJ avmu"Hukd }uHh}uHhcH+yD; pmtkyfpmayawG a&;om;jyKpkaewJh vlxka':trmukd pHxm;+yD; ukd,hfukd,fukd,f tm;ay;&if;eJ@ pma&;wJhtvkyfukd toufxufqHk; vkyfoGm;zkd@ qHk;jzwfcJhygw,f? ?

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pum;ukefajym&r,fqkd&if vlxka':trma&;cJ hor# pmtkyfawG[m wtkyfwavr# ypf&ufp&m r&Sdygbl;vkd h qkdcsifygw,f? umv&Snf-umanmif; vSwJhESpfaygif; 50 ausmftwGif; pmay oduQmeJ hpmaywefzkd;}uD;rm;vSwJh 'Dpm tkyfpmayawGudk a&;om;jyKpkEkdifwm[m aiGtojymcsrf;omvkd hr[kwfbJ apwemcsrf;omvkd ha&;EkdifcJhw,fqkdwm

173173173173173

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vlxka':trm æ? tJ'Dae@u vlxka':trm&J@ arG;ae@av æ?

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176176176176176

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vlxkowif;pmukd pxkwfwJh (19-4-46) ae@uae &yfqkdif;oGm;cJh&wJh (7-7-67) ae@txd/ w&ufrusef jyefvSef=unfh+yD;awmh qkdcJhwJhaywHeJ@ wkdif;=unfhr,fqkd&if æ æ

1946-47-481946-47-481946-47-481946-47-481946-47-48 umvrsm; æ&efukef+rdK@}uD; zufqpf*syefwkd@ vufatmuf&SdaeqJumv/ rEWav;ukd r[m

rdwfwyfawG odrf;+yD;+yD;csif; OD;av;vSu q&m}uD;OD;ausmf&if (ygarmuQcsKyfa[mif;-uG,fvGef) eJ@ vufwGJ+yD;/ jrefrmEkdifiH&J@ yxrqHk; zwyv (zqyv) qkdif;bkwfukdwifcJhygw,f? OD;av;vS[m aemifrSm ol@ukd axmifoGif;tusOf;csxm;cJhwJh zqyvtzGJ@}uD;ukd pwifwnfaxmifcJholvkd@ qkdEkdifygw,f? vlxkowif;pm[m zqyveJ@twl vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ0if “jynf}uD;vuf±Hk;” tjzpf yg0ifcJh?

1949 {+yDv 24 &uf1949 {+yDv 24 &uf1949 {+yDv 24 &uf1949 {+yDv 24 &uf1949 {+yDv 24 &uf æ zqyvtpkd;&u owif;pmwkdufukd 'kdif;erkdufjzifhazmufcGJcJh?

1949 Ekd0ifbm 1 &uf 1949 Ekd0ifbm 1 &uf 1949 Ekd0ifbm 1 &uf 1949 Ekd0ifbm 1 &uf 1949 Ekd0ifbm 1 &uf æ owif;pm jyefvnfxkwfcJh?

177177177177177

1953 rS 1956 cktxd 1953 rS 1956 cktxd 1953 rS 1956 cktxd 1953 rS 1956 cktxd 1953 rS 1956 cktxd æ vlxkOD;av;vStm; yk'fr (5) jzifh &efukefaxmif}uD;rSm csKyfaESmifxm;cJh?

1956 c k arv (10) &ufr S atmufwk dbm (1) &uftxd 1956 c k arv (10) &ufr S atmufwk dbm (1) &uftxd 1956 c k arv (10) &ufr S atmufwk dbm (1) &uftxd 1956 c k arv (10) &ufr S atmufwk dbm (1) &uftxd 1956 c k arv (10) &ufr S atmufwk dbm (1) &uftxd ævlxkowif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyf q&m}uD; a&$Oa'gif;tm; yk'fr (5) jzifh zrf;qD; cH&?

12-3-1959 12-3-1959 12-3-1959 12-3-1959 12-3-1959 æ owif;pm csdwfydwfcH&?10-5-1960 10-5-1960 10-5-1960 10-5-1960 10-5-1960 æ owif;pm jyefxGuf?7-7-1967 7-7-1967 7-7-1967 7-7-1967 7-7-1967 æ owif;pm &yfpJcH&? pma&;oltygt0if &efukefwkdufcGJESifh

rEWavrS wkdufom; (5) OD; xdef;odrf;cHcJh&?tJ'gawG[m “jynf}uD;0ef”ukd xrf;ykd;&if; vlxkowif;pm }uHKcJh&wJh “opPm

w&m;”eJ@ obm0w&m;awGyg?vlxkowif;pm[m “opPmw&m;”ukd eif;ajcwJh t"rR0g'rSefor#ukd wo

rwfwnf; qef@usifwkdufckduf+yD; tzdcH/ tESdrfcH/ aoG;tpkyfcH/ tjc,fvS,fcHawGbufu t+rJ&yfwnfwJh “jynf}uD;ESifwH”wm0efukdvnf; xrf;&GufcJhygw,f?

· · · · · *syefzufqpfwkd@&J@ t"rR0g'ukd jynfolw&yfvHk;eJ@wuG wGef;vSef wkdufckdufcJhayr,fh tar&duefu ol@&J@topfpufpuf tEkjrLAHk; vufeufqef;ukd tm&Swkdufom; *syefvlrsdK; awGtay:ukd prf;oyfazmufcGJcJhwJh &mZ0wfr_}uD;ukd qef@usif±_wfcsygw,f?

· · · · · ukd&D;,m;u|ef;qG,f ppfyGJ}uD;jzpfyGm;cJhwJhtcgvnf; tar&duef e,fcsJ@vufopfawGu ukvor*~tzGJ@ukd ckwHk;vkyf+yD; 0ifa&mufpGufzuf jc,fvS,fcJhwmukdqef@usifcJhygw,f?

· · · · · tar&dueforRw uae'Dvkyf}uHcH&awmh EkdifiHa&;t& vkyf}uHowfjzwfr_rsdK;ukd ±_wfcscJhygw,f?

· · · · · tar&duefu AD,uferf/ avmeJ@ uarŠm'D;,m; oHk;EkdifiHukd usL;ausmfwkdufckdufwJh urBmht}uD;rm;qHk; ra=unmaomppfyGJ}uD;ukdvnf; jyif;jyif;xefxef±_wfcscJhygw,f?

· · · · · tar&duefe,fcsJ@&J@ vufyg;aptjzpf EkdifiHukd ESpfjcrf;cGJypfcJhwJh ikd'ifZif;/ikd'if;EknDaemif&J@ vkyf&yfawGukd qef@usifcJhayr,fh olwkd@nDaemifukd pDtkdifatutm%modrf;yGJyHko¿mefzefwD;+yD; owfjzwfypfcJhwJh tar&duefe,fcsJ@orm;ukd tjyif;txef±_wfcs uef@uGufcJhygw,f?

· · · · · e,fcsJ@t&if;&Sifpepf}uD;ukd qef@usifwkdufcdkufcJhwJh qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk}uD;bufu wav#mufvHk; axmufcHtm;ay;cJhayr,fh tJ'DqkdAD,uf ukd,fwkdifue,fcsJ@vrf;pOfukdvkduf+yD; “qdk&S,fe,fcsJ@”b0ukd ul;ajymif;oGm;awmhvnf; jywfjywf

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om;om; qef@usifa0zefcJhygw,f?· · · · · bmwpPwm tm%m&Sif&J@ e,fcsJ@vufa0cHtpkd;&ukd awmfvSefykefuef+yD;

usL;bm; EkdifiHopfukd xlaxmifcJhwJh uwfpfx±kdukd csD;usL;axmufcHcJhayr,fh ukd,fhEkdifiHukd qkdAD,uf&J@ vufa0cH ±kyfao;±kyftjzpf ta&mufcHcJhwJh uwfpfx±kdukdawmha0zefuef@uGufcJhygw,f?

· · · · · e,fcsJ@trsdK;rsdK;&J@ vufatmufu vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifcJh=uwJhtmz&duwkdufeJ@ vufwiftar&duwkdfufu e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; wkdufyGJ0ifawGukdaxmufcHcJhayr,fh vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fa&;0g'ukd usifhoHk;vm=uolawGukdawmh qef@usif a0zefcJhygw,f?

· · · · · +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@orm;awG&J@ vufatmufu vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf &J&Jawmuf wkdufyGJ0ifcJhwJh tpPa&;EkdifiHom;awGukd axmufcHcJhayr,fh tJ'D tpPa&;EkdifiHom;awGukd,fwkdifu ygvufpwkdif;vlrsdK;awG&J@ e,fajrukd t"rRodrf;,l tEkdifusifhcJh+yD; ygvufpwkdif;vlrsdK;awGukd EkdifiHrJhvlrsdK;awGjzpfatmif vkyfcJhwmawGukdawmhqef@usifcJhygw,f?

· · · · · e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; wkdufyGJ0if tdENd,acgif;aqmif}uD; ae±l;ukd axmufcHcJhayr,fh tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHav;awGjzpf=uwJh eDayg/ qpfuif;/ blwefeJ@ oD[kdVfEkdifiHwkd@tay:Akdvfus v$rf;rkd;csifwJh ae±l;ukd qef@usifa0zefcJhygw,f?

· · · · · tm&Sv$rf;rkd;a&; &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ vufopfukdvkdeDe,fcsJ@orm;u zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhwJh qD;wkd;/ pifwkd;pwJhtzGJ@awGrSm wufºuyg0ifcJh+yD; jynfwGif;rSmvnf;t"rR0g'ukd usifhoHk;cJhwJh rm&S,ft,GwfcH&J@ ygupPwefEkdifiHukd ±_wfcscJhayr,fh uuf&SfrD;,m;jynfe,fukd tdENd,u odrf;ykdufpkd;rkd;xm;wJhudpPrSmawmh ygupPwefEkdifiHbufuaxmufcH&yfwnfcJhygw,f?

· · · · · =um;aeEkdifiHwEkdifiHjzpfwJh avmEkdifiH&J@ rif;om;}uD; ok0Àzl;rm;ukdpDtkdifat&J@ vufoyfarG;ppfAkdvfwpku jzKwfcstm%modrf;cJhpOfu rif;om;}uD;bufu axmufcHtm;ay;cJhayr,fh tm%mjyef&wJhtcgusawmh rif;om;}uD;uol@&J@nDawmf rif;om;}uD; okzmEk0%f&J@ youffavmtzGJ@ukd jynfwGif;ppfcif;+yD; wkdufckdufwmukdawmh uef@uGuf±_wfcscJhygw,f?

tJ'DtcsufawGu pmrsufESmawGu ajymjyaewJh vlxkowif;pm&J@orkdif;yg?“aeaomif;axmif ta&mifrn‡dK;ovkdy jynfaumif;atmif aqmifrukd;

&,fvkd@ a&$a'gif;awmifuavmifwrsdK;&,fESifh awmif±kd;rSm q&m}uJrayghvkd@ æ”aºu;a=umfcJhwJhq&m}uD; ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;&J@ a&S@aqmifvrf;!efrltwkdif; razmufrjyef raoGrznf ac|;eJ@aoG;eJ@ a&;cJh=uwJh orkdif;yg?

179179179179179

tJ'Dvkdorkdif;aumif;cJhwJh vlxkowif;pmrsdK;ukd OD;pD;xkwfa0cJhwJh owif;pmorm;yg?

tJ'Dowif;pmorm;b0rSm b,fvkdrkefwkdif;awGukd }uHh}uHhckdifckdif &ifqkdifEkdifcJhovJqkdwm wEkdifiHvHk;u od=uw,fav? tJ'ga=umifh ckvkd “tar æ tar ætaræ ” jzpfaewmyg? cspfcif=unfndKav;pm;r_qdkwm vkyf,lvkd@ &wmrsdK;rS r[kwfwm?

vlawG&J@ &ifxJu tvkdvkd jzpfvm=uwmav æ ? tJ'ga=umifh -vlwkdif;&J@ tar ævlwkdif;&J@ tar ævlwkdif;&J@ tar ævlwkdif;&J@ tar ævlwkdif;&J@ tar æjrefrmjynfoltm;vHk;&J@ tar touf&mausmf&Snfygap æ ? ?jrefrmjynfoltm;vHk;&J@ tar touf&mausmf&Snfygap æ ? ?jrefrmjynfoltm;vHk;&J@ tar touf&mausmf&Snfygap æ ? ?jrefrmjynfoltm;vHk;&J@ tar touf&mausmf&Snfygap æ ? ?jrefrmjynfoltm;vHk;&J@ tar touf&mausmf&Snfygap æ ? ?

vlxkpdef0if;vlxkpdef0if;vlxkpdef0if;vlxkpdef0if;vlxkpdef0if;

a':a':vlxka':trm&J hb0[m jrefrmjynfolawG&J hb0eJ ht_rJwrf; wxyfwnf; wom;wnf; usaewJhb0av æ?

aum vdyf ausmif;olb0rSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; wkd h e Jh twl oydwfwyfOD;rSm ygcJhwJh ausmif;ol æ ?

wcsdK hausmif;om;acgif;aqmifvkyfolawG oydwfjyefvSef_yD; ausmif;jyefwufayr,fh &moufyef oydwfarSmuf cJh_yD;bDatukd r,lcJhwJhol æ

tJ'Daumvdyfausmif;olb0_yD;awmh owif;pm q&mb0?b,fvkd owif;pmrsdK;udk vkyfwJh owif;pm q&m rvJ od&atmif æ

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vlxka':trmqkdwm jrefrmEkdifiHrSm ay:xGef;zl;or# trsdK;orD;awGxJrSmt}uD;rm;qHk;vkd@qkd&if vGef&musrSmrkd@vdk@ rqkdcsifawmif t}uD;rm;qHk;awGxJrSm wOD;vkd@awmh qdk&vdrfhr,f? ol@ta=umif;ukd olrsm;awGta=umif; ola&;ovkd pmtkyf}uD;wtkyf jyKpka&;om;&rSmjzpfw,f? wae@ a&;=uygvdrfhr,f? 'Dae&mrSmawmh u|efawmf awG@}uHKcJh&or#awGxJu tenf;tusOf;yJ wifjyEkdifr,f?

a':a':[m tif'Dyif;'ifh a':pef;wkd@/ a':cif=unfwkd@vkd EkdifiHa&;orm; r[kwfygbl;? 'gayrJh ygwDEkdifiHa&;vkd@ wcsdK@u ac:=uwJh EkdifiHa&;qdkwm vl@b0yJvkd@ cH,l owfrSwfwJh owif;pmq&mr}uD;/ pma&;q&mr}uD;jzpfygw,f? ol@b0[m EkdifiHa&;eJ@ ruif;bl;? ol@orkdif;[m EkdifiHa&;orkdif;/ ol@ta&;tom; tm;vHk;[m ol@EkdifiHa&;cH,lcsufeJ@ jrpfzsm;cHxm;+yD; 'Dta&;tom;awGonfyifv#if ol@EkdifiHa&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;jzpfw,f? 'Dta&;tom; 'DvkyfaqmifcsufawGa=umifhyJ jynfolvlxku ol@ukd cspf=u/ jrwfEkd;=u/ =unfndK=uovkd jynfolukd u|efjyKaeol rsm;u'Drdef;r}uD;ukd t+idK;}uD;}uD;eJ@ rkef;=uw,f?

wkdif;jynfukdcspfw,f/ jynfolvlxkukdcspfw,fqkdwJh olawG jrefrmEkdifiHawmf}uD;rSm trsm;}uD;ayg@? 'gayrJh yg;pyfu ajymwmoufoufr[kwf/ ta=umxJ/ aoG;om;xJuukd pdrfh+yD; wkdif;jynfeJ@ vlxkukdcspfwJh jrefrmtrsdK;orD;qdkvkd@ uae@ ouf&Sd

vlxk&J ha':trm

vlxk a':trm

1

armifomEkd;armifomEkd;armifomEkd;armifomEkd;armifomEkd;

181181181181181

xif&Sm;xJrSm ESpfOD;yJ u|efawmf awG@zl;w,f? wOD;u a':trm? vlxka': trm?vlxkOD;vSeJ@ a':trmukd ‘uGefjrLepf’awGvkd@ wcsdK@u xif=uw,f? xifvkd@

vnf; zqyvtpkd;&u OD;vSukd axmifoGif;tusOf;cscJhwmayg@? twGif;od wa,muftaeeJ@ajym&&if olwkd@[m vHk;0 uGefjrLepfr[kwfygbl;? omrefwkdif;cspfjynfcspfyk*~dKvf}uD;awGyJ jzpf=uw,f? 'gayrJh vlwkdif;eJ@ wnfhatmifaygif;um vlwkdif;vkdvdku cspfcifav;pm;=uwJhtwGuf olwkd@taygif; toif; rdwfaqGo*F[rsm;xJrSmacgif;yHkjzwf t&if;&Sif}uD;awGygovkd/ uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifawGvnf; ygw,f? aemifawmh om;ESpfa,muf[m awmckduGefjrLepfawG jzpfoGm;=uw,f? 'gayrJh olwkd@uawmh b,fwkef;urS uGefjrLepf r[kwf=uygbl;?

wckawmh &Sdwmayghav? uGefjrLepfr[kwfovkd uGefjrLepf qef@usifol awGvnf; r[kwf=ubl;? uGefjrLepfa&m/ qkd&S,fvpfa&m/ zqyva&m/ wkdif;jynfcspf=uolcsif; twlwl nDnD!Gwf!GwfeJ@ wkdif;jynftwGuf twlvufwGJ vkyfukdifaqmif&GufoGm;=uapcsifw,fqdkwJh apwemrsdK;yJ OD;vSeJ@ a':trmrSm &Sdw,f? q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;&J@ pdwf&if;apwemeJ@ twlwlygyJ? q&m}udD;ukd bk&m;wql*lwvHk;vkd ukd;pm;,Hk=unf qnf;uyf=uwJh &SmrS&Sm; wynfh&if; yDoolawGukd;?

u|efawmf[m wuUokdvfra&mufcifu udpPwckeJ@ vlxkowif;pmwkdufukda&muf&if; OD;av;vS (vlxkOD;vS) eJ@ yxrqHk; awG@qHkzl;wmyg? wuUokdvfa&muf+yD;ausmif;tm;wJhtcg rEWav;wuUokdvfuae vlxkwkdufqDvmawmhrS a':a':(vlxka':trm) ukd pwifawG@zl; wmjzpfygw,f? 'gawmif vlxkwkdufvm&if OD;vS-a':trmxuf vlxk*sme,fpufcef;rSm owif;oHk;aewwfwJh to#if ^m%d\&qD a&mufaewwfwJhtwGuf aemif to#if ^m%d\& vlxGuf+yD; (OD;) qef;xGef;jzpfoGm;wJhtcg ol@ukd &nf!ef;ajymqkdp&m&Sdwkdif; OD;av;vSu ‘rifhq&mav/ rifhq&m’vkd@ +yHK;+yD; ajymavh&Sdw,f?

u|efawmf[m tJ'Dwkef;u uAsmav;tp/ aqmif;yg;av;tp/ 0wÎKwkdav;tp vufwnfhhprf;aecsdef jzpfavawmh tJ'Dtcsdefykdif;u vlxk*sme,fukd ukdifay;aewJh to#if^m%d\&qD r=umc% a&mufaewmyJ jzpfygw,f? aemifawmhausmif;om;&JabmftcsdK@eJ@ u|efawmf[m *k EWmef&yfu tdrfwtdrfukd iSm;+yD; aexkdif=u&m u|efawmfwkd@tdrfeJ@ vlxk owif;pmwkdufqkdwm vrf;[kdbufxdyfeJ@ 'Dbufxdyfjzpfaeavawmh tm;wkdif;a&mufaerdawmhw,f? u|efawmfwkd@u uav;cspfwwfawmh OD;vS-a':trm&J@ uav;awGeJ@vnf; oGm;aqmh=uw,f? tJ'Dwkef;uu|efawmfu t*Fvdyfowif;pmwapmif&J@ owif;axmufvkyfaew,f? reufreufqkd&if u|efawmfu vlxkowif;pmwkdufu vufESdyfpufeJ@ owif;awGukd ±kduf

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+yD; ykd@wmyg?u|efawmfwkd@wawG[m tJovkd vlxkowif;pmwkdufukd 0ifxGufoGm;vm

aeayr,fh wcgzl;r# OD;vSeJ@a&m a':trmeJ@yg EkdifiHa&;/ ausmif;om;ta&; aqG;aEG;jcif;/ ajymqkdjcif; r&dScJhpzl;? tjcm;vlr_ qufqHa&;pum;-pmaypum;awGyJajymcJh=uwmyg? 'gayrJh zqyvtpkd;&&J@ taxmufawmf}uD;awGuawmh vlxkOD;vSu ausmif;om;awGukd !¸ef=um;aew,f? aiGa=u; axmufyHhaew,fvkd@xifukef=uawmhw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ 1953 atmufwkdbmrSm wuUokdvf ausmif;wvydwfa&; wkdufyGJjzpfawmh u|efawmfwkd@ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;eJ@twl vlxkOD;vSukdyg zrf;vkdufygawmhw,f? ol@vkdyJ txifrSm; tzrf;cH&ol aemufwOD; uawmh'kd@bk&if OD;b&if?

'kd@bk&if OD;b&ifeJ@ wcsdK@ukd yxr v$wfay;w,f? wESpfcGJ=umwJhtcg u|efawmfwkd@ ausmif;om;awGukd v$wfay;w,f? 'gayrJh OD;vSukdawmh v$wfray;bJav;ESpfxd axmifxJrSm qufxm;w,f? 'gawGrSm;rSef; aemifodvmwJhtwGuf tJ'Dacwfu zqyvtpkd;&&J@ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; Akdvfcifarmifav;[m aemif ol&mxl; jyKwfvmwJhtcg vlxkOD;vSqDvm+yD; uefawmhoGm;ygw,f? (28-11-79)“OD;av;vnf; ol@ukd qkawG t=um}uD; ay;ypfvkdufouGm”vkd@ 'Dta=umif; u|efawmfhukd jyefajym&if; OD;av;u &,f&,f+yHK;+yHK;ajymygw,f? (OD;Ekuvnf; rSm;a=umif;0efcHoGm;ygw,f?)

1955 rSm u|efawmf axmifxJu xGufvmawmh wuUokdvfjyefaecGifh r&ao;ygbl;? u|efawmf vlxkowif;pmwkdufrSm nt,f'Dwm 0ifvkyfygw,f? ae@t,f'Dwmu OD;xGef;az (ol&/ &Srf;jynf)? olu owif;pmtwGif; pmrsufESmawGukdae@cif;rSm vkyfoGm;+yD;/ rsufESmzHk;eJ@ ausm&,f/ tv,fpmrsufESm ESpfrsufESm&,fukdu|efawmfhtwGuf xm;cJhygw,f? ta&;}uD;wJh pmrsufESmawGyg? wkdif;jynfrSmwae@wmtwGif; jzpfysufcJhwJh owif;awGxJu ta&;}uD;qHk; owif;awGukd aemufusEkdifoavmuf aemufusatmifapmifh+yD; rsufESmzHk;rSm xnfh&wm jzpfygw,f?rEWav;eJ@ txuftnm owif;awGukdawmh ukd,fykdifowif;axmufawGu a&;+yD;om;av;awG u|efawmfhpm;yGJrSm vmykd@=uw,f? wcsdK@ pm;yGJrSm xkdifa&;w,f? &efukefowif;ukdawmh w,fvDzkef;eJ@ ay;w,f? urBmhowif;twGuf &GKdufwm/ attufzfyD/atyD/ &Sif[Gmowif;XmeawGu owif;v$mawG pmwkdufu a&mufaeayr,fhaemufqHk; owif;ukdawmh bDbDpD/ bDtkdat/ armfpukd/ yDuif; a&'D,kdowif;awGukdyJtm;udk; &w,f? u|efawmfhatmufrSm vufaxmuf t,f'Dwm wOD;&Sdygw,f?'gayrJh u|efawmfhukd t+rJwrf; vma&mufulnD oGefoifaewmuawmh a':a':ygyJ?

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w,f? owif;pmq&m usifh0wfqkdwmukdvnf; wdwdusus apmifhxdef;w,f? rk'drf;owif;/ uav;oli,f tusifhysufowif;/ rdef;rom;wkd@ tzdESdyfcHvlwef;pm;wkd@xdckdufepfemapr,fh owif;wkd@qkd&if owif;pmrSm vHk;0rygap&bl;? owif; toGm;tvmt& wzufowfjzpfaeayr,fh tcsdK@tcsuftvufu rSefaeyHk&&if tJ'Dowif;ukd csifhcsdefoHk;oyf+yD; jyefa&;w,f? e,fowif;axmufawG ykd@wJhowif;awG/EkdifiHjcm;owif;awG tm;vHk;vkdvkd[m jyefa&;&wmcsnf;ygyJ?

u|efawmfwkd@vnf; tJ'Dt&G,fu jynfol@twGuf tEkynm/ jynfol@ twGuf pmayqkdwmukd ,Hkaumif;wkef;yg? 'gayrJh u|efawmfwkd@,HkyHku ±k&Su rd[kdif;vf±_dvkda[mhzf wkd@vkdrsdK;? Socialist a&S@u wyfrxm;wJh Realism jzpfw,f? t,kwfwrm udpPrsdK;r[kwf&if rSefwmqkd&if a&;&rSmaygh qkdwJh cH,lcsufaygh? a':a':utJovkdr[kwfbl;? rSefOD;awmh jynfolukd/ tzdESdyfcHvlwef;pm;ukd xdckdufepfemap&ifra&;ygbl;? a&Smifw,f?

a':a':&J@'Doabmxm;cH,lcsufukd owif;pm ta&;tom;rSmomr[kwf/ol@&J@ tjcm;pmayta&;tom;rsm;rSmyg awG@&w,f? a&$±kd;/ buav;/ atmifAv/zkd;pdef/ pdefuwkH;/ a&$ref;wifarmif twÎKywWdawG/ jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm;pwmawGudk=unfh? qkdif&m tEkynmonf wcsdK@eJ@ywfoufvkd@ vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;odxm;=uwJh tusifhysufuav;awG &Sdw,f? 'gawGudk a':a':vnf; odwmygyJ?odayr,fh a&Smifw,f? 'Dawmh 'DtEkynmonfawG[m pif;vHk;acsmawG/ cspfcif=unfndKav;pm;p&mawGyJ jzpfaeygawmhw,f? b,fZmwfq&m}uD;[mjzifh t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@udk xkdif&Sdckd;wJhta=umif;/ b,foDcsif;a&;q&m[mjzifh ol@qDukd ukd,fum,vmquforS rif;orD;ukd oDcsif;aumif;aumif; a&;ay;wwfwJhta=umif;/b,frif;orD;[mjzifh ppfajy;pOfu w±kwf}uD;wa,mufeJ@ aygif;oif;aewJh ta=umif;pwmawGukd æ a':a':hpmrsm;rSm rawG@Ekdifaybl;?

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pm;yGJwzufrSm idkrwwf ('grSr[kwf ikdxm;vkd@) rsufpdrsufESm nd‡K;i,fEGrf;vs aewJha':a':ukd awG@&w,f? u|efawmf bmrS rar;Ekdifao;bJ tajctaeukd tuJcwfaepOfrSm a':a':u ‘rif;od+yD;yvm;/ q&m+idrf; qHk;&Sm+yD’ vkd@ rcsdwifuJ ajymjyygawmhw,f? u|efawmfh&ifxJvnf; 'def;ceJ jzpfoGm;w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u a':a':&J@y&da'0[m wkdif;jynfrSm urBmrSm av;pm;&wJh acgif;aqmif}uD;wOD; uG,fvGef oGm;vkd@ cHpm;&wJh y&da'0rsdK;ygyJ? uae@acwf teD;uyfqHk;Oyrmukd jy&&if oDv&Sif}uD;r,fawmf x&DZm/ a0vrif;orD; 'dkif,memwkd@ uG,fvGefwJhowif;=um;&wJhtcgolwkd@ukd =unfndKolawG cHpm;&wmrsdK;ygyJ?

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vlawGeJ@ awG@wJhtcg OD;av;vSvnf; pum;ajymwmyJ/ armifpGrf;&nfvnf;ar;wmyJ? u|efawmfvnf; avhvmwmcsnf;? 'gayrJh a':a':ar;yHk avhvmyHku wrsdK;?u|efawmfwkd@eJ@ rwlbl;? pdwfyg0ifpm; pdwf&Snfvuf&SnfeJ@ olwkd@b0xJ 0ifaESmumolwkd@cHpm;csufawGukd r#,l+yD; tonf;xJ ESvHk;xJ pdrfh,laeyHkay:w,f? a':a':ar;vkdufyHkuav;ukdu u±k%mtjynfh ygaew,f? ar;jref;pum;ajymcH&ol awmolawmifom;}uD;rSm owif;pmq&meJ@ tifwmAsL;aew,fvkd@ rxifrdapbJ wu,fhaqGrsdK;&if;csmwa,muf/ ukd,hf}uD;a':wa,mufeJ@ w&if;wESD; pum;zvS,faew,fvkd@om txifa&mufoGm;apw,f? pum;pyfrdvkd@ajym&&if 'Dae&mrSma':a':h ajc&mukd eif;Ekdifzkd@ awmfawmfeD;pyfwm u|efawmfwkd@ taygif;toif;xJrSmwifrkd; wa,mufyJ jrifrdw,f?

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&J@? olwkd@ vkdufr0wfao;yJeJ@rS u|efawmfwkd@qDrSm w±kwfrawG wae@wjcm;&J@? olwkd@ vkdufr0wfao;yJeJ@rS u|efawmfwkd@qDrSm w±kwfrawG wae@wjcm;&J@? olwkd@ vkdufr0wfao;yJeJ@rS u|efawmfwkd@qDrSm w±kwfrawG wae@wjcm;&J@? olwkd@ vkdufr0wfao;yJeJ@rS u|efawmfwkd@qDrSm w±kwfrawG wae@wjcm;&J@? olwkd@ vkdufr0wfao;yJeJ@rS u|efawmfwkd@qDrSm w±kwfrawG wae@wjcm;aygvm&wJhtxJ æ aygvm&wJhtxJ æ aygvm&wJhtxJ æ aygvm&wJhtxJ æ aygvm&wJhtxJ æ &,fvkd@ ol@ukd vlwa,mufu rausrcsrf;ajymjyaewJh[efrsdK;a&;xm;wm awG@vkduf&w,f?

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188188188188188

wJhvlawG &S dae+yDqkdwma&m cifAsm; od&J@vm;”wJhvlawG &S dae+yDqkdwma&m cifAsm; od&J@vm;”wJhvlawG &S dae+yDqkdwma&m cifAsm; od&J@vm;”wJhvlawG &S dae+yDqkdwma&m cifAsm; od&J@vm;”wJhvlawG &S dae+yDqkdwma&m cifAsm; od&J@vm;”“at;yg? b,foljzpfjzpf 0 ruvkd@ 0d jzpfjzpf ra&mif;bl;”“at;yg? b,foljzpfjzpf 0 ruvkd@ 0d jzpfjzpf ra&mif;bl;”“at;yg? b,foljzpfjzpf 0 ruvkd@ 0d jzpfjzpf ra&mif;bl;”“at;yg? b,foljzpfjzpf 0 ruvkd@ 0d jzpfjzpf ra&mif;bl;”“at;yg? b,foljzpfjzpf 0 ruvkd@ 0d jzpfjzpf ra&mif;bl;”vifr,m; wa,mufwayguf cGef;}uD;cGef;i,f pum;rsm;=u+yD; uodu

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a':a':u ol@,Ofaus;r_a&;&m aqmif;yg;awGukd pkpnf;xkwfa0wJhpmtkyfukd “a&$a'gif;awmif”“a&$a'gif;awmif”“a&$a'gif;awmif”“a&$a'gif;awmif”“a&$a'gif;awmif”vkd@ trnfwyfvkdufw,f? q&m}uD; ocif ukd,fawmfr_ di f;&J @ “a&$a'gif;awmif uavmifwrs d K;&,feJ @ jynfaumif;atmif“a&$a'gif;awmif uavmifwrs d K;&,feJ @ jynfaumif;atmif“a&$a'gif;awmif uavmifwrs d K;&,feJ @ jynfaumif;atmif“a&$a'gif;awmif uavmifwrs d K;&,feJ @ jynfaumif;atmif“a&$a'gif;awmif uavmifwrs d K;&,feJ @ jynfaumif;atmifaqmifrukd;&,fvkd@”aqmifrukd;&,fvkd@”aqmifrukd;&,fvkd@”aqmifrukd;&,fvkd@”aqmifrukd;&,fvkd@”qkdwJh av;csdK;}uD; pmom;xJu pmvHk;ukd ,lvkdufwmygyJ?'Dae&mrSm a&$a'gif;awmifqkdwJh pum;vHk;ukd pOf;pm; ppfaq;=unfhoifhw,f?‘aiGa'gif;awmif’ r[kwfovkd ‘usD;uef;awmif’vnf; r[kwfbl;? ‘pmuav;awmif’omr[kwfao;? ‘a&$a'gif;awmif’ rS ‘a&$a'gif;awmif’? a&$pifeJ@vkyfxm;wJha&$a&mif0if;aewJh a'gif;awmift&Sdeft0geJ@ jynfhpHk/ tpGrf;xufjrufwJh uavmifwrsdK;jzpfw,f? 'DvkduavmifrsdK;rSvnf; ‘jynfaumif;atmifaqmif’ Ekdifayvdrfhr,f?cyfcsmcsm uavmifrsdK;omjzifh b,favmuf}uD; wkdif;jynfukdcspfaeae/ wkdif;jynfaumif;atmif &GufaqmifEkdifvdrfhr,f r[kwfacsbl;? vlu awmfvnf;awmfrS/aumif;vJaumif;rS vlawmfvlaumif;rS jynfolvlxktwGuf tusdK;jyKEkdifygw,f?a':trmvkd owif;pmq&mwOD;/ pma&;q&mwOD;tzkd@awmh tEkynmyg&rD/ tEkynmADZ/ tEkynm t&nftaoG;ygyJ?

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189189189189189

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armifomEkd;armifomEkd;armifomEkd;armifomEkd;armifomEkd;

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190190190190190

vlrSef&if vlwkdif;rSm vlom;&J@ tm;rmeftjynfh &S dygw,f? ig[mvlrSef&if vlwkdif;rSm vlom;&J@ tm;rmeftjynfh &S dygw,f? ig[mvlrSef&if vlwkdif;rSm vlom;&J@ tm;rmeftjynfh &S dygw,f? ig[mvlrSef&if vlwkdif;rSm vlom;&J@ tm;rmeftjynfh &S dygw,f? ig[mvlrSef&if vlwkdif;rSm vlom;&J@ tm;rmeftjynfh &S dygw,f? ig[mvl@tzG J @tpnf;uk d igp Gr f ;aqmif&mbufu tusd K; jyKaeao;wJ h vlom;vl@tzG J @tpnf;uk d igp Gr f ;aqmif&mbufu tusd K; jyKaeao;wJ h vlom;vl@tzG J @tpnf;uk d igp Gr f ;aqmif&mbufu tusd K; jyKaeao;wJ h vlom;vl@tzG J @tpnf;uk d igp Gr f ;aqmif&mbufu tusd K; jyKaeao;wJ h vlom;vl@tzG J @tpnf;uk d igp Gr f ;aqmif&mbufu tusd K; jyKaeao;wJ h vlom;wa,mufqkdwJh tm;rmefukd aorS pGef@rSmyg?wa,mufqkdwJh tm;rmefukd aorS pGef@rSmyg?wa,mufqkdwJh tm;rmefukd aorS pGef@rSmyg?wa,mufqkdwJh tm;rmefukd aorS pGef@rSmyg?wa,mufqkdwJh tm;rmefukd aorS pGef@rSmyg? vlxka':trm (5-8-95)vlxka':trm (5-8-95)vlxka':trm (5-8-95)vlxka':trm (5-8-95)vlxka':trm (5-8-95)

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ukdvkdeDacwf e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJrSm 1920/ 1936/ 1938ESpf toD;oD;u wuUokdvfaumvdyf oydwf}uD; oHk;ck[m tvGefta&;ygcJh=uygw,f? '*kefwm&m&J@ a&;om;csuft& vlxka':trmukd AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@twl Auo yxrqHk;nDvmcH}uD; zefwD;cJhol rdciftjzpf od&Sd cHpm;&ygw,f? 'kwd,oydwf+yD;csdefrS u|efawmfhukd arG;cJhygw,f? 1936 oydwf+yD;vkd@ 1956 cka&mufwJhESpfaygif; 20 wdwd=umwJhtcg u|efawmf rEWav;wuUokdvfukd a&mufvmcJhygw,f?oydwfarSmufausmif;ol/ owif;pmq&m rtrm jzpfaeyg+yD? urBmausmf owif;pmq&mr}uD; wOD;tjzpfeJ@ &yfwnfaeayr,fh 1936 ckESpf &Jabmf&Jbuf oydwfarSmufausmif;ol rtkef; (ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u rrtkef;vkd@ ac:=uwJhol)ukd ta=umif;jyK+yD; wuUokdvfeJ@ tqufrjywfbJ wuUokdvfe,fajrrSm jrifawG@ae&ygw,f? OD;av;uvnf; wuUodkvfqD;edwftzGJ@0ifyg? u|efawmfwkd@wawGvnf;wuUodkvf owif;axmufvkdjzpfae+yD; owif;ykd@&if;/ aqmif;yg; uAsmykd@&if; pmtkyf0,f&if;qkdovkd ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;eJ@ vlxkwkdufukd a&mufoGm;&mu vlxkZeD;armifESH&J@ wl/ om;awGjzpfvmcJh=uygw,f? pmqkdawmfae@ tcrf;tem;rSm OD;av;eJ@ a':a':wkd@ukd yifhzdwfuefawmh=uygw,f? OD;av;wkd@ a':a':wkd@eJ@ a[majymyGJawG/ pum;&nfvkyGJawGvnf; vkyfygw,f? wuUokdvfu r*~Zif;awG pmapmifawG xkwf&ifvnf; pmrlawmif;ygw,f? wcgw&HvlxkwkdufrSmyJ r*~Zif;awG yHkESdyfygw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ vlxkeJ@ wuUokdvf/ wuUokdvfeJ@ vlxka':trmwkd@ tqufrjywf&SdaecJhygw,f?

u|efawmf[m awm&GmrSm }uD;jyif;cJh&ayr,fh &GmrSmu pm=unfhwkduf &Sdygw,f? u|efawmfhrdb OD;}uD;OD;av; tbkd;tbGm;rsm;uvnf; pme,fZif;awG zwf=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh ppf+yD;pacwfrSm Armhacwf/ &efukef/ jrefrmhtvif;/ [Hom0wD/

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vlxkpwJh owif;pmawGukd tm;vHk;vkd zwf±_&ygw,f? vlxkwkdufu vlxk*sme,fvlxkowif;pmawGtjyif “aAmfv*grS **Fgokd@”vkd pmtkyfrsdK;awGukdvnf; xkwfa0avawmh awm&GmrSm &SdpOfuwnf;u tJ'gawGukd zwf±_cJh&ygw,f? oydwfarSmufausmif;ol rtrmukd vlxkowif;pmq&mr}uD; a':trmtjzpfeJ@ vlxk*sme,fowif;pmu wqifh odu|rf; &if;ESD;vmcJh&mu vlukd,fwkdif awG@qHk&wJhtcg tvGef0rf;ajrmuf *k%f,lygw,f?

u|efawmfwkd@[m rEWav;wuUokdvfrSm uavmif&Sif;toif;qkd+yD; zGJ@ygw,f?u|efawmfwkd@wawG pma&;q&maygufpawGjzpfvmawmh vlxkowif;pmwkdufeJ@qufrd±Hkr#ru q&mjrrsdK;vGif/ q&ma&$jynfOD;bwif/ q&m=unfjrwkd@eJ@yg qufoG,frd+yD;/ txufjrefrmEkdifiH pma&;q&mtoif;ukd jyefvnftoufoGif;=uygw,f?toif;tpnf;ta0;ukd toif;OuUÏ vlxkOD;vS&Sd&mrSm vkyfavh&Sdygw,f? 'ga=umifhu|efawmfwkd@wawG[m vlxk a':trmeJ@vnf; ykdrkd &if;ESD;vmcJh&ygw,f?

tpu vlxkwkduf a&S@ykdif;cef;rus,fxJrSm pmtkyfqkdif&Sdygw,f? aemufawmhr&Sdawmhbl;? tJ'Da&S@cef;xJ ajrmufbufeH&HrSm tcef;awGzGJ@ xm;w,f? vlxkt,f'DwmawGjzpf=uwJh ukdae0if;/ ukdodef;[ef (armfv+rdKif)/ ukdopfvGif/ ukdpdef0if;/ ukdxGef;&Sdefwkd@ukd ra&S;raESmif;qkdovkd awG@qHkcJh&ygw,f? aemufawmh tJ'Da&S@cef;rSmyJvlxka':trmukd awG@&w,f? vlxkOD;vSu twGif;cef;xJrSm tvkyfrsm;aewwfygw,f? vlxka':trmu “rif;OD;av;u rifhukd ar;p&m &Sdw,f”qkdrS u|efawmfOD;av;qDoGm;ygw,f? a':a':u OD;av;&J@ ‘yDat’tjzpf wm0ef,lae&wmyg? tJovkd wm0ef r,l&ifvnf; {nfhrsm;vGef;vkd@ OD;av;tvkyfvkyf&rSm r[kwfygbl;?

a':a':&J@ armifi,f ukdnDnD (a'gufwm cifarmifat;) eJ@ u|efawmfwkd@uausmif;aezufjzpfovkd a':a':&J@om;}uD;eJ@vnf; ausmif;aezuf jzpfygw,f?a':trmu ‘wdk@armifESr pm;vkduf=uOD;pkd@’‘wkd@armifESr oGm;vkduf=uOD;pkd@’pojzifhajymavh&Sdayr,fh u|efawmfwkd@u ‘oydwfarSmuf ausmif;ol rtkef;’ukd rrtkef;ac:ayr,fh ‘oydwfarSmuf ausmif; ol rtrm’ukdawmh a':a':vkd@yJ ac:jzpfygw,f?1964 ckESpfup+yD; vlxkrSm u|efawmf[m pmtkyfa0zefcef;ukd wm0ef,lvmcJh&ygw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm a':a':eJ@ tquftoG,fvkyf&wm ykdrsm;ygw,f?

pmtkyfa0zefcef;twGuf 0,fcsifwJhpmtkyf 0,fEkdifygw,f? a0zefa&;pmtkyfr[kwfwJh t*FvdyfpmtkyfawGukd 0,fcJh+yD; pmtkyfzkd;ukd +yD;rS awmif;csifoavmufawmif;vkd@&ygw,f? ‘pmtkyfaumif;&if ig@om;awGzkd@ 0,fcJhyg? jyifopfvkd uAsmpmtkyfawG@&ifvnf; ig@om;awGzwfzkd@ 0,fcJhyg’vkd@ a':a':rSmwwfygw,f? a':a':uu|efawmfhpmrlawGukd b,fawmhrS rjyifygbl;? wcgrS ry,fzl;ygbl;? wcgawmh pmay

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aqmif;yg;wckeJ@ ywfouf+yD; rajympzl; ajymwm&Sdygw,f? u|efawmfppfqef@usifa&;/+idrf;csrf;a&;ta=umif;ukd a&;awmh “ppfqkdwm w&m;wJhppf/ rw&m;wJhppf&,fvkd@&Sdwmukd owdjyKyg”vkd@ ajymygw,f? “igwkd@u rw&m;wJhppf usL;ausmfppfvkd[mrsdK;ukd qef@usif&rSmyJ? 'gayrJh ckcHppf/ awmfvSefppfvkd w&m;wJhppfukdawmh axmufcH&rSmyJ’vkd@ aqG;aEG;ygw,f? u|efawmfvnf; tJ'DawmhrS ppfqkdor# qef@usif=uqkdwJht,ltqukd jyifqifcJhygw,f?

wcsdefwnf; wkdufqkdifr_wckvnf; &Sdygw,f? u|efawmfu ‘pepfaumif;vkd@vlaumif;xGef;um;’vkd@ pum;vHk;ygwJh uAsmwyk'fa&;xm;ygw,f? ±k&Su trsdK;orD;tmumo ol&Jaumif; AvifwDem x&ufukdAmukd *k%fjyKwJh uAsmyg? 'gukdteDeJ@tjym uAsmpmtkyfxJrSmxnfhzkd@ ukdomEkd;ukd bmomjyefckdif;awmh ukdomEkd;u“usKyfu tJ'grsdK; b,fawmhrS rjyefbl;”qkd+yD; csefxm;cJhygw,f? vlxka':trmeJ@ukdomEkd;wkd@ rajympzl;ajym=uwJh oabmw&m;awGukd ra&S; raESmif; =um;&awmhu|efawmfhtzkd@ urBmhEkdifiHa&; oabmxm;awGrSm qifjcifrdp&mawG &vmcJhygw,f?

u|efawmf pmtkyfa0zefcsufawGa&;wJhtcg y,fwmvnf;r&Sd/ qkdif;xm;wmvnf; r&SdcJhygbl;? OD;odef;azjrifh&J@ 0wÎKwkdawGukd a0zefawmh yg&r,fh&ufrSm/ rygvmbJ qkdif;xm;vkd@ u|efawmf vlxkwkdufukd oGm;ygw,f? OD;av;u ukdodef;azukdrif;a0zefwm ckdifrm&J@vm;? aocsm&J@vm;vkd@ qD;ar;ygw,f? a':a':ukdvnf; vSrf;ac:ygw,f? “rif; armifpGrf;&nf&J@ pmukd zwf+yD;+yDvm;”vkd@ ar;ygw,f? “ola&;wm b,fheJ@vJ/ ukdodef;azuawmh b,fenf;eJ@rqkd wkH@jyef a&;rSmyJ? 'ga=umifhola&;wm aocsm&J@vm;vdk@ rif;ukd ac:ar;wmyg”vkd@ OD;av;u ajymygw,f?a':a':u “ola&;wm aumif;ygw,f? ckdifrmygw,f”vkd@ axmufcHcsufay;ygw,f?“rifhukd ukdodef;azu jyefa&;&if rif;u ckdifckdifrmrm acsyEkdifrvm;”vdk@ OD;av;uxyfar;w,f? u|efawmf u “acsyEkdifygw,f”vdk@ jyefajzygw,f? a':a':udkvnf;OD;av;u “aocsmygw,faemf”vkd@ xyfar;ygw,f? a':a':u xyfrHtwnfjyKygw,f? “ukdodef;azuawmh 'grsdK;b,fawmhrS +idrfaerSmr[kwfbl;”vkd@ a':trmuvnf; ajymygw,f? “'gayrJh a&;p&m&Sdwmawmh a&;oma&;uG” vkd@tm;ay;ygw,f? vlxkowif;pmrSm u|efawmf a&;cJhwJh oufwrf;wav#muf 'gavmufyJ pmrleJ@ ywfoufvkd@ aqG;aEG;&zl;ygw,f? ukd,fht,ltqeJ@ukd,fa&;p&m&Sdwm qufoma&;ygvkd@vnf; pmeJ@a&;+yD; tm;ay;ygw,f?

a':a':eJ@ OD;av;[m pmayudpPawGrSm tJovkd t+rJwrf; wkdifwkdifyifyifeJ@vkyfwwf=uayr,fh t+rJwrf; oabm wkdufqkdifaewmcsnf;yJvkd@awmh rajymEkdifygbl;? u|efawmfwkd@ ‘pum;ajymovkd pma&;=ur,f’qdkawmh tawmfn‡dE_dif;

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wkdifyif=uygw,f? OD;av;u a&;&wm vG,fw,f? zwf&wm vG,fw,fqkd+yD; u|efawmfwkd@eJ@ csufcsif;oabmwlayr,fh a':a':eJ@ ukdb*srf; (wifrkd;) wdk@u oabmrwlbl;? q&m}uD;a&$jynfOD;bwifuvnf; oabmrwlygbl;? armifomEkd; pmwrf;wif+yD;wJhaemuf rEWav;wuUokdvf ygarmuQcsKyfOD;ausmf&if (&ckdif avxD; ausmf&if) eJ@ orkdif;ygarmuQ a'gufwmoef;xGef;wkd@u v_dufv_dufvSJvSJ axmufcHygw,f?‘qifoGm;&if vrf;jzpfw,f/ pwmvifu 'Dvkdajymw,f’vkd@ OD;ausmf&ifu vufoD;vufarmif;wef;+yD;awmh axmufcHcJhygw,f? a':a':eJ@ ukdb*srf; (wifrkd;) wkd@uy&dowfa&S@rSm axmufcHwJh vufckyfrwD;bJ ae=uygw,f?

a':a':[m aemufwESpf azazmf0g&Dv 14 &ufae@rSm u|efawmfhukd ajymp&m&Sdw,fqkd+yD; ol@±Hk;cef;rSm c%xkdifckdif;ygw,f? +yD;rS odyHarmif0&J@ ta&;tom;[mvG,fulayghyg;+yD; ola&;wJhta&;tom;awmh igvnf;a&;&ifjzpfrSmyJqkdwJh ,Hk=unfpdwf0ifapw,f? igvnf; a&;csifpdwfaygufwm odyHarmif0pm zwfvkd@yJvkd@ ajymygw,f? ckvnf; “ig rif;pum;ajymovkd a&;wm zwfaumif;wmeJ@ a&;csifpdwf ay:vmw,f”vkd@ajym+yD; owif;pmrSm urBmhEkdifiHa&; owif;aqmif;yg;awGukd jrefrmpmta&;tom;topfeJ@ pum;ajymovkd a&;om;ygawmhw,f? 'gu u|efawmfhtrnf ygaevdk@ rSwfrdaewm jzpfygw,f? a':a':u ref;qefwJh pum;ukd u|rf;usif+yD;a'ooHk;/ ref;oHk;/ vkyfief;oHk;pum;awGeJ@ ajymavh&Sdwma=umifh pum;ajymovkdpma&;wJhtcg ykd+yD; ukd,fykdifpum;[efay:vGifwm awG@&ygw,f? a=u;rHk aiGOa'gif;u‘qifr}uD; csDwufvmyg+yD’qkdwJhpum;eJ@ }udKqkdygw,f? ynm&Sd wcsdK@u jrefrmpmayg@oGm;r,fvkd@ajym+yD; uef@uGufolvnf; &Sdygw,f? ref;pmqkdawmfae@ukd wufa&mufvmwJh OD;&efatmifuvnf; uef@uGufygw,f? q&m yg&*luawmh æ “vlxka':trm. pmrsm;onf pmzwfoltm; qGJaqmif ac:iifoGm;onfjzpfI pm. qGJaqmif&mokd@ ygoGm;aom pmzwfolonf pmukd pum;ajymESifh a&;aeovm;/ pma&;aeovkd a&;aeovm;[lonfh ta&;tom; uGJjym;jcm;em;r_qDokd@yif tm±Hkra&mufawmhay”? (yg&*l/ 12-9-95/ 1995 Ekd0ifbm pmay*sme,f) vkd@ xifjrifcsufay;ygw,f?

OD;av;a&m a':a':a&m pmzwfy&dowf em;vnfa&;udk t"duxm;olrsm;jzpf=uygw,f? pma&;&mrSm [dwf[efjyvkdjcif; ynmpGrf;jyvkdjcif; tv#if;r&Sdygbl;?'ga=umifh ESpfOD;vHk; ta&;tom;opfukd ajymif;vJa&;vkdufwm[m olwkd@ta&;tom;rSm ykd+yD;ukd,fykdif[ef ay:vmcJhw,fvkd@ ,lq ygw,f? wu,fawmh a':a':rSmpum;vHk;toHk;xl;r_ Idomatic eJ@pum;ajym&pforfaumif;r_[m ukd,fykdif[efjzpf+yD;“bm[efrSrygwJh[ef”[m OD;av;&J@ [efyJvkd@ qkdcsifygw,f? ±kd;*k%f±kd;[efvdk@ qkdcsifqdk

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Ekdifygw,f?a':a':ajymavh&Sdwmu OD;av;[m a':a':&J@ q&mygyJwJh? wu,fawmh

ta=umif;t&mra&G; vlxk=um;u aumufumiifum xkwfEkwf a&;om;+yD; vlxkqDukd ‘'g[m cifAsm;wkd@ ta=umif;yJ’vdk@ tvG,feJ@ jyefvnfwifjyae&mrSm OD;av;[m q&mwqljzpfygw,f? 'Dae@a':a':taeeJ@ a&;rukefatmif ºu,f0ae wm[mOD;av;&J@ uGefcsufukd odxm;vkd@jzpfw,fvkd@ qkdcsifygw,f?

1997 ck atmufwkdbmvxJrSmyJ u|efawmf rEWav;ukd a&mufoGm;awmha':a':u ukdausmf&ifjrifhukd a&$udkfif;om;eJ@ ywfoufwJh pmykd'fawG &Smckdif;aewmawG@cJh&ygw,f? tJovkd &Smckdif;ae&if;u “'kd@ESpfa,muf igeJ@ a&$ukdif;om;ukd ukdvSarG;xkwfcJhwm”vdk@ u|efawmfhukd vSnhfajymygw,f? trSefygyJ? OD;av;/ a':a':eJ@a&$udkif;om;wkd@[m a&;wJhta=umif;t&meJ@ a&;[efrwlayr,fh ta=umif;t&mrsm; ,lyHkay;yHkrSmawmh a':a':a&m a&$ukdif;om;a&m OD;av;eJ@ twlwlyJ jzpfygw,f?}uD;yGm;a&;r*~Zif;uae vlxk*sme,f/ vlxkowif;pmtxd a':a':eJ@ a&$ukdif;om;wkd@a&;vm=uwmawG[m OD;av;a&;apcsifwmcsnf;qkdwm owdjyK&if awG@Ekdif ygw,f?

}uD;yGm;a&;r*~Zif;rSm a':a':[m jrrOPL/ cifv0if;qkdwJh uavmiftrnfESpfrsdK;eJ@ a&;cJhygw,f? bmomjyef0wÎKwkdeJ@ ukd,fykdif0wÎKwkdawGukd a&;cJhwmyg? vGefcJhwJh 15 ESpf/ ESpf 20 avmufu tJ'D0wÎKawG &oavmufjyef&Smay;zkd@ u|efawmfhukda':a':rSmvkd@ wuUokdvfrsm; A[kdpm=unfhwkduf&Sd }uD;yGm;a&;r*~Zif;awGxJrSm u|efawmf &Smay;cJh+yD;yg+yD? vlxk }uD;yGm;a&; pmtkyfwkdufu ±kdufESdyfxkwfa0r,fvkd@ pDpOfaea=umif; od&ygw,f?

“tJ'gawGu jyef±kdufzkd@ aumif;rS aumif;&J@vm;uGm”vkd@ a':a':u u|efawmfh xifjrifcsufukd ar;zl;ygw,f? “aumif;ygw,f? u|efawmf tm;vHk; zwf=unfhvkdufygw,f”vkd@ jyefajzcJhygw,f?

q&m'*kefwm&muawmh 1995 Ekd0ifbm pmay*sme,frSm “jrrOPL jyefvnfxajrmufjcif;r&Sd/ vlxka':trm[laom owif;pmq&m/ twÎKywWda&; q&moabmrsdK;ukdom awG@ae&onf? pdwfxJu rauseyfvkd@ ”qkdcJhygw,f?

“u|efawmfu jrrOPL jzpfapvkdonf? olr. tawG@t}uHKESifhqkdv#if olrjzwfoef;cJhaom/ olrjzwfoef;aeaom ordkif;tawG@t}uHKeJ@qkdv#if 0wÎK&Snf a&;zGJ@Ekdifrnf[k xifxm;cJhonf? okd@aomf owif;pmtcef;uvnf; ol@tcef;ESifhol &Sdonfukd u|efawmf em;vnfonf? ,ckvnf; r*~Zif;rsm;wGif ol@tawG@t}uHKukd tajccHum a0zeftuJjzwfaom pmrsm;ukdvnf; zwfae&I jrrOPLukd rawG@&aomfvnf;vlxka':trmtjzpf awG@&I wrsdK; auseyf&onf? '*kefwm&m (2-10-95)

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ig vkyfOD;r,f/ tJ'gygyJ?”ig vkyfOD;r,f/ tJ'gygyJ?”ig vkyfOD;r,f/ tJ'gygyJ?”ig vkyfOD;r,f/ tJ'gygyJ?”ig vkyfOD;r,f/ tJ'gygyJ?”(vlxktar/ awmifav;vHk;rS ewfu|ef;txd trSwfw&(vlxktar/ awmifav;vHk;rS ewfu|ef;txd trSwfw&(vlxktar/ awmifav;vHk;rS ewfu|ef;txd trSwfw&(vlxktar/ awmifav;vHk;rS ewfu|ef;txd trSwfw&(vlxktar/ awmifav;vHk;rS ewfu|ef;txd trSwfw&trSm pum; ærS)trSm pum; ærS)trSm pum; ærS)trSm pum; ærS)trSm pum; ærS)

{+yD 7 &uf reuf 10 em&Davmuf ukdawm zkef;vSrf;quf+yD; ajymw,f? 8em&DausmfausmfrSm tarrm qHk;wJhowif; =um;&w,f? tukd txJukd aocsmatmif quf=unfhygOD; æ wJh? ukdzkd;oHqDvnf; wcsdK@ zkef;quf+yD; ta=umif;=um;ae=uw,f æwJh?

(1)

vlxkaw;oH/oHr%dcHwyfESifhref;awmif&dyfckd

armifvGrf;%DarmifvGrf;%DarmifvGrf;%DarmifvGrf;%DarmifvGrf;%D

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usaemfrifoufrdaew,f/ rwkefv_yfayr,fh pl;pl;epfepf a=uuGJxd&Saerdw,f? q&mjroef;wifh qHk;pOfu oHvGifurf;eHab;rSm? 'DADGbDowif;Xmeu tifwmAsL;awmhq&m uG,fvGefqHk;yg;oGm;wJhtwGuf ESarsmrqHk; ,lusHK;r& xd&Sa=uuGJolawG pm&if;wkd@&if aemufqHk;eHygwfawGxJrSm usaemfukd xnfhay;ygvkd@ tqHk;rSm arwWm&yfcHwkd;v#dK;cJhw,f?

ck tarqHk;+yD? vlxktar qHk;+yD? tarrm qHk;+yD? a':a':rm qHk;+yD? tarvlxka':trm qHk;+yD? OD;av;vS ZeD;qHk;+yD? ukdpkd;0if;/ ukdzkd;oH/ ukdnDykav;wkd@ roef;&ifrmwkd@/ rwif0if;wkd@ rdcif}uD; uG,fvGef+yD? ta0;a&muf om;orD;awG&J@ ref;awmif}uD; oufjyif;armawG &yfwef@oGm;cJh+yD? rtrm qHk;yg+yD? trdwkdif;EkdifiHeJ@ tarhZmwdcsufjr‡Kyfukd aemufqHwif;wif; &ifeJ@&if;+yD; cGJcGmjcif;ayvm;?

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wnf=unf&J&ifhwJh ±kyfyHkv$m/ jywfom;ckdifrmwJhpdwf"mwf/ oef@pifjrifhjrwfwJhukd,fusdK;pGef@ tepfemcHr_/ rsdK;quftqufquftwGuf a&S@aqmifvrf;OD;xGifcJhwJhvlxk orkdif;pmrsufESmrsm; æ ? t&m&mukd aygif;pk±Hk;=unfhvkdufygawmh æ ? tJ'gawGtm;vHk;&J@ wckwnf;aomjy,k*fuawmh tarvlxk a':trm qdkwJh usaemfwkd@EkdifiHu pHjyKav;pm; cspfrufjrwfEkd;&wJh ol&Jaumif;}uD; æ ? vlxkaw;oHawGeJ@ pnfa0vGifhysHaewJh vlxkukd,fpm;vS,f}uD;? vlxktarmukd ightarmvkd@ cH,lwJh vlxkrdcif}uD; æ?

vlxkaw;qkdwm vlxku a&;w,f? vlxku qkdw,f? vlxk/ vlr_a0'emeJ@tar? tar/ vlxkeJ@ vlr_a0'em/ xyfwlnD}wd*H æ ?

tJ'DtarrsdK;&wJhtwGuf usaemfwkd@wkdif;jynfeJ@ usaemfwkd@ tzdESdyfcH jynfolawGtwGuf *k%f,lrqHk;? tarqHk;yg;uG,fvGefoGm;wJhtwGuf tarhvrf;pOfrsdK;/tarh*k%foduQmrsdK;/ tarhtm;xkwfr_rsdK;/ tarh&J@ }uHh}uHhcHwkdufyGJ0ifr_rsdK;awGukdoif=um;cH om;orD;awG&J@ pDwef;vkdufygykd@aqmifwJh tEWdrc&D;rSmawmh tarhajcz0g;&J@ teD;qHk;ae&mrSm usaemf&SdaecsifcJhw,f? ta0;u ai;&D/ wrf;qGwf/ ar#mfarm/

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acgif;wvm;ukd rxrf;ykd;Ekdifaomfjim;/ trSefw&m;ukd usaemf ausmykd;aecJhwm tar?tar em;vnfcGifhv$wfwefaumif;&J@?

“twdwfqkdwm &Sdvnf;&Sdw,f? &Sdw,fqkdwmvnf; *k%f,l&w,f? t wdwfqkdwJh“twdwfqkdwm &Sdvnf;&Sdw,f? &Sdw,fqkdwmvnf; *k%f,l&w,f? t wdwfqkdwJh“twdwfqkdwm &Sdvnf;&Sdw,f? &Sdw,fqkdwmvnf; *k%f,l&w,f? t wdwfqkdwJh“twdwfqkdwm &Sdvnf;&Sdw,f? &Sdw,fqkdwmvnf; *k%f,l&w,f? t wdwfqkdwJh“twdwfqkdwm &Sdvnf;&Sdw,f? &Sdw,fqkdwmvnf; *k%f,l&w,f? t wdwfqkdwJhavSum;xpf&S dvk d @ ypPKyèfqd kwJ h avSum;xpfukd wufEk difwm jzpfyg w,f? 'ga=umif havSum;xpf&S dvk d @ ypPKyèfqd kwJ h avSum;xpfukd wufEk difwm jzpfyg w,f? 'ga=umif havSum;xpf&S dvk d @ ypPKyèfqd kwJ h avSum;xpfukd wufEk difwm jzpfyg w,f? 'ga=umif havSum;xpf&S dvk d @ ypPKyèfqd kwJ h avSum;xpfukd wufEk difwm jzpfyg w,f? 'ga=umif havSum;xpf&S dvk d @ ypPKyèfqd kwJ h avSum;xpfukd wufEk difwm jzpfyg w,f? 'ga=umif htwdwfukdvnf; rsufuG,fjyKzdk@ r}udK;pm;apcsifbl;? rae@u&Sdvkd@ u|efrwdk@rSm uae@&Sdtwdwfukdvnf; rsufuG,fjyKzdk@ r}udK;pm;apcsifbl;? rae@u&Sdvkd@ u|efrwdk@rSm uae@&Sdtwdwfukdvnf; rsufuG,fjyKzdk@ r}udK;pm;apcsifbl;? rae@u&Sdvkd@ u|efrwdk@rSm uae@&Sdtwdwfukdvnf; rsufuG,fjyKzdk@ r}udK;pm;apcsifbl;? rae@u&Sdvkd@ u|efrwdk@rSm uae@&Sdtwdwfukdvnf; rsufuG,fjyKzdk@ r}udK;pm;apcsifbl;? rae@u&Sdvkd@ u|efrwdk@rSm uae@&Sdaewmyg? uae@&S d aeEkdif=uwmyg?”aewmyg? uae@&S d aeEkdif=uwmyg?”aewmyg? uae@&S d aeEkdif=uwmyg?”aewmyg? uae@&S d aeEkdif=uwmyg?”aewmyg? uae@&S d aeEkdif=uwmyg?”(vlxktar/ jrefrmhr[m*Dw æ rS)(vlxktar/ jrefrmhr[m*Dw æ rS)(vlxktar/ jrefrmhr[m*Dw æ rS)(vlxktar/ jrefrmhr[m*Dw æ rS)(vlxktar/ jrefrmhr[m*Dw æ rS)

vlxkaw;oHqkdwm w&Hrqdwf/ twdwfukd E_d;qG/ ypPKyefukd v_H@aqmf/ tem*wfukd ,Hk=unfwmyJ r[kwfvm;tar? vlxkukd ,Hk=unfrS/ awmfvSefa&;ukd,Hk=unfrS/ ,Hk=unfcsufukd ,Hk=unfrS/ atmifyGJukd ,Hk=unfrSm r[kwfvm; tar?'gawGu tar jyÏmef;ay;cJhwJh vGwfajrmufa&; oD0&DawGav? tarh b0wckvHk;eJ@wkduf,lvkd@ &cJhwJh opPmw&m;awGav? trSefw&m;awG usaemfwkd@b0awGay:yd+ydKvdrfhqif; vmatmif/ axG;ayG@arG;jrLwwfatmif/ tiftm;awG }uD;xGm; &ifhoefvmatmif b,folawG aqmif=uOf;ay;cJhygovJ? tarhaus;Zl;/ arwWm/ apwem/rk'dwmawGu ( 'Dxuf av;euf euf±_dif;wJh tjcm;pum;vHk;rsm; usaemfhrSm yg;&Sm;w,f/ tarh&J@ Ekd@&nfwpufvkd@yJ usaemfrSwf,lygw,f) tara& æ vlxktara&æ ?

vlxkaw;oHawGeJ@ orkdif;tqufquf/ &mZ0if tcef;cef;ukd tarjzwfoef;pD;qif; oGm;cJh+yD r[kwfvm;?

(2)

“trsm;eJ@qkdifwJh udpPawGrSm b,fawmhrS rjiif;wJh vlwa,muf? tJ'Dvkdvlukdtrsm;eJ@qkdifwJh udpPawGrSm b,fawmhrS rjiif;wJh vlwa,muf? tJ'Dvkdvlukdtrsm;eJ@qkdifwJh udpPawGrSm b,fawmhrS rjiif;wJh vlwa,muf? tJ'Dvkdvlukdtrsm;eJ@qkdifwJh udpPawGrSm b,fawmhrS rjiif;wJh vlwa,muf? tJ'Dvkdvlukdtrsm;eJ@qkdifwJh udpPawGrSm b,fawmhrS rjiif;wJh vlwa,muf? tJ'Dvkdvlukdtaygif;toif; a&mif;&if;e J @ ywf0ef;usifvl@taqmufttH ku b,f hE S,f vkyf +y D;taygif;toif; a&mif;&if;e J @ ywf0ef;usifvl@taqmufttH ku b,f hE S,f vkyf +y D;taygif;toif; a&mif;&if;e J @ ywf0ef;usifvl@taqmufttH ku b,f hE S,f vkyf +y D;taygif;toif; a&mif;&if;e J @ ywf0ef;usifvl@taqmufttH ku b,f hE S,f vkyf +y D;taygif;toif; a&mif;&if;e J @ ywf0ef;usifvl@taqmufttH ku b,f hE S,f vkyf +y D;arhEk difrSmvJ?”arhEk difrSmvJ?”arhEk difrSmvJ?”arhEk difrSmvJ?”arhEk difrSmvJ?”(vlxktar/ awmifav;vHk;rS ewfu|ef;txd trSmpum; æ rS)(vlxktar/ awmifav;vHk;rS ewfu|ef;txd trSmpum; æ rS)(vlxktar/ awmifav;vHk;rS ewfu|ef;txd trSmpum; æ rS)(vlxktar/ awmifav;vHk;rS ewfu|ef;txd trSmpum; æ rS)(vlxktar/ awmifav;vHk;rS ewfu|ef;txd trSmpum; æ rS)

tareJ@ pwifqHkqnf;cJh&wJh ouU&mZfrsm;ukd jyefa&wGuf=unfhrdw,f?1985 pmqkdawmf&moD? usaemfwdk@e,f+rdK@av;rSm pmqkdawmf&moDa&mufwkdif;pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&mawGukd zdwf=um;+yD; pmaya[majymyGJawG usif;yjyKvkyfavh&Sdw,f? pmaya[majymyGJeJ@twl usyef; pum;ajymyGJawG/ pum;&nfvkyGJawG/0wÎK/ aqmif;yg;/ uAsm/ umwGef;+ydKifyGJawGvnf; ,SOfwGJ+yD; vkyfavh&Sdw,f? usaemfurkd;a0 vli,fuAsma&;ol jzpfaeyg+yD? 80 vGefESpfrsm;rSm usaemf wkd@+rdK@u pmaya[majymyGJawG/ pmayv_yf&Sm;r_awGxJrSm xJxJ0if0if usaemfyg0ifcGifh &aecsdef? ESpfwkdif;

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&efukefu q&mq&mrawGcsnf; zdwfae=uawmh 'DESpfawmh tvSnfhtajymif; vnf;jzpf/ usaemfwkd@ tifrwef av;pm;=unfndK&wJh rEWav;u tarrmwkd@ukd zdwf&atmifvkd@ usaemf t}uHjyK=unfhwJhtcg tm;vHk;u oabmwlvufcH/ &ufowfrSwf/usaemfeJ@ pmay&JabmfwOD;/ rEWav;ukd tjrefcsD/ tarrmwkd@eJ@ &if;ESD;u|rf;0ifwJh q&m}uD;OD;rif;EG,f (rif;EG,f-v,fukdif;) qDu pm,l/ usif;ya&;aumfrwDu zdwfpmawGxnfh/ tarrmwkd@ pDpOfay;EkdifwJh pma&;q&m uAsmq&mawG zdwfac:cJhayawmh æ wJh?

OD;av;vS/ tarrm tygt0if q&mwifrkd;/ q&marmifpGrf;&nfwkd@u1971-72 avmufwkef;u wacgufwusif; a&mufcJhzl;=uygw,f? tJ'DumvawGwkef;u e,frSm pmaya[majymyGJawG us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ rxGef;um;ao;ygbl;?usaemfwkd@ txufwef;ausmif;u ausmif;tkyf q&m}uD;/ q&m}uD; OD;atmif m%f(awmifwGif;) u OD;aqmif+yD;/ ynma&;wuUokdvfu qif;vmwJh q&mOD;atmif0if;wdk@/ jrefrmpm q&mq&mrawGu pDpOfusif;yay;wJh ausmif;a[majymyGJrsdK;yg?ausmif;rSm a[mvkd@jyKvkd@+yD;rS +rdK@ay:u pmay0goem&SifawGtwGuf vSoD&D±kyf&Sif±Hk}uD;rSm quf+yD; a[m=uajym=u/ pmayaqG;aEG;yGJawG vkyf=uw,f/ &Guf=urf;a&csdK pmaya[majymyGJ?

'geJ@yJ rEWvmukd tjrefESif/ rEWav;vlxkwkdufa&muf/ tarhukd uefawmh/vm&if;udpPajymjy/ taryJ tpp pDpOfay;ygayg@? taru +yHK;+yHK;&$if&$if em;axmif+yD;“bkdndK æ om;yJ armifukdav;wkd@ armif=unfatmifwkd@eJ@ pDpOfay;yguG,f/ tarvnf; rif;bl;ra&mufwm =umayg@? ukdrif;EG,fuvnf; wul;wuukd zdwf&Smw,f/ a&$pufawmfbk&m;vnf; zl;&if;aygh”vkd@ ukdndK@ukd rSmajymav;ajymw,f?usaemfwkd@uawmh tqifajyavawmh 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om? ukdndK (nDykav;) u“q&marmifvGrf;%Dwdk@ 'DnaeyJ jyefr,fqkdawmh a[majymr,fh &ufukdvnf;od&+yDav/ usaemfwkd@ um;awGeJ@yJ vmcJhr,f/ wjcm;vkdif;um;awG bmawGvnf;rpDpOfygeJ@/ udpPtm;vHk; usaemfwdk@yJ pDpOf+yD;vmcJh=uygr,f? vmcgeD; q&m}uD;OD;rif;EG,ftdrfudk zkef;quf vkdufyg@r,f? tJwckawmh &Sdw,f/ rauG;urf;uaeawmhvm}udKay;ayg@aemf?”“pdwfcsyg ukdndK&,f?” rEWav;awmifukd ajy;/ usHK;ukdywf/r[mrked&Sifawmfjrwfukd uokwfu&ufzl;/ aps;csdKukd wywfywf/ xkd;rkef@av;/ vrkef@av;0,f/ naeapmif;awmh rauG;um;eJ@ jyefvmcJh=u? a=omf æ jzKwfcsnf; ref;awmif&dyfckd?

a&mufvmr,fh reufykdif;rSmyJ usaemfwkd@ rauG;bufurf; ul;+yD; rauG;upmay &JabmfawGeJ@ apmifh}udKae=uw,f? {&m0wDjrpf}uD;ukd jzwful;zdk@ Zufvkd@ac:wJh

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um; wiful;wJh a&,mOf}uD;&J@wm0ef&SdolawGukdvnf; }udKwif+yD; pm&if;ay;/ arwWm&yfcH/ wm0ef&SdolawGuvnf; usaemfwkd@+rdK@u a&a=umif;0dZ…m}uD;awGqkdawmh tqifajyw,fvkd@yJ ajym&r,f?

rGef;vGJ 12 em&D0ef;usifavmufrSm rauG;urf;ezl;ukd tarrmwkd@ a&mufvmygw,f? E_wfquf=u/ rdwfquf=uaygh? “'g armifukdav; (uAsmq&m}uD; ukdav;- tif;0*k%f&nf)/ armif=unfatmif (uAsmq&m}uD; =unfatmif)/ a[m'guwuUokdvf armifapmvGif/ [kdbufu EkEk&nf (tif;0)/ 'Dbufu ESpfa,mufutarhom; bkdndK (nDykav;) eJ@ rdwÎDvmaumvdyfu pm=unfhwkdufrSL; ukd0if;wifh”

tarrmwkd@ukd vl&Sif;+idrfqdwfwJh xrif;qkdifav;wckrSm ae&mcsxm;/um;awGZufay:wifzdk@ pDpOf / rif;bl;urf;bufukd a&muf&Sda=umif; zkef;quf/ ygvmolawG pm&if;ykd@? rif;bl;urf;bufrSmvnf; vnf;yif;w&Snf&SnfeJ@ apmifhaeolawGu oufjyif;wcscs? pdrf;vhJ=unfjymaewJh {&m0wD&J@ a&pD;oHawGukd em;axmif&if;taemuf±kd;rbufqD ai;&DaewJh tarhrsufESmrSm vGrf;&dyfwcsdK@u xif[yf arsmvGifhaeav&J@?

(3)

“vlqkdwm bmvkyfcsifvkyfcsif raocifyJ vkyfEkdifwm? aow,fqkdwm tm;vHk;vlqkdwm bmvkyfcsifvkyfcsif raocifyJ vkyfEkdifwm? aow,fqkdwm tm;vHk;vlqkdwm bmvkyfcsifvkyfcsif raocifyJ vkyfEkdifwm? aow,fqkdwm tm;vHk;vlqkdwm bmvkyfcsifvkyfcsif raocifyJ vkyfEkdifwm? aow,fqkdwm tm;vHk;vlqkdwm bmvkyfcsifvkyfcsif raocifyJ vkyfEkdifwm? aow,fqkdwm tm;vHk;tm;vH k; bmrqd k tqH k;ur`wf ed* H k ;owfwmyJ? tJ'Dawmh vkyfcsi fwm&S d&if raotm;vH k; bmrqd k tqH k;ur`wf ed* H k ;owfwmyJ? tJ'Dawmh vkyfcsi fwm&S d&if raotm;vH k; bmrqd k tqH k;ur`wf ed* H k ;owfwmyJ? tJ'Dawmh vkyfcsi fwm&S d&if raotm;vH k; bmrqd k tqH k;ur`wf ed* H k ;owfwmyJ? tJ'Dawmh vkyfcsi fwm&S d&if raotm;vH k; bmrqd k tqH k;ur`wf ed* H k ;owfwmyJ? tJ'Dawmh vkyfcsi fwm&S d&if raocifvky fxm; qk dwmuk d y k dy k d +y D ; oabmaygufaew,f?”ci fvky fxm; qk dwmuk d y k dy k d +y D ; oabmaygufaew,f?”ci fvky fxm; qk dwmuk d y k dy k d +y D ; oabmaygufaew,f?”ci fvky fxm; qk dwmuk d y k dy k d +y D ; oabmaygufaew,f?”ci fvky fxm; qk dwmuk d y k dy k d +y D ; oabmaygufaew,f?”(vlxktar/ pma&;jzp f(vlxktar/ pma&;jzp f(vlxktar/ pma&;jzp f(vlxktar/ pma&;jzp f(vlxktar/ pma&;jzp fwJhta=umif;&if; æ rS)wJhta=umif;&if; æ rS)wJhta=umif;&if; æ rS)wJhta=umif;&if; æ rS)wJhta=umif;&if; æ rS)

rif;bl;a&mufawmh q&m}uD;OD;rif;EG,f OD;aqmifwJh pmay&JabmfawGjzpfwJhrif;jrifhZif/ A[def;atmif/ aZmfoufaxG;/ armifeDOD;/ qufEkdifatmif/ ukdukdat;wdk@apmifh}udKae=uw,f? t+yHK;ukd,fpDukd,fiSeJ@ taemufajrvwfrSm pmaya[majymyGJrSwfwkdifwwkdif pkdufxl=uzkd@ a&$a'gif;awmif uavmifrsdK;awG Ekd;=um;pkd@?

'Dae@n 7 em&DrSm rif;bl;yGJ/ aemufae@nrSm ref;a&eHajr tvkyform;rsm;&J@yGJ/ aemufwae@rSm a&$a&mifawmf a&eHajr tvkyform;rsm;&J@ yGJ/ +yD;&if arsmufu}udK;acG/ a'gif;tkd;a0vkd@ zGJ@oDcJhwJh &Sifr[m&Ïom&&J@ a&$pufawmfoGm; awmvm;ukdcHpm;=unfh=ur,fh ajcawmf&m bk&m;zl; c&D;pOf?

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(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)

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usaemf[m tpdk;&0efxrf;b0eJ@ wm0eft& r=umr=um c&D;xGuf&ygw,f?txufArmjynf&J@ uGif;qif;c&D;pOfwdkif;rSm rEWav;+rKd@udk rjzwfoef;&yJ oGm;vdk@r&cJhyg? rEWav;udka&mufwdkif; vlxkwdkufudkawmh a&mufjzpfcJhw,f? &efukef jyefwJhtcgvnf; xdk@twl wacgufawmh 0ifa&mufE_wfqufjzpfcJhw,f? toGm;wacguf/

229229229229229

tjyef w acgufqd ky gawmh? vlxkwd kufe J @ ywfouf+y D ; txuftnmuGif;qif;c&D;pOfxJu trSwf&p&mav;wck usaemfrSm&SdcJhzl;ygw,f? tJ'guawmhrv,f - wGif;i,f - csyfoif; uGif;qif;c&D;pOftwGif;rSm usaemfwdk@eJvkyfazmfudkifzufwa,muf[m iSufzsm;jyif;xefpGm cHpm;&w,f? usaemfwd k @tm;vk H;r Sma&m*gwckckjzpf&if aq;0g; rvkHavmufwJhtjyif aq;0g;ukoa&;udpPrSmvnf;tcuftcJ }uD;=uygw,f? tckvdk vkyfzufudkifzufwa,muf zsm;emvmwJhtcgrwwfEdkifawmhwJhtqkH; udk,fhtdrfudk,fjye+fyD; aq;0g;uko=uzdk@yJ pDpOf&awmhw,f?'DvdkeJ@ usaemfwdk@&J@ vkyfazmfudkifzufoli,fcsif;udk ol@rdbrsm;&Sd&m cifOD;+rdK@odk@ usaemfjyefydk@ay;&ygw,f? tjyefrSm a&$bdk+rKd@a&mufawmh vlxkOD;vS uG,fvGefwJh owif;=um;&w,f?

usaemfhc&D;pOfudkzsufodrf;+yD; rEWav;odk@ajcOD;vSnfhvdkufrdw,f? bbvS&J@b0aemufqkH;c&D;pOftwGuf *g&0jyK E_wfqufzdk@yg? bbvS&J@ psmye+yD;rSyJ wm0efus&ma'oodk@ jyefoGm;r,fvdk@ usaemf qkH;jzwfcsufcsvdkufw,f? bbvS&J@ psmyetcrf;tem;[m tvGefcrf;em;vSw,f? 'grsdK;wcgrSrawG@zl;yg? &kyfuvmyfo,faqmif&m vrf;wav#mufudk =unfhr,fqdk&if ta&mifpkHwJh vGrf;ol@yef;acGrsm;eJ@a&mifpkH um;wef;rsm;/ qdkifu,frsm;/ pufbD;rsm;[m vrf;ray:rSm jynf@ESufvdk@aew,f? vrf;ab; 0J-,mrSmawmh vlxkawGu twef;vdkuf tpDt&D *g&0jyK E_wfqufae=uw,f? =unfhae&if;tHhtm;oifhrdw,f? 0rf;enf;a=uuGJr_awGudk vlvkH;jy+yD;azmfjyvdkufjcif;jzpfygw,f? vdkufygydk@aqmifwJh um;wef;&Snf}uD;[m bbvS&J@&kyfuvmyfu tkwfzdk - cHawmrD;o+*õK[fpuf a&mufaeayr,fh vdkufygydk@aqmifolawG[m taemufusLH;axmifh/ 26 bDvrf;ray:txdudk &Snfvsm;cJhw,fqdkwmaemufawmhjyefod&ygw,f? bbvS&J@ b0aemufqkH; c&D;pOf[m av;eufwJh *g&0jyKr_awGeJ@ vdkufygydk@aqmifay;=uwJh c&D;pOfwck jzpfoGm;ygawmhw,f?

vlxkzcif}uD;&J@ b0aemufqkH;c&D;udk olcspfwJhjynfolawGu bma=umifh'Dvdk av;eufr_awGygwJh *g&0jyKE_wfqufjcif;awGeJ@ vdkufygydk@aqmif=uwmvJ?tajzuawmh &Sif;&Sif;av;yg? vlxkudkcspfwhJolwdkif;/ vlxktusdK;udk aqmif&Gufay;olwdkif;[m touf&SifpOfrSm vlxk&J@cspfjrwfEdk;r_cH&ygw,f? uG,fvGefwJhtcgrSmb,fawmhrS *k%fa&mifrn‡Kd;EGrf;bl;qdkwmygyJ? 'g[m bbvS&J@ b0aemufqkH;c&D;uusaemfudk todwck&apcJhwmyg? 0rf;enf;a=uuGJr_awG=um;xJu oifcef;pmwckjzpfcJhygw,f? rEWav;rSm ESpf&ufavmufqufae+yD; usaemf[m wm0efus&ma'oodk@jyefvnfxGufcGmcJhygw,f?

230230230230230

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)

tar[m bbvSqkH;yg;oGm;wJhtcg/ b0tazmfrGef aysmufuG,foGm;wJhtcgb,fvdkcHpm;&r,fqdkwm vlom;wdkif;[m udk,fcsif;pmempdwf/ *±k%mpdwfeJ@ cHpm;em;vnfEdkif=urSmyg? odk@aomf tar[m pdwfcHpm;r_awG&SdcJhayr,fh ol@tvkyfudkawmhtxdcdkufrcHcJhbl;? pmawGa&;&if;tar[m pdwfcHpm;r_udkajzazsmufaewmjzpfovdk/bbvSr+yD;qkH;cJhwJh pmayvkyfief;wm0efawGudk qufvufxrf;aqmifaew,fvdk@usaemfuawmh xifrSwfrdw,f? r*~Zif;pmrsufESmawGay:rSm vpOf yifwdkif aqmif;yg;awGtjzpf t+rJwrf;a&;om;aewmaw@Gae&w,f/ zwfae&w,f?“i,fuu|rf;wJhcifyGef;onfodk@”/ “ajym&tkH;r,focifatmifaza&”/ “usrw@dki,fi,fu” / pwJhyifwkdifaqmif;ygawGtjyif/ vkHcsif;bmomjyefpmtkyfrsm; eJ@tjcm;pmtkyfrsm;vnf;qufwkdufa&;om;/ xkwfa0EkdifcJhw,f? 'gayrJh wylay:ESpfylqifh qdkovdk 1984ckESpfrSm rEWav;+rKd@udk rD;avmifawmh tarhtvkyfwdkufjzpfwJh ykHESdyfpufawG/ puUL*dka'gifawGvnf; rD;oifhwmcHcJh&&Smw,f?

84 ckESpf rwfv tapmydkif;u emrnfqdk;eJ@ausmf=um;cJhwJh OD;usm;}uD;0if;urD;[m rEWav;&J@ +rdK@rsufESmzkH; taqmufttkHawGudkvnf; avmifu|rf;ypfvdkufygw,f? tJ'DrD;avmifcJhpOfu usaemf[m [krRvif;- xrHoD uGif;qif; c&D;pOfxJu[laemif - [ifaemif aus;&GmrSm&SdaecJhygw,f? a&'D,dku rD;owif;udkem;axmi+fyD;qkH;&_H;cJh&jcif;rsm;twGuf pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfrdw,f? {+yDvqef;ydkif;awmh usaemfwdk@owWK&Smorm;awG&J@xkH;pHvdkyJ uGif;odrf;+yD; &kH;csKyfjyefzdk@ jyifqif=u&yg+yD?

rEWav;jyefa&mufawmh tarwdk@/ bdkndKwdk@xHoGm;+yD; rD;owif;ar;zdk@wnf;cdkwJhaetdrfuxGufvmcJhygw,f? tarhudkawG@awmhxkH;pHtwdkif; usaemfwdk@oli,fcsif;wawGu rD;avmifcH&r_twGuf pdwfraumif;a=umif; pwifajymrdwmaygh? taru t+yKH;vJhvJheJ@ jyefajymcJhwmav;udk usaemfjzifh arhr&cJhbl;? “tarwdk@ykHESdyfpuf&SdwJh taqmuftOD;awG rD;avmif oGm;ayr,fh aep&mtdrfawmh &Sdao;w,fuGæ tcsdK@u tarwdk@xufqdk;w,f æ/ aep&mawmifr&Sd&Smawmhbl; ” vdk@ajymvdkufwJhtcg usaemfvnf; bmqufajymrSef;rodjzpfcJhbll;ygw,f? tar[mudk,f'kuQawG&Sdaewm/ }uKHawG@aewmawmifrS tjcm;'kuQa&mufae&SmwJh jynfolawGtwGuf awG;+yD;ylyif&Smw,f? cHpm;ae&wJh 'kuQcsif;wl&ifawmifrS b,foluudk,fhxuf ydk'kuQcH=u&ygvdrfhqdkwJh tawG;tac:u jynfolvlxkudk OayuQmjyK+yD;raewwfbl;qdkwmudk azmfjyygw,f? a=omf æ tar ætaræ udk,fh'kuQxufvlxk'kuQudk t+rJa&S@wef;wif awG;ylwwfygvm;? av;pm;cJh&w,f tar æ?

231231231231231

84 ckESpfaESmifydkif;rSmawmh vkyfief;vdktyfcsuft& usaemf[m tpdk;&0efxrf;tvkyfudkpGef@cGmvmcJhyg+yD? tJ'Daemuf &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;u taemufbuf tpGefqkH;+rKd@av;rSm EGm;arG;/ jcHpdkuf toufarG;0rf;a=umif; tvkyfudk ajymif;vJ vkyfudkifcJhw,f? &Srf;jynfrSm aeom;wusjzpf+yDqdkwmeJ@ usaemf[m rEWav;udk tvkyfaygif;pkHeJ@wufvdkufqif;vdkuf vkyfaecJhw,f? tenf;qkH;wv wacgufESpfacgufawmh a&mufjzpfw,f?

85 ckESpf ESpfv,fydkif;rSmawmh rqv ppftpdk;&[m wpf&mwefawG w&m;r0ifa=umif; a=unm+yD; vlxkxHrS aiGawGudk t"rRodrf;ydkufvkdufw,f? jynfolvlxkawGrSm pdwfqdk;a'goxGuf=u&ygw,f? odk@aomf tJ'Dtajctaeaumif;rSmvlxkawGudk EdkifiHa&;t& v_H@aqmfpnf;&kH;a&;vkyfief;rsm; rvkyfEdkifcJh=uyg? rqvppftpdk;&&J@ rw&m;r_awGudk zGifhcsay;Edkifr,fh EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG[m r&Sdoavmuf&Sm;ygw,f? tajctaewckvkH;udk +cKH=unfh&if ajratmufEdkifiHa&; vkyf&Sm;r_awGtm;enf;aeovdk/ ajray:EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_qdkwmuvnf; rnfonfhtoif;tzGJ@rSr&SdcJhyg?

usaemf tpdk;&tvkyfu xGu+fyD;aemufydkif; vlxkwdkufodk@ t0iftxGuftawmftwef &SdcJhygw,f? bdkndKeJ@ awGwJhtcgvnf;&Sdovdk/ rawG@jzpfwJhtcgvnf;&SdchJw,f? 'gayrJh wdkufrSm t+rJawGEdkifr,fholwa,mufawmh &Sdygw,f? oluusaemfwdk@ oli,fcsif; udk0if;wifhyg? udk0if;wifh [m tJ'Dtcsdefu tarh pmtkyfrsm;eJ@aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pmpkpm&if;ðyvkyf ay;aeoljzpfygw,f? tckawmh armif0if;opfqdkwJhuavmifemrnfeJ@ pma&;aeygw,f? blrdaA'bGJ@&+yD; jrefrmpmayudk txl; pdwf0ifpm;ol wa,mufvnf; jzpfygw,f? vlxkwdkufudk a&mufwJhtcgrSm wcgw&H ta=umif;udpPtrsdK;rdsK;eJ@a&mufvmwwf=uwJh pma&;q&mawGudkvnf; awG@&wwfygw,f?wcsdK@udk odcGifh/ &if;ESd;cGifh&cJhygw,f? rdwfaqGwdk;yGmr_bufu =unfhr,fqdk&ifvnf;udpPaumif;jzpfovdk/ edkifiHa&;vkyfief;awGbufu =unfhr,fqdk&ifvnf; tusdK;&SdwJhqufqHa&;aumif;wck jzpfcJhygw,f? 'DtwGufawmh bdkndKudkaus;Zl; trsm;}uD;wif&ygw,f?

85 ckESpf/ ESpfv,fydkif;u rqvppftpdk;&J@ wpf&mwefawG odrf;ydkufa&;a=unmcsuf xkwfjyefcJh+yD;aemuf rqv ppftpdk;&tay: vlxkawG[m ausmcsrS"m;jyrSef;odvmovdk/ rqv qdk&S,fvpfpepfqdkwm qdwfacgif;jy+yD; acG;om;a&mif;wJh ppft%m&Sifpepfqdkwm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odjrifvm=uw,f? r*~Zif;pmrsufESmrsm;rSm aomfvnf;aumif;/ yef;csD tEkynm e,fy,fbufrSm aomfvnf;aumif;/t+idrfhobif tEkynmbufrsm;rSmvnf;aumif;/ tpdk;&qef@usifa&; t&dyftaiG@awG

232232232232232

udk awG@jrifae&yg+yD? tEkynm&SifawG[mvnf; tajctae&J@ awmif;qdkcsufa=umifhvm; rodEdkifayr,fh wOD;eJ@wOD; awG@qkHpum;ajym=uzdk@ pDpOf=u/ vkH;yef;ae=uwmawGudk jrifawG@vm&w,f?

wcgw&HrSm awG@qkHa&;twGuf rzefwD;&yJ xkH;wrf;pOfvmt& vlpkay;wJhyGJvrf;obifawG &Sdwwfygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh q&mOD;udkav; (tif;0*k%f&nf)u ESpfpOfbk&m;yGJvkyfavh&SdwJh ywW@jrm;apwD bk&m;yGJvdk[mrsdK;/ tarwdk@ u q&mawmf a±$udkif;om;tm; ESpfpOf uxdefouFef;uyfvªwJh uxdefyGJrsdkK;awGjzpfygw,f?tJ'Dvdkae@&ufawG qdk&if udk,fhtpDtpOfeJ@udk,f q&mawmf a±$udkif;om;&J@ tEk,k'<mbkef;}uD;ausmif;odk@ tkyfpkzGJ@yD; csDwufvm=uygw,f? tm;vyfwJh olawGu ntdyfnaeoGm;aewwfygw,f? tJ'DrSm pmayudpPaqG;aEG;=urvm;/ rsufarSmuf urBmh EdkifiHa&; aqG;aEG;=urvm;/ rsufarSmufArmjynf EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;=urvm; udk,fESpfoufwJh bmom&yfudk tcsif;csif; aqG;aEG;=u+yD; tjyeftvSef tm;jznfhay;Edkif=uw,f?tjyefrSmawmh pdwf"mwfcGef;tm;opfawG&r,f? tvkyftopfawG&vmr,f? jy\emtopfawGvnf; &vmr,f? wenf;ajym&&if wdk;wufr_vrf;pav;awG tJ'Dae&mu ay:vmEdkifw,f? usaemfhtwGuf 'Dt&mawGu vlxkxD;&dyfatmufrSmc%wm0ifcdk&if; &&SdvdkufwJh wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifwJh tawG@t}uKHqef;av;awGvdk@ ajym&ifrrSm;Edkifyg?

(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)

85 ckESpftukefydkif;rSmawmh tdrfrSmusef&SdwJh om;orD;rsm;u tar&J@ touf (&0) jynfharG;ae@udk awmiforef; tif;apmif;u q&mawmf OD;ynmausmif;rSm yxrOD;qkH;usif;yay;cJhygw,f? tJ'DarG;ae@yGJav; vkyfjzpfwmuvnf; avmu"Hudkcg;pnf;cHae&+yD; ylavmifaomuawG jzpfae&SmwJhtarudk vef;qef;oGm;apzdk@ om;orD;rsm;&J@ pDpOfaqmif&Gufr_ vdk@xifygw,f? tarudk vef;vef;qef;qef;eJ@ usef;rmzdk@touf&Snfzdk@vdkw,fr[kwfygvm;? taru 'DvdkyGJrsdK;udk rvkyfcsif&Smbl;? om;orD;rsm;/ wynfhwyef;rsm;eJ@ tarh&Jabmf&Jbufrsm;&J@ arwWm/ apwemudk em;vnfoabmayguf+yD; vufcHvkduf&wJhykHygyJ? tJ'D yxrqkH; tarharG;ae@yGJusif;ywkef;utar[mol@qENudk azmfxkwf&Smw,f? “ oGm;avol OD;vSom odcJh&if tjcm;vkyfp&mr&Sdawmhvdk@ 'gawGvkyfaewmvm;” q+kdyD; bbvS&J@ tjypfwifcH&rSmudkvnf;tawmfpdk;&drf&Smw,f? =um;cJh&wJholwdkif;&J@ &ifxJrSm pdwfxdcdkufp&m jzpfoGm;Edkif

233233233233233

ygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'Dae@u tarharG;ae@yGJav;udk atmifjrifpGm usif;yay;vdkufEdkifcJhw,f? tarhrsufESmvnf;=unfvif+yKH;±$ifvdk@ ? usufoa&±SdvdkufwJharG;ae@yGJygyJ?

yxrOD;qkH; usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh tarh&J@arG;ae@yGJ[m xl;jcm;csufwckaw@GcJh&ygw,f? tJ'guawmh Armjynf weHwvsm;u tarhudkcspf=uwJh / av;pm;=uwJhcspfcifolawG aygif;qkHwJhyGJuav;jzpfoGm;vdk@ygyJ? vma&muf=uwJholawGxJrSm &kyf&Sif/*Dw/ obif/ yef;csD/ yef;yk/ pmay e,fy,faygif;pkHrS tEkynm&Sifrsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;/v,form;rsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;pojzifhæ tpkHpkHjrifawG@&w,f? tarharG;ae@yGJudkwufa&mufvmolawG[m tar@udk xdjcif;ig;yg;eJ@ &Sdcdk;=uygw,f? q&mOD;okctzGifhtrSmpum;ajymw,fvdk@xifygw,f (aumif;aumifrrSwfrdEdkifawmhyg)?awmfbk&m;av;u tarhtwGuf *k%fðyuAsm(t*Fvdyf bmomjzifh udk,fwdkifa&;pyf)±Gwfqdkygw,ff? q&marmifomEdk;uvJ tarhtwGuf a&;zGJ@xm;wJh uAsm±Gwfqdkw,f?q&m=unfatmif/ q&m udkav;(tif;0*k%f&nf) wdk@tjyif tjcm;vli,f uAsmq&mrsm;uvnf; tarhtwGuf uAsmrsm;eJ@ylaZmf&Gwfzwfay;=uw,f?

tJ'D yxrt}udrfjyKvkyfcJhwJh arG;ae@yGJwufa&mufolawGxJrSm q&m*srf;eJ@q&mpGrf;wdk@udk rawG@jzpfcJhyg? q&m}uD;awGu ta0;rSyJ uAsmrsm;jzifhylaZmfcJh=uygw,f? wufa&mufvmolawG[m a'otrsdK;rsdK;uvmcJh=uw,f? touf t±G,ftrsdK;rsdK;/ tvkyftudkifrsdkK;rsdK;/ vlwef;pm;/ vl@tv$mtrdsK;rsdK;udk aw@Gjrif&w,f?tJ'DarG;ae@yGJrSm touft±G,f}uD; ,lepfazmif;0wfxm;wJh ppfAdkvfwa,mufudkvnf; xl;jcm;pGmawG@vdkuf&ao;w,f? arG;ae@yGJvmy&dowfawG[m ol@tpk/udk,fhtpkav;awGeJ@ acgif;csif;qdkifpum;awGajym=u/ &,f=uarm=ueJ@? 'DtcsdefwdktwGif;rSm b0tarmawGudk tem;ay;&if; tjyeftvSef tm;ay;axmufulaewmeJ@vnf; wlaeawmhw,f? usaemfuawmh aemifusif;ywJh arG;ae@yGJrsm;udk rwufjzpfawmhyg?

tJ'Dae@udkawmh owdxm;rdw,f? aqmif;OD;aejcnfatmufu awmiforeftif;[m ajrmufjyefavnif;eJ@t+yKdif uAsmawG±Gwfqdk&if; a&mifpkHyef;awG qifjref;xm;vdkufykHuawmh wESpfvkH;rSm tvSqkH;ae@&uf w&ufudk ydkifqdkifxm;vdkufovdkygyJ?

86 ckESpftukef 87 ESpfOD;ydkif;rSmxifyg&J@? &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif; ausmufrJ/oDayg/ erRwlabmfwGif; owWKrdkif;rsm;odk@ pmaya[majymyGJ c&D;pOfwckudk rEWav;upma&; q&mrsm;udk taruOD;aqmif+yD; csDwufvmygw,f? usaemhfjcHu tarwdk@oGm;wJhc&D;pOfeJ@awmh vrf;roifhvSyg? 'gayrJh usaemhfjcHudk wckwfw& 0ifvmcJh=uw,f? usaemfa&m / usaemfhtbeJ@ nDav;yg tawmfaysmfchJ=uw,f? +cHxGuf Edk@eJ@yJ

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{nfhcHvdkuf&vdk@ tbu tm;emaew,f? }udKwifpDpOfr_r&SdcJhvdk@ tbu usaemfhudktjypfwifygw,f? tarwdk@vnf; c%avmufem;+yD; c&D;quf=ujyefw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u tareJ@twlygvmwJh pma&;q&mawGuawmh usaemfav;pm;cspfcifcJholrsm;jzpfygw,f? olwdk@uawmh tar/ q&m=unfatmif/ q&mOD;udkav; (tif;0*k%f&nf)/ q&mOD;apmvGif/ q&marmifrdk;ol / nDykav;e@J q&mr EkEk&nf (tif;0)wdk@tjyif usaemfrodwJh {nfhonf 2 a,muf/ 3 a,mufvnf;yg ygao;w,f?

usaemfhjcHodk@ tarwdk@tzGJ@vmvnfcJh+yD; &ufowW 2 ywf 3 ywfavmufrSmusaemfhudk axmufvSrf;a&;u vmzrf;ygw,f? udpPuawmh tarwdk@eJ@rqdkifyg?usaemfwdk@ ajratmufEkdifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@rS &Jabmfwa,muf&J@ pnf;urf;csdK;azmufr_a=umifh &efolu od&SdoGm;+yD; tzrf;cHvdkuf&w,f? tzrf;cH&pOfu rdrdeJ@roufqdkifolawGudk zrf;qD;cH&rSm/ tppfaq;cH=u&rSm tpdk;&drfqkH;yg? aemufqkH;ppfa=uma&;+yD;vdk@ tif;pdefaxmifa&mufrSyJ rdrdeJ@roufqdkifwJholawG tzrf;rcH&bl;qdkwm odvdkuf&rS enf;enf;pdwfat;oGm;w,f? jyefvGwfvmawmhvnf; ppfaq;jcif; rcH=u&bl;qdkwmodvdk@ pdwfayghoGm;w,f? usaemfwdk@udk ±kH;wif w&m;pGJwmrvkyfygbl;? 10 (u) eJ@wdkufydwfxm;w,f? 1988 / *sLvdkif 15 &ufrSmawmhjyefvGwfay;vdkufygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu rqvppftpdk;&qef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_awGuEdkifiHeJ@t0ef; jzpfaecsdefe@Jvnf; wdkufqdkifaeygw,f?

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taruusaemfudkawG@awmh “rif; b,faysmufaewmvJærawG@wm=um+yD? +cHvkyfief;aumtqifajyvm;” vdk@ ar;jref;ygw,f? usaemfvnf;jzpfpOftcsdK@udktusOf;csKH;+yD;ajymjyygw,f? 'Dwacguf tarqD0ifE_wfqufwJhtcg xl;jcm;wmwck&SdcJhw,f? taru usaemfudk pma&;yghvm;vdk@ wdkufwGef;ygw,f? usaemfuuAsmwcsdK@awmha&;jzpfygw,fvdk@ajymvdkuf rdw,f? taruquf+yD; tckygvm;vdk@ar;ygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@usaemhfrSm ygvmcJhwJh uAsm 3 yk'fudk tarudkjy=unfhygw,f?tar[m uAsmawGudk taotcsmzwf=unfhygw,f? pum;vkH; tokH;tE_ef;awGudkjyifay;w,f? owfykHtrSm;awGawmif jyifay;vdkufao;w,f? +yD;awmh tar

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ajymwmu “ rif;uAsmawGu pdppfa&;udkjzwf&rSmqdkawmh r*~Zif;xJygzdk@rvG,fbl;/'gayrJh pdwfrysufeJ@/ qufa&;yg” vdk@ajym+yD; pum;ajya&;zdk@vnf; wdkufwGef;cJhygao;w,f?

tarudk av;pm;wmawGxJrSm 'Dvdktao;tzGJav;awGup+yD; *±kwpdkufoif=um;jyoay;wwfwJh tarh apwemav;awGvnf; ygw,f? tar[mtaumif;qkH; oif=um;jyoay;ol/ taumif;qkH; vrf;!$efjyoay;oljzpfw,fvdk@usaemfwdk@t&ifu aemifawmfawG/ q&mawGuajymqdkcJh=uwm 'ga=umifh jzpfygvdrfhr,f? 'Dtcsufudk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh tar[m vli,fawGudk wdk;wufjrifhrm;apcsifw,fqdkwJh apemt&if;cHa=umifhjzpfw,fqdkwm b,folrSrjiif;Edkifygbl;?

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tJ'Dowif;pmawGu usaemfaewJh&Srf;jynfu +rdK@uav;txd ysH @ESH@ygw,f?usaemfwdk@+rdK@uav;u ausmif;om;vli,fawGeJ@0efxrf;wcsdL@&J@ rqvqef@usifa&;qENjyyGJawGudk &Spfav;vkH;&uf ausmfcJh+yD;rS vkyfEdkifcJhygw,f? qENjy w&m;a[myGJawGrSmqdk&if ykvdyft&m&SdtcsdK@uvnf; rqv qef@usifa&; w&m;a[majymaewmawG@jrifcJh&w,f? usaemhfudkawmh axmufvSrf;a&;u aus;&Gmvl}uD;wa,mufxm;+yD; apmifh=unfhcdkif;ygw,f? usaemfuawmh jcHrSmaevdkuf jrdK@xJykHrSefoGm;vdkufvmvdkufvkyfae&if; ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf vdktyfwJhtultnDay; 0dkif;&Hwm

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avmufyJvkyfcJhygw,f?usaemfh tbuawmh usaemfudk,fwdkif ta0;odk@roGm;bJeJ@oludk,fwdkif oGm;p&m&SdwmawGudk aqmif±Gufay;wwfygw,f? txl;ojzifh rEWav;u&Jabmfrsm;eJ@ qufoG,fay;w,f? usaemfhae&mrSm vkHðcHa&;raumif;&if rEWav;udk qif;vmcJhzkd@ &Jabmfrsm;u t}uH m%fay;ygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@usaemf[m (8) vydkif;13 &ufae@rSmyJ rEWav;udkqif;vmcJhygw,f?

(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)

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ta&;awmfykHumvtwGif;u &Spfav;vkH; owif;pm[m tjcm;owif;pmawGvdkyJ tav;ay;zwf±_=uwJh owif;pmwapmifjzpfcJhw,f? 'Dowif;pmu vlxkwdkufyGJudk pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfay;w,f? vlxkwdkufyGJudk a&mifjyef[yfay;EdkifcJhw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dowif;pm[m apmifa&rsm;rsm; &dkufESdyfjzef@a0cJh&w,f? txl;ojzifh&Spfav;vkH;owif;pm&J@ acgif;}uD;[m wdkufyGJ0ifumv&J@ aºu;a=umfoHudk rD;armif;xdk;ay;aeovdk wdkufyGJudkvnf; vrf;!$efr_ay;EdkifcJhw,f? owif;pm acgif;}uD;[mta&;awmfykHumvtwGif;rSm a&;[eftopfeJ@a&;zGJ@w,f? wdkawmif;aomfvnf;uspfvspfodyfonf;w,f? ypfrSwfudk wnfhwnfhrSefatmif ypfEdkifw,f? 'gawGuawmhta&;awmfykHumvtwGif;u xGufay:vmwJh owif;pmwapmif&J@ t&nftaoG;eJ@t&nftcsif;aumif;rGefr_jzpfw,f? &Jabmfrsm;&J@ rdwfqufay;r_t& owif;pmacgif;}uD;udk tar a&;om;wmqdkwmodvdkuf&awmh usaemfjzifh =unfndKav;pm;vdk@udk rqkH;Edkifawmhyg? xdktcsdefu xkwfa0cJhwJh THE CAll (cGef;qifhoH) owif;pm[mrEWav; oydwfwyfaygif;pku xkwfa0wJhowif;pm jzpfygw,f?

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(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)

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bdkwl;

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(1)

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( 2 )

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bmrS vkyfray;Edkifygbl;? 'kd@udkvSudpPu 'Dtwdkif;jyefvmwm? jyef+yD;awmh 0rf;tdk0rf;uArmawG&J@udpP/ bmvkyfw,frSwfwkH;? tar&duefawGuav? ydkufqH,l&r,f qdk+yD;awmh vcoabmrsdK;ArmEdkifiHa&;orm;awGudkay;wm? ay;awmh 'dk@vlawGu usKyfwdk@ydkufqH&vdk@vkyfwmr[kwfbl;? 'gEdkifiHa&;/ wdkif;jynftwGufvkyfwm r,lEdkifbl; qdk+yD;jiif;wm/ r,lEdkifvdk@rjzpfbl;/ 'golwdk@xHk;pH/ ,ludk,l&r,f/ 'Duvnf; r,lbl;? 'dk@vpmvdkcsifvdk@vkyfcJhwmr[kwfbl;? wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;zdk@vkyfwm? tJ'DrSmt}uD;tus,f pum;rsm;=u+yD; aemufusawmh wa,mufudk wqifh(cent) ESpfqifhayghuGm/ very small amount aygh/ 'gudkawmh,lw,fqdk+yD;/ vufrSwfxdk; &r,fqkd+yD;twif;vufrSwf xdk;cdkif;wm? tJ'Dawmh vufrSwfxdk;rSjyef&r,fqdkawmh vufrSwfxdk;+yD;jyefcJhwm? ydkufqHuawmh wqifh/ ESpfqifhqdkawmh bmvkyfrSmwkH;uGm? bmrSvkyfrjzpfbl;aygh? jyefawmhrrOD;eJ@ESpfa,muf 'DvdkyJ wem&D ausmfav,mOfysH}uD; pD;+yD;jyefcJha&m? 'gudkwmav,mOf}uD;yJ? aemufawmh tJ'Duqif;awmhvnf; tdrfa&mufatmif vSnf;=urf;}uD;pD;+yD; t=um}uD;/ ESpfem&D/ oHk;em&Davmuf armif;+yD; jyefvm=uwm?

tdrfa&mufawmhav/ odvm;? ighcJtdku/ rrOD;a,mufsm; udkxGef;c|efut&ufawGrl;+yD; “trm/ eifh a,mufsm;uav/ ydkufqHay;&ifvGwfrSm[/ ighydkufqHay;/igvdkufay;csnfr,f? vGwfatmif- olrsm;awG/ ig=um;wm ESpfaxmif/ oHk;axmifay;wmeJ@vGwfowJh? eifighydkufqHay;”eJ@/ vmvmawmif;wm? iguvnf; EdkifiHa&;a=umihfzrf;wm/ b,fuydkufqHay;vdk@ vGwfrSmwkH;/ ay;vdk@r&ygbl;qdk+yD; iguvnf;ray;bl;? Edk@ayr,fhaemf/ wu,fhwu,fwrf;usawmh ydkufqHay;+yD;vGwfwJhol&Sdw,fawmh? tJ'Du- [dk'if;/ vlawGuvmbfpm;w,f? aemufrSodwm? taruray;aygif/ wjym;rS? ol@[molvGwf+yD;jyef vmwm? ac:oGm;wmu Aef;armfvnf;r[kwfbl;? yxr usyif;}uD;wJh/ usyif;}uD;+yD;awmh yk*HwJh? tJ'DrSmppftusOf;om;ayghorD;&,f? oHk@yef;awGzrf;ovdk zrf;xm;wmwJh? OD;rl}uD;u oleJ@twlzrf;xm;wmwJh?OD;rl}uD;u- “trma&/ eifh a,mufsm;uawmhav/ igrajymcsifygbl;? bkef;}uD;vkdvl[? igwdk@u yk*Hòrd@xJxGuf+yD; wHjrufpnf;vSnf;&a&m/ odvm;? wHjrufpnf; vSnf;&awmh igu ol@zdk@xef;vsufawmif;vmcJh&wm/ t&yfxJu? aemuf+yD;usawmh'kd@xrif;pm;&atmifav/ ig;aowWmAl;cGH&Sm/ &Sm+yD;awmh/ tJ'gudkxk±dkuf+yD; ol@zdk@wcGuf/ighzdk@wcGuf,lvmcJh&wm? eifha,musfm;u bmrSvnf; rvkyfwwfbl;? bmrSvnf;em; rvnfbl;? bkef;}uD;vdkvl? bmrqdkigu ol@&SmazGau|;&wm”? olutJvdkajym

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awmhav a=omfæ olwdk@'Dvdkae&wmudk;? udkvSuawmhav wcGef;rSrajymbl;? igb,fvdkae&w,f/ igwdk@udk b,fvdkxm;w,fvdk@ bmrSrajymbl;? OD;rluawmhav-“'kd@av/ csD;tdrfomvnf; wl;&w,fa[h/ odvm;? wHjrufpnf;vnf;vSnf;&w,f?[dkaumifawG cdkif;wm 'dk@vkyf&wm”/ tJvdkajymjyw,f?

1945ckESpfayghaemf/ uydkifrSm/ udk,f0efu uydkifuygvmwm? uydkifuajymif;vmcJhwm? uydkifrSm oHk;ESpfavmuf=um=uw,f? ppfjzpfawmh om;}uD;pdk;0if;u2vom;? 2veJ@ppfajy;&wm? b,fudkpajy;wHk;qdkawmh/ yxrOD;qHk; rrOD;wdk@ tr&yl&'Dbufuav/ uyfausmf/ uyfausmfudkajy;&wm? uyfausmftdrfrSm c%wjzKwfae+yD;awmh b,fudkajy;&vJqdkawmh a¹rGrSwf wmyJ? a¹rG±Gmudkajy;+yD;awmh/ tJ'DrSmav;ig;ajcmufv ae+yD;awmh b,fajy;&wHk;qdkawmh rwW&m[dkbufuav— —————— (enf;enf;jywfoGm;)——

[kwfw,f/ armifESrawG? tarwdk@cGJaewm enf;w,f? wrdom;pkvHk;/ tarhtaza&m/ tara&m/ tarwdk@a&m/ wl-wlrawGa&m? touf}uD;awmh emrnfawGarhukefwm?

a¹rGudka&muf+yD;rS yif;,udkajy;=uwm? yif;,rSmawmfawmfae+yD;rS uydkifjyefwm? yxr uyfausmf/ +yD;'[awWm/ '[awWmuae+yD; a¹rG±Gm/ a¹rGykodrf? tJ'Duae+yD;rS yif;,/ yif;,+yD;rSuydkif? tJ'DrSmt=umqHk;yJ? uydkifrSmoHk;ESpfavmuf =umwm? uydkifuae+yD;uef}uD;? uef}uD;uae uydkifjyefvm/ +yD;rS0gcif;ukef;/ r*Fvmaps;AHk;uswm/ udkbOD;uGrf;+cHu udkbOD;wdkufrSm? tJ'Du+yD;rS udk,hftdrfudk,fjyefwm?udk,fh0if;udk,fjyefwm?

tar&,f/ taz&,f/ wdk@rdom;pku av;a,muf? wdk@armifESru ajcmufa,muf? wdk@ta':awG&Sdao;w,f? ta':ESpfa,muf? (Z0e&,f/ Z0ea,mufz&,fygao;w,f? OD;vSu uydkifrSmtzrf;cH&wm? tufpftufpftufpf udkacgif;aqmifvmwJholu a±$bdku(pma&;q&m)armifaomfu&J@ tpfudkt}uD;qHk;/ udkprwfqdkwm/ rlqvif? tJ'g usyif;}uD;ac:oGm;wm? wkwfaumufvdkaoewfvnf; odrf;oGm;w,f?)·———

armfawmfum;ay;vdkuf&wm? *syefudkay;vdkuf&wm? wdk@taz&J@um;? tJ'Darmfawmfum;uav;/ ppfjzpfcgeD;awmh ajy;&atmifqdk+yD; armfawmfum; 0,fwm?wdk@ut&ifwkef;u rpD;zl;bl;? ppfjzpfcgeD;u wdk@tazu um;0,fwm?

('±dkifbmu armifaxG;wJh? oGm;acgav;/ a±$oGm;eJ@)·oHk;axmifvm;rodbl;ay;cJh&wm? 0,f+yD;awmh um;udkawmh t&ifydk@&/ a¹rG

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udkydk@wm? tvkyform;av;a,muf t&if oGm;ESihf&wm? um;vrf;xGif&/ awmvrf;}uD;/ usLyif}uD;awG&Sif;zdk@ yif;,uaeoGm;&wJhawmvrf; ajy;zdk@0,fxm;wm?wu,fu rE Wav;+rKd@AHk;}uJawmh/ tazwdk@uajy;awmh ajcusifajy;&wm? um;r±Sdbl;?

(wck±Sdw,f? ajcusifqdkayr,fh vl}uD;ydkif;avmufuom +rKd@xJrSm? uav;wcsdK@u awma&mufae+yD/ 1941, Christmas) ·

rif;omrSwfrdwm/ igrrSwfrdbl;? ajcusifajy;&wm? um;udkzGufvdkuf&wm?zGufomzGuf&wm/ zGufwmyJ tzwfwif w,f? aemufqHk;usawmh *syefudktyfvdkuf&wm? um;taumif;pm;?

(aAmufaqm- arm&pf 22/ atmfpwif 8 vdk[mrsdK;aygh/ twGJ}uD;? qvGef;}uD;? tJ'Dwkef;u olu0ef}uD;jyKwfp? Aarmf bOD;wdk@u±_yfoaemfqdkwJh bOD;/ ynma&;0ef}uD;/ jyKwf+yD;av;-ig;vaeawmh ppfjzpfwm? jyKwfwmr=umao;bl;? tJ'Dawmholuum;aumif;}uD;pD;wm) ·

uydkifudktwlajy;=uwm? uydkifqdkvdk@ +rKd@xJrSmr[kwfbl;? awmifil}uD;qdkwJhawmifilpkrSm? bkef;}uD;ausmif;}uD; t}uD;}uD;±Sdw,f? tJ'Dausmif;0dkif;}uD; tus,f}uD;u vlr±Sdbl;? bkef;}uD; r±Sdbl;? ypfxm;wm? tJ'gudk wdk@bkef;}uD;OD;auo&u 'g}uD;udk&Sif;/ wynhfom;ajr;awGudkvm=u-vm=uqdk+yD;ac:/ ab;uausmif;uav;rSmtukefvHk;0ifaewm? tkyfpkvdk[mrsdK;? oHk;tkyfpk?

a':pktkyfpk/ a±$csnfxdk;utkyfpk/ a±$ref;wifarmiftkyfpk? a±$ref;wifarmifuvnf; aqGrsdK;om;csif;awGtm;vHk;/ Zmwf}uD; wckvHk;zsufvm+yD;ae=uwm? !Gef@0if;eJ@ armifpdk;0if;eJ@ v}uD;vi,f?

jzwfar;- OD;av;udkvmzrf;wmeJ@ywfouf+yD; bmta=umif;jyvJ?bmrSrodbl;? wdk;wdk;ajym+yD;awmh ac:oGm;wmyJ? tJ'Dawmh igu bmvdk@

zrf;xmrSef;awmif rodbl;/ jzpf&yHku? ac:oGm;awmh igwdk@=um;ae&wmu ausmufqnfudkodrf;awmhr,fqdkawmh ppfwyfu OD;vlaz0if;udkpum;jyeftjzpfeJ@ac:oGm;owJh? udkvSudkvnf; 'Dvdkpum;jyefvkyfzdk@ac:w,fvdk@xifwm? zrf;rSef;rodbl;?aemuf+yD;usawmhrS t=um}uD;/ t=um}uD;aeawmh zrf;wmwJh? aemufawmfawmf=umrS rE Wav;ol&d,udkoef;armif/ q&m}uD;&mZwf/ OD;rlwdk@ bmwdk@/ trsm;}uD;tzrf;cH&wm? ighbma=umihfzrf;w,f/ ighb,fvdkESdyfpufw,fqdkwm rajymbl;?ig b,fvdkcHpm;&w,fvJrajymbl;? awmfawmf=umw,fuG? oHk;av;vavmufxifw,f/ rrSwfrdbl;?

uydkifudkt&ifu ra&mufzl;bl;? a0;w,fuG? aemufrSa&mufwm? igrSwf

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rdoavmufawmh EdkifiHa&;orm;awG vmw,f? AdkvfrªAxl; c%c%vmw,f/ udkvSqDudk? uGefjrLepfygwDu igwdk@zGufay;&wm? tòyH;&,f/ trm&,f/ rrav;&,f/ Aef;armfuaumifrav;-b,fol/ ppfajy;&if;eJ@tarwdk@u ac:+yD; xdef;ay;&wm? Adkvfrª;Axl;u EdkifiHa&;udpPeJ@vmwm? tJ'DawmhrE Wav;rSm? ocifoef;xGef;vmw,f? udkvSuav- b,fawmhrS bmrSighrajymbl;? igutJ'Dwkef;u uav;arG;+yD;awmh ol@csufau|;ae&wmcsnf;yJ? olEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;wmvnf; ig rodbl;? oluav tJ'DawmfvSefa&;udpPrSm b,favmufrsm;vHkwHk;qdkwm? igh bmrSrajymygbl;qdk? ig vHk;vHk;rodbl;? olwdk@vmawmh ig vufzuf&nfwdkuf&w,f? oef;&ifrudk uydkifrSmarG;wm? rwif0if;udk rE Wav;a&mufrSarG;wm? tJ'Dwkef;u armif0if;&,f/ oef;&ifr&,fyJ&Sdw,f? wa,mufeJ@wa,muf ruGmvSygbl;? ESpfESpfvm;yJ jcm;wm?

rSwfcsuf-‘ · ’tarharmif OD;armifav; 0ifajymwJhpum;rsm; jzpfygw,f?rSwfcsuf-‘ · ’tarharmif OD;armifav; 0ifajymwJhpum;rsm; jzpfygw,f?rSwfcsuf-‘ · ’tarharmif OD;armifav; 0ifajymwJhpum;rsm; jzpfygw,f?rSwfcsuf-‘ · ’tarharmif OD;armifav; 0ifajymwJhpum;rsm; jzpfygw,f?rSwfcsuf-‘ · ’tarharmif OD;armifav; 0ifajymwJhpum;rsm; jzpfygw,f?

zdk;oH (vlxk)

0rf;tdk0rf;u ArmawG&J hudpP/ bmvkyfw,frSwfwkH;?tar&duefawGuav? ydkufqH,l&r,f qdk+yD; awmhvcoabmrsdK;ArmEdkifiHa&;orm;awGudkay;wm?ay;awmh 'dkhvlawGu usKyfwdkh ydkufqH& vdk h vkyfwmr[kwfbl;? 'gEdkifiHa&;/ wdkif;+ynftwGufvkyfwmr,lEdkifbl; qdk+yD; +iif;wm/

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rE Wav;om;wa,muftaeeJ@ jyefpOf;pm;vdkuf&if usaemfawmh OwkoHk;vDxJrSmaEGeJ@aqmif;udk trSwfrdqHk;yJ? txl;ojzifhaEG? bma=umihfrSr[kwfbl;? ylwm}uD;udkyJ rSwfrdaewmyg? ylywJhqdk&if ae@vnf 2em&DeJ@ 3em&Dt=um;[m tylqHk;/ tqdk;qHk;? vrf;ay:rSmuwW&mawGu t&nfaysmfvdk@/ taiG@awGvnf; waxmif;axmif;eJ@?avrdk @ wd kufywJhqd k&ifvnf; avyl}uD;? 'DxJrSmzkefawGuygvmao;w,f?rwwfomwJ@ tajctaer[kwf&if b,folrSvrf;ay:rxGufygbl;? 'DvdktcsdefrSmwcgwav vrf;ay:uae qD;,dkonfvdk[mu c|Jc|JjypfjypfeJ@ “qD;,dk- - - - -”vd k @ rsm;atmfvd kuf&i f / trav;- rE Wav;&J @ aE Gye f;cs Dum;[mjynfhpHkoGm;+yDvdk@qdkEdkifw,f?

usaemf wuUodkvfu ausmif;xkwfcH&awmh toufu 18ESpf-19ESpf? taru usaemhfudk tm;aewm/ bmrSvkyfp&m r&SdbJ vwfvsm;-vwfvsm;vkyfaevdrfhr,fqdk+yD; owif;pmvkyfief;xJ 0ifcdkif;ygw,f? ynmoif oabmaygh? e,fowif;eJ@a=u;eef;owif; bmomjyefwmawG vkyf&ygw,f? e,fowif;rSmawmh usaemhfq&mawGu OD;&Jvif;eJ@ ewfarmuf udkxGef;&Sdefwdk@aygh? bmomjyef vkyfief;rSmawmh taruyJ uef@ulvufvSnfh oifay;wmyg?

tJ'DumvawGtwGif;rSm ckeuajymwJh aEG&ufrsdK;a&muf&if tarhtvkyfpm;yGJrSmxdkif+yD; tarajymwmawG em;axmif&wm r*Fvmwyg;ygyJ? taru trsm;tm;jzifhawmh usaemfrrDvdkufwJh aqGawGrsdK;awGta=umif;/ rE Wav;òrd@}uD; ta=umif;awG ajymjywwfygw,f? tarhrSm arG;csif; 12a,mufawmif±Sdwm/ 'DtxJu 6a,mufyJ vlvm;ajrmufcJh+yD; usaemfwdk@rDcJhygw,f? usefwmawGudk "mwfyHkav;awmif usaemfwdk@rjrifzl;ygbl;? tJ'DvdkolajymjywmawGxJu usaemfh&J@ pdwfxJrSmpGJvrf;aewJh usaemfhrjrifvdkuf&wJh ta':ESpfa,mufta=umif;udk jyefajymjycsifygw,f?

tartartartartarwap> ra=umufbl;wap> ra=umufbl;wap> ra=umufbl;wap> ra=umufbl;wap> ra=umufbl;

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tar[m ol@pm;yGJ&J@ nmbufab;u jywif;aygufav;udkjzwf+yD; tjyifudk =unhf&if; “tarwdk@i,fi,fu 'DvdkaEGqdk&if a&m*guyfawG a=umufp&maumif;vdkufwm/ ESpfpOfvdkvdkuswwfw,f? txl;ojzifhawmh ausmufeJ@yvdyfyJ? wcgwcg0rf;a&m*gus&ifvJ ygoGm;olawGenf;wmr[kwfbl;/ tJ'Dvdkuyf}uD;awG wcg/wcgjzpf+yDqdk&if rE Wav;rSmvlawG axmifeJ@csD aowm” qdk+yD;pajymygw,f?

“tJ'Dwkef;u vl}uD;awGajymwmuawmh 'kd@qDrSmt&ifu 'Dvdka&m*gawG/uyfawGr&Sdbl;/ t*FvdyfawGvmrS ay: vmwm/ 'DudkvdkeDorm;awGu ArmawG +rKd@awGjyawGrSm pnfpnfum;um;/ pkpk±Hk;±Hk;r&Sdapcsifwm&,f/ olwdk@udkwGef;vSefvdkpdwfawG ray:aygufapzdk@&,fwdk@twGuf wrif a&m*gydk;awG,lvm+yD; jzef@=uwmwJh?[kwfr[kwfawmh twnfðy&cufom;? 'gayrJh udkvdkeDt*Fvdyfqdkwmuvnf; 'grsdK;rvkyfbl;vdk@ b,folrS tmr rcHEdkifbl;av? 'Dvdka&m*grsm;jzpfywJhqdk&if tdk;ypf tdrfypfawmrSmoGm;ae=u&wm? +rKd@awGuajcmufuyfoGm;wm? aemuf+yD; a&m*gjzpfwJh tdrfawGa±S@rSmvnf; 'DtdrfrSm ausmufa&m*gjzpfaew,f/ ykvdyfa&m*gjzpfaew,fqdkwmrsdK;qdkif;bkwf}uD;awGqGJxm;wm? vlawGuvnf; nus&if rD;yHkawGzGJ@/ oHyHk;awGwD;+yD;o&Jr&Jajcmuf=u/ vSef@=ueJ@aygh? xdwfvef@p&mtajctae}uD;aygh?”

“vlawGrSmvnf; usef;rma&;/ oef@&Sif;a&;todawGu enf;yg;ao;w,fav? t&yfxJudk ausmufxdk;q&m vmw,fqdk&if tdrfwHcg;ydwf+yD; wdrf;=u/ a&Smif=uwm? tarwdk@taz/ rif;tbkd;wdk@usawmh ausmufxdk;q&mudk rkef@zdk;yJzdk;ay;+yD;jyefv$wfvdkufwm? vlawG&J@todxJrSmu tJ'DumuG,faq;awGxdk;&if zsm;w,f/emw,fqdk+yD; aq;udkt,Hkt=unf r±Sd=ubl;av? ausmufxdk;q&mqdkwmuvnf;vcrsm;rsm;&wJhvlrsdK;rS r[kwfwm? rkef@zdk; ajcmufrl;wyJ&&if auseyf+yD;jyefoGm; wmyJ?olwdk@om wdwdususvkyf&if aq;xdk;rcHoludk Oya't&udk ta&;,lEdkifw,f? 'gayrJh'grsdK;avmufeJ@vnf; Armcsif; tcsif;ryGm;csifbl;qdkwJh pdwfrsdK;vnf; vlawG&J@pdwfxJrSm &SdoeJ@ wlyg&J@?”

ausmufa&m*gqdkwm aEGrSjzpfwwfwmyg? usaemfwdk@armifESrxJrSmudkyJtpfreJ@ESr[m ausmufaygufcJhygao;w,f? 'Dae&mrSm ausmufqdkwm ausmuf}uD;vdk@ajym=uwJh[mudk ajymwmyg? usaemfuawmh ausmufuav; (ausmufjzL)aygufwm ausmuf}uD;enf;enf;ygvdk@wJh rsufESmrSm tcGufuav;/ wck&Sdaeygw,f?

wESpfrSmawmh usaemhftar&J@ nDrESpfa,muf ausmufaygufygava&mwJh?tar@atmufu quf&ufESpfa,mufqdk xifyg&J@? usaemfenf;enf;arhoGm;+yD?rdef;uav;ESpfa,muf? wa,mufu&D&DwJh? aemufwa,mufu =unf=unfwJh?tarh pum;eJ@ajym&&if “t}uD;uav;&D&Du enf;enf;ndKw,f/ ausmufaygufcsdefrSm

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ig;ESpfavmuf±Sd+yD? ti,fav; =unf=unfuawmh tom;vnf;odyfjzLw,f/ pum;vnf;odyfwwfw,f/ oHk;ESpfavmuf±Sd+yD”aygh?

“olwdk@av;ESpfa,mufu w+yKdifeufwnf;jzpf=uwmqdkawmh tm;vHk;yJjymoGm;wmaygh? Armaq;q&myifh/ Armuk- uk=uwmaygh? bm&rSmvJ? tJ'DacwfuArmjynfrSm &SdaewJh aq;twwfynmeJ@ 'Dvdkuyfa&m*grsdK;udk ukvdk@aysmufw,fqdkwm w&mrSmrS&SdvS wa,muf/ ESpfa,mufaygh? 'geJ@ t}uD;rav; &D&Duawmhpjzpfuwnf;u pum;udk rajymEdkifawmhbl;/ rsuf&nfjynf@aewJh rsufvHk;uav;uv,fuv,feJ@om tay:udkpdkuf=unhfaeawmhwmyJ? oHk;-av;&uf? cufwmu=unf =unf? olu ol@tpfravmufrqdk;bl;? pum;ajymEdkifao;w,f? 'Dawmholu‘taza&/ ylvdkufwm/ usrudk a&wdkufygOD;// ac|;okwfay;ygOD;’pojzifh wwGwfwGwfajymaewm? =um;&ufp&mr&Sdbl;? ol@wudk,fvHk;rSmvnf; ausmufzkawGeJ@/rsufESmay:rSma&maygh? oluac: -ac:aeawmh ol@tem;udkoGm;=u&/ =unhf=u&/awG@&/ =um;&jyefawmhvnf; pdwfrcsrf;om/ olue*dkuwnf;urS wtdrfvHk;&J@ tonf;pGJav? tazqdkwm/ rif;vnf;odw,fr[kwfvm;? rif;wdk@tbdk;[m tifrwef pdwfcdkifwm/ om;a&;orD;a&;avmufeJ@ enf;enf;rSpdwfv_yf&Sm;wwfwJh vlrsdK;r[kwfbl;? tckawmh tazawmifrS =unf=unfav; toHudkr=um;&ufvGef;vdk@uG,f&mrSm oGm;-oGm;rsuf&nfus&Smw,f?”

olajymwJhESpfa,muf[m usaemfhta': a':wifwifeJ@ usaemfhOD;av; OD;armifav;t=um;uv@dk usaemfrSwfrdae ygw,f?

“tJ'g &D&Dav;u t&ifqHk;&Smw,f? 'gayrJh tm;vHk; pdwf&SdoavmufridkEdkif=uao;bl;? aowGif;E_wfcrf;rSm ar;wifaewJh aemuftdrfom;wa,muf &Sdao;w,fr[kwfvm;? tJ'gav;udk 0dkif;jyKpk=ujyefwmaygh? jyKpkw,fqdkwmvnf; bmrSxl;xl;jcm;jcm; r[kwfygbl;/ a&0wfav;eJ@yGwfay;/ ac|;okwfay;wmavmufyg? wjcm;bmrSvkyfEdkifwmr&Sdygbl;? r=umygbl;? aemuf ESpf&ufavmufaeawmh =unf=unfav;vnf; ol@tpfraemuf vdkufoGm;wmygyJ?”

taru pum;pudkjzwf+yD; tjyifudk pdkufai;aeygw,f? 'DvdkaEG&moD&J@ vGefcJhwJhumvwcku ae@&ufrsm;udk jyefjrifa,mifaewmjzpfrSmyg? usaemfu bmrS rajymbJ tar bmqufajymrvJvdk@yJ apmihfem;axmifaerdygw,f? pum;jywfrcHcsifawmhygbl;?

“tJ'Dvdk olwdk@ESpfa,muf qHk;oGm;+yD;wJhaemuf tar-rif;tbGm;-u ol@uav;awGudk nrSm awmufwdkr,f&cdkif;&if wdk@uwa,mufeJ@wa,muf wHawmifcsif;wdk@+yD; eifoGm;/ igoGm;vkyf=uwmaygh? ta=umif;u tdrfom;ESpfa,mufawmif

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qufwdkufqHk;oGm;wmqdkawmh uav;yDyD wap>a=umuf=uwmudk;? rif;wdk@tbGm;uol@uav;awGudk cdkif;wefwm&Sd&if cdkif;w,f/ rvkyfwwfbl;/ roGm;&Jbl;qdkwmrsdK;udkróudufbl;? touft±G,fvdkufvdk@ vkyf&Judkif&J/ vkyfwwfudkifwwfrS }uKdufw,f?‘'DrSm yJjrpfawGjyKwfxm;w,f/ oGm;prf;[Jh/ rD;zdkxJrSm qDeJ@qm; oGm;,lacs?’ 'grSr[kwfvnf; ‘aemufaz;rSm axG;cHoGm;oGefacs’qdkwmrsdK; t+rJcdkif;wwfw,f? tarwdk@u cgwdkif;awmh tJ'grsdK;awGudk rqdkif;rwGvkyfygw,f/ 'gayrJh vlESpfa,muf aoxm;awmh a=umufw,fvdk@ jzpfae=uwmaygh? aemufawmh 'gudk rifhtbGm;uodoGm;+yD;idkw,f? ‘trav;/ ighorD;av; ESpfa,muf/ 'gavmufjzLpif=u,fwm/ b,fty,f/b,fol&Jb0rS ra&mufygbl;awmf? olwdk@udk ewfaumif;ewfjrwfawGu ewfjynfuae qD;awmif}uKd=urSmyg’ qdk+yD;yg;pyfu wwGwfwGwfajym+yD;idk&Smw,f?”

“tbGm; tJ'Dvdk pdwfxdcdkufwmawG@awmh tarwdk@uvnf; tbGm;udkodyfoem;oGm;+yD; udk,fvnf; 0rf;enf;vmw,f? 'daemufrSm tarwdk@rSm wap>a=umufw,fqdkwm r&Sdawmhbl;?”


'DudkvdkeDorm;awGu ArmawG _rKhdawG_yawGrSm pnfpnfum;um;pkpk&Hk;&Hk;r&Sdapcsifwm&<f olwdkhudkwGef;vSefvdk pdwfawG ray: aygufapzdkh&<fwdkhtwGuf wrif a&m8gydk;awG<lvm_yD;_zefhjuwmwJh?[kwfr[kwfawmh twnf_yK&cufom;?

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tar vlxka':trmtar vlxka':trmtar vlxka':trmtar vlxka':trmtar vlxka':trmuG,fvGefjcif;twGuf ay;ykd@=uaomuG,fvGefjcif;twGuf ay;ykd@=uaomuG,fvGefjcif;twGuf ay;ykd@=uaomuG,fvGefjcif;twGuf ay;ykd@=uaomuG,fvGefjcif;twGuf ay;ykd@=uaomt*Fvdyfbmom a&;om;csufrsm;ESifht*Fvdyfbmom a&;om;csufrsm;ESifht*Fvdyfbmom a&;om;csufrsm;ESifht*Fvdyfbmom a&;om;csufrsm;ESifht*Fvdyfbmom a&;om;csufrsm;ESifh

*k%fjyKpmuAsmrsm;*k%fjyKpmuAsmrsm;*k%fjyKpmuAsmrsm;*k%fjyKpmuAsmrsm;*k%fjyKpmuAsmrsm;

ENGLISH SECTION

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80th birthday, 1995

The Sails Are Up Again! Prince Taw Phaya Galae

1. The scene - panorama of typical Burmese life2. We all enjoyed the long riverine ride3. From our boat in full sail4. Pagodas, monasteries and palaces having their tale.5. While the peasants and laborers toiled with sweat6. The fishermen with bare chest cast their net.7. The weather was sunny and fine8. The ripples sang with rhythm and rhyme;9. Ah! How wonderful to be free10. Feeling the gentle fresh cool breeze.11. Suddenly the white and blue sky12. Partly became red. Why? Oh! Why?13. A hurricane bashed the palace14. Like it was done by the imperialists.15. Our sails were almost ripped16. And our boat was slowly stripped .17. Behold! The rising sun18. There was joy and fun19. But soon it became raging hot20. Destroying our precious paddy plot by plot.21. Look! The sky is red, white and blue22. We thought was indeed a beautiful view23. Nay! The whole sky turned blood red24. What will our boat face ahead?25. Our great helmsman took hold of the wheel26. Poised to challenge the second stormy waves of the sea27. On came the ruthless wave28. Alas! Our great helmsman although brave29. Was washed overboard ; honored as our liberator30. Trying to steer our boat out of disaster.31. We on the boat began to utter32. Who should become the master33. While the boat was drifting34. Toward the west the wind was blowing35. Might is right then took place36. Rocking, drinking, gambling, and swashbuckling became

their taste37. No one cared where our boat was being carried along38. There was a jolt; something was surely wrong39. Heck! Coco Island! This is not our destination40. Let’s get out! That was our determination.41. ‘ Thardu, thardu, thardu ’ said the elderly man

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42. With rosary in a helping hand43. All the crew gave a deep sigh44. Thinking to be saved from all crime45. Praying and prayers everywhere46. Bells ringing and thardu in the air;47. Everything seems serene and peaceful48. Blessed be the elderly man for we were grateful49. Wait! Who are those grumbling?50. They are those who kept following51. But, but...they are at daggers drawn52. Split into three groups with nasty scorn.53. The storm had gathered again54. Our boat must not be set aflame55. We must move forward into the calm sea56. Where all our crew could rest without agony.57. The dark clouds grew more and more58. And the raving winds came blow after blow59. Torrents of rain filled our boat60. Many crew hanging on had to float61. The boat was surrounded by sharks62. Ready to attack us, surely dangerous63. We gritted our teeth determined to fend off all64. Remember!United we stand, divided we fall!65. Hey! There are ships sailing our way66. Flags flying. Black flags on display67. Two crossed bones and a bony head68. Pirates! White men! Don’t be afraid!69. We stood up to show our unity70. This is just their gun-boat activity71. In other words it’s a ‘Paper Tiger’72. Remember what happened in China, Vietnam and Korea.73. With our united strength74. We can move the earth!75. Come rain or storm76. We must remain united and warm77. There’s a Burmese saying; Hlaing gyi hlay out1

78. Which is true without amy doubt,79. We must make it clear for reality

Our real strength lies in our own country!80. DEAR RESPECTED SAYARMAGYI LUDU DAW AMAR

On your 80th birthday, we wish you to hearOur slogan still remainsTHE SAILS ARE UP AGAIN!

Prince Taw Phaya Galae

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Ode to Ludu Daw Ahmar(On Her Passing away at 8 AM, 7.4.2008)Dr Maung Maung Nyo

Ludu Daw Ahmar is deadThe news spread like wild fireI’m very sad to hearIt’s a great nightmare.

Daw Ahmar was “Our Mother”She has led BurmaIn journalism and literatureBy writing truths, tenets and tampersTo let people adhere to Burmese cultureBurmese are really grateful to her.

She has been the editor of “Ludu”A progressive periodical of peopleFrom whose it took its nameTo represent the mass maimedIt thus claimed fame and authorityIt led struggle for peace and democracy.

I once went to see “Ahmay (Mother)”To get permission to use her essayOn leprosy and public health waysIn BMF* magazine of MandalayShe willingly helped, I must sayIt was in 1959 hey days.

She wrote a book on Burmese art worldDancers, musicians, jokers and jugglersIt won a national literary award thereafterIt set a standard for late comersSo were her translations of English literature“Trials in Burma”, “Sanda Marlar” etc.“I appreciate them”, Maurice Collis muttered.

She also wrote on Burmese culture“Ahmay Shay Sagar”, “Mandalay Thu/Thars”She also featured in Burmese magazinesPeople held them in high esteem

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She wins the admiration of the nationShe was indeed the “Literary Queen”!

If I have to draw her caricatureIt may thus appear“She was a university boycotterA avant-garde literary hawkerA progressive journalist and authorA dedicated wife and a devoted motherGrandma of Burmese literatureShe was the “Guardian of Burmese Culture”.

She died at 93 years of ageAt * A.M.on 7th April 2008People gave her accoladesShe really had been great.

It was Burma she dedicatedIt was patriotism she demonstratedIt was Burma’s causes she never hesitatedLet’s prostrate and contemplateOur love, sorrow and dedicationTo this “Great Lady of Our Nation”By wishing her a heartfelt valediction“ Farewell, Mother, Good Bye” in salutation.

Note: BMF = Branch Medical Faculty, The Forerunner ofInstitute of Medicine Mandalay

Dr Maung Maung Nyo11.04.2008

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Dear PTJ,I was just preparing to send you a message of sympathy and concern. You have been

in my thoughts a lot since the sad news reached us of your mother’s death on April

7th.You knew this time would come, yet I am sure you didn’t want it to come.

The reason that I have not written to you sooner is because I have been very busy

writing and preparing an obituary for Daw Amar to be published in our leading left-

wing newspaper, The Guardian. Today at last, it was finished and supplied with a good

photograph to accompany the obituary.

As soon as the news reached us, Vicky asked me if I would write an obituary, saying

that she was too busy at the moment. What happened is interesting. I phoned the

paper and said I wanted to write about this outstanding Burmese writer who had just

died. The editor said ‘OK, send me something’. I wrote only a short account which I

sent him, but I said that it really should be much longer and with more detail. His first

reply was that the paper only had room for very short obituaries, but that he would edit

my piece and see what I thought. To my surprise, he then sent me back a piece twice as

long as my original, including many details of your mother’s life which I had not

included.

It seems that from knowing almost nothing about Burma, the editor had become so

interested in Burma and the story of your Mum that he had gone onto the w.w.web and

found lots more information about her, which he had written into my obituary. So the

final version is only half mine, and half from somewhere else (perhaps from MinZin in

‘Irrawaddy’). But the beginning and end are from me, so it is a very personal piece. The

editor also became curious to know more about me and how long I had known your

family (from back in Jan. 1977) and many other questions.

I actually heard the news first from Su Su Mar, who rang me early on theMonday

morning. She was very sad. We talked for quite a long time and I

tried to comfort her. She has given me an email address so that I can now try to write to

you sister, Daw Than Yin Mar. She has been through a long, long period of anxiety

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and stress, nursing your mother both at home and in hospital. I hope the strain has not

left her too exhausted. I know Su Su wishes that she could be at home to help her

mother.

I treasure the many books that I have as presents from your Mum, signed in her own

hand. And many letters too written by her. Have you beenable to receive letters from

her at all?

Try not to be too sad. Your mother had a remarkable life and has left amost valuable

legacy to her fellow countrymen and women.

khin-min-lyet

KKChaw

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Obituary

Ludu Daw Amar

As a leading dissident writer she fought for democracy in Burma

• Article history

In recent years, in the days leading up to November 29, writers, journalists, and artistsfrom all over Burma have gone to Mandalay, the country’s cultural heartland, for agathering in a monastery compound. There they celebrated the birthday of a writer,publisher, and activist, Ludu Daw Amar, who has died aged 92. Since those days in themid-1930s when she joined a student strike at Rangoon University, opposing Britishcolonial rule, Daw Amar never ceased to write, or to fight.

For many, attendance in the compound was a way of demonstrating opposition toBurma’s military regime. Unhappily, it also provided an opportunity for militaryintelligence to note dissident names and faces. From 1962, when General Ne Win ledthe coup that has subjected Burma to almost half a century of military dictatorship,Daw Amar provided opposition. She and her family paid a heavy price.

Daw Amar was the fourth among 12 siblings of an upper-class family whose fortunewas made in the tobacco trade. Educated at Mandalay’s American baptist school andthe national high school she read science at Mandalay Intermediate College andRangoon University.

There, in 1936, came her role in the student strike. She also began to get published. In1938 she translated the British civil servant Maurice Collis’s critical assessment, Trialsin Burma. In 1939 she married the journalist U Hla, who in 1933 had established theleftist Ludu Kyi-bwa-yay (Progress) magazine in Rangoon. Together they set up theKyi-bwa-yay press in Mandalay.

In 1942 British rule collapsed, Burma fell to the Japanese and the couple moved northof Mandalay while continuing publication of Ludu Kyi-bwa-yay. She translated HinoAshihei’s bellicose Japanese bestseller Wheat and Soldiers, but also became involvedin the resistance movement. By the spring of 1945 the Japanese were being driven fromBurma, and that summer U Hla launched the Ludu (People) Journal with Daw Amar asassistant editor; a daily, Ludu Thadin-sa, followed in 1946. “Ludu” was incorporated inthe couple’s names as the country moved towards independence from Britain in 1948.

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But soon after independence, the army, hostile to the couple’s radicalism, reducedtheir press to rubble. Their family narrowly escaped with their lives.

In 1953, Daw Amar attended a Soviet-backed peace congress in Copenhagen and ayouth conference in Romania. Meanwhile her husband, convicted of involvement instudent protests inspired by the Communist party of Burma (CPB), was sentenced tothree years for sedition. Daw Amar, with five young children to raise, continued topublish Ludu Thadin-sa until U Hla’s release in 1957, but two years later the governmentshut the paper down for 14 months.

In 1967, five years after the coup, the regime closed Ludu Thadin-sa. Daw Amar switchedfrom writing about politics to culture and history, focusing on prewar Burmese singersand actors.

With military rule, many students, including her two eldest sons, had become studentactivists. The eldest, Soe Win, headed for the mountain jungle. There, in 1968, he wasmurdered in a CPB internal purge as the party was hit by the backwash from China’scultural revolution. Her second son, Than Joung, was also a student activist who wasdetained from 1966 to 1972, and on the point of being rearrested in 1978, fled to join theCPB and later went into exile in Yunnan - a leading CPB member, he would never see hismother again. In the wake of that escape, military intelligence detained U Hla, DawAmar and their youngest son for 13 months.

They were released in 1979. The publishing house subsisted on jobbing printing, whileDaw Amar wrote for Burma’s privately owned monthlies, while refusing to write forstate publications. An astute businesswoman, she published her many articles in bookform.

In 1982, U Hla died. Daw Amar continued to run the publishing house, but in 1984,during the dry season, fire consumed central Mandalay, destroying the printingequipment, the book production department and paper store of the Kyi-bwa-yay press.Happily, her home, private library and newspaper archive survived.

Five years later her 38-year-old youngest son was sentenced to 10 years. He wasimprisoned in Thayet, a two-day journey for Daw Amar, his wife and their three children.

Meanwhile, as part of its drive to “beautify” towns for tourists, in the 1990s the regimebegan relocating cemeteries far outside Mandalay. So in 1998 Daw Amar set up Byamazolu-hmuyay Athin, a mutual aid association to help those who, amid the collapsingBurmese economy, were too poor to bury their dead. Now the charity often covershospital medical costs, provides minibuses and carries out free funerals. InitiallyMandalay’s military boss resented and hindered its operations. Later came tolerance -the operation clearly fulfilled a desperate need - and other towns copied the scheme.

In 2003 Daw Amar had a small building erected just behind the Kyi-bwa-yay press. Herlifetime’s book collection was put there; this is to be the first public library open for allto use in Mandalay in the last half century. Into her 90s Daw Amar contributed monthlyarticles to journals and magazines and published at least one small book annually.

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It was in the mid-1970s that I first met Daw Amar. My first impression became a lastingone: intelligent, thoughtful, kind she went on to become both the voice of traditionalBurma, calling for adherence to Buddhist values, and a symbol of opposition to theregime, leading the struggle for a more democratic, more humane society and for thepossibility to write freely and truthfully.

We met in the 1980s and 90s, and our last encounter was in January 2005. It is a sourceof profound regret that I was prevented by the Burmese authorities from attending her90th birthday. But I remember her last words to me three years ago, “We simply wish,”she said, “to be treated like human beings.” She is survived by two sons, two daughtersand six grandchildren.

· Ludu Daw Amar, writer and activist, born November 29 1915; died April 7 2008

• The Guardian,

• Saturday April 12 2008

• Article history

There are some mistakes in the above short biography . However , with all our due respect , we didn’t make any correction.

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My MumMy MumMy MumMy MumMy Mum

Dear Ko Min Zin,Here are the answers to your questions. If there is anything you would like to

know more or make clear, please don’t hesitate. To tell you the truth, I am not verymuch at ease to praise my own mother. There’s a Burmese proverb that my motheroften quotes: “ The neighbourhood will acknowledge if your daughter is reallybeautiful.” So, I don’t think that it is the task of the children to write about theirparents. Anyway, here they are.

1. How would you describe your mother as a mother not as a journalist or socialcritic?

She’s a good mother just like any other typical Burmese, Buddhist mothers. Sheloves Burmese food and can make good dishes. She loves planting flowers and likesto visit markets, especially those in the countryside. She enjoys seeing Disneycartoons, comedies, as well as Hollywood films that my uncle (her younger brother)recommended. Once she went to see the horror film “Dracula” on my (elder) brother’sinsistence and admitted that she was very frightened when she came back. I mean tosay that she’s just a human being.

As my parents were always occupied with their editorial work and social welfareworks, they had very little time to spend with their children or attend to their daily lifeand needs. We were left in the hands of an aunt, a distance relative of my mom. Shealways emphasised cherishing the traditional values of our nation and moral integritywhen she educated us. Knowing that we were starting to get involved in politics, sheonce told me, “No matter what, as a student, one should try to excel in study also.Just look at Ko Aung San and Ko Ba Hein. They are known not only for their politicalmerits, they are known for their performance in their studies also. “This is the wayshe used to tell us. She rarely said “must” or mustn’t.” Rather, she pointed outexemplary figures. There are three brothers in our family and no one of us drink orsmoke. This is not because they told us not to do, but rather because through theirown deeds they made us realise that these things are not good.

She rarely beat us too. As far as I can remember, she once beat us when my elderbrother, my elder sister and I went for begging during one Dazaungdaing Thieves’Festival. I think I was about ten at the time. My brother went with his friends and mysister and I went with the children from our neighbourhood. As we were young, wecouldn’t go very far, we only went to some of our relatives and neighbours. Evidently,the news reached her ears immediately and she beat us when we arrived home.

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She never told her children to read Marxist books (nor oppose doing). Instead,she recommended us to read various kinds of books that she thought worth reading.Edger Snow’s books, Autobiography of Charlie Chaplin, The Silent Spring (an earlybook about environment question) and Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire weresome among them. As for the Burmese books, there were too many to mention. Thelist includes classical literature, Thakin Kodawhmaing’s works and Khitsan Literature.She also mentioned books like Thakhin Ba Hein’s “The Capitalist World” and TinMoe’s “The Lantern” as very good and we should read.

2. Would you recall the most unforgettable moment you spending with yourMom?

It’s difficult to say at this age, because (I think) I have become less and lesssentimental or emotional, than when I was young. However, I should say, listening towhat she told us about our forefathers or their old days was the most enjoyable andunforgettable moments. That kind of moment was not very common. As I have saidabove, my parents were always busy. I think I had more chances than other childrenat that time, because when I was sacked from the Mandalay University for taking partin student activities, my parents arranged me some deskwork among the newspaperstaff and during the hot Mandalay afternoons, when she had time, she used to recallthese and told me.

I must also say that I neither regretted nor blame my parents for spending lesstime with us. On the contrary, I believe that, even when I was young, I know theywere working for the good of others and their devoted working style became mymodel, as I grow old.

3. Nearly all of her siblings have been involved in Burmese politics as committeddissidents/revolutionaries. Have your parents (particulary your Mom in this context)had any disapproval against your involvement? How did they express their worry foryou siblings since you all have paid a lot for what you believe? Have you ever heardany complaint from your Mom regarding to your elder brother’s (U Soe Win’s) death?

My parents never say ‘no’ to what we do with our beliefs. They only told us tobe careful when they learned something about the government agents’ knowledge orplans. They never said that you should believe in communism, rather, they sometimestold us how the leaders of the communist party and other patriotic personages at thetime had made enormous contributions and sacrifices for the nation. Incidentally, asmy father was arrested again and again by the government and the publication of ournewspaper was disrupted often, seeds of hatred for the government took root in mymind since I was very young.

My parents, both devoted Buddhists, never compelled me to be as devoted asthey are. We were sent to Roman Catholic Schools, but my parents made us convincedthat we should not become Christians, and they did, not by saying directly, but verytactfully. They have respect for our beliefs and our ability to decide for ourselves. It’snot their style to interfere in our political convictions. Perhaps this is because theythink what are we doing is right. Of course, they instructed us about moral andmanners when we were young.

No doubt, they are very worried about us taking part in very dangerous andrisky activities. But they rarely express these feelings on their face or in their words.

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I found their faces very calm and serene when the military intelligence came andarrest me on two occasions (I managed to escape at the second time) and they mademe brave and less worried during the consequent events. Once, when I went to playfootball at Myaung, a town fifty miles southwest of Mandalay on the IrrawaddyRiver, we came back very late. Perhaps it was one o’ clock after midnight. When thecar carrying stopped in front of my home, I found both of them standing in front ofour house, worried! They had rosary beads in their hands.

When I got home after release from gaol, they told me the following episode: justabout a month before my release. U Ne Win, who was on summer vacation in Maymyo,asked my parents to see him. He told them, “ As a father myself, I can understandyour feelings about your son in prison. But they told me he was very stubborn also.Nevertheless, please go and see Brig, Gen Tin Oo (The M.I.S. chief) in Rangoon andhe will arrange for his release.” Thus, I was released from the Insein Gaol. My motheradded, “We often met with people like U Ne Win and other leaders of the government.However, we never uttered a word asking them to release you. Of course, we wantyou to come out as soon as possible but we know we shouldn’t do that at theexpense of your dignity.” That made me very proud of them.

As for my brother’s case, both of them said nothing to me. Once, after my releasefrom gaol, I got a letter from a CPB leader for my mom. In that letter he explained thecase of my brother and apologised to my parents. I handed it to my mom and sawtears falling from her eyes after reading it. She said, “I and your father had never saidanything between us about this matter. We just pretended not to have heardanything.” After that I didn’t try to talk about that matter till now.

4. Recently, we have heard that Sayamagyi was sick and hospitalized? Since youhaven’t seen your Mom for a long time, how such news worry you?

Certainly, I’m very worried, worried than anything. My inability to be present atthe bedside of my dad when he was about to leave this world has been haunting meall along. One of my greatest wishes as an ordinary man is to have a chance to payrespects (kadaw) to my dad’s tomb.

5. Daw Ahmar has been highly respected by Burmese people. Many people evencompare her with Thakin Kodaw Hmaing. Even though she is getting old, she stillwrite prolifically with well-intention (cetana). How would you see your Mom not asyour mother but as a woman from the angle of your social value and political belief.

I’m not interested in comparing her with Thakhin Kodaw Hmaing. To me it’s justa kind of storm in a teacup that would lead nowhere. My Mom always express herdeep respect for Sayagyi Thakhin Kodaw Hmaing for many merits and I’m sure shewon’t like comparing her to the person she respects so much.

She never attack or react against anyone for personal grudges. Both my parentstried to be balanced when they judge other people.

My mother has very remarkable courage that she inherited from her mother. Shenever sulks, grumbles or murmurs when she has to encounter all kinds of difficultiesand threats. She used to express dislike for traitors and cowards.

Her, as well as her husband’s, attitude towards young people is made up notonly of cetena, but also of recognition of their capability and potential. They used tobe very humble when talking with young people. Even with me, they never treated me

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patronizingly. For instance, when she was writing her prize-winning book aboutfamous people from music and drama circles, “ Artists who are Loved by Masses”,she ask me one day, “ My son, I know nothing about music and to handle a characterlike Myoma Nyein is simply beyond my capacity. Can you tell me some facts that maythrow light upon the talents of this genius?” In fact, though I was about eighteen atthe time, I was also a philistine in this field. She often said, “ My son, I am not goodat choosing names for books. Would you mind choosing one for me?” The titles ofsome of her books were chosen by me.

She believes in the might of our people. She believes in their future and that oneshould work one for, and if needed, make sacrifices for this cause.

She has reached this height because she has been standing firm with the peopleof our nation through thick and thin. She never bargains her principles for anything.

Po Than Joung

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