2007-2008

A Lot More Advanced Biotechnology Tools(Part 2)

Sequencing

Human Genome ProjectOn June 26, 2001, HGP published the “working draft” of the DNA sequence of the human genome.

Historic Event! – blueprint

of a human– the potential to

change science & medicine

Sequence of 46 Human Chromosomes

3 billion base pairs

3G of data

TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGATGCCGCGACTATGATCACATAGACATGCTGTCAGCTCTAGTAGACTAGCTGACTCGACTAGCATGATCGATCAGCTACATGCTAGCACACYCGTACATCGATCCTGACATCGACCTGCTCGTACATGCTACTAGCTACTGACTCATGATCCAGATCACTGAAACCCTAGATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACTGCTACTGATCTAGCTCAATCAAACTCTTTTTGCATCATGATACTAGACTAGCTGACTGATCATGACTCTGATCCCGTAGATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACTGCTACTGATCTAGCTCAATCAAACTCTTTTTGCATCATGATACTAGACTAGCTGACTGATCATGACTCTGATCCCGTAGATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACT

human genome3.2 billion bases

Raw genome data

NCBI GenBankDatabase of genetic sequences gathered from research

Publicly available on Web!

Organizing the data

Defining a gene…“Defining a gene is problematic because… one gene can code for several protein products, some genes code only for RNA, two genes can overlap, and there are many other complications.”

– Elizabeth Pennisi, Science 2003

gene

polypeptide 1

polypeptide 2

polypeptide 3

proteingene

It’s hard tohunt for wabbits,if you don’t knowwhat a wabbitlooks like.

RNAgene

And we didn’t stop there…

The Progress

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5.E+09

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First 2 bacterial genomes complete

122+ bacterial genomes

Data from NCBI and TIGR(www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov and www.tigr.org )

first eukaryote complete (yeast)

first metazoan complete (flatworm)

17 eukaryotic genomes complete or near completion including Homo sapiens, mouse and fruit fly

Official “15 year”Human Genome Project: 1990-2003.

# of DNA base pairs (billions) in GenBank

How does the human genome stack up?

OrganismGenome Size

(bases)Estimated

GenesHuman (Homo sapiens) 3 billion 30,000Laboratory mouse (M. musculus) 2.6 billion 30,000Mustard weed (A. thaliana) 100 million 25,000Roundworm (C. elegans) 97 million 19,000Fruit fly (D. melanogaster) 137 million 13,000Yeast (S. cerevisiae) 12.1 million 6,000Bacterium (E. coli) 4.6 million 3,200Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 9700 9