a logical japanese grammar
TRANSCRIPT
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8/2/2019 A Logical Japanese Grammar
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Formoreinformation,pleasesende-mailto"MashSatou.".
ALogicalJapaneseGramm
ar
Welcometomy"ALogicalJapaneseGrammar"page.Iwouldliketointroducewonderfuland
logicalJapanesegrammar.Japanes
ehasastrangegrammarthatisquitdifferent
frommostEurope
anlanguages.However,youcaneas
ilyunderstandandbefamiliarwithita
fteryouknowthesimpleandlogicalgrammarofJapanese.Ithasafewexceptions
anduniformedrules.IhopethisarticlehelpsyoulearnJapanesemoredeeply.
IamsorryIamstillconstructingthesepagesandcolum
ns.TheremightbemanyblanksbutIwillupdatethemfrequently.Iamhap
pyyoumaycheckthispageonceaw
eek.
Let'sgoto
thetableofcontents.
Pleasefeelfreetolinkthispage"http://homepag
e3.nifty.com/jgrammar/".
YoucangetaPDFversionfromthispackage.
Interesting
topicsaboutJapaneseGrammar
(Feb.12/2005)
TableofC
ontents
Pronunciation
Pho
nemes(Dec.7/2002)
Syllables(Dec.7/2002)
Accents(Dec.7/2002)
LoanWord
sfromEnglish
Eng
lishPhonemes(Dec.7/2002)
RulestoKanaSyllables(Dec.7/2002)
Sam
ples(Dec.7/2002)
Introduction
PartsofSpeech(Dec.82002)
WordOrders(Dec.82002)
CorrespondenceofPronouns,Cases,Articles,Interrogatives(Dec.9/2002)
Nouns,AdjectivalNouns,VerbalNouns
OrdinaryNouns(Dec.10/2002)
Adje
ctivalNouns(Dec.10/2002)
VerbalNouns(Dec.11/2002)
Num
eralsandClassifiers(Dec.11/2002)
Verbs,AdjectivalVerbs,AuxiliaryVerbs
The
VerbalConjugation(Dec.14/2002)
Polite(Dec.18/2002)
Neg
ative(Dec.18/2002)
Tense(Dec.18/2002)
Moo
d(Dec.18/2002)
Exis
tence(Dec.28/2002)
Cop
ula(Jan.14/2003)
Adje
ctivalVerbs(Jan.18/2003)
Voic
es(Feb.1/2003,Apr.6/2003)
AuxiliaryVerbs(May.23/2003)
Mov
ingandGivingVerbs(May.27/2003)
Sup
plementalVerbs(Jun.30/2003)
Particles(J
ul.14/2003)
Cas
eParticles(Jul.27/2004)
Nom
inalParticles(Sep.4/2004)
TopicalParticles(Mar.28/2005)
AdverbialParticles
End
ingParticles
Con
junctiveParticles
InterjectiveParticles
Conjunctives,Interjections
Con
junctives
Interjections
Demonstra
tive
Adnominal,Adverbs
AdverbstomodifyVerbs
Adn
ominalTomodifyNouns
SpecialTopics
AJa
paneseConjugationBuilder(Oct.19/2003,Apr.13/2003)
Kan
jiCards(Dec.29/2003,Nov.02/2004)
UniformedRegularVerbalConjugationof
Japanese(Oct.14/2001)
ColumnsaboutJapaneseStatisticalGram
mar(Feb.12/2005)
Historyof
Updating
Mar.28/2005:Topicalparticles
Nov.02/2004:UpdateandBugFixofKanjiCard
s
Sep.04/2004:Aboutnominalparticles
Jul.27/2004:Aboutcaseparticles
Apr.13/200
4:BugFixofJavascriptinJapanese
ConjugationBuilder.
Feb.14/2004:Changethetermsformimperfect,perfecttopresent,past
Dec.29/2003:OpenKanjicardspage.
Dec.06/2003:AddalinktoFuriganapages.
Nov.03/2003:ProvideaPDFversionofthesepages.
Oct.19/200
3:Introduceanewconjugationbuilder.
Jul.14/2003:AboutparticlesandtoappendKan
atables.
Jun.30/200
3:Aboutsupplementalverbs
May.27/2003:Aboutmovingandgivingverbs
May.23/2003:Aboutauxiliaryverbs
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Apr.26/200
3:Modifynouns,theconjugation,the
copula,voicespage
Apr.06/200
3:Completethedocumentofvoices
Mar.28/2003:Rearrangeconjugationtablesand
pitchaccents
Feb.01/2003:Starttomakethepageaboutvoic
es
Jan.18/200
3:Aboutcopulasandadjectivalverbs
Jan.14/200
3:Addasummarytotheverbsforexistence
Dec.28/2002:Aboutexistence
Dec.18/2002:Abouttensesandsoon
Dec.14/2002:Aboutverbalconjugation
Dec.11/2002:Aboutverbalnouns,classifiers
Dec.10/2002:Aboutnouns,adjectivalnouns
Dec.09/2002:Aboutdemonstrativepronouns
Dec.08/2002:Aboutwordorders
Dec.07/2002:Thisnewsitestarts
SpecialThanksto
JapaneseLanguage(http://japanese.abo
ut.com/)
LanguageExpress(http://www.langexpre
ss.com/Study-Japanese-Links.htm)
AJa
paneseguidetoJapanesegrammar(http://www.geocities.jp/nihongoguide
/)
JapanesefortheWesternBrain(http://www.mindspring.com/~kimall/Japanese
/index.html)
Kotobanosanpo-michi(http://homepage1.nifty.com/forty-sixer/kotoba.htm)
Nihon-go-mono-gatari(http://www.jliu.org
/CAJLE/cajle_essay_index.htm)
InterestingTopics
Jim
Breen'sJapanesePage(http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/japanese.h
tml)
Collin'sJapaneseLanguage&CulturePa
ge(http://www.epochrypha.com/japa
nese/)
JapaneseintheAgeofTechnology(http://www.honco.net/japanese/index.html)
Omniglot(http://www.omniglot.com/index
.htm)
Pronunciation
Japanesehasav
erysimplesyllabicsystemwhichisea
sytolearn.Themostsyllablesconsistofsimplecombinationsasaconson
antfollowedbyavowel.Thetotalnum
berof
thesyllablesareonlyaround150includingthesyllablesforloanwords.ThesyllablesforJap
anesenativewordsarecountedtoaround100.
TablesofPhon
emes
Vowels
Japanesehas
thesystemof5stablevowels,whichisthemostpopularamonglanguages
intheworld,likeSpanish.
Consonants
SpecialThanksto
http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.html
http://vlc.polyu.edu.hk/Pronunciation/cons
onant/consonan.htm
http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/linguistics/lectures/10lct15i.html
TablesofSyllables Vow
els
positionsofatonguefrontcenterback
flatlips/round
lipsFR
F
R
FR
high
i
u
middle
e
o
low
a
"a"asinpast
"i"as
inpit
"u"asinput
"e"asinpet
"o"asinpot
Strictlyspeakin
g,theyareslightlydifferentfromtherealsoundofJapanese.Thebestway
toconfirmthesesoundsistolistento
therealsoundspronouncedbyanative
speakerofJap
anese.Inthisarticle,IhavenopurposetotellthecorrectsounddeeplysoIdonotmentionmoredetails.
Japanesehas
22consonantsthatareeasytopronounce.
Consonants
labialalveolar
post-
alveolarpalatalvelarglottal
voicelessplosives
p
t
k
voicedplosives
b
d
g
voicelessaffricates
ts
ch
voicedaffric
ates
dz
dj
voicelessfrica
tives
f
s
sh
h
voicedfricatives
v
z
j
nasals
m
n
lateralapproximants
r
approximants
w
y
"p"asinspace
"b"asinbase
"f"asinfade
withoutupperteeth
"v"asinvase
"m"asinmake
"w"asinwake
"t"asinstay
"d"asindate
"ts"asinboots
"dz"asincards
"s"asinsake
"z"asinzoo
"n"asinnet
"r"asintermediatesound
betweenlandr
"ch"asinchase
"dj"asinadjust
"sh"asinshake
"j"asinjet
"y"asinyou
"k"asinskate
"g"asingate
"h"asinhead
Theyareslightlydifferentfromtherealsounds.Ifyouknowtheexactsounds,pleaserefertheothersources.Idonotfocusontheexactsoundsaswellasthesound
sof
thevowelsinthisarticle.
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IamusingJapaneseHiraganaandKatakanafonttodisplaythefollowingtables.YoucangetthemwithoutanyspecialfeefromMicrosoftwebsite,http://www.microsoft.com,if
youuseWindows
OS.
Japanesehastwo
typesofphoneticscriptswhichhave
thesamepronunciationparallelly.
Hiragana
ThisscriptdescribesJapanesenativewordsand
loanwordsfromancientChinese.
Katakana
Thisscriptdescribesloanwordsfromforeignlan
guagesexceptancientChinese.
StandardSyllables(B
yHiragana)
a
i
u
e
o
BBBB:w:w:w:w
BBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:w
k,ky
ka
ki
ku
ke
ko
kyakyukyo
BBBB:w:w:w:w
BBBB:w:w:w:w
BBBB:w:w:w:w
BBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBF
BBF
BBF
BBF:w:w:w:wBBH
BBH
BBH
BBH:w:w:w:w
BBJ:w
BBJ:w
BBJ:w
BBJ:w
s,sh
sa
shi
su
se
so
shashush
o
BBBB:w:w:w:w
BBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBF
BBF
BBF
BBF:w:w:w:wBBH
BBH
BBH
BBH:w:w:w:wB
BJ:w
BBJ:w
B
BJ:w
BBJ:w
t,ch,ts
ta
chitsu
te
to
chachuch
o
B"B"B"B":w:w:w:w
B$B$B$B$:w:w:w:wB'B'B'B':w:w:w:wB)B)B)B):w:w:w:wB+B+B+B+:w:w:w:wB$BF
B$BF
B$BF
B$BF:w:w:w:wB$BH
B$BH
B$BH
B$BH:w:w:w:wB$
BJ:w
B$
BJ:w
B$
BJ:w
B$
BJ:w
n,ny
na
ni
nu
ne
no
nyanyuny
o
B-B-B-B-:w:w:w:w
B.B.B.B.:w:w:w:wB/B/B/B/:w:w:w:wB0B0B0B0:w:w:w:wB1B1B1B1:w:w:w:wB.BF
B.BF
B.BF
B.BF
h,f,hy
ha
hi
fu
he
ho
hyahyuhy
o
B2B2B2B2:w:w:w:w
B5B5B5B5:w:w:w:wB8B8B8B8:w:w:w:wB;B;B;B;:w:w:w:wB>B>B>B>:w:w:w:wB5BF
B5BF
B5BF
B5BF
m,my
ma
mi
mu
me
momyamyumy
o
y
ya
yu
yo
BGBGBGBG:w:w:w:w
BIBIBIBI:w:w:w:w
BKBKBKBK:w:w:w:w
r,ry
ra
ri
ru
re
ro
rya
ryu
ryo
BLBLBLBL:w:w:w:w
BMBMBMBM:w:w:w:wBNBNBNBN:w:w:w:wBOBOBOBO:w:w:w:wBPBPBPBP:w:w:w:wBMBF
BMBF
BMBF
BMBF:w:w:w:wBMBH
BMBH
BMBH
BMBH:w:w:w:wBMBJ:w
BMBJ:w
BMBJ:w
BMBJ:w
w
waBR
BRBRBR:w:w:w:w
g,gy
ga
gi
gu
ge
go
gyagyugy
o
BBBB:w:w:w:w
BBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBF
BBF
BBF
BBF:w:w:w:wBBH
BBH
BBH
BBH:w:w:w:wBBJ:w
BBJ:w
BBJ:w
BBJ:w
z,j
za
ji
zu
ze
zo
ja
ju
jo
BBBB:w:w:w:w
BBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wB!B!B!B!:w:w:w:wBBF
BBF
BBF
BBF:w:w:w:wBBH
BBH
BBH
BBH:w:w:w:wB
BJ:w
BBJ:w
B
BJ:w
BBJ:w
Japanesehassyllablesthatare
plainlycombinedwithaconsonantan
davowel.Thefollowinglistshowsus
the
standardphonemes
V1:a,i,u,e,o
V2:a,u,o
V3:a
C1:k,s,t,n,h,m,r,g,z,d,b,p
C2:ky,sh,ch,ny,hy,my
,y,ry,gy,j,by,py
C3:w
S:n',c',h'
Thefollowinglistshowsusthes
tandardcombinations
V1:5syllables
C1V1:12x5=60syllables
C2V2:13x3=39syllables
C3V3:1x1=1syllables
S:3syllables
Total:108syllables
However,thefollowingsyllables
areexceptional.
soundchange:"shi">"si","chi">"ti","tsu">"tu","fu">"h
u","ji">"zi","dji">"di","dzu">"du"
samesounds:"ji"="dji","zu"="dzu","ja"="dja","ju"="dju","jo"="djo"
Thefollowinglistshowsustherealsoundofthespecialsyllables.The
lastletter"'"isusuallyomittableexcept
beforevowelandsemi-vowelletters(a,i,u,e,o,y,w)ifitisnotambiguous.
n':"m"before"p,b,m"."n"beforetheothers
d,dj,dz
da
djidzu
de
do
dja
dju
djo
B#B#B#B#:w:w:w:w
B%B%B%B%:w:w:w:wB(B(B(B(:w:w:w:wB*B*B*B*:w:w:w:wB,B,B,B,:w:w:w:wB%BF
B%BF
B%BF
B%BF:w:w:w:wB%BH
B%BH
B%BH
B%BH:w:w:w:wB%
BJ:w
B%
BJ:w
B%
BJ:w
B%
BJ:w
b,by
ba
bi
bu
be
bo
byabyuby
o
B3B3B3B3:w:w:w:w
B6B6B6B6:w:w:w:wB9B9B9B9:w:w:w:wB"n-hiki-menomuse(thesecondmouse)
yn-konornji(fouroranges)>"yn-ko-me
noornji(theforthorange)
Verbs,AdjectivalVerbs,AuxiliaryVerbs
TheVerbalCon
jugation
Japanesehasarichconjugationsystem,comparingEnglish.(ButitisnotasrichasRomancelanguages.)ThischapterintroduceswholeconjugationtablesofJapanes
everbs.
TounderstandallisunnecessaryforbeginnersofJapan
ese.However,toknowtheoutlineisveryusefulforthem,sinceyoucanim
aginewhatJapanesecanexpressby
these
table.
9
kyu-nin
BBHBB.BV:wkyu-hiki
BBHB
B5B:wkyu-ko
BBHBB:w
10
ju-nin
BBHBB.BV:wjp-piki
BB&B
7B:w
jk-ko
BB&B:w
100
hyk-nin
B5BFBB.BV:whyp-piki
B5BFB&B7B:whyk-ko
B5BFB&B:w
1,000sn-nin
BBVB.BV:w
sn-biki
BBVB
6B:w
sn-ko
BBVB:w
10,000chi-man-n
in
chi-man-biki
chi-man-ko
TheVerbalS
ystem
verb
adjectival
verb
copula
politeverb
(-masu)
p
olitecopula
(desu)
weakverb
strongverb
Inflection
present
indicative
-ru
-u
-i
da
-masu
d
esu
enumeration
nari
conditional-reba
-eba
-kereba
nara
imperative-ro
-e
-mase(*3)
subjunctive-you
-ou
-karou(*2)darou-mashou
d
eshou
participle
[usestem]
-i
-ku
ni
past
indicative
-ta
-katta
datta-mashita
d
eshita
participle
-te
-kute
de
-mashite(*3)d
eshite(*3)
negative
participle
-zu
-azu
-masen(*4)
Japaneseh
as6typesofconjugationexcludingirregulartypes.Theyareweakverbsforverbswhosestemsendwithavowe
l,strongverbsforverbswhosestems
endwith
aconsonan
t,adjectivalverbs,thecopula,politeverbswhichconsistofverbsfollowedb
yapoliteauxiliaryverbandthepolite
copulawhichisthepolitecorrespond
enceof
thecopula.
Japaneseh
as3layersintheverbalsystem.Theupperlayerclassifiestheinflectionsandthederivatives.Thesecondlayerclassifiesthepastandthepresent.Thelower
layerhas6
forms.Thenithasonetraceforthenegativepresentbyhistoricalreasons.
Japaneseverbshave4derivativeverbs.Theyarenegativeverbswhichisconjugatedasanadjectivalverb,causativeverbs,passiveverbsandpotentialverbs.Allofthe
last3deriva
tiveverbsareconjugatedasweakve
rbs.
Japaneseh
as2tenseswhicharethepresentandthepast.Thepresentincludesnotonlytheliteralmeaningbutalsothefuture,thehabitualaction,thenaturerulesand
thehistorica
lpresent.Thepastalsoincludesvariousmeaningsaswellastheliteralme
aning.Itincludestheperfectandthe
confirmation.Thesetwotenseshavean
influenceon
subordinateclauses.
Japaneseh
as6formsinthelowerlayers.Theya
re3predicativeformsand3conjunctiveforms.3predicativeformscorrespondto3moods,theindicative,theimperative
andthesub
junctive.Especially,thepresentind
icativeandthepastindicativearesimplycalledthepresentandthepastastheabbreviation.Ontheotherhand,
theother3conjunctiveformsaretheenumeration,theconditionalandtheparticiple.In
classicJapanese,ithadalmostcompletesetof6formsforthepastandthe
negativeas
wellasthepresent.However,theyaresimplifiedandisolatedtoanotherwords,sothetotalnumberoftheinflectionsis9,whichare6forthepresent,
2forthe
past,1forthenegativeinmodernJapanese.Whenyouexpressallsetsofformsforthepastandthenegative,youuseinflectionalparticles,whichcomeformthe
inflectionso
fthecopulas,withanotherformsand
anotherderivativeverbscorrespondingly.
(*1)Thepotentialderivativeverbsofweakverbssometimesomittheirsoundfrom"-rareru"to"-reru"incolloquialconversation.Itiscalled"ra-nuki(ra-omission)"in
Japanese.
(*2)Thesubjunctiveinflectionofadjectivalverbsisusuallyreplacedwith"-idarou",whichisthepresentinflectionfollowedbythesubjunctiveofthecopula.Forpo
lite
contexts,"-ideshou"isused.
(*3)Theseinflectionsarenotusedgenerally.The
yaremainlyusedinclassicdocumen
ts,formaldocumentsoridiomaticexp
ressions,whenyoucomeacrossthem
.
(*4)Thenegativeformofthepoliteverbisnotthe
participlebuttheindicative.
Insomedia
lectsandsomespeeches,thenegativ
everb"-na-i"isabbreviatedasfollow
s.
then
egativepresentindicative:"-na-i">">">">""-n"or"-nu".
then
egativepresentconditional:"-na-k
ereba">">">">""-neba".
Inflectionalpartic
lesarenotincludedinpartsofspeech.Theyfillthelostformsoftheverbalsystem,suchasthepastenumerationassoon.
thepresentenumeration:thepresent+"nari",whichistheenumerationofthecopula.
thepresentconditional:thepresent+"nari",whichistheconditionalofthecopula.
thepresentsubjunctive:thepresent+"darou",whichisthesubjunctiveofthecopula
.
thepasten
umeration:thepast+"nari",whichistheenumerationofthecopula.
thepastco
nditional:thepast+"nari",whichis
theconditionalofthecopula.
thepastsu
bjunctive:thepast+"darou",which
isthesubjunctiveofthecopula.
thenegativ
eimperative:thepresent+"na",wh
ichisaspecialparticletoexpresspro
hibition.
thenegativ
esubjunctive:thepresent+"mai",whichisaspecialparticletoexpressn
egativeintentmainly.
thenegativ
epastparticiple:thenegativeverb+"de",whichisthepastparticipleofthecopula.
Derivative
neg
ativeverb
-na-i
-ana-i
causativeverb
-sase-ru
-ase-ru
passiveverb
-rare-ru
-are-ru
potentialverb
-(ra)re-ru(*1)-e-ru
Inflectio
nalParticles
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(*1)Thepastenumerationusuallydrops"na"in"nari".Sothepopularformsare"-tari",
"-kattari","-dattari"andsoon.
(*2)Thepastconditionalusuallydrops"na"in"na
ra".Sothepopularformsare"-tara","-kattara","-dattara"andsoon.
(*3)Thepastsubjectivedoesnotusuallydrop"da
"in"darou".
(*4)Thenegativesubjectiveusuallydrops"ru"in"-rumai",whenitfollowsweekverbs.
Inflectionalpolite
particlesaddpolitemeaningstoinflections.Theycomefromtheinflectionsofthepolitecopula.
thepolitep
resent:thepresent+"desu",whichisthepresentofthepolitecopula.
thepolitep
resentsubjunctive:thepresent+"deshou",whichisthesubjunctiveofth
epolitecopula.
thepolitep
ast:thepast+"desu",whichisthep
resentofthepolitecopula.
thepolitep
astsubjunctive:thepast+"deshou
",whichisthesubjunctiveofthepolitecopula.
(*1)Thisfor
m"tadesu"isnotformalinwriting.Itismainlyusedincolloquialconversationsinsteadoftheformalform"-mash
ita".
(*2)Thisfor
m"dattadesu"isnotformalinwriting.Itismainlyusedincolloquialconversationsinsteadoftheformalform"deshita".
particle
verb
adjectival
verb
copula
politeverb
(-m
asu)
politecopula
(desu)
weakverbstrongverb
present
enum
erationnari
-runari
-unari
-inari
nari
-masu
nari
desunari
conditionalnara
-runara
-unara
-inara
nara
-masu
nara
desunara
subj
unctivedarou
-rudarou-udaro
u-idarou
darou
past
enum
erationnari(*1)
-tanari
-tari
-kattanari
-kattari
dattanari
dattari
-mash
itanari
-mash
itari
deshitanari
deshitari
conditionalnara(*2)
-tanara
-tara
-kattanara
-kattara
dattanara
dattara
-mash
itanara
-mash
itara
deshitanara
deshitara
subj
unctivedarou(*3)
-tadarou
-tarou
-kattadarou
-kattarou
dattadarou
dattarou
negative
imp
erativena
-runa
-una
subj
unctivemai(*4)
-(ru)mai-umai
-masu
mai
negativepast
par
ticiple
de
-na-ide
-ana-ide
InflectionalPoliteParticles
particle
verb
adjectival
verb
copula
weakverbstrongverb
presentindicative
desu
-id
esu
subjunctiv
edeshou-rudeshou-udeshou-id
eshou
past
indicative
desu
-tadesu(*1)
-ka
ttadesu
dattadesu(*2)
subjunctiv
edeshou-tadeshou
-ka
ttadeshoudattadeshou
SoundChangesofStrongVerbs
ADictionary
Strongverbswhosestemsendwithaconsonant
havesomesoundchagensmainlyfor
theirpastandpastparticiple,becauseJapanese,whichisanopensyllabic
language,n
eedsspecialconsiderationswhenthe
lastconsonantofaverbalstemisfollowedbytheinflections.
Thefirst11
patternsarecausedbydoubleconsonants,thelast7patternsarecausedbypalatalizationoromission.
Combination
Stem+Inflection
R
ealForms
K-k+t->">">">"-it-
kak+t->">">">"kait-
kita,kite,k
itara,kitari
R-r+t->">">">"-tt-
kar+t->">">">"katt-
ktta,ktte,k
ttra,kttri
S-s+t->">">">"-shit-kas+t->">">">"kashit-kshita,kshite,kshitra,kshitri
T-t+t->">">">"-tt-
kat+t->">">">"katt-
ktta,ktte,k
ttara,kttari
W-w+t->">">">"-tt-
kaw+t->">">">"katt-
ktta,ktte,k
ttra,kttri
B-b+t->">">">"-nd-
ukab+t->">">">"ukand-kanda,kand
e,kandra,kandri
G-g+t->">">">"-id-
kag+t->">">">"kaid-
kida,kide,k
idra,kidri
M-m+t->">">">"-nd-kam+t->">">">"kand-
knda,knde,
kndara,kndari
N-n+t->">">">"-nd-
shin+t->">">">"shind-shnda,shnde,shndra,shndri
S-s+i>">">">"-shi
kas+i>">">">"kashi
kshi
T-t+i>">">">"-chi
kat+i>">">">"kachi
kchi
T-t+u>">">">"-tsu
kat+u>">">">"katsu
ktsu
W-w+i>">">">"-i
kaw+i>">">">"kai
ki
W-w+u>">">">"-u
kaw+u>">">">"kau
ku
W-w+e->">">">"-e-
kaw+e->">">">"kae-
ke,kba,k
eru
W-w+ou>">">">"-ou
kaw+ou>">">">"kaou
ku
JapaneseKanaEnglish
kku
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B:w:w:w:wtowrite
kru
B
BN
B
BN
B
BN
B
BN:w:w:w:wtocut
ksu
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B:w:w:w:wtolend
ktsu
B
B'
B
B'
B
B'
B
B':w:w:w:wtowin
ku
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B:w:w:w:wtobuy
kabu
B
BB9
B
BB9
B
BB9
B
BB9tofloat
kgu
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B:w:w:w:wtosmell
kmu
B
BC
B
BC
B
BC
B
BC:w:w:w:wtobite
shnu
BB/
BB/
BB/
BB/:w:w:w:wtodie
IrregularVerbs
ModernS
ClassicS
ClassicZ
K
Inflection
presen
t indicative-suru
-zuru
kru
conditional-sureba
-zureba
kreba
imperative-shiro
-jiro
ki
subjunctive-shiyou
-jiyou
kyu
participle-shi
-ji
k
past
indicative-shita
-jita
kta
participle-shite
-jite
kte
negativ
eparticiple-sezu
-zezu
kzu
Derivative
neg
ativeverb
-shina-i
-jina-i
kna-i
causativeverb
-sase-ru
-sesase-ru-zesase-ruksas-ru
passiveverb
-sare-ru
-serare-ru
-zerare-rukrar-ru
potentialverb
-deki-ru(*1)-serare-ru
-zerare-ruk(ra)r-ru
A
Dictionary
Japanese
Kana
English
sru
B
BN
B
BN
B
BN
B
BN:w:w:w:w
todo
dkru
B
*BBN
B
*BBN
B
*BBN
B
*BBN:w:w:w:w
tobeable
kru
B
BN
B
BN
B
BN
B
BN:w:w:w:w
tocome
isu
B
BB
B
BB
B
BB
B
BB:w:w:w:w
tolove
nssu
B
0B&B
B
0B&B
B
0B&B
B
0B&B:w:w:w:w
toheat
knjru
B
BVBBN
B
BVBBN
B
BVBBN
B
BVBBNtofeel
shnjruB
BVBBN
B
BVBBN
B
BVBBN
B
BVBBN:w:w:w:wtobelieve
kru
B
BBN
B
BBN
B
BBN
B
BBN:w:w:w:wtogettiredof
keru
B
BBN
B
BBN
B
BBN
B
BBN:w:w:w:w
toopen
karu-iB
BBNB
B
BBNB
B
BBNB
B
BBNB
bright
-
8/2/2019 A Logical Japanese Grammar
13/42
Japanesehas2typesofirregularconjugation(M
odernS,K)forprimitiveverbs.and3
types(ModernS,ClassicS,Classic
Z)forcompoundverbs.
ClassicSappearsinoneChinesecharacterfollowedby"suru".However,Thistypeism
ergedintoastrongverb,forexample
,"i-sru"into"is-u","ns-suru"in
to
"nss-u".YoudonothavetospeakClassicS,althoughyouhavetounderstanditwhenyouhearit.
ClassicZap
pearsinoneChinesecharacterfollow
edby"zuru"voicedfrom"suru".How
ever,Thistypeismergedintoaweak
verb,forexample,"kn-zru"into"k
n-jru",
"shn-zru"
into"shn-jru".YoudonothavetospeakClassicZ,althoughyouhaveto
understanditwhenyouhearit.
IrregularVerbKcontainsonlyoneword"kru"
ModernSis
frequentlyusedbyverbalnounscom
binedwith"suru".
(*1)Thepotentialderivativeverbof"suru"isperfe
ctlyadifferentoriginatedverbfrom"s
uru".Theverbis"dekiru"conjugated
asaweakverb.
References
thepresentenumeration:thepresent+"nari"
thepasten
umeration:thepast+"ri"(thepast+
"nari"isanalternation.)
thepastco
nditional:thepast+"ra"(thepast+"
nara"isanalternation.)
thenegativ
eimperative:thepresent+"na"
thenegativ
esubjunctive:thepresent+"mai"
(Weakverbsdrop"ru"preceding"mai".)
thenegativ
epastparticiple:thepresentofnegativeverbs+"de"
ConjugationTable-1
WeakVerbs
IrregularVerbs
I
E
ModernS
K
dictiona
ry
akiru
akeru
suru
kuru
Inflection
present
indicative
aki-ru
ake-ru
su-ru
ku-ru
conditional
-reba
-reba
-reba
-reba
imperative
-ro
-ro
shi
-ro
ko-i
subjunctive
-you
-you
-you
-you
participle
-
-
-
ki-
past
indicative
-ta
-ta
-ta
-ta
participle
-te
-te
-te
-te
negativeparticiple
-zu
-zu
se-zu
ko-zu
Derivative
negativeverb
-na-i
-na-i
shi-na-i
-na-i
causativeverb
-sase-ru
-sase
-rus
-ase-ru
-sase-ru
passiveverb
-rare-ru
-rare-
ru
-are-ru
-rare-ru
potentialverb
-(ra)re-ru
-(ra)re-rudeki-ru
-(ra)re-ru
thepresent
enumeration:thepresent+"nari"
thepastenumeration:thepast+"ri"(thepast+"nari"isanalternation.)
thepastconditional:thepast+"ra"(thepast+"
nara"isanalternation.)
thenegativeimperative:thepresent+"na"
thenegativesubjunctive:thepresent+"mai"
(Weakverbsdrop"ru"preceding"mai".)
thenegativepastparticiple:thepresentofnegativeverbs+"de"
ConjugationTable-2Stron
gVerbs
K
R
S
T
W
dictiona
ry
kaku
karu
kasu
katsu
kau
Inflection
present
indicative
kak-u
kar-u
kas
-u
kats-u
ka
-u
conditional
-eba
-eba
-eba
kat
-eba
-eb
a
imperative
-e
-e
-e
-e
-e
subjunctive
-ou
-ou
-ou
-ou
-ou
participle
-i
-i
kash-i
kach-i
-i
past
indicative
kai-ta
kat-ta
kashi
-ta
kat
-ta
kat-ta
participle
-te
-te
-te
-te
-te
negativeparticiple
kak-azu
kar-azu
kas
-azu
-azu
kaw-az
u
Derivative
negativeverb
-ana-i
-ana-i
-ana-i
-ana-i
-an
a-i
causativeverb
-ase-ru
-ase-ru
-ase-ru
-ase-ru
-as
e-ru
passiveverb
-are-ru
-are-ru
-are-ru
-are-ru
-are-ru
potentialverb
-e-ru
-e-ru
-e-ru
-e-ru
ka
-e-ru
thepresent
enumeration:thepresent+"nari"
thepastenumeration:thepast+"ri"(thepast+"nari"isanalternation.)
thepastconditional:thepast+"ra"(thepast+"
nara"isanalternation.)
thenegativeimperative:thepresent+"na"
thenegativesubjunctive:thepresent+"mai"
(Weakverbsdrop"ru"preceding"mai".)
thenegativepastparticiple:thepresentofnegativeverbs+"de"
ConjugationTable-3Stro
ngVerbs
B
G
M
N
dictiona
ry
ukabu
kagu
kamu
shinu
Inflection
present
indicative
ukab
-u
kag-u
kam-u
shin
-u
conditional
-eba
-eba
-eba
-eba
imperative
-e
-e
-e
-e
subjunctive
-ou
-ou
-ou
-ou
participle
-i
-i
-i
-i
past
indicative
ukan
-da
kai-da
kan-da
-da
participle
-de
-de
-de
-de
negativeparticiple
-azu
-azu
-azu
-azu
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Pleasereferto"RecessiveStems"toknowhowtoclassifystrongverbsandweakverbs.
Pleaseclick
thisJapanesedocument,ifyouarein
terestedinaconjugationtablewritten
inJapanese.
Verbs,AdjectivalVerbs,AuxiliaryVerbs
ThispageintroducesJapanesesimplesentences.Japanesesentencescanbecomposedonlywithverbs.Theydonotneedanynounswhichperformasubject,anobjectand
soon,althoughthe
senounsareveryhelpfultocommun
icateinformationaccurately.Thispag
efocusesontheprimitivesentences.
ThePolite
ukab
kag
kam
Derivative
negativeverb
-ana-i
-ana-i
-ana-i
-ana-i
causativeverb
-ase-ru
-ase-ru
-ase-ru
-ase-ru
passiveverb
-are-ru
-are-ru
-are-ru
-are-ru
potentialverb
-e-ru
-e-ru
-e-ru
-e-ru
thepresent
enumeration:thepresent+"nari"
thepastenumeration:thepast+"ri"(thepast+"nari"isanalternation.)
thepastconditional:thepast+"ra"(thepast+"
nara"isanalternation.)
thenegativeimperative:thepresent+"na"
thenegativesubjunctive:thepresent+"mai"
(Weakverbsdrop"ru"preceding"mai".)
thenegativepastparticiple:thepresentofnegativeverbs+"de"
ConjugationTable-4
AdjectivalVerbsCopula
PoliteCopula
PoliteVerb
dictiona
ry
akaru-i
da
desu
-masu
Inflection
present
indicative
akaru-i
da
de-su
-ma
-su
enumeration
-inari
nari
-sunari
-sunari
conditional
-kerebanara
-sunara
-sunara
subjunctive
-karou
darou
-shou
-shou
participle
-ku
ni
past
indicative
-katta
datta
-shita
-shita
participle
-kute
de
-shite
-shite
negative
indicative
-sen
thepastenumeration:thepast+"ri"(thepast+"nari"isanalternation.)
thepastconditional:thepast+"ra"(thepast+"
nara"isanalternation.)
(only"-masu")thenegativesubjunctive:thepresent+"mai"
(Weakverbsdrop"ru"preceding"mai".)
Japanesehasave
ryimportantfeaturerelatedtopolitelevels.Japaneseusesthedifferentpolitelevels,plainformsandpoliteforms
.Youshouldusethepoliteformsind
aily
conversation.This
pagecomposesallthesentenceswiththepoliteforms.Ontheotherhand,
theplainformsareusedinthefollowingsituation.Theyareintroducedinth
elater
chapters.
Dependentclausesincomplexsentences.
Conversatio
namongafamily,betweenamarried
orunmarriedcouple,amongintimate
friendsatthesameage.
Writtendocuments
Howtomakepolite
forms
Youmakep
oliteformsfrompresentparticipleofverbsfollowedbypoliteauxiliaryverb"-masu".
Howtousepolitepresentforms
Case1a
(K):B
BB]B:wB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBAB
A:w
(J):M
riagamh'ketto'orsh'chishi-m
asu.
(E):M
ariaresearchesthemarcket.
Case1b
(K):B
#BOB:wB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB
|BBABB
AB
BB]B:wBBAB
A:w
(J):D
regamh'ketto'orsh'chishimasuka?Mriagash-msu.
(E):W
horesearchesthemarcket?Maria
does.
Case1c
(K):B
BB]B:wB-B.BU:wBBpBB|BBABB
AB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBAB
A:w
(J):M
riaganni'orsh'chishi-masuk
a?Mh'ketto'orsh'chi-shi-masu.
(E):W
hatdoesMariaresearch?Sheresearchesthemarcket.
HowToMakePoliteForms
dictionary
presentparticiple
politeverb
politeform
steminflection
WeakVerb
E
nru
ne
>">">">"
n
+-m
su>">">">"n-msu
I
mru
mi
>">">">"
m
+-m
su>">">">"m-msu
StrongVerb
K
kku
kik
+i>">">">"
kki
+-m
su>">">">"kki-msu
R
nru
nar+i>">">">"
nri
+-m
su>">">">"nri-msu
S
dsu
das+i>">">">"
dshi+-m
su>">">">"dshi-msu
T
mtsu
mat+i>">">">"
mchi+-m
su>">">">"mchi-msu
Wu
iw
+i>">">">"
i
+-m
su>">">">"i-msu
B
ybu
yob+i>">">">"
ybi+-m
su>">">">"ybi-msu
G
ngu
nug+i>">">">"
ngi+-m
su>">">">"ngi-msu
M
nmu
nom+i>">">">"
nmi+-m
su>">">">"nmi-msu
N
shnu
shin+i>">">">"
shni+-m
su>">">">"shni-msu
IrregularVerbK
kru
k
+i>">">">"
k
+-m
su>">">">"k-msu
S
sru
s
+i>">">">"
shi
+-m
su>">">">"sh-msu
ADictionary
JapaneseKana
English
nru
B0BN
B0BN
B0BN
B0BN:
w
:
w
:
w
:
wtosleep
mru
BBBN
BBBN
BBBN
BBBN:
w
:
w
:
w
:
wtosee
kku
BBBBBBBB:w:w:w:w
tohear
nru
B-BN
B-BN
B-BN
B-BN:w:w:w:wtobecome
dsu
B#BB#BB#BB#B:w
:
w:w
:
wtoputout
mtsu
BAB'
BAB'
BAB'
BAB':
w
:w:
w
:wtowait
u
BBBBBBBB:w:w:w:w
tosay
ybu
BKB9
BKB9
BKB9
BKB9:
w
:
w
:
w
:
wtocall
ngu
B/BB/BB/BB/B:w:w:w:wtotakeoff
nmu
B1BC
B1BC
B1BC
B1BC:w:w:w:wtodrink
shnu
BB/
BB/
BB/
BB/:w:w:w:w
todie
-
8/2/2019 A Logical Japanese Grammar
15/42
Case2a
(K):B
B_BflB^B~BB:wBsBbBBB\BBU:w
BKB6BAB
A:w
(J):D
ividdogaJnifah''oybi-msu.
(E):D
avidcallsJennifer.
Case2b
(K):B
#BOB:wBsBbBBB\BBU:wBKB6BABB
ABB_BflB^B~BB:wBKB6BAB
A:w
(J):D
regaJnifah''oybi-msuka?Dividdogaybi-msu.
(E):W
hocallsJennifer?Daviddoes.
Case2c
(K):B
B_BflB^B~BB:wB#BOBU:wBKB6BABB
ABsBbB
BB\BBU:wBKB6BAB
A:w
(J):D
ividdogadre'oybi-msuka?J
nifah''oybi-msu.
(E):W
hodoesDavidcall?HecallsJenn
ifer.
TheNegative
Tocreatenegative
politeformsisveryeasy.Itisonlytochangetheendof"-masu".
Howtousenegativepolitepresentforms
Case1a
(K):B
BB]B:wB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBABBV
A:w
(J):M
ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chi-shi-m
asen.
(E):M
ariadoesnotresearchesthemarc
ket.
Case1b
(K):B
BB]B:wB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBABB
AB
2BABBABABBBABBABBVA:w
(J):M
ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-m
asuka?Hai,shi-masu.Iie,shi-mas
en.
(E):D
oesMariaresearchesthemarcket?Yes,shedoes.No,shedoesn't.
Case2a
(K):B
sBBfiB:wBnBBBU:wB/BBABBV
A:w
(J):Jongakoh'to'onugi-masen.
(E):J
ohndoesnottakeoffhiscoat.
Case2b
(K):B
sBBfiB:wBnBBBU:wB/BBABB
AB2BAB/BBABABBBAB/BBABBVA:w
(J):Jongakoh'to'onugi-masuka?Hai,
nugi-masu.Iie,nugi-masen.
(E):D
oesJohntakeoffhiscoat?Yes,hedoes.No,hedoesn't.
TheTense
Japanesehastwo
typesofbasictenses,thepresentandthepast.Asgeneralusages,thesetypearealmostcorrespondtothepres
entandthepast.However,thepresent
containsthefuture
andthepastcontainstheperfect.Ofcourse,Japanesehasmanyexpressiontodistinguishslighttensesbyusingauxiliaryverbsandhelpingverbs.However,
thesetwotypesaremostessentialtocomposeJapanesesentences.
Ne
gative
affirmative
inflection
negative
sh-msush-ma
s+en>">">">"sh-masn
Howtousepolitepastforms
Case1a
(K):B
BB]B:wB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBABB"
A:w
(J):M
ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-m
ashita.
(E):M
ariaresearchedthemarcket.
Case1b
(K):B
#BOB:wB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB
|BBABB"B
AB
BB]B:wBBABB"
A:w
(J):D
aregamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashitaka?Mariagashi-mashita.
(E):W
horesearchedthemarcket?Maria
did.
Case1c
(K):B
BB]B:wB-B.BU:wBBpBB|BBABB"B
AB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBABB"
A:w
(J):M
ariaganani'orisah'chishi-mashitaka?Mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashita.
(E):W
hatdidMariaresearch?Sheresea
rchedthemarcket.
Case1d
(K):B
BB]B:wB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBABBVB*BB"
A:w
(J):M
ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-m
asendeshita.
(E):M
ariadidnotresearchthemarcket.
Case1e
(K):B
BB]B:wB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBABB"B
AB2BABBABB"ABBBABBABBVB*B
B"A:w
(J):M
ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-m
ashitaka?Hai,shi-mashita.Iie,shi-masendeshita.
(E):D
idMariaresearchthemarcket?Yes,shedid.No,shedidn't.
Case2a
(K):B
tBBqBfiB:wBBBBuB^B~BjBU:wB
BBABB"
A:w
(J):S
uh'zangamyuh'zikku'okiki-mashita.
(E):S
usanlistenedtomusic.
Case2b
(K):B
#BOB:wBBBBuB^B~BjBU:wBBB
ABB"B
ABtB
BqBfiB:wBBBABB"
A:w
(J):D
aregamyuh'zikku'okiki-mashitak
a?Suh'zangakiki-mashita.
(E):W
holistenedtomusic?Susandid.
Case2c
(K):B
tBBqBfiB:wB-B.BU:wBBBABB"B
ABBBB
uB^B~BjBU:wBBBABB"
A:w
(J):S
uh'zanganani'okiki-mashitaka?Myuh'zikku'okiki-mashita.
(E):W
hatdidSusanlistento?Shelisten
edtomusic.
Case2d
(K):B
tBBqBfiB:wBBBBuB^B~BjBU:wB
BBABBVB*BB"
A:w
(J):S
uh'zangamyuh'zikku'okiki-masendeshita.
(E):S
usandidnotlistentomusic.
Case2e
(K):B
tBBqBfiB:wBBBBuB^B~BjBU:wB
BBABB"B
A
B2BABBBABB"ABBBABBBABBVB*BB"A:w
(J):S
uh'zangamyuh'zikku'okiki-mashitaka?Hai,kiki-mashita.Iie,kiki-ma
sendeshita.
(E):D
idSusanlistentomusic?Yes,she
did.No,shedidn't.
Tenses
prese
nt
inflection
past
affirmativesh-m
sushi-mas+i+ta
sh-mshita
negative
sh-ma
snshi-masen+deshitash-masndeshita
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16/42
TheMood
ThissectionintroducesthreemoodsofJapanese.Thefirstistheindicativemoodwhichhasbeenalreadyintroducedabove.These
condistheimperativemood.Thelastisthe
subjunctivemood.However,thesubjunctivemoodisnotsameasEnglish.Itshouldbecalled"theintentmood"and"theprobablem
ood".Anditisdividedinto2parts,"th
e
intent"and"thepro
bable".
Howtomaketheim
perativemoodwithpoliteness
affirm
ative:pastparticiple+"kudasai"
negative:pastparticiple+"kudasai"
Howtomaketheintentmoodwithpoliteness
affirm
ative:presentparticiple+"-mashou"whichisthesubjunctiveformofthepo
liteverb.
negative:presentparticiple+"-masumai"whichisthepresentformofthepolite
verbfollowedby"mai".
Howtomakethepr
obablemoodwithpoliteness
affirm
ativepresent:presentform+"deshou"whichisthesubjunctiveformofthe
politecopula.
affirm
ativepast:pastform+"deshou"whichisthesubjunctiveformofthepolite
copula.
negativepresent:negativepresent+"deshou"whichisthesubjunctiveformofthepolitecopula.
negativepast:negativepast+"deshou"whichisthesubjunctiveformofthepolitecopula.
Inordertoconstructthesentencesofthesemoods,you
needtoknowthefiveformsfirst.Theyarethepastformandthepastpartic
ipleformoftheaffirmative,thepresentform,
thepastformandthepastparticipleofthenegative.
H
owToMakePastForms
dictionary
past
stem
inflection
>#>#>#>#
WeakVerb
E
nru
ne
+ta>">">">"
nta
Imru
mi
+ta>">">">"
mta
StrongVerb
K
kku
kik
+ta>">">">"
kita
R
nru
nar
+ta>">">">"
ntta
S
dsu
das
+ta>">">">"
dshita
T
mtsu
mat+ta>">">">"
mtta
W
u
iw
+ta>">">">"
tta
B
ybu
yob
+ta>">">">"
ynda
G
ngu
nug
+ta>">">">"
nida
M
nmu
nom
+ta>">">">"
nnda
N
shnu
shin+ta>">">">"
shnd
a
K
kru
k
+i+ta>">">">"kta
HowToMakeNegativeForms
dictionary
negative
stem
derivative
>#>#>#>#
WeakVerb
Enru
ne
+na-i>">">">"
nna-i
Imru
mi
+na-i>">">">"
mna-i
StrongVerb
Kkku
kik
+a+na-i>">">">"kkana-i
Rnru
nar
+a+na-i>">">">"nrna-i
Sdsu
das
+a+na-i>">">">"dsna-i
Tmtsu
mat
+a+na-i>">">">"mtna-i
Wu
iw
+a+na-i>">">">"wana-i
Bybu
yob
+a+na-i>">">">"ybana-i
Gngu
nug
+a+na-i>">">">"ngna-i
Mnmu
nom
+a+na-i>">">">"nmna-i
Nshnu
shin
+a+na-i>">">">"shnana-i
Kkru
k
+o+na-i>">">">"kna-i
Thefollowingtable
showsyouhowtomaketheimperative,subjunctivemoods.
Howtousepoliteim
perativeforms
Case1a
(K):B
BB]BBVAB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB
|BB):wBB#BB
A:w
(J):M
aria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishitekudasai.
(E):M
s.Maria,pleaseresearchthemarc
ket.
Case1b
(K):B
BB]BBVAB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB
|BB-BB*:wBB#BB
A:w
(J):M
aria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishina-idekudasai.
(E):M
s.Maria,pleasedon'tresearchthe
marcket.
Case2a
(K):B
sBbB_BBuBBV
ABB_BfiBU:wB1BVB*:w
BB#BB
A
:w
(J):Jeimuzu-san,wain'onondekudasai.
(E):M
r.James,pleasedrinkwine.
Case2b
(K):B
sBbB_BBuBBV
ABB_BfiBU:wB1BAB-BB*:wBB#BB
A:w
(J):Jeimuzu-san,wain'onomana-idekudasai.
(E):M
r.James,pleasedon'tdrinkwine.
Howtousepolitesu
bjunctive(intent)forms
Case1a
(K):B
BB]BBVAB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB
|BBABBJB
A:w
(J):M
aria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashou.
(E):M
s.Maria,let'sresearchthemarcke
t.
Case1b
IrregularVerb
S
sru
s
+i+ta>">">">"
shta
pastpartic
iple:changetheendingofthepastfo
rm
-ta>
"-te
-da>"-de
IrregularVerbSsru
s
+i+na-i>">">">"shna-i
past:changetheending
-na-i>"-na-katta
pastparticiple:changeth
eending
-na-i>"-na-ide
Moods
[KanaTable]
imperative
affirmative
shite
(pastparticiple)
+kudasai>">">">"
shtekudasi
negative
shina-ide
(negativepastparticiple)+kudasai>">">">"
shn-idekudasai
subjunctive
intent
affirmative
shi
(presentparticiple)
+-mashou>
"
>
"
>
"
>
"sh-mashu
negative
shi
(presentparticiple)
+-masu+m
ai>">">">"sh-masumi
probab
le affirmativepresentsuru
(present)
+deshou>">">">"
srudeshu
past
shita
(past)
+deshou>">">">"
shtdeshou
negative
presentshina-i
(negativepresent)
+deshou>">">">"
shn-ideshou
past
shina-katta(negativepast)
+deshou>">">">"
shn-kattadeshou
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(K):B
BB]BBVABU:wBBpBB|BBABBJBB
AB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBABBJB
A:w
(J):M
aria-san,nani'orisah'chishi-mash
ouka?mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-m
ashou.
(E):M
s.Maria,whatshallweresearch.L
et'sresearchthemarcket.
Case1c
(K):B
BB]BBVAB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB
|BBABBAB
A:w
(J):M
aria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-masumai.
(E):M
s.Maria,let'snotresearchthemarcket.
Case1d
(K):B
BB]BBVAB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB
|BBABBJBB
AB2BABBABBJBABBBABBABBA
BA:w
(J):M
aria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashouka?Hai,shi-mashou.Iie,s
hi-masumai.
(E):M
s.Maria,shallweresearchthemarcket?Yes,let's.No,let'snot.
Case2a
(K):B
BjBzBB.:wB-BMBABBJB
A:w
(J):D
okutah'ninari-mashou.
(E):I
willbecomeadoctor.
Case2b
(K):B
-B.B.:wB-BMBABBJBB
ABBjBzBB.B-BMB
ABBJB
A:w
(J):N
anininari-mashouka?Dokutah'ninari-mashou.
(E):W
hatshallwebecome.Wewillbeco
medoctors.
Case2c
(K):B
BjBzBB.:wB-BMBABBAB
A:w
(J):D
okutah'ninari-masumai.
(E):I
willnotbeadoctor.
Case2d
(K):B
BjBzBB.:wB-BMBABBJBB
AB2BAB-BMBABBJBABBBAB-BMBABBABA:w
(J):D
okutah'ninari-mashouka?Hai,na
ri-mashou.Iie,nari-masumai.
(E):S
hallwebecomedoctors?Yes,let's
.No,let'snot.
Howtousepolitesu
bjunctive(probablepresent)forms
Case1a
(K):B
BB]B:wB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpB
B|BBNB*BBJB
A:w
(J):M
ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chisurudeshou.
(E):M
ariawillprobablyresearchthemarcket.
Case1b
(K):B
#BOB:wB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB
|BBNB*BBJBB
AB
BB]B:wBBNB*BBJB
A:w
(J):D
aregamah'ketto'orisah'chisurud
eshouka?Mariagasurudeshou.
(E):W
howillresearchthemarcket?Mariawillprobably.
Case1c
(K):B
BB]B:wB-B.BU:wBBpBB|BBNB*BBJBB
AB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBNB*BBJB
A:w
(J):M
ariaganani'orisah'chisurudesho
uka?Mah'ketto'orisah'chisurud
eshou.
(E):W
hatwillMariaresearch?Shewillp
robablyresearchthemarcket.
Case1d
(K):B
BB]B:wB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpB
B|BB-BB*BBJB
A:w
(J):M
ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishina
-ideshou.
(E):M
ariawillnotprobablyresearchthe
marcket.
Case1e
(K):B
BB]B:wB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpB
B|BBNB*BBJBB
AB2BABBNB*BBJBABBBABB-BB
*BBJBA:w
(J):M
ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chisurudeshouka?Hai,surudeshou.Iie,s
hina-ideshou.
(E):W
illMariaresearchthemarcket?Ye
s,shewillprobably.No,shewon'tprobably.
Case2a
(K):B
fBBfiB:wBBBflB^BBU:wBBBNB*BBJB
A:w
(J):K
arengamuh'vih''omirudeshou.
(E):K
arenwillprobablyseeamovie.
Case2b
(K):B
#BOB:wBBBflB^BBU:wBBBNB*BBJBB
ABfB
BfiB:wBBBNB*BBJB
A:w
(J):D
aregamuh'vih''omirudeshouka?
Karengamirudeshou.
(E):W
howillseeamovie?Karenwillprobably.
Case2c
(K):B
fBBfiB:wB-B.BU:wBBBNB*BBJB
B
ABBBflB^BBU:wBBBNB*BBJB
A:w
(J):K
arenganani'omirudeshouka?Muh'vih''omirudeshou.
(E):W
hatwillKarensee?Shewillprobablyseeamovie.
Case2d
(K):B
fBBfiB:wBBBflB^BBU:wBBB-BB*BBJB
A:w
(J):K
arengamuh'vih''omina-ideshou.
(E):K
arenwillnotprobablyseeamovie.
Case2e
(K):B
fBBfiB:wBBBflB^BBU:wBBBNB*BBJBB
AB2BABBBNB*BBJBABBBABBB-BB*BBJBA
:w
(J):K
arengamuh'vih''omirudeshouka
?Hai,mirudeshou.Iiemina-idesh
ou.
(E):W
illKarenseeamovie?Yes,shewillprobably.No,shewon'tprobably
.
Howtousepolitesu
bjunctive(probablepast)forms
Case1a
(K):B
BB]B:wB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpB
B|BB"B*BBJB
A:w
(J):M
ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishita
deshou.
(E):M
ariawouldprobablyresearchthemarcket.
Case1b
(K):B
#BOB:wB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB
|BB"B*BBJBB
AB
BB]B:wBB"B*BBJB
A:w
(J):D
aregamah'ketto'orisah'chishitadeshouka?Mariagashitadeshou.
(E):W
howouldresearchthemarcket?M
ariawouldprobably.
Case1c
(K):B
BB]B:wB-B.BU:wBBpBB|BB"B
*BBJBB
AB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BB"B*BB
JB
A:w
(J):M
ariaganani'orisah'chishitadeshouka?Mah'ketto'orisah'chishitadeshou.
(E):W
hatwouldMariaresearch?Shewo
uldprobablyresearchthemarcket
.
Case1d
(K):B
BB]B:wB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpB
B|BB-BB&B"B*BBJB
A:w
(J):M
ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishina
-kattadeshou.
(E):M
ariawouldnotprobablyresearchthemarcket.
Case1e
(K):B
BB]B:wB
BBlB~BBU
:wBBpBB|BB"B*BBJBB
AB2BABB"B*BBJBABBBABB-BB&B"B*BBJBA:w
(J):M
ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishita
deshouka?Hai,shitadeshou.Iie,shina-kattadeshou.
(E):W
ouldMariaresearchthemarcket?
Yes,shewouldprobably.No,shew
ouldn'tprobably.
Case2a
(K):B
BBBB:wBBtBU:wBAB&B"B*BBJB
A:w
(J):R
obah'togabasu'omattadeshou.
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(E):R
obertwouldprobablywaitfortheb
us.
Case2b
(K):B
#BOB:wBBtBU:wBAB&B"B*BBJB
B
ABBBB
B:wBAB&B"B*BBJB
A:w
(J):D
aregabasu'omattadeshouka?Robah'togamattadeshou.
(E):W
howouldwaitforthebus?Robert
wouldprobably.
Case2c
(K):B
BBBB:wB-B.BU:wBAB&B"B*BBJBB
ABBtB
U:wBAB&B"B*BBJB
A:w
(J):R
obah'toganani'omattadeshouka
?Basu'omattadeshou.
(E):W
hatwouldRobertwaitfor?Hewou
ldprobablywaitforthebus.
Case2d
(K):B
BBBB:wBBtBU:wBAB"B-BB&B
"B*BBJB
A:w
(J):R
obah'togabasu'omatana-kattade
shou.
(E):R
obertwouldnotprobablywaitforthebus.
Case2e
(K):B
BBBB:wBBtBU:wBAB&B"B*BBJBB
AB2BA
BAB&B"B*BBJBABBBABAB"B-BB&B"B*BBJB
A:w
(J):R
obah'togabasu'omattadeshouka?Hai,mattadeshou.Iie,matana-kattadeshou.
(E):W
ouldRobertwaitforthebus?Yes,hewouldprobably.No,hewouldn'tprobably.
Future
Japanesedoesnothaveanyspecialinflentiontoexpressfutureevents.Itusesthepresentfor
mforacertainfutureevent,theproba
blepresentformforanuncertainfuture
event.Indeed,therealmeaningofthepresentformisthepresent,thefutureandthehabitualformwhichcontainsfutureeventsaswellaspresentevents.
Howtoexpressfutu
retenses
Case1a(acertainevent)
(K):B
BB]B:wB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpB
B|BBAB
A:w
(J):M
ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-m
asu.
(E):M
ariawillresearchthemarcket.
Case1b(anuncertainevent)
(K):B
BB]B:wB
BBlB~BBU:wBBpB
B|BBNB*BBJB
A:w
(J):M
ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chisurudeshou.
(E):M
ariawillprobablyresearchthemarcket.
ASummary
Thefollowingtable
showsyouachartofthetenses.
Achartofthetensesof"suru"[KanaTable]
tenses
m
oods
English
JapanesePolite
Ref.JapanesePlain
AFFIpresent
indicativecertain
do
sh
-msu
sru
uncertaindoprobably
s
rudeshu
srudaru
subjunctive
woulddo
intent
let'sdo
sh
-mashu
shyu
imp
erative
Do
sh
tekudasi
shro
(*1)colloquialvariants(notusedinformalconversations)
Verbs,AdjectivalVerbs,AuxiliaryVerbs
ThispageintroducesJapaneseverbsofexistence.Tounderstandverbsofexistenceisveryim
portantinordertounderstandtheco
pulasandadjectivalverbs.
Existence
Japanesehastwotypesofverbsinordertoexpressexis
tence.Oneis"aru",whichisclassifiedintostrongverbs,formotionlessobjectstheotheris"iru",whichisclassifiedinto
weakverbs,formotionalobjectsincludinghumanbeings
.Thenegationof"aru"isreplacedwith"na-i",whichisclassifiedintoadjectivalverbs.Ontheotherhand,theneg
ationof
"iru"isderivedinto
"ina-i",whichisthenegativederivativeverb.However,"na-i"and"ina-i"are
mainlyusedasbasicforms.Somepolitenegationformsareexpressedby
the
inflectionsofthepo
liteverb"-masu".
ThePolitePresent
RMATIVE
past
indicativecertain
did
sh
-mshita
sh
tdesu(*1)
shta
uncertaindidprobably
sh
tdeshou
shtdarou
subjunctive
wouldhavedone
futureindicativecertain
willdo
sh
-msu
sru
uncertainwilldoprobably
s
rudeshu
srudaru
NEGATIVEpresent
indicativecertain
donotdo
sh
-masn
sh
n-idesu(*1)
shn-i
uncertaindonotdoprobably
sh
na-ideshu
shna-idaru
subjunctive
wouldnotdo
intent
let'snotdo
sh
-masumi
srumi
imp
erative
Don'tdo
sh
n-idekudasaisrna
past
indicativecertain
didnotdo
sh
-masndeshita
sh
n-kattadesu(*1)shn-katta
uncertaindidnotdoprobably
sh
n-kattadeshoushn-kattadaro
u
subjunctive
wouldnothavedone
futureindicativecertain
willnotdo
sh
-masn
sh
n-idesu(*1)
shn-i
uncertainwillnotdoprobablysh
na-ideshu
shna-idaru
HowtoMakeThePolitePresent
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Howtousethepolit
epresentforms
Case1a
(K):B
B_BB:wBhB~B|BfiB.:wBBMBAB
A:w
(J):Naifugakitchinniari-masu.
(E):A
knifeisinthekitchen.
Case1b
(K):B
B_BB:wBhB~B|BfiB.:wBBMBAB
BV
A:w
(J):Naifugakitchinniari-masen.
(E):A
knifeisnotinthekitchen.
Case1c
(K):B
B_BB:wBhB~B|BfiB.:wBBMBAB
B
AB2BAB
BMBABABBBABBMBABBVA:w
(J):Naifugakitchinniari-masuka?Hi,a
ri-masu.Iie,ari-masen.
(E):Isaknifeinthekitchen?Yes,itis.N
o,itisn't.
Case1d
(K):B
-B.B:wBhB~B|BfiB.:wBBMBABB
AB
B_BB
:wBBMBAB
A:w
(J):Nanigakitchinniari-masuka?Naifu
gaari-masu.
(E):W
hatisinthekitchen?Aknifeis.
Case1e
(K):B
B_BB:wB,BB.:wBBMBABB
ABhB~B|BfiB.:wBBMBAB
A:w
(J):Naifugadokoniari-masuka?Kitchinniari-masu.
(E):W
hereisaknife?Itisinthekitchen.
Case2a
(K):B
BpB:wBBflB^BfiBkBBBB.:wBBA
B
A:w
(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'munii-masu.
(E):L
isaisinthelivingroom.
Case2b
(K):B
BpB:wBBflB^BfiBkBBBB.:wBBA
BBV
A:w
(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'munii-masen.
(E):L
isaisnotinthelivingroom.
Case2c
(K):B
BpB:wBBflB^BfiBkBBBB.:wBBA
BB
AB2BABBABABBBABBABBVA:w
(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'munii-masuka?
Hi,i-masu.Iie,i-masen.
(E):IsLisainthelivingroom?Yes,sheis.No,sheisn't.
Case2d
(K):B
#BOB:wBBflB^BfiBkBBBB.:wBBABB
ABB
pB:wBBABA:w
(J):Daregarivingu-ruh'munii-masuka?
Risagai-masu.
(E):W
hoisinthelivingroom?Lisais.
Case2e
(K):B
BpB:wB,BB.:wBBABB
ABBflB^BfiBkBB
BB.:wBBAB
A:w
(J):Risagadokonii-masuka?Rivingu-ruh'munii-masu.
(E):W
hereisLisa?Sheisinthelivingro
om.
dictiona
rypresentparticiple
politeverb
politepresent
steminflection
affirmative
negative
motionless
aru
ar
+i>">">">"
ari+masu>">">">"ari-m
asu
ari-masen
motional
iru
i
>">">">"
i
+masu>">">">"i-masu
i-masen
ThePolitePast
Howtousethepolit
epastforms
Case1a
(K):B
B_BB:wBhB~B|BfiB.:wBBMBAB
B"
A:w
(J):Naifugakitchinniari-mashita.
(E):A
knifewasinthekitchen.
Case1b
(K):B
B_BB:wBhB~B|BfiB.:wBBMBAB
BVB*BB"
A:w
(J):Naifugakitchinniari-masendeshita
.
(E):A
knifewasnotinthekitchen.
Case1c
(K):B
B_BB:wBhB~B|BfiB.:wBBMBAB
B"B
AB2BAB
BMBABB"
ABBBABBMBABBVB*BB
"
A:w
(J):Naifugakitchinniari-mashitaka?Hi,ari-mashita.Iie,ari-masendeshita
.
(E):W
asaknifeinthekitchen?Yes,itwas.No,itwasn't.
Case1d
(K):B
-B.B:wBhB~B|BfiB.:wBBMBABB"B
AB
B_B
B:wBBMBABB"
A:w
(J):Nanigakitchinniari-mashitaka?Na
ifugaari-mashita.
(E):W
hatwasinthekitchen?Aknifewa
s.
Case1e
(K):B
B_BB:wB,BB.:wBBMBABB"B
ABhB~B|BfiB.:wBBMBABB"
A:w
(J):Naifugadokoniari-mashitaka?Kitc
hinniari-mashita.
(E):W
herewasaknife?Itwasinthekitc
hen.
Case2a
(K):B
BpB:wBBflB^BfiBkBBBB.:wBBA
BB"
A:w
(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'munii-mashita.
(E):L
isawasinthelivingroom.
Case2b
(K):B
BpB:wBBflB^BfiBkBBBB.:wBBA
BBVB*BB"
A:w
(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'munii-masende
shita.
(E):L
isawasnotinthelivingroom.
Case2c
(K):B
BpB:wBBflB^BfiBkBBBB.:wBBA
BB"B
AB2BABBABB"ABBBABBABBVB*BB"A:w
(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'munii-mashitak
a?Hi,i-mashita.Iie,i-masendeshita.
(E):W
asLisainthelivingroom?Yes,sh
ewas.No,shewasn't.
Case2d
(K):B
#BOB:wBBflB^BfiBkBBBB.:wBBABB"B
ABBpB:wBBABB"
A:w
(J):Daregarivingu-ruh'munii-mashitaka?Risagai-mashita.
(E):W
howasinthelivingroom?Lisawas.
HowtoMakeThePolitePast
dictiona
rypresentparticiple
politeverb(past)
politepast
steminflection
affirmative
negative
motionless
aru
ar
+i>">">">"
ari+mashita>">">">"
ari-mashitaari-masendeshita
motional
iru
i
>">">">"
i
+mashita>">">">"
i-mashita
i-masendeshita
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(E):Lisa,pleasedonotstayintheliving
room.
Howtousethepoliteintentforms
Case1a
(K):BBpBBVABBflB^BfiBkBBBB.:wBBAB
BJB
A:w
(J):Risa-san,rivingu-ruh'munii-mashou
.
(E):Lisa,let'sstayinthelivingroom.
Case1b
(K):BBpBBVABBflB^BfiBkBBBB.:wBBAB
BAB
A:w
(J):Risa-san,rivingu-ruh'munii-masu-m
ai.
(E):Lisa,let'snotstayinthelivingroom
.
ASummary
Thefollowingtable
showsyouachartofthetenses.
HowtoMakeThePoliteIntentM
ood
dictionary
presentparticiple
politeverb(subjunctive)
politeintentmood
steminflection
affirmative
negative
motional
iru
i
>">">">"
i+mashou>">">">"
i-mashoui-masu-mai
Achartofthetensesof"aru"(astrong
verb)[KanaTable]
tenses
m
oods
English
JapanesePolite
Ref.JapanesePlain
AFFIRMATIVEpresentindicativ
ecertain
am/are/is
ri-msu
ru
uncertainam/are/isprobably
rudeshou
rudarou
subj
unctive
wouldbe
past
indicativ
ecertain
was/were
ri-mshita
ttadesu(*)
tta
uncertainwas/wereprobably
ttadeshou
ttadarou
subj
unctive
wouldhavebeen
futureindicativ
ecertain
willbe
ri-msu
ru
uncertainwillbeprobably
rudeshou
rudarou
NEGATIVpresentindicativ
ecertain
am/are/isnot
ri-masn
n-idesu(*)
n-i
uncertainam/are/isnotprobably
n-ideshou
n-idarou
subj
unctive
wouldnotbe
past
indicativ
ecertain
was/werenot
ri-masndeshita
n-kattadesu(*)
n-katta
uncertainwas/werenotprobably
n-kattadeshou
n-kattadarou
subj
unctive
wouldnothavebeen
(*)colloquial
variants(notusedinformalconversations)
(*)colloquial
variants(notusedinformalconversations)
E
futureindicativ
ecertain
willnotbe
ri-masn
n-idesu(*)
n-i
uncertainwillnotbeprobably
n-ideshou
n-idarou
Achartofthetensesof"iru"(aweakverb)[KanaTable]
tenses
m
oods
English
JapanesePolite
Ref.JapanesePlain
AFFIRMATIVEpresent
indicativ
ecertain
am/are/is
-msu
r
uncertainam/are/isprobably
rdeshou
rdarou
subj
unctive
wouldbe
in
tent
let'sbe
-mashu
yu
imp
erative
Be
tekudasi
r
past
indicativ
ecertain
was/were
-mshita
tdesu(*)
t
uncertainwas/wereprobably
tdeshou
tdarou
subj
unctive
wouldhavebeen
futureindicativ
ecertain
willbe
-msu
r
uncertainwillbeprobably
rdeshou
rdarou
NEGATIVEpresent
indicativ
ecertain
am/are/isnot
-masn
n-idesu(*)
n-i
uncertainam/are/isnotprobably
n-ideshou
n-idarou
subj
unctive
wouldnotbe
in
tent
let'snotbe
-masumi
rumi
imp
erative
Don'tbe
n-idekudasairna
past
indicativ
ecertain
was/werenot
-masndeshita
n-kattadesu(*)
n-katta
uncertainwas/werenotprobably
n-kattadeshoun-kattadarou
subj
unctive
wouldnothavebeen
futureindicativ
ecertain
willnotbe
-masn
n-idesu(*)
n-i
uncertainwillnotbeprobably
n-ideshou
n-idarou
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(J):W
iriamu'wadokutah'deari-masend
eshita.
(E):W
illiamwasnotadoctor.
Case1c(*1)
(K):BaB^BB]BB2:wBBjBzBB*BB"B
AB2BABBB*BB"ABBBABBB*:wBBMBABBVB*BB"
A:w
(J):W
iriamu'wadokutah'deshitaka?Ha
i,soudeshita.Iie,soudeari-masen
deshita.
(E):W
asWilliamadoctor?Yes,hewas.No,hewasn't.
Case1d(*2)
(K):B#BOB:wBBjBzBB*BB"B
ABaB^BB]BB:wBBB*BB"
A:w
(J):Daregadokutah'deshitaka?Wiriamugasoudeshita.
(E):W
howasadoctor?Williamwas.
Case1e(*3)
(K):B
BOB2:wB-B.B*BB"BABBOB2:wBBfiB*BB"
A
:w
(J):Kore'wananideshitaka?Sore'wapendeshita.
(E):W
hatwasthis?Itwasapen.
(*1),(*2),(*3)
Pleaserefertheabovelist.
ThePoliteSubjunctivePresent
Howtousethepolitesubjectivepresentforms
Case1a
(K):BaB^BB]BB2:wBBjBzBB*BBJB
A:w
(J):W
iriamu'wadokutah'deshou.
(E):W
illiamisprobablyadoctor.
Case1b
(K):BaB^BB]BB2:wBBjBzBB*:wB-BB*B
BJB
A:w
(J):W
iriamu'wadokutah'dena-ideshou
.
(E):W
illiamisnotprobablyadoctor.
Thislistdoesnotintroducetheinterrogativesentenceswiththesubjunctiveforms,becausethe
yarenotsimplecorrespondencetotheindicativesentences.Theycontain
courteousnuance.
ThePoliteSubjunctivePast
Howtousethepolitesubjectivepastforms
Case1a
(K):BaB^BB]BB2:wBBjBzBB#B&B"B*BBJB
A:w
(J):W
iriamu'wadokutah'dattadeshou.
(E):W
illiamwasprobablyadoctor.
Case1b
(K):BaB^BB]BB2:wBBjBzBB*:wB-BB&
B"B*BBJB
A:w
(J):W
iriamu'wadokutah'dena-kattadeshou.
(E):W
illiamwasnotprobablyadoctor.
Thislistdoesnotintroducetheinterrogativesentenceswiththesubjunctiveforms,becausethe
yarenotsimplecorrespondencetotheindicativesentences.Theycontain
courteousnuance.
ThePoliteImperativeandIntentMood
Thecopulasdonot
havethesetypesofinflections,althou
ghthesubjectofasentenceisamotionalobjectwhichhaswillslikehumanbeings,animalsandsoon.Whenyo
u
expressthesemoods,youuseordinaryverbs"naru"whic
hmeans"tobecome","suru"whichm
eans"todo",andsoon.
AdjectivalVerb
AdjectivalverbisauniquepartofspeechinJapanese.ThereisnocounterpartinEnglish.Adje
ctivalverbisregardedas"tobe"+ad
jectiveinEnglish.Ithasthetenseformsin
theinflections.Firstly,thischapterintroduceswholethetensesoftheadjectivalverbswhichprovidetheuniqueformsfortheaffirmative,whiletheyuse"-ku"+thenegativ
eofthe
verbsofexistenceforthenegative.Next,theadjectivalverbsprovideadjectivalusagesandadverbialusageswiththeirinflections.H
owever,Iskipexplanationaboutthem
.Iwill
explaintheminlaterchapters.
(*1)colloquia
lvariants(notusedinformalconversations)
ThePolitePresent
Achartofthetensesoftheadjectivalverbs[KanaTable]
tenses
m
oods
English
JapanesePolite
Ref.JapanesePlain
AFFIRMATIVEpresentindicativ
ecertain
am/are/isbright
kar-idesu
kar-i
uncertainam/are/isbrightprobably
kar-ideshou
kar-idarou
subjunctive
wouldbebright
past
indicativ
ecertain
was/werebright
kar-kattadesu
kar-katta
uncertainwas/werebrightprobably
kar-kattadeshou
kar-kattadarou
subjunctive
wouldhavebeenbright
futureindicativ
ecertain
willbebright
kar-idesu
kar-i
uncertainwillbebrightprobably
kar-ideshou
kar-idarou
NEGATIVEpresentindicativ
ecertain
am/are/isnotbright
karu-kuari-masn
karu-kun-idesu(*1)
karu-kun-i
uncertainam/are/isnotbrightprobably
karu-kun-ideshou
karu-kun-idarou
subjunctive
wouldnotbebright
past
indicativ
ecertain
was/werenotbright
karu-kuari-masndeshita
karu-kun-kattadesu(*1)
karu-kun-katta
uncertainwas/werenotbrightprobably
karu-kun-kattadeshou
karu-kun-kattadarou
subjunctive
wouldnothavebeenbright
futureindicativ
ecertain
willnotbebright
karu-kuari-masn
karu-kun-idesu(*1)
karu-kun-i
uncertainwillnotbebrightprobab
ly
karu-kun-ideshou
karu-kun-idarou
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Howtousethepolitepresentforms
Case1a
(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNBB*B
A:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-idesu.
(E):Thelampisbright.
Case1b
(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNB:wBBMBABBV
A:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-kuarimasen.
(E):Thelampisnotbright.
Case1c
(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNBB*BB
AB2BABBBNBB*BABBBABBBNB:wBBMBABBV
A:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-idesuka?Hai,akaru
-idesu.Iie,akaru-kuarimasen.
(E):Is
thelampbright?Yes,itis.No,itis
n't.
Case1d
(K):B-B.B:wBBBNBB*BBABBfiBB:wBB
BNBB*B
A:w
(J):Nanigaakaru-idesuka?Ranpugaakaru-idesu.
(E):W
hatisbright?Thelampis.
Case1e
(K):BBfiBB2:wB,BB*BB
ABBBNBB*BA:w
(J):Ranpu'wadoudesuka?Akaru-idesu.
(E):Howisthelump.Itisbright.
ThePolitePast
Howtousethepolitepastforms
Case1a
(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNBB&B"B*B
A:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-kattadesu.
(E):Thelampwasbright.
Case1b
(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNB:wBBMBABBV
:wB*BB"
A:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-kuarimasendeshita.
(E):Thelampwasnotbright.
Case1c
(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNBB&B"B*BB
AB2BABB
BNBB&B"B*BABBBABBBNB:wBB
MBABBV:wB*BB"
A:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-kattadesuka?Hai,a
karu-kattadesu.Iie,akaru-kuarimasendeshita.
(E):W
asthelampbright?Yes,itwas.No
,itwasn't.
Case1d
(K):B-B.B:wBBBNBB&B"B*BB
ABBfiBB:w
BBBNBB&B"B*B
A:w
(J):Nanigaakaru-katadesuka?Ranpug
aakaru-kattadesu.
(E):W
hatwasbright?Thelampwas.
Case1e
(K):BBfiBB2:wB,BB*BB"B
ABBBNBB&B"B
*B
A
:w
(J):Ranpu'wadoudeshitaka?Akaru-kattadesu.
(E):Howwasthelump.Itwasbright.
ThePoliteSubjunctivePresent
Howtousethepolitesubjectivepresentforms
Case1a
(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNBB*BBJB
A:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-ideshou.
(E):Thelampisprobablybright.
Case1b
(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNB:wB-BB*BBJB
A:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-kuna-ideshou.
(E):Thelampisnotprobablybright.
Thislistdoesnotintroducetheinterrogativesentenceswiththesubjunctiveforms,becausethe
yarenotsimplecorrespondencetoth
eindicativesentences.Theycontain
courteousnuance.
ThePoliteSubjunctivePast
Howtousethepolitesubjectivepastforms
Case1a
(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNBB&B"B*BBJB
A:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-kattadeshou.
(E):Thelampwasprobablybright.
Case1b
(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNB:wB-BB&B"B*B
BJB
A:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-kuna-kattadeshou.
(E):Thelampwasnotprobablybright.
Thislistdoesnotintroducetheinterrogativesentenceswiththesubjunctiveforms,becausethe
yarenotsimplecorrespondencetoth
eindicativesentences.Theycontain
courteousnuance.
ThePoliteImperativ
eandIntentMood
Theadjectivalverbs
donothavethesetypesofinflections,althoughthesubjectofasentenceisamotionalobjectwhichhaswillslikehumanbeings,animalsandsoon.W
hen
youexpressthesem
oods,youuseordinaryverbs"naru"
whichmeans"tobecome","suru"whichmeans"todo",andsoon.
Arelationbetweenexistenceverbs,thecopulaan
dadjectivalverbs
Arelationbetweenexistenceverb
s,thecopulaandadjectivalverbs[Kan
aTable]
English
theexistence
thecopula
adjectivalverbs
politeaffirmative
past
certain
was/were
ari-mashita
deshita
-kattadesu
uncertainwas/wereprobably
attadeshou
dattadeshou
-kattadeshou
presentcertain
am/are/is
ari-masu
desu
-idesu
uncertainam/are/isprobably
arudeshou
deshou
-ideshou
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Verbs,Adje
ctivalVerbs,AuxiliaryV
erbs
Voices
Thischapterintrodu
cesJapanesevoices.Japanesehave
threevoices,thecausativevoice,the
passivevoice,thepotentialvoice.Althoughthecausativeandthepotentia
lare
notmembersofvoicesaccordingtoastrictdefinition,Log
icalJapaneseGrammardefinethemasmembersofvoices,becausethese
threevoicearederivedfromordinaryverbs
regularly.Thenthes
ederivativeverbschangetherulesofparticlesforcases.thesubjectivema
rker"ga",theobjectmarker"ni","o",comparingwiththeoriginalverbs,while
expressionsforthepoliteandthetensesdonotchangetherulesofparticlesforcases.Thederivativeverbsareuniquetotheverbs.
Theadjectivalverbsandthecopulad
onot
havethesederivatio
ns.Allthederivativeverbsareclassifiedintotheweakverbs.
negative
past
certain
was/werenot
ari-masendeshitadeari-masen
deshita-kuari-masendeshita
uncertainwas/werenotprobablyna-kattadeshou
dena-kattad
eshou
-kuna-kattadeshou
presentcertain
am/are/isnot
ari-masen
deari-masen
-kuari-masen
uncertainam/are/isnotprobablyna-ideshou
dena-ideshou
-kuna-ideshou
plain
affirmative
past
certain
was/were
atta
datta
-katta
uncertainwas/wereprobably
attadarou
dattadarou
-kattadarou
presentcertain
am/are/is
aru
da
-i
uncertainam/are/isprobably
arudarou
darou
-idarou
negative
past
certain
was/werenot
na-katta
dena-katta
-kuna-katta
uncertainwas/werenotprobablyna-kattadarou
dena-kattad
arou
-kuna-kattadarou
presentcertain
am/are/isnot
na-i
dena-i
-kuna-i
uncertainam/are/isnotprobablyna-idarou
dena-idarou
-kuna-idarou
HowToMakeCausativeForms
d
ictionary
causativeverbs
meaning
stem
derivative
>#>#>#>#
WeakVerb
En
eru
ne
+s+aseru>">">">"nesaserutoletsomebodysleep
Im
iru
mi
+s+aseru>">">">"misaserutoletsomebodysee
StrongVerb
Kk
iku
kik
+aseru>">">">"
kikaserutoletsomebodyhear
Rn
aru
nar+aseru>">">">"
naras
erutoletsomebodybecome
Sd
asu
das+aseru>">">">"
dasaserutoletsomebodyputout
Tm
atsu
mat+aseru>">">">"
mataserutoletsomebodywait
Wiu
iw
+aseru>">">">"
iwase
rutoletsomebodysay
By
obu
yob+aseru>">">">"
yobaserutoletsomebodycall
Gn
ugu
nug+aseru>">">">"
nugaserutoletsomebodyundress
Mn
omu
nom+aseru>">">">"
noma
serutoletsomebodydrink
Ns
hinu
shin+aseru>">">">"
shina
serutoletsomebodydie
IrregularVerbKk
uru
k
+os+aseru>">">">"kosaserutoletsomebodycome
Ss
uru
s
+aseru>">">">"
saser
utoletsomebodydo
HowToMak
ePassiveForms
d
ictionary
passiveverbs
meaning
stem
derivative
>#>#>#>#
WeakVerb
En
eru
ne
+r+areru>">">">"nerareru
toletsomebodysleepunwillingly
Im
iru
mi
+r+areru>">">">"mirareru
tobeseen
toletsomebodyseeunwillingly
StrongVerb
Kk
iku
kik
+areru>">">">"
kikareru
tobeheard
toletsomebodyhearunwillingly
Rn
aru
nar+areru>">">">"
narareru
toletsomebodybecomeunwillingly
Sd
asu
das+areru>">">">"
dasarerutobeputout
toletsomebodyputoutunwillingly
Tm
atsu
mat+areru>">">">"
matareru
toletsomebodywaitunwillingly
Wiu
iw
+areru>">">">"
iwareru
tobesaid
toletsomebodysayunwillingly
By
obu
yob+areru>">">">"
yobarerutobecalled
toletsomebodycallunwillingly
Gn
ugu
nug+areru>">">">"
nugarerutobeundressedtoletsomebodyundressunwillingly
Mn
omu
nom+areru>">">">"
nomare
rutobedrunk
toletsomebodydrinkunwillingly
Ns
hinu
shin+areru>">">">"
shinare
ru
toletsomebodydieunwillingly
IrregularVerbKk
uru
k
+orareru>">">">"korareru
toletsomebodycomeunwillingly
Ss
uru
s
+areru>">">">"
sareru
tobedone
toletsomebodydounwillingly
HowToMakePotentialForm
s
d
ictionary
potentialverbs
meaning
stem
derivative
>
#
>
#
>
#
>
#
WeakVerb
En
eru
ne
+(ra)r+eru>">">">"ne(ra
)rerutobeabletosleep
Im
iru
mi
+(ra)r+eru>">">">"mi(ra
)rerutobeabletosee
StrongVerb
Kk
iku
kik
+eru>">">">"
kikeru
tobeabletohear
Rn
aru
nar+eru>">">">"
nareru
tobeabletobecome
Sd
asu
das+eru>">">">"
dase
ru
tobeabletoputout
Tm
atsu
mat+eru>">">">"
mate
ru
tobeabletowait
Wiu
iw
+eru>">">">"
ieru(*1)
tobeabletosay
By
obu
yob+eru>">">">"
yobe
ru
tobeabletocall
Gn
ugu
nug+eru>">">">"
nuge
ru
tobeabletoundress
Mn
omu
nom+eru>">">">"
nomeru
tobeabletodrink
Ns
hinu
shin+eru>">">">"
shineru
tobeabletodie
Kk
uru
k
+o(ra)r+eru>">">">"ko(ra
)rerutobeabletocome
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TheCausative
Thetableaboveshowsustypicaldiagramtochangeparticlesamongvoices.Whenthepredica
teintheactivevoiceisanintransitive
verb,Thesubjectintheactivevoicemoves
thedirectobjectinthecausativevoice.Whenthepredicateintheactivevoiceisatransitiveverb,Thesubjectintheactivevoicemovestheindirectobjectinthecausative
voice.
Howtousecausative
forms
Case1a
(K):B
BrBBB:wB]B
BfiB{BU:wBBBB
ABB"
A:w
(J):Masyuh'gaAmanda'okosase-mashita.
(E):MatthewletAmandacome.
Case2a
(K):B
BrBBB:wB]B
BfiB{B.:wBB_BfiBU:wB1BABBABB"
A:w
(J):Masyuh'gaAmandaniwain'onomase-mashita.
(E):MatthewletAmandadrinkwine.
Case3a
(K):B
BrBBB:wB]B
BfiB{B.:wBsBbBrB
fB.:wBB^BlB~BBU:wBBRBBABB
"
A:w
(J):Masyuh'gaAmandaniJesikanitiket
to'okawase-mashita.
(E):MatthewletAmandabuyJessicaaticket.
ThePassive
Thepassivehastwotypesofvoices.Oneistheindirectp
assivevoice,theotheristhedirectpa
ssivevoice.
IrregularVerbSs
uru
dekiru(*2)
tobeabletodo
(*1)asound
change:w+e>"e
(*2)"dekiru"
isapotentialverb.Thisisnotderived
from"suru".
TheCausative[KanaTable]
verb
voice
subject
indirectobjectdirectobject
predicate
meaning
intransitive
active
Amandaga
ki-mashita.
Amandacame.
causativeMasyuh'ga
Amanda'okosase-mashita.Matthewle
tAmandacome.
transitive
active
Amandaga
wain'o
nomi-mashita.
Amandadrankwine.
causativeMasyuh'gaAmandani
wain'o
nomase-mashita.Matthewle
tAmandadrinkwine.
transitive
active
AmandagaJesikani
tiketto
'o
kai-mashita.
AmandaboughtJessicaaticket.
causativeMasyuh'ga
Amandani
Jesikani
(*1)
tiketto
'o
kawase-mashita.Matthewle
tAmandabuyJessicaaticket.
(*1)Theorderof"Amandani"followedby"Jesikani"isveryimportant.Iftheorderisexchanged,themeaningischanged.
TheIndir
ectPassive[KanaTable]
verb
voice
subject
indirectobjectdirectobject
predicate
meaning
Thetableaboveshowsustypicaldiagramtochangeparticlesamongvoices.Thesubjectinthe
activevoicemovestheindirectobjectinthecausativevoice.
Asyoumaybeawareofit,theindirectpassivevoiceisakindofcausativevoicesinitsmeaning.Itindicatesregretfulfeelingsorunw
illingfeelingsbythesubjecttotheind
irect
object'saction.You
mayrarelyuseindirectpassiveforms
.However,theseformsareveryimpo
rtantforyoutounderstandJapanese
passivevoiceandpotentialvoicebec
ause
theyarederivedfromthisindirectpassivevoicehistorically.
Howtouseindirectpassiveforms
Case1a
(K):B
BrBB:wB]B
BfiB{B.:wBBLBOBA
BB"
A:w
(J):Masyuh'gaAmandanikorare-mashita.
(E):MatthewletAmandacomeunwillingly.
(Beca
usehewasverytiredandhewanted
tostayalone.)
Case2a
(K):B
BrBBB:wB]B
BfiB{B.:wBB_BfiBU:wB1BABOBABB"
A:w
(J):Masyuh'gaAmandaniwain'onomare-mashita.
(E):MatthewletAmandadrinkwineregre
tfully.
(Beca
usethewineisveryexpensiveandhedidnotwanttogiveittoanyone.)
Case3a
(K):B
BrBBB:wB]B
BfiB{B.:wBsBbBrB
fB.:wBB^BlB~BBU:wBBRBOBAB
B"
A:w
(J):Masyuh'gaAmandaniJesikanitiket
to'okikare-mashita.
(E):MatthewletAmandabuyJessicaaticketunwillingly.
(Beca
usethiswasthelastticketandMatthewcouldnotgetaticket.)
ThedirectpassiveisanordinarypassiveusedgenerallyinEnglish.Whenthepredicativeverbhastwoobjects,youmaychoosetwo
passivesentences.Onehasthesubject
intransitiveactive
Amandaga
ki-mashita.
Amandaca
me.
passive
Masyuh'gaAmandani
korare-mashita.
Mathewlet
Amandacome.
transitive
active
Amandaga
wain'o
nomi-mashita.
Amandadr
ankwine.
passive
Masyuh'gaAmandani
wain'o
momase-mashita.Mathewlet
Amandadrinkwine.
transitive
active
AmandagaJesikani
tiketto'o
kai-mashita.
Amandabo
ughtJessicaaticket.
passive
Masyuh'ga
Amandani
Jesikani
(*1)
tiketto'o
kaware-mashita.
MatthewletAmandabuyJessicaaticket.
(*1)Theorderof"Amandani"followedby"Jesikani"isveryimportant.Iftheorderisexchanged,themeaningischanged.
TheDirectPassive[KanaTable]
verb
voice
subject
indirectobjectdirectobject
predicate
meaning
transitiveactiveAmandaga
wain'o
nomi-mashita.
Amandadrankw
ine.
passiveW
ainga
Amandani
nomare-mashita.Amoviewasdru
nkbyAmanda.
transitiveactiveAmandagaJesikani
tiketto'o
kai-mashita.
Amandabought
Jessicaaticket.
passiveJesikaga
Amandani
tiketto'o
kaware-mashita.Jessicawasbou
ghtaticketbyAmanda.
passiveTikettoga
Amandani
kaware-mashita.Aticketwasbou
ghtbyAmanda.
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whichcomesfromtheindirectobject,theotherhasthesu
bjectwhichcomesfromthedirectobject.Whenthepredicativeverbisanintransitiveverb,thereisnodirectpassive
form.
Howtousedirectpassiveforms
Case1a
(K):BB_BfiB:w
:B]B
BfiB{B.::wB1BABOBABB"
A:w
(J):Wainga(Amandani)nomare-mashita
.
(E):A
moviewasdrunk(byAmanda).
Case2a
(K):BsBbBrBfB:w:B]B
BfiB{B.::wB|BlB~BBU:wB
BRBOBABB"
A:w
(J):Je
sikaga(Amandani)tiketto'okawa
re-mashita.
(E):Je
ssicawasboughtaticket(byAmanda).
Case2b
(K):B
B^BlB~BB:w
:B]B
BfiB{B.::wBBRBOBABB
"
A:w
(J):Tikettoga(Amandani)kaware-mashita.
(E):A
ticketwasbought(byAmanda).
ThePotential
Thepotentialhastw
otypesofvoices.Oneisthedirectpo
tentialvoice.Therelationofparticles
forcasesdonotchangetheirposition
.Theotheristheindirectpotentialvoice.In
thisvoice,thedirectobjectchangeitscaseintothesubject.
Howtouseindirectpotentialforms
Case1a
(K):B]BBfiB{B:wB
:BL:BOBABB"A:w
(J):Am
andagako(ra)re-mashita.
(E):Amandawasabletocome.
Case2a
(K):B]BBfiB{B:wBB_BfiBU:wB1BDBAB
B"
A:w
(J):Am
andagawain'onome-mashita.
(E):Amandawasabletodrinkwine.
Case3a
(K):B]BBfiB{B:wBsBbBrBfB.:wBB^BlB~
BBU:wBBBABB"
A:w
(J):Am
andagaJesikanitiketto'okae-mashita.
(E):AmandawasabletobuyJessicaaticket.
TheIndirectPotential[KanaTable]
verb
voice
subject
indirectobjectdirectob
ject
predicate
meaning
intransitive
active
Amandaga
ki-mashita.
Amandacam
e.
potentia
lAmandaga
ko(ra)re-mashita.Amandawas
abletocome.
transitive
active
Amandaga
wain'o
nomi-mashita.
Amandadrinkwine.
potentia
lAmandaga
wain'o
nome-mashita.
Amandawas
abletodrinkwine.
transitive
active
AmandagaJesikani
tiketto'o
kai-mashita.
AmandaboughtJessicaaticket.
potentia
lAmandagaJesikani
tiketto'o
kae-mashita.
Amandawas
abletobuyJessicaaticket.
Howtousedirectpotentialforms
Case1a
(K)::B
]BBfiB{B.::wBB_BfiB:wB1BDBABB"
A:w
(J):(Amandani)wainganome-mashita.
(E):W
inewascapableofdrinking(forAm
anda).
Case2a
(K)::B
]BBfiB{B.::wBB^BlB~BB:wBBBAB
B"
A:w
(J):(Amandani)tikettogakae-mashita.
(E):A
ticketwascapableofbuying(forA
manda).
Verbs,AdjectivalVerbs,AuxiliaryV
erbs
AuxiliaryVerbs
Japanesehasseveralauxiliaryverbstoappendspecialm
eaningstoordinaryverbs.Theyhave
onlydependentusageandalwaysfo
llowindependentwordsorindependent
phrases.
Ilistuptheaulixiary
verbsasthefollowingtable Th
eDirectP
otential[KanaTable]
verb
voice
subject
indirectobjectdirectobje
ct
predicate
meaning
transitive
active
Amandaga
wain'o
nomi-mashita.Amandadrinkwine.
potentialWainga
Amandani
nome-mashita.WinewascapableofdrinkingforAmanda.
transitive
active
AmandagaJesikani
tiketto'o
kai-mashita.
AmandaboughtJessicaaticket.
potentialTikettog