a level and as level lawshop.chatredanesh.ir/pdf/motton55.pdf · 2019. 11. 5. · a level and as...

مترجم: محمود رمضانی

انتشارات چتر دانش- 1396

ترجمه تحت اللفظي و روانA Level And As Level Law

متون حقوقي )1(بخش قراردادها

نام کتاب: ترجمه تحت اللفظي و روان A Level And as Level Law متون حقوقی )۱( بخش قراردادها

ناشر: چتر دانش مترجم: محمود رمضانی

نوبت و سال چاپ: پنجم- ۱396 شمارگان: ۱000

شابک: 978-600-4۱0-0۱9-9 قیمت: 20000 تومان

سرشناسه: رم ض ان ی ن وری ، م ح م ود، ۱۳۴۹ - متون A level and as level law روان و تحت اللفظی ترجمه پديدآور: نام و عنوان

حقوقی )۱( بخش قراردادها/ مترجم محمود رمضانی. مشخصات نشر: تهران: چتر دانش، ۱۳۹۴.

مشخصات ظاهری: ۳۵۳ ص. ۹78-600-۴۱0-0۱۹-۹ : شابک

وضعیت فهرست نويسی: فیپا يادداشت: چاپ قبلی: چتر دانش ، ۱۳۹2 )2۴0 ص.(.

يادداشت: چاپ چهارم. A level and as level law يادداشت: کتاب حاضر ترجمه و راهنمای بخشی از کتاب

تالیف مارتین هانت است که نخستین بار با عنوان »م ت ون ح ق وق ی دان ش گ اه ی « با ترجمه اسماعیل کهنمویی به فارسی نیز منتشر شده است

موضوع: زبان انگلیسی -- کتاب های قرائت -- حقوق -- ترجمه شده به فارسی موضوع: زبان انگلیسی -- کتاب های قرائت -- حقوق جزا -- ترجمه شده به فارسی موضوع: زبان انگلیسی -- کتاب های قرائت -- قرارداد ها -- ترجمه شده به فارسی

موضوع: حقوق -- راهنمای آموزشی )عالی( موضوع: حقوق -- انگلستان -- آزمون ها -- راهنمای مطالعه

موضوع: حقوق -- اصطالحها و تعبیرها شناسه افزوده: هانت، مارتین . متون حقوقی دانشگاهی

PE ۱۱27/رده بندی کنگره: ۱۳۹۴ 2۵0۱۴۳هـ7ح رده بندی ديويی: ۴28/6۴02۴۳۴

شماره کتابشناسی ملی: ۳۹6۵26۹

فروشگاه مرکزی: تهران، میدان انقالب، خ منیری جاوید)اردیبهشت شمالی(، پالک 88

تلفن مرکز پخش: 66492327 - تلفن فروشگاه کتاب: 66402353

[email protected]

کلیه حقوق برای مؤلف و ناشر محفوظ است.

@

ناشـــــرسخنپرطرف دارترین از یکی به منزله گرایش هایش، و شاخه ها تمام با حقوق رشته رشته های دانشگاهی کشور، تعداد فراوانی از دانشجویان علوم انسانی را به خود جلب کرده است؛ دانشجویانی که پس از تحصیل، وارد عرصه خدمت شده و در مناصب و

جایگاه های گوناگون به ایفای وظیفه مشغول می شوند. منابعی که در دانشکده های حقوق، مبنای کار قرار گرفته و تحصیل دانشجویان بر مدار آن ها قرار دارد، در واقع، مجموعه کتب و جزواتی هستند که طی سالیان متمادی

چنان که باید تغییر نیافته و خود را با تحوالت و نیازهای زمانه هماهنگ نکرده اند. این، درحالی است که نیاز مبرم دانش پژوهان به مجموعه های پربار و سودمند، امری انکارناپذیر است. به این ترتیب، ضرورت تدوین کتب غنی و ارزشمند برای رفع نیازهای علمی دانشجویان رشته حقوق و نیز رشته های متأثر از آن، باید بیش از گذشته مورد توجه قرار گیرد؛ کتاب هایی که روزآمدی محتوای آنها از یک سو و تناسب آنها با نیاز

دانش پژوهان از سوی دیگر، مورد توجه و لحاظ ناشر و نویسنده، قرار گرفته باشد. نشر امر در پیشگام مقام مؤسسه ای در مؤسسه آموزش عالی آزاد چتردانش، کتب آموزشی روزآمد و غنی، توانسته است گام های مؤثری در همراهی با دانشجویان رشته حقوق بردارد. این مؤسسه افتخار دارد که با بهره مندی از تجربیات فراوان خود و با رصد دقیق نیازهای علمی دانشجویان، به تولید آثاری همت گمارد که مهم ترین دستاورد آن ها، تسهیل آموزش و تسریع یادگیری پژوهندگان باشد. انتشارات چتر این حوزه در را ارائه خدمات درخشان، شایستگی های خود با است امیدوار دانش

علمی بیش از پیش به منّصه ظهور برساند.

فرزاد دانشورمدیر مسئول انتشارات چتر دانش

A LEVEL AND AS LEVEL LAW Contract Law 9

19 Contract Law Formation of Contract19 ��

Key Points��

After reading, this chapter you will be able to:��

Describe the rules of law relating to contractual offers��

including (invitations to treat);�� Describe the rules of law relating to contractual acceptance;��

Describe the rules of law relating to consideration; ��

Describe the rules of law relating to contractual intention;��

Describe the rules of law relating to contractual capacity.��

19- �� – ��

�� : �� )�� (��

��

�� .

10 Formation of Contract A LEVEL AND AS LEVEL LAW

Introduction��

Put simply, a contract is an agreement enforceable at law.��

However while All contracts are agreements, Not all agreements, ��

are contracts. Therefore a contract is a particular type of agreements, ��

that can be identified by certain characteristics:��

�� ]��[ �� .��

�� ]��[ �� . �� .

Offer��

An offer is A proposition put by one person (offeror) ��

to another (offeree) with an indication, that they are willing to be��

bound by its terms should the other person accept. The proposition ��

can be made orally, in writing or by conduct, and��


made to a specific individual, group, or the world at large. ��

To be regarded as an offer, it must be clear, precise ��

and capable of acceptance as it stands (Harvey v. Facey

� �� [1893]; Gibson V Manchester C C [1979]).

1893 �� 1979 �� )�� ( �� )�� (��

�� . ��

�� . Invitations to treat

�� An invitation to treat is a proposition indicating a willingness ��

to consider offers made , by others or to enter into negotiations.��

It is important to distinguish between offers and invitations to treat,��

as while an offer is Binding once accepted, an invitation

��

to treat is not. However, this is not. always An easy distinction to make,��


Introduction��

Put simply, a contract is an agreement enforceable at law.��

However while All contracts are agreements, Not all agreements, ��

are contracts. Therefore a contract is a particular type of agreements, ��

that can be identified by certain characteristics:��

�� ]��[ �� .��

�� ]��[ �� . �� .

Offer��

An offer is A proposition put by one person (offeror) ��

to another (offeree) with an indication, that they are willing to be��

bound by its terms should the other person accept. The proposition ��

can be made orally, in writing or by conduct, and��

12 Formation of Contract A LEVEL AND AS LEVEL LAW As some propositions commonly regarded as offers are, in legal ��

terms, only invitations to treat. Two common forms of invitation to ��

treat, are: ��

��

]��[ �� .�� ]��[�� ]�� [ ��. �� ]�� [ ��

�� .�� : � displays of goods for sale, either in store (Pharmaceutical ��

Society of Great Britain v. Boots Cash Chemists (Southern)

��

Ltd (1952]) or in a shop Window (Fisher v. �� 1952 ��

Bell [1961]). The shop is not offering to Sell the goods but is

�� 1961 �� inviting customers to make offers to buy.

�� ]��[ ��]��[ ��

�� )��( ]1952[ �� ]��[ �� ]1961[ . �� )�� ( ��

�� .

A LEVEL AND AS LEVEL LAW Contract Law 13 � Advertisements (Partridge v. Crittenden [1968]). Again, store �� 1968 ��

the general position is that the advertiser is not offering to sell

�� but is inviting offers to buy. However, An advertisement may �� be regarded as an offer where it forms the basis of a

�� unilateral contract (see below).

��

Once an offer has been made it will either be��

accepted or terminated No offer remains open indefinitely.

��

� �� )]��[ �� ]1968[ .( �� . ��

�� ). �� (.

�� . �� .

Termination of offer

��

Revocation. An offer may be revoked at any time prior to��

acceptance, even where stated to be open for a certain

��

12 Formation of Contract A LEVEL AND AS LEVEL LAW As some propositions commonly regarded as offers are, in legal ��

terms, only invitations to treat. Two common forms of invitation to ��

treat, are: ��

��

]��[ �� .�� ]��[�� ]�� [ ��. �� ]�� [ ��

�� .�� : � displays of goods for sale, either in store (Pharmaceutical ��

Society of Great Britain v. Boots Cash Chemists (Southern)

��

Ltd (1952]) or in a shop Window (Fisher v. �� 1952 ��

Bell [1961]). The shop is not offering to Sell the goods but is

�� 1961 �� inviting customers to make offers to buy.

�� ]��[ ��]��[ ��

�� )��( ]1952[ �� ]��[ �� ]1961[ . �� )�� ( ��

�� .

14 Formation of Contract A LEVEL AND AS LEVEL LAW period of time (Payne v. Cave [1789]). A promise to keep

�� 1789 �� the offer open for a certain period is not binding unless supported

��

by consideration, i.e. it is an option purchased under a ��

separate contract (Routledge v. Grant [1828]). For revocation to be �� 1828 ��

effective, it must be communicated to the offeree. We should

��

note that the postal rule (see below) does not apply to ��

letters of revocation (Byme & Co v. Leon Van Tienhoven & Co

�� [1880]). However, communication does not have to be made by the offerer

1880 �� himself- communication via a reliable third party is effective

�� (Dickinson v. Dodds [1876]).

�� 1876 ��

��)�� .(�� )]��[ (�� )]1789[.( ��

�� .�� )]��[ (�� )]1828[.( ��


�� .�� )� �� ( �� )]��[ (�� ) .]��[ ( ��

��)]1880[ .(�� . �� )]��[ (�� )]1876[.(

Rejection. Rejection by the offeree immediately terminates the offer.

�� (Hyde v. Wrench [1840]). This includes not only straightforward refusals,

�� 1840 �� but also counter-offers. These are responses that seek to vary or

��

amend the original offer and, therefore, reject it and��

establish a new offer in its place. However, it is

�� important to distinguish counter-offers from mere enquiries or requests

�� for further information (e.g. whether payment on credit terms��

is available). These sorts of enquiries do not terminate the offer

�� (Stevenson, Jacques & Co v. McLean [1880]).

�� 1880 ��]�� .�� )]��[(�� ]1840[ .

��]��[ �� .�� ]�� [ ��

]��[ �� .��

14 Formation of Contract A LEVEL AND AS LEVEL LAW period of time (Payne v. Cave [1789]). A promise to keep

�� 1789 �� the offer open for a certain period is not binding unless supported

��

by consideration, i.e. it is an option purchased under a ��

separate contract (Routledge v. Grant [1828]). For revocation to be �� 1828 ��

effective, it must be communicated to the offeree. We should

��

note that the postal rule (see below) does not apply to ��

letters of revocation (Byme & Co v. Leon Van Tienhoven & Co

�� [1880]). However, communication does not have to be made by the offerer

1880 �� himself- communication via a reliable third party is effective

�� (Dickinson v. Dodds [1876]).

�� 1876 ��

��)�� .(�� )]��[ (�� )]1789[.( ��

�� .�� )]��[ (�� )]1828[.( ��


�� )�� ( ]�� [ �� .�� .)]��[

�� ]1880[.( Lapse of time. Where the offer is stated to be open for a

�� certain period of time, it will lapse once that time has expired. ��

Where no time limit for acceptance is specified, the offer will lapse �� after a reasonable time (Ramsgate Victoria Hotel Co v. ��

Montefiore [1866]).

�� 1866 �� ]�� [ .��

�� ]��[ �� . �� .

)]��[ � �� ]1866[.( Failure of condition. Where the offer is made subject to a

�� condition then it will lapse if that condition is not fulfilled

�� (Financings Ltd v. Stimson [1962]).�� 1962

�� . �� )]��[ ��

��]1962[.(

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