a landowner’s guide to managing and controlling invasive

A Landowner’s Guide to

Managing and Controlling Invasive Plants in OntarioAppendix

MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES

2 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix

Appendix 1: Invasive Species Lists and Fact Sheets

Found in this Appendix:• Invasive Species Education and Outreach: Compendium of Resources

Invasive Species

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Plants - Aquatic

Eurasian Water-milfoil ● ●European Frog-bit ● ●Fanwort ●Invasive Phragmites ● ● ●Purple Loosetrife ● ● ● ●Water Chestnut ● ●WaterLettuce ●Water Soldier ● ● ●Yellow Iris ●

Plants - Terrestrial

AfricanRue ●BittersweetNightshade ●BlackLocust ●Buckthorn(Common,Glossy) ● ●Chinese Yam ●Common Crupina ●DallisGrass ●Devil’s-tail Tearthumb ●Dog-strangling Vine ● ● ● ●English or One Seeded Hawthorn ●EuropeanLilyoftheValley ●European White Poplar ●False Spirea ●Field Bindweed ●GarlicMustard ●GiantHogweed ● ● ●GreaterCelandine ●Iberian Starthistle ●

http://www.invadingspecies.com/resources/invasive-species-education-outreach-compendium/

3A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix

Invasive Species

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JapaneseBarberry ●JapaneseStiltgrass ●JointedGoatgrass ●Kudzu ●MadagascarRagwortandSouthAfricanRagwort

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ManitobaMaple ●NorwayMaple ●Paterson’s Curse ●Periwinkle ●SerratedTussock ●SessileJoyweed ●SilverleafNightshade ●Slender Foxtail ●SyrianBean-caper ●TartarianHoneysuckle ●Wild Chervil ●WoollyCupGrass ●YellowArchangel ●Yellow Bluestem ●Yellow Starthistle ●


TheoriginalSEROntarioInvasiveSpecieslist.InvasiveExoticSpeciesRankingforSouthernOntario(directlybelow).Thislistratesthespeciesin4 categories fromthemostinvasive(Category 1)topotentiallyinvasiveplants(Category 4)andawatchlistofspecies.Youwillusethislisttorankplantaggressivenessbasedonthecategoryrank.Youwillneedthisnumberinsection4.2ofthemanualwhendevelopingyourprioritiesforimplementingcontrolofthesespeciesonyourproperty.

OntarioPriorityInvasivePlantSpeciesList

Legend

Most Common Habitats

FF-Floodplainforest,generallylowlandforesttypeswithfreshtomoistsoils

MS-MeadowandSuccessional,includesmeadow,woodland,savannahandprairie

UF-Uplandforest,tablelandforesttypeswithmostlydrytofreshsoils

W-Wetland,includesswamp,marsh,andaquaticcommunities

*Somespecies listedbeloware found in isolated locationswithinOntario.Due to theaggressivenessof thesespeciesintermsofcontrollingtheirspread,theyhavealsobeenincludedinthewatchlistforspeciesnotcurrentlyfoundinOntario.

**Notethatscientificnomenclatureandcommonnamesmayvaryacrossliterature.Tocompoundthissituationmanyspecieshavehorticulturevariantswhichcausefurtherconfusionforreadersofthislist.Forthisreasonreadersshouldbeawareofthesecautionsandspeaktoaknowledgeableprofessionalwhendealingwithanyspeciesthatshareseitherthesamegeneraasaspecieslistedhereorasimilarcommonname.

ListbasedontheoriginalSEROntarioInvasivespecieslist.InvasiveExoticSpeciesRankingforSouthernOntario

©UrbanForestAssociationInc. January2002


SCIEnTIFIC nAME COMMOn nAME MOST COMMOn HABITATS

Category 1Aggressiveinvasiveexoticspeciesthatcandominateasitetoexcludeallotherspeciesandremaindominantonthesiteindefinitely.Theseareathreattonaturalareaswherevertheyoccurbecausetheycanreproducebymeansthatallowthemtomovelongdistances.Manyofthesearedisplacedbybirds,wind,water,orvegetativereproduction.

Thesearetoppriorityforcontrol,butcontrolmaybedifficult.Eradicationmaybetheonlyoptionforlong-termsuccess.

Acer negundo* Manitobamaple FF UF MS

Aegopodium podagraria Goutweed FF UF MS

Alliaria petiolata Garlicmustard UF FF MS

Alnus glutinosa Blackalder W FF

Betula pendula Europeanbirch W

Butomus umbellatus Flowering rush W

Cabomba caroliniana* Fanwort W

Cirsium arvense Canada thistle MS

Coronilla varia Crownvetch MS

Cynanchum nigrum Blackswallow-wort FF MS UF

Cynanchum rossicum Pale swallow-wort FF MS UF

Elaeagnus umbellata Autumn olive MS

Egeria densa* Waterweed W

Glyceria maxima Roughmanna FF W

Heracleum mantegazzianum GiantHogweed FF W

Hesperis matronalis Damesrocket FF MS

Hydrocharis morsus-ranae European frog-bit W

Impatiens glandulifera Himalayanbalsam FF W

Lonicera japonica Japanesehoneysuckle FF MS UF

Lonicera maackii Amurhoneysuckle FF MS UF

Lonicera morrowi Morrow’shoneysuckle FF MS UF

Lonicera tatarica Tartarianhoneysuckle FF MS UF

Lonicera xylosteum Eur.flyhoneysuckle FF MS UF

Lythrum salicaria Purple loosestrife W

Morus alba Whitemulberry FF MS UF

Myriophyllum spicatum Eurasian water milfoil W

Nymphoides peltata Floatingheart W

Phragmites australis* Common reed W

Potamogeton crispus Curlypondweed W

Pueraria lobata* Kudzu FF MS UF

Rhamnus cathartica CommonBuckthorn FF MS UF

Rhamnus frangula Glossybuckthorn FF UF W

Rosa multiflora Multiflorarose FF MS UF

Most Common Habitats Legend

FF-Floodplainforest,generallylowlandforesttypeswithfreshtomoist soils

MS-MeadowandSuccessional,includesmeadow,woodland,savannah and prairie

UF-Uplandforest,tablelandforesttypeswithmostlydrytofresh soils




Stratiotes aloides* Water Soldier W

Trapa natans* Water-chestnut W

Category 2Exoticspeciesthatarehighlyinvasivebuttendtoonlydominatecertainnichesordonotspreadrapidlyfrommajorconcentrations.Manyofthesespreadvegetativelyorbyseedsthatdropclosetotheparentplant.Theymayhavebeendeliberatelyplantedandpersistindensepopulationsforlongperiods.Controlwherenecessaryandlimittheirspreadtootherareas.

Acer platanoides Norwaymaple FF MS UF

Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamoremaple FF MS UF

Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven FF MS UF

Celastrus orbiculatus Orientalbittersweet FF MS UF

Galium mollugo White bedstraw FF MS UF

Lotus corniculatus Bird-foot trefoil MS

Lysimachia nummularia Moneywort FF

Melilotus alba Whitesweetclover MS

Melilotus officinalis Yellowsweet-clover MS

Pinus sylvestris Scotspine MS

Poa pratensis Kentuckybluegrass MS

Polygonum cuspidatum Japaneseknotweed FF MS

Populus alba White poplar MS

Robinia pseudo-acacia Blacklocust MS

Scilla siberica Scilla FF UF

Sedum acre Mossystonecrop FF UF

Syringa vulgaris Lilac MS

Ulmus pumila Siberian elm FF MS UF

Vicia cracca Cowvetch MS

Vinca minor Periwinkle FF MS UF

Category 3Exoticspeciesthataremoderatelyinvasivebutcanbecomelocallydominantwhentheproperconditionsexist.Controlwherenecessaryandlimittheirspreadtootherareas.

Abutilon theophrasti Velvet-leaf MS

Acinos arvensis Mother-of-thyme MS

Aesculus hippocastanum Horse-chestnut FF UF

Artemisia absinthum Absinth sage MS

Barbarea vulgaris Yellowrocket MS

Berberis vulgaris Commonbarberry FF UF

Berberis thunbergii Japanesebarberry FF UF

Berteroa incana Hoary-alyssum MS








Carduus nutans Noddingthistle MS

Centaurea maculosa Spottedknapweed MS

Convallaria majalis Lily-of-the-valley FF UF

Convolvulus arvensis Field bindweed MS

Crataegus monogyna Singleseed hawthorn MS

Dactylis glomerata Orchardgrass MS

Dipsacus sylvestris Teasel MS

Elaeagnus angustifolia Russianolive MS

Elymus repens Quackgrass MS

Euonymus alata Wingedeuonymus FF UF

Euonymus europaeus Spindle-tree FF UF

Euphorbia cyparissias Cypressspurge MS

Festuca arundinacea Tallfescue MS

Galium verum Yellow bedstraw MS

Hedera helix Englishivy FF UF

Hieracium aurantiacum Orangehawkweed MS

Hieracium caespitosum Yellowhawkweed MS

Hieracium vulgatum Commonhawkweed MS

Hieracium x floribundum Palehawkweed MS

Humulus japonicus Japanese hop FF MS W

Kochia scoparia Summercypress MS

Lycopus europaeus Bugleweed W

Miscanthus sinensis Eulalia W

Pastinaca sativa Wild parsnip MS

Ranunculus repens Creepingbuttercup MS

Rorippa amphibia Marshcress FF W

Salix alba White willow FF W

Salix fragilis Crackwillow FF W

Salix x rubens Hybridwillow FF W

Saponaria officinalis Bouncingbet MS

Solanum dulcamara Bittersweetnightshade FF W

Sorbaria sorbifolia False spiraea FF MS UF

Tanacetum vulgare Tansy MS

Thymus praecox Creepingthyme MS

Urtica dioica ssp. dioica EuropeanStingingNettle FF MS UF

Vicia sativa Commonvetch MS

Vicia tetrasperma Slendervetch MS








Category 4Exoticspeciesthatdonotposeaseriousthreattonaturalareasunlesstheyarecompetingdirectlywithmoredesirablevegetation.Thesecanoftenbetoleratedinrestorationprojectsiftheyarealreadypresent.Theymayeventuallybereplacedthroughnaturalsuccessionormanagement.Controlwherenecessaryandlimittheirspreadtootherareas.

Acer ginnala Amur maple FF MS UF

Alnus incana ssp. incana European white alder FF W

Ajuga reptans Creeping bugleweed FF MS UF

Ampelopsis brevipedunculata Porcelain-berry MS

Artemisia vulgaris Common mugwort FF W

Bromus inermis Smooth brome MS

Campanula rapunculoides Creepingbellflower FF MS UF

Daphne mezereum Mezer’sDaphne FF UF

Euphorbia esula Leafyspurge MS

Fraxinus excelsior European ash MS

Glechoma hederacea Groundivy FF MS

Hemerocallis fulva OrangeDaylily MS

Humulus lupulus Common hop MS FF UF

Hypericum perforatum St.John’s-wort MS

Inula helenium Elecampane MS

Iris pseudacorus Yellowflag W

Isatis tinctoria Dyer’swoad MS

Lapsana communis Nipplewort MS

Ligustrum vulgare Privet FF MS F

Linaria vulgaris Butter-and-eggs MS

Lolium perenne Perennialryegrass MS

Malva moschata Muskmallow MS

Medicago lupulina Blackmedick MS

Medicago sativa Alfalfa MS

Myosotis scorpioides True forget-me-not W

Mentha x piperita Peppermint MS

Najas minor Minornaiad W

Nepeta cataria Catnip MS

Origanum vulgare Wildmarjoram MS

Pachysandra terminalis Japanese spurge FF MS

Populus x canadensis Carolina poplar FF UF

Populus tremula European aspen FF MS

Prunus avium Birdcherry FF MS








Prunus mahaleb Perfumedcherry FF MS

Rumex acetosella Sheep sorrel MS

Salix caprea Goatwillow FF W

Salix purpurea Purple willow W

Sambucus racemosa European red elder FF MS UF

Senecio jacobaea Tansygroundsel MS

Setaria sp. Foxtail grasses MS

Sorbus aucuparia EuropeanMountain-ash FF UF

Symphoricarpus albus var Westernsnowberry FF UF

Tilia cordata European linden FF UF

Trifolium arvense Rabbit-footclover MS

Trifolium pratense Redclover MS

Trifolium repens Whiteclover MS

Tussilago farfara Sweetcoltsfoot MS W

Typha sp. Exoticcattail W

Ulmus glabra Scotchelm FF UF

Viburnum opulus ssp. opulus Guelderrose FF UF W

Viola odorata Sweet violet FF UF

Watch ListTheseareinvasivespeciesknowntohavesignificanteconomic,healthorenvironmentimpactsifintroducedorspreadthroughoutOntario.Awarenessandmonitoringofthesespeciesandimmediateremovalupondetectionistherecommendedaction.

Cabomba caroliniana* Fanwort W

Egeria densa* Waterweed W

Hydrilla verticillata Hydrilla W

Microstegium vimineum Japanesestiltgrass FF UF

Myriophyllum aquaticum Parrotfeather W

Pistia stratiotes Waterlettuce W

Polygonum x bohemicum Bohemian Knotweed FF MS UF

Polygonum sachalinense GaintKnotweed W

Polygonum polystachyum HimalayanKnotweed FF W

Pueraria lobata* Kudzu FF W

Stratiotes aloides* Water Soldier FF W

Trapa natans* Water-chestnut W







Appendix 2: Mapping and Data Forms

MAPPIng DATA FORM - TRAnSECT SAMPLIng METHOD

Transect number

Occurrence ID number Invasive species name numbers

(population) Extent Comments


MAPPIng DATA FORM - POLygOn SAMPLIng METHOD

Polygon number Invasive species name numbers (population) Extent Comments

A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix12

DETERMInIng PROjECT PRIORITy - SuMMARy METHOD APPROACH WORkSHEET

Project number

Removal method to be used

Cost of method

Time required

Biodiversity value (High) (Low) Comments

Summary and assigned priority

(1) High to (5) Low

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A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix 13

DETERMInIng PROjECT PRIORITy- SCORIng METHOD APPROACH WORkSHEET

1. How many invasive plants do I have?

1 point - Just a small amount but it’s spreading

2 points - A fair amount and it’s spreading

3 points - A lot! It’s all over the area

2. Are there features within the area I want to protect?

1 point - Therearemanyrareplantsorcommunitytypesinthearea

2 points -Thereareafewrareplantsorcommunitytypesinthearea

3 points - The invasion is happening near disturbed edges or areas I don’t reallycareabout

3. What impact is it having and how aggressive is the plant?

PleaseseetheOntariopriorityinvasiveplantspecieslisttohelpyourankplantaggressivenessifyouareunfamiliarwiththeplant.

Category 1 - 1 point - Itissoaggressiveanditchangestheareasomuchthatfewotherspeciessurvive.

Category 2 - 2 points -Itinvadesundisturbedareasandoutcompetesnativespecies.

Category 3 - 3 points - Itdoesn’tout-competenativespeciesbutnativesdon’tregenerate.

Category 4 - 4 points - Itonlyinvadesdisturbedareassuchasedges.

4. How hard is it to control?

1 point - Fairyeasy,onetreatmentandit’sprettymuchgone

2 points -Takesmultipletreatments,buteventuallyit’sgoneandnativespecieswillreplaceit

3 points - Takesmultipletreatments,butnativeplantswon’tregenerate,andwillneedreplanting

4 points - Noeffectivetreatmenthasbeenfoundforthisspecies.

* Total all scores. The lower the score, the higher the priority rating the project should receive.

Project# 1.Howmanyplants? 2.Featuretoprotect? 3.Howaggressiveistheplant? 4.Howhardistheplanttocontrol? Finalscore

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Appendix 3: Rare Vegetation Communities of Ontario

ThisappendixprovidesalookatsomeoftherarecommunitytypesinOntariobrokendownbetweensouthernOntario(southoftheCanadianShield,page16)andnorthernOntario(CanadianShieldandnorth,page33)andadescriptionofeach.Ashortlistisprovidedattheendonpg.41.

Inthedescriptionofsomeoftherareplantcommunitiesinthisdocumentyoumayseesoilmoistureregimeisoftenincludedwithinthedescriptionasitcansometimesdifferentiatebetweenararecommunitytypeandasimilaronethatismorecommon.Soilmoistureregimeidentifiestheamountofmoisturetypicallypresentwithinthesoil.Asoil’smoistureregimeisaproductofthephysicalpropertiesandarrangementofitssoilparticles,whichinturndefinethecapacityofittoretainordrainwater.

You will also see in this document “Provincial Ranks” associated with each rare plant community type. Below is adescriptionoftheseranks.

S1 Critically Imperiled-Criticallyimperiledinthenation or state/province because of extremerarity(often5orfeweroccurrences)orbecauseof some factor(s) such as very steep declinesmaking it especially vulnerable to extirpationfromthestate/province.

S2 Imperiled - Imperiled in the nation or state/provincebecauseofrarityduetoveryrestrictedrange,veryfewpopulations(often20orfewer),steep declines, or other factorsmaking it veryvulnerable to extirpation from the nation orstate/province.

S3 Vulnerable-Vulnerableinthenationorstate/province due to a restricted range, relativelyfewpopulations(often80orfewer),recentandwidespreaddeclines,orotherfactorsmaking itvulnerabletoextirpation.

S? not Ranked yet; or if following a ranking, Rank uncertain (e.g. S3?).

S#S# Range Rank - Anumericrangerank(e.g.,S2S3)isusedtoindicateanyrangeofuncertaintyaboutthestatusofthespeciesorcommunity.Rangescannotskipmorethanonerank(e.g.,SUisusedratherthanS1S4).

A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix 15

Quick Look-up Table of Contents

Aquatic Communities (p. 16) Marshes (p. 16) Treed Swamps (p. 17 Thicket Swamps (p. 17) Bogs (p. 19)

Shorelines/Beaches (p. 20) Sand Dunes (p. 21) Cliffs (p. 22) Talus (p. 23) Crevices and Caves (p. 24)

Rock Barrens (p. 25) Alvars (p. 27) Sand Barrens (p. 28) Tallgrass Prairies (p. 29) Tallgrass Savannahs (p. 29)

Tallgrass Woodlands (p. 30) Forest (p. 30)


Southern Ontario

I) AquaticDefinition: Shallow to deep open water (>2 metres) without emergent vegetation dominance (standing wateralwayspresent)

Rare Types Provincial Rank

A) Floating-leaved Shallow Aquatic

a) Floating-leaved Shallow Aquatic

i) Dominated by American Lotus S1

II) WetlandsDefinition: Communities that are seasonally or permanently flooded by shallow water, or the water table isclose to the surface; The resultingwet soils favour the dominance of plants that growwholly or partially in water (NHIC,2009http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/MnR/nhic/communities/comm_list_wetland.cfm)

Wetlandsareclassifiedhereinto4differenttypes:Marshes,Swamps,FensandBogs.Thesearefurtherdefinedbelow,andareprovidedwithabriefdescriptionoftheraretypesofeach.

1) Marshes

Definition:Frequentlyorcontinuallyfloodedwetlandscharacterizedbyemergentherbaceousvegetationadaptedtowetsoilconditionsandchangingwaterflows.Treeandshrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;dominatedbyemergentwetlandplants;Waterdepth<2m. (2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR1998ELCGuide).

RareMarshesTheonlyraretypesofmarshesidentifiedinsouthernOntarioareclassifiedasMeadow Marshes.Thesemarshesaregenerallyonlyfloodedinthespring,butaremoisttodrybysummer.Thevegetationthatoccurswithinthesemarshesis less tolerant of prolonged flooding. Meadow Marshes are described as the area where aquatic and terrestrialecosystemsmeet.

A) Meadow Marsh:

a) great Lakes Coastal Meadow Marsh

Occursinnear-shoreareasoftheGreatLakes;containssandy,gravellyorcobblysurfacematerials

i) Dominated by grasses S2

ii) Dominated by Shrubby Cinquefoil S1


b) Tallgrass Meadow Marsh

A community type dominated by typical prairie grasses including Indian Grass, Little Bluestem, BigBluestemetcetera.

i) Dominated by Bluejoint and Prairie Slough grass S3

c) Mineral Meadow Marsh

Usually dominated by grasses or sedges; richer areas are dominated by colonial species; wave swept, icescouredareasaresparselyvegetated,containmineralsurfacematerialsofsand,gravelorcobble.Theseareoftenareasexposedbyshorelineenergiesanddisturbance,suchaswindandwaveaction.

i) Dominated by Prairie Slough grass S3

d) Organic Meadow Marsh

Areasdominatedbygrassesandsedgesandothercolonialspecies.Organicsoils(>40cmdepthoforganic/peatymaterial)whereshorelineenergiesanddisturbanceislow.

i) Dominated by Prairie Slough grass S3

2) Swamps

Definition: Often confusedwithmarshes but distinguished by >25% tree and shrub cover,most growingwholly orpartlyinwater.Swampsoccuronwetsoilsandarefloodedformost,ifnotallthegrowingseason;>2mstandingwaterorvernalpoolingcomprising>20%ofgroundcoverage.(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/ andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).


A) Thicket Swamp

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%withgreaterthan25%shrubsgrowingwhollyorpartiallyinwater

a) Mineral Thicket Swamp

Wetsoilswith<40cmoforganic/peatysoil.

i) Dominated by Buttonbush S3

ii) Dominated by Southern Arrow-wood S3

iii) Dominated by Paw-paw S3

b) Organic Thicket Swamp

Organicsoilmaterials>40cm

i) Dominated by Buttonbush S3

ii) Dominated by Spicebush S3

iii) Dominated by Poison Sumac S3

iv) Dominated by Huckleberry S1


c) Oak Deciduous Mineral Swamp

Treeorshrubcover>25%withtreesthatare>5minheight.Deciduoustreespecies>75%ofcanopycover;Typicallyfernandsedgerich;wetsoilswith<40cmoforganic/peatysoil.

i) Dominated by Swamp White Oak S2S3

ii) Dominated by Bur Oak S3

iii) Dominated by Pin Oak S2S3

3) Fens

Definition:Atypeofpeatlandresemblingabogwithsaturatedpeat/organicsoils>40cm,rarelyflooded,dominatedbysedges,grassesandlowshrubs(<2minheight),containlessthanorequalto25%treecover(>2minheight).(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).


A) Open Fen

Treecoverlessthanorequalto10%andshrubcoverlessthanorequalto20%.

a) Open Fen

i) Dominated by Twig-rush S3?

ii) Perched Mineral Prairie Fen S1

Dominatedbyfenandprairiegrasses

B) Shrub Fen

Treecoverlessthanorequalto10%andshrubcovergreaterthan25%

b) Shrub Fen

i) Dominated by Highbush Blueberry-Leatherleaf S2S3

C) Treed Fen

Treecoverbetween10%and25%

c) Treed Fen

i) Dominated by gray Birch S2S3


4) Bogs

Definition:Characterizedby>40cmorganicpeataccumulation,highwater table (saturatedsoils)withacidic-lovingvegetation,trees(>2mhigh)arelessthanorequalto25%ofcover,rarelyflooded;stagnant,nutrientpoorenvironments(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).


A) Shrub Bog

Treecoverbetween10%and25%withcontinuousSphagnum mosscover

a) Shrub Bog

i) Dominated by Leatherleaf S3

b) Shrub kettle Bog

i) Dominated by Leatherleaf S3

ii) Dominated by Highbush Blueberry S1S2B

B) Treed Bog

Treecoverbetween10%and25%withcontinuousSphagnum mosscover

a) Treed kettle Bog

i) Dominated by Tamarack and Leatherleaf S3


III) Terrestrial

1) Shoreline


A) Open Beach / Bar

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;subjecttoactiveshorelineprocesses:icescour,waveenergy,erosionanddeposition;coarseparentsurfacematerialsuchasrock,sandorbedrockabovetheseasonalhigh-watermark;subjecttoextremesinmoistureandtemperature.

a) Mineral Open Sand Beach / Bar

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;opennessmaintainedbyactiveshorelineprocesses;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousmeadow;sandysurfacematerial.

i) Dominated by Sea Rocket S2S3

b) Mineral Open gravel / Shingle / Cobble Beach / Bar

i) gravel Beach dominated by Wormwood S2S3

c) Limestone Bedrock Open Beach / Bar

Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousmeadow;carbonatebedrock;averagesoildepth<15cm;exposedbedrocksurfacescover>50%ofarea.

i) Dominated by Shrubby Cinquefoil S2

B) Shrub Beach / Bar

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%andshrubcovergreaterthan25%.

d) Mineral Shrub Beach / Bar

Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousmeadow;carbonatebedrock;averagesoildepth<15cm,exposedsandstonesurfacescover>50%ofarea.

i) Shingle Beach dominated by Red Cedar – Common juniper S1


2) Sand Dune

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto50%;activerollingsandhillsformedbywaveandwindprocesses;restrictedtothenear-shoreareasoftheGreatLakes;stabilityofsurfacematerialsarevariablewithlittletonoaccumulationoforganicmaterialsandlownutrientavailability;subjecttodroughtandtemperatureextremes.

A) Open Sand Dune


a) Open Sand Dune

Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousmeadow;dominatedbygrasses;restrictedtomostactive,leaststablesand.

i) Dominated by Little Bluestem, Switchgrass S2

ii) Dominated by Little Bluestem, Long-leaved Reed grass, great Lakes Wheat grass S2

B) Shrub Sand Dune


a) Shrub Sand Dune

Covervaries frompatchyandbarrentocontinuousthicket.Usuallydominatedbygrasseswithscatteredtodenseshrubcover;morestable,lessdisturbedsand.

i) Dominated by Sand Cherry S2

ii) Dominated by juniper S2

iii) Dominated by Hop-tree S1

C) Treed Sand Dune

Treecovergreaterthan25%butlessthanorequalto60%.

a) Treed Sand Dune

Cover varies from savannah to woodland, usually variably treed with understory dominated by grasses;relativelystablesand.

i) Dominated by Cottonwood S1

ii) Dominated by Red Cedar S1

iii) Dominated by Balsam Poplar S1


3) Cliff

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;Treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;verticalornear-verticalexposedbedrock>3mheight;sharptovariablybrokenedges,facesandrims;averagesoildepth<15cm,highlyexposedandsubjecttoextremesintemperatureandmoisture.


A) Open Cliff

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;typicallyfoundonverticalornear-verticalbarebedrockfaces.

a) Limestone / Dolostone Open Cliff

Coverpatchyandbarren;carbonatebedrock.

i) unshaded cliff face dominated by Cliffbrake, Lichen S3

ii) Shaded cliff face dominated by Bulblet Fern, Herb Robert S3

iii) unshaded cliff face dominated by Canada Bluegrass S3

iv) Open Limestone/Dolostone Seepage Cliff S3

Excessmoistureduetowaterseepage

v) Open Limestone/Dolostone Cliff Rim S2

B) Shrub Cliff

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%butshrubcovergreaterthan25%.Dependentonhowbrokenandfracturedthecliffrimandfaceare.

a) Limestone / Dolostone Shrub Cliff

Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousthicket;carbonatebedrock

i) Cliff rim dominated by Common juniper S2S3

ii) Cliff rim dominated by Round-leaved Dogwood S3

C) Treed Cliff

Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto60%;typicallyrestrictedtonarrowcliffrim,dependentonhowbrokenandfracturedthecliffrimandfaceare.

a) Limestone / Dolostone Treed Cliff

Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahorwoodland);carbonatebedrock

i) Dominated by White Cedar S3

ii) Dominated by Sugar Maple, Ironwood, White Ash S3


4) Talus

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%.Slopesof rock rubbleat thebaseofcliffs;coarse rockydebris>50%ofgroundsurface;averagesoildepth<15cm;bedrocktypeimportant.


A) Open Talus

Tree cover less than or equal to 25%; shrub cover less than or equal to 25%; bare rock surfaces predominate; soilavailabilitylimited.

a) Limestone / Dolostone Open Talus

i) Dry Herbaceous Limestone / Dolostone Talus S2

HerbRobert,PoisonIvy,CanadaBluegrassandMaidenhairSpleenwort;drytofreshsoilmoistureregimes

ii) Wet Herbaceous Limestone / Dolostone Talus S2

HerbRobert,SpottedTouch-me-notandWhiteSnakeroot,moisttofreshsoilmoistureregimes.

b) Open Sandstone Talus

i) Open Sandstone Talus S1

B) Shrub Talus

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%butshrubcoverisgreaterthan25%;bouldersstrewnwithpocketsofsoil.

a) Limestone / Dolostone Shrub Talus

i) Dominated by Round-leaved Dogwood S2S3

ii) Dominated by Mountain Maple S3

b) Shrub Sandstone Talus

i) Shrub Sandstone Talus S1

C) Treed Talus

Tree cover >25%but less than or equal to 60%; cover varies frompatchy and barren tomore closed in nature (i.e.savannahorwoodland);greateravailabilityofsoilaccumulatedbetweenrocks;carbonaterock.

a) Limestone / Dolostone Treed Talus

i) Dry Talus dominated by White Birch S3

ii) Dry Talus dominated by White Cedar S3

iii) Moist Talus dominated by Sugar Maples S3

v) Basswood, White Ash, Butternut Moist Tree Limestone Talus S2

iv) Hemlock, Sugar Maple Moist Limestone Talus S2

b) Treed Sandstone Talus

i) Treed Sandstone Talus S1


5) Crevice and Cave

Vegetationcoverpatchyandbarren,influencedbyextremeshading;treesandshrubsabsent;sheltered,mostlyenclosedcavitiesandcrevicesinbedrock;extremeshadingandcooltemperatures;rocktypeimportant.


A) Crevice

Vegetationvarieswithlightavailability

a) Limestone / Dolostone Crevice

Formedinareaswherethebedrockhassplitandpulledaway,suchasontheedgeofacliff,creatingacrackorcrevice.

i) Dominated by Moist Liverwort – Moss – Fern S1

B) Cave

a) Limestone / Dolostone Solution Cave

Caves formed by a chemical process whereby the calcium carbonate in limestone or calciummagnesiumcarbonateindolomiteisdissolvedbyrainwatertoformchambersandexcavationpassages;tube-likeformationareformedbycompletelyfloodedconditions,andcanyon-likeformationsarearesultofanundergroundstreaminanair-filledpassage.


6) Rock Barren

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;variablebedrock fromundulatingbare rockwithmoundsandpits, tobroken rockwithfissures; rock type important; patchysoildevelopment;soildepth<15cmandvariable;extremesinmoistureandtemperatures;possibleunderstoreyspeciesincludeHarebell,EarlySaxifrage,Bristle-leavedSedge,PovertyGrass,andEbonySpleenwort.


A) Open Rock Barren

a) Limestone / Dolostone Open Rock Barren

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;foundwhereconditionsaremostextreme;barerocksurfacesorsmallpatchesofveryshallowsoil.

i) Dry Limestone / Dolostone Barren S2S3

Coverpatchyandbarren;carbonaterock.

B) Shrub Rock Barren

a) Limestone / Dolostone Shrub Rock Barren

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorEqualto25%;foundwhereconditionsmaybelessextreme,whererockisbrokenandcrackedorwherelimitedsoilshaveaccumulated.

i) Dominated by Common juniper S3

ii) Dominated by Round-leaved Dogwood S3

C) Treed Rock Barren

a) Limestone / Dolostone Treed Rock Barren

Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto60%;foundwherebedrockisbrokenandcrackedorwhereshallowsoilshaveaccumulated;carbonateBedrock;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahorwoodland).

i) Dominated by Red Cedar S1

ii) Dominated by Hackberry S1

iii) Dominated by Oak trees S1

D) Sandstone Barren

a) Open Sandstone Barren

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;foundwhereconditionsaremostextreme;Barerocksurfacesorsmallpatchesofveryshallowsoil.

i) Dry Sandstone Barren S1

Coverpatchyandbarren;Sandstonerock.


b) Shrub Sandstone Barren

i) Shrub Sandstone Barren S1

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcovergreaterthan25%;foundwhereconditionsmaybelessextreme,whererockisbrokenandcrackedorwherelimitedsoilshaveaccumulated.

c) Treed Sandstone Barren

i) Treed Sandstone Barren S1

Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto60%;foundwherebedrockisbrokenandcrackedorwhereshallowsoilshaveaccumulated;sandstonebedrock;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahorwoodland).

E) granite Barren

a) Shrub granite Barren

Treecover<25%,shrubcover<25%Foundwhereconditionsmaybelessextremewhererockisbrokenandcrackedorwherelimitedsoilshaveaccumulated;coverpatchyandbarrentocontinuousthicket.

i) Dominated by Chokeberry S2

b) Treed granite Barren

Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto60%;foundwherebedrockisbrokenandcrackedorwhereshallowsoilshaveaccumulated;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahorwoodland).

i) Dominated by Red Cedar S1

ii) Dominated by Pitch Pine S1


7) Alvar

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed,treecovergreaterthanorequalto60%.Level,unfracturedlimestone(carbonate)bedrock,patchymosaicofbarerockpavementandshallowsoilsoverbedrock,soildepth15cmmseasonalalternationbetweeninundationanddrought.


A) Open Alvar

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%,shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%,typicallyrestrictedtobarerockpavementandpatchyshallowsoils

a) Open Alvar Pavement Type

Vegetationpatchyandbarren;drymoistureregime.

i) Dominated by Shrubby Cinquefoil, Creeping juniper, Scirpus-like Sedge (Carex scirpoidea) S2

ii) Dominated by Philadelphia Panic grass, False Pennyroyal S1

b) Open Alvar grassland Type

Vegetationmorecontinuousmeadow;drytofreshmoistureregime.

i) Dominated by northern Dropseed, Little Bluestem, Scirpus-like Sedge S2S3

ii) Dominated by Tufted Hairgrass, Canada Bluegrass, Philadelphia Panic grass S2S3

iii) Dominated by Canada Bluegrass, nodding Onion S1

B) Shrub Alvar

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcover>25%;onveryshallowsoilsorinrockfractures.

a) Shrub Alvar

Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousthicket

i) Dominated by Common juniper, Creeping juniper, Shrubby Cinquefoil S2

ii) Dominated by Common juniper, Fragrant Sumac, Hairy Beardtongue S2


C) Treed Alvar

Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto60%;onveryshallowsoilsorinrockfractures;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahorwoodland);bedrockmorefracturedorgreatersoilaccumulation.

a) Treed Alvar

i) Dominated by White Cedar, jack Pine, Shrubby Cinquefoil S1

ii) Dominated by jack Pine, White Cedar, Low Calamint S1

iii) Dominated by White Cedar, White Spruce, Philadelphia Panic grass S3

iv) Dominated by Red Cedar, Early Buttercup S2

v) Dominated by Chinquapin Oak, nodding Onion S1

vi) Dominated by Shagbark Hickory, Prickly Ash, Philadelphia Panic grass S1

vii) Dominated by jack Pine, White Cedar, Common juniper S2

8) Sand Barren

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;baresandsurfacematerialsnotassociatedwithdistincttopographicfeatures(i.e.sanddune);subjecttoperiodsofprolongeddroughtanddisturbances(e.g.fire).


A) Sand Barren

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%,shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%.

a) Open Sand Barren

Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousmeadow;extremelydry;disturbedsands.

i) Dominated by Bracken Fern S2

ii) Dominated by Sedge S1

iii) Dominated by Wheat-grass S1


9) Tallgrass Prairie, Savannah and Woodland

GroundlayerdominatedbyprairiegrassesincludingBigBluestem,LittleBluestemandIndianGrass;variablecoveroropen-growntrees;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;onunconsolidatedmineralsoil,soildepth>15cm,well-drainedsands, loamsand sometimesclay; subject to seasonalextremes inmoisture conditions; springfloodingand summerdrought;frequentdisturbancebyfire.


A) Open Tallgrass Prairie

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%,shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%.

a) Dry Tallgrass Prairie

Prolongedperiodsofdrought.

i) Dominated by prairie grasses S1

Associated species include Cylindric Anemone, Rock Sandwort, Pinweed, Scribner’s Panic GrassandBluets.

b) Moist-Fresh Tallgrass Prairie

Seasonalfloodingfollowedbysummerdrought.

i) Dominated by prairie grasses and forbs (herbaceous flowering plants) S1

Associated species include Dense Blazing Star, Gray Coneflower, Ohio Spiderwort, Prairie DockandIronweed.

B) Tallgrass Savannah

Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto25%;seeOpenTallgrassPrairievegetationtypesforcharacteristicvegetation.

a) Dry Tallgrass Savannah

Widelyspaced,open-growntreeswithanunderstoryofprairiegrassesandforbs;prolongedperiodsofdrought.

i) Dominated by Black Oak S1

ii) Dominated by Black Oak and Pine S1

b) Moist Tallgrass Savannah

Widelyspaced,open-growntreeswithanunderstoryofprairiegrassesandforbs;seasonalfloodingfollowedbysummerdrought.

i) Dominated by Pin Oak and Bur Oak S1

ii) Dominated by Black Oak S1


C) Tallgrass Woodland

Treecover>35%butlessthanorequalto60%;(seeOpenTallgrassPrairievegetationtypesforcharacteristicvegetation).

a) Dry Tallgrass Woodland

Open-growntreeswithanunderstoreyofprairiegrassesandforbs;PennsylvaniaSedgecommon;drytofreshmoistureregimes;prolongedperiodsofdrought.

i) Dominated by Black Oak, White Oak S1

ii) Dominated by Bur Oak, Shagbark Hickory S1

Shallowsoilsovercarbonatebedrock.

b) Moist Tallgrass Woodland

Open-growntreeswithanunderstoreyofprairiegrassesandforbs;seasonalfloodingfollowedbysummerdrought.

i) Dominated by Black Oak, White Oak S1

ii) Dominated by Pin Oak S1

10) Forest

Treecover>60%,siteconditionsandsoiltypesvariable.


A) Deciduous Forest

Deciduoustreespecies>75%ofcanopycover.

a) Dry Oak Deciduous Forest

RedOak,WhiteOakandBlackOakseparatelydominantorinvariablemixtureswithRedMaple,WhitePineandBlackCherryascommonassociates;canopycovervariable;oftenrelativelyopen(60to80%canopyclosure);subjecttosomeextremesinconditionsordisturbance(e.g.fire,historicallanduse).

i) Dominated by Black Oak S3

BrackenFernpresent.

b) Dry-Fresh Deciduous Forest

Treespeciesassociationsthatareeitherrelativelyuncommonoraresultofdisturbanceormanagement;SugarMaple is absentor comprises less than10%of canopy cover; sandsand loams;upper tomiddle slopesortablelandtopographicpositions.

i) Dominated by Hackberry S2

AssociatedwithRedOak,Basswood,ChinquapinOak,WhiteAshandGreenAsh; long-styled Sweet-cicely,HerbRobert,Jumpseed;usuallyoncarbonatesandsorshallowsoilsovercarbonatebedrock;onlyfoundinextremesouthwesternOntario.


c) Moist-Fresh Sugar Maple Deciduous Forest

SugarMaplewithGreenAsh,BlackAsh,RedMaple,WhiteElm,YellowBirch,BasswoodandBeechassociates;dominantspeciesvary;occursonmiddletolowerslopeswithpotentiallypoordrainage;mixofterrestrialandwetlandspecies.

i) Dominated by Sugar Maple and Black Maple Mix S3

Moistyetwelldrainedsites,oftenalongfloodplains

d) Moist-Fresh Lowland Deciduous Forest

WhiteElm,Willow,BlackWalnut,BlackMaple,Basswood,GreenAshandBlackAshdominateseparatelyorinvariablemixtureswithotherhardwoodassociates;typicallymoreopencanopies,maybe<60%treecover;someshrubswithgreaterpresenceofvinesandamixofherbaceousspeciescommontowetsites.

i) Dominated by Black Walnut S2S3

Typicallyassociatedwithriparianzonesandterraces;streamandriverbanksandfloodplains.

e) Moist-Fresh Hackberry Deciduous Forest S2

B) Mixed Forest

Conifertreespecies>25%anddeciduoustreespecies>25%ofcanopycover.

a) Dry Oak-Pine Mixed Forest

RedOak,WhiteOak,ChinquapinOak,PitchPine,WhitePineandRedPineinvariablemixtures;Canopytypicallyopeninnature;LowSweetBlueberry,BuffaloBerryandCommonJuniper.BrackenFern.

i) Dominated by Oak and Pitch Pine S1

Pitch Pine, Red Oak and, to a lesser extent, White Oak in variable mixtures; Restricted to shallowsoilsandbarerocksurfacesassociatedwithrockoutcrops(knobsandridges)ontheCanadianShield(FrontenacCounty).

ii) Dominated by Chinquapin Oak and Pine S2

ChinquapinOakwithRedPineandWhitePine;AssociatesofPricklyAshandFragrantSumac;BrackenFern;Ondroughty,well-drainedsandsandshallowsoilsovercarbonate,basicoracidicbedrock.


Northern Ontario

I) WetlandsDefinition: Wetlandsarelandsthatareseasonallyorpermanentlyfloodedbyshallowwateraswellaslandswherethewatertableisclosetothesurface;ineithercasethepresenceofabundantwaterhascausedtheformationofwetsoilsthatfavourthedominanceofplantsthatgrowwhollyorpartiallyinwater(NHIC,2009http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/nhic/communities/comm_list_wetland.cfm)

Wetlandsareclassifiedhereinto4differenttypes:Marshes,Swamps,FensandBogs.Thesearefurtherdefinedbelow,andareprovidedwithabriefdescriptionoftheraretypesofeach.

1) Marshes

Definition: Frequentlyorcontinuallyfloodedwetlandscharacterizedbyemergentherbaceousvegetationadaptedtowetsoilconditions,andchangingwaterflows.Treeandshrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%,dominatedbyemergentwetland plants, water depth <2m. (2002 CyberNatural Software, http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/ and OMNR 1998ELCGuide).


A) Shallow Marsh

a) Atlantic Coastal Plain Shallow Marsh S3

ThesecommunitiesoccurinlandbutexemplifycharacteristicsofcommunitiesfoundalongtheAtlanticcoast.Thetypesofspeciesthatcomprisethesecoastalmarshesincludethefollowing(pleasenotethatitmaytakeanexpertforaccurateidentification):Small-headedBeaked-rush(Rhynchospora capitellata),CommonMeadow-beauty(Rhexia virginica),LongbeakBeaksedge(Rhynchospora scirpoides),Hall’sbulrush(Scirpus hallii).Alsocontainsotherherbaceousvegetation.

b) Bulrush - Stiff Arrowhead - Pondweed Shallow Marsh S4

Dominated by Hard-stemmed Bulrush (Scirpus acutus), River Bulrush (Scirpus fluviatilis), Stiff Arrowhead(Sagittaria rigida),andPondweed(Potamogeton spp.)


2) Swamps

Definition: Often confusedwithmarshes but distinguished by >25% tree and shrub cover,most growingwholly orpartlyinwater.Swampsoccuronwetsoilsandarefloodedformost,ifnotallthegrowingseason;>2mstandingwaterorvernalpoolingcomprising>20%ofgroundcoverage.(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/ andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).


A) Mixed Swamp

a) White Pine - White Birch Mineral Mixed Swamp S3

Treecover>25%(oftrees>5minheight);Deciduoustreespecies>25%andconiferoustreespecies>25%ofcanopycover;vegetationisamixtureofconiferswampanddeciduousswampspecies;typicallyfernrichanddominatedbyEasternWhitePine(Pinus strobus),Alderspecies(Alnus spp.)andRoyalFern(Osmunda regalis).

3) Fens

Definition: Atypeofpeatlandresemblingabogwithsaturatedpeat/organicsoils>40cm,rarelyflooded,dominatedbysedges,grassesandlowshrubs(>2m),containlessthanorequalto25%treecover(oftrees>2m)(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).


A) Open Fen

a) Boreal Open Seepage Fen S2S3

Treecoverlessthanorequalto10%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%.Contains:SlenderSedge(Carex lasiocarpa), Cespitose Bulrush (Scirpus cespitosus), Capillary Beaked-rush (Rhynchospora capillacea), BogRosemary(Andromeda glaucophylla).

b) grassy Open Poor Fen S5

Treecover less thanorequal to10%;shrubcover less thanorequal to25%.Contains:RunningBogSedge(Carex oligosperma), Slender Sedge (Carex lasiocarpa), Peat moss species (Sphagnum spp), Moss species(Polytrichum spp).

c) Black Spruce - Tamarack - Leatherleaf Patterned Fen S5

Between 10-25% tree cover. Dominated by Swamp Birch (Betula pumila), Leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata),BogRosemary(Andromeda glaucophylla),RunningBogSedge(Carex oligosperma).


4) Bogs

Definition: Characterizedby>40cmorganicpeataccumulation,highwater table (saturatedsoils)withacidic-lovingvegetation, tree cover (>2m) less than or equal to 25%, rarely flooded; stagnant, nutrient poor environments (2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).


A) Open Bog

a) Virginia Chain Fern Open Bog S3

Tree cover less than or equal to 10%, shrub cover less than or equal to 25%; ground cover dominated bySphagnumspeciesandsedges;dominatedbyVirginiaChainFern(Woodwardia virginica).

II) Terrestrial

1) Shoreline


A) Bedrock Shoreline

a) Acidic Open Bedrock Shoreline S5

GreatLakesGranite/MetamorphicLakeshore

b) great Lakes Arctic-Alpine Basic Open Bedrock Shoreline S3

Basalt(Conglomerate)BedrockLakeshoreSparseVegetation

B) Sand Dune

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto50%;activerollingsandhillsformedbyshorelineandwindprocesses;restrictedtothenear-shoreareasoftheGreatLakes;stabilityof soil variable; little to no accumulation of organic materials, low nutrient availability, subjected to drought andtemperatureextremes.

a) Sand Cherry - Wormwood - Canada Wild Rye Shrub Dune S1

Covervaries frompatchyandbarrentocontinuousthicket;Usuallydominatedbygrasseswithscatteredtodenseshrubcover;DominatedbySandCherryandWormwood.

b) American Dune grass - Beach Pea - Sand Cherry Dune grassland S2

Covervaries frompatchyandbarrentocontinuousthicket;Usuallydominatedbygrasseswithscatteredtodenseshrubcover;DominatedbyBeachPea(Strophostyles helvola),SandCherry(Prunus pumila)andcontainsAmericanBeachGrass(Ammophila breviligulata).


2) Cliff

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;verticalornear-verticalexposedbedrock>3mheight;bedrocktypeimportant;sharptovariablybrokenedges,facesadrims;averagesoildepth<15cm,highlyexposedandsubjecttoextremesintemperatureandmoisture.

RareCliffsTheonlyraretypesofcliffsidentifiedinnorthernOntarioareclassifiedasOpen Cliffs.Theseareaspossesstreecoverthatislessthanorequalto25%.Thevegetationcoverissparse,patchyandbarren,andtheyaretypicallyfoundontheverticalornear-verticalbarebedrockfaces.Therearefourdifferenttypes,eachwithdifferentgroundmaterialproperties,asidentifiedbelow.


A) Open Cliff

a) Basic Open Cliff S3S4

Diabase/Basalt

b) Boreal Carbonate Open Cliff S1S2

Limestone

c) Boreal Acidic Sandstone Open Cliff S2

Sandstone

d) Acidic granite Open Cliff S3S4

Granite/Metamorphic


3) Talus

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;slopesofrockrubbleatthebaseofcliffs;coarserockydebrisgreaterthan50%ofsurfacegroundmaterials;averagesoildepth<15cm;bedrocktypeimportant.

RareTalusTheonlyraretypesoftalusidentifiedinnorthernOntarioareclassifiedasOpenTalus.Theseareaspossesstreecoverthatislessthanorequalto25%.Vegetationcoverissparse,patchyandbarren.Therearethreedifferenttypesoftalus,eachwithdifferentgroundmaterialproperties,asidentifiedbelow.


A) Open Talus

a) Basic Open Talus S3S4

Diabase/Basalt

b) Acidic Open granite Talus S3S4

Granite/Metamorphic

c) Basic Open glacier Talus S1

GlacierTalus.Containsmoreherbaceousvegetation.

4) Rock Barren

RareRockBarrenTheonlyraretypesofRockBarrenidentifiedinnorthernOntarioareTreedRockBarrencommunities.Thesepossessbetween25-60%treecoverage,andarefoundwherebedrockisbrokenandcrackedorwhereshallowsoilshaveaccumulated.


A) Treed Rock Barren

a) Hill’s Oak - White Pine - Poplar Acidic Treed Rock Barren S3

Dominated by Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus), Red Pine (Pinus resinosa), Northern Pin Oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis),NorthernRedOak(Quercus rubra),andEasternRedCedar(Juniperus communis).

b) Bur Oak Acidic Treed Rock Barren Type S2S3

DominatedbyBurOak(Quercus macrocarpa),andNorthernPinOak(Quercus ellipsoidalis)


5) Alvar

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecovergreaterthanorequalto60%;level,unfracturedlimestone(carbonate)bedrock;patchymosaicofbarerockpavementandshallowsoilsoverbedrock;soildepth<15cm;seasonalalternationbetweeninundationbywateranddrought.


A) Treed Alvar

Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(ie.savannahorwoodland);bedrockismorefracturedorthereisagreateraccumulationofsoilthanopenandshrubalvarcommunities.

a) Bur Oak Treed Alvar S1S2

DominatedbyBurOak(Quercus macrocarpa),PovertyOatGrass(Danthonia spicata), PrairieSmoke(Geum triflorum).

6) Sand Barren

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;baresandygroundmaterialnotassociatedwithdistincttopographicfeatures(i.e.sanddune);subjecttoperiodsofprolongeddroughtanddisturbances(e.g.fire).


A) Sand Barren

a) Dry Hay Sedge Sand Barren S1

DominatedbyHaySedge(Carex foenea),BrackenFern(Pteridium aquilinum),Kalm’sBrome(Bromus kalmii)

b) Dry Sweet Fern - Carex lucorum Sand Barren S1

Dominated by Sweet Fern (Comptonia peregrine), Bracken Fern. (Pteridium aquilinum), and Kalm’s Brome(Bromus kalmii).


7) Tallgrass Prairie, Savannah and Woodland

GroundlayerdominatedbyprairiegrassesincludingBigBluestem,LittleBluestemandIndianGrass.Variablecoveroropen-growntrees;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%.Onunconsolidatedmineralsoils,soildepth>15cm,well-drainedsands, loamsand sometimesclay. Subject to seasonalextremes inmoisture conditions; springfloodingand summerdrought;frequentdisturbancebyfire.


A) Open Tallgrass Prairie

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%.

a) Dry Fescue Mixed-grass Prairie S1

Contains:RoughFescue(Festuca scabrella),Stipa(grass)species

b) northern Moist-Fresh Tallgrass Prairie S1

Contains:BigBluestem(Andropogon gerardii),PorcupineBunchgrass/Needlegrass (Stipa spartea),NorthernDropseed(Sporobolus heterolepis)

B) Tallgrass Savannah

Treecovergreaterthan25%butlessthanorequalto25%;(seeOpenTallgrassPrairievegetationtypesforunderstoryvegetation).

a) northern Fresh – Moist Bur Oak Tallgrass Savannah S1

DominatedbyBurOak(Quercus macrocarpa)

8) Forest

Treecover>60%;siteconditionsandsoiltypesvariable.

RareForestsTheonlyrareforesttypesidentifiedinnorthernOntarioareclassifiedasDeciduous Forestcommunities.Greaterthan75%ofthecanopyoftheseforestsiscomprisedofdeciduousspecies.


A) Deciduous Forest

a) Moist -Fresh Bur Oak-green Ash-Trembling Aspen Deciduous Forest S2S3

DominatedbyBurOak(Quercus macrocarpa),GreenAsh(Fraxinus pennsylvanica),TremblingAspen(Populus tremuloides);ContainsSaskatoonBerry(Amelanchier alnifolia),WildSarsaparilla(Aralia nudicaulis),AssiniboiaSedge(Carex assiniboinensis)

b) Bur Oak - Saskatoon Berry Dry Deciduous Woodland S2

DominatedbyBurOak(Quercus macrocarpa),andSaskatoonBerry(Amelanchier alnifolia).ContainsHazelnut(Corylus americana).


Summary of Rare Plant Communities:

Description (from nHIC) Prov. Rank ELC *

Southern

Aquatic

Floating-leavedShallowAquaticEcosite S1

AmericanLotusFloating-leavedShallowAquaticType SAF1-2

Wetland

Marsh

MeadowMarsh

GreatLakesCoastalMeadowMarshEcosite

GraminoidCoastalMeadowMarshType S2 MAM4-1

ShrubbyCinquefoilCoastalMeadowMarshType S1 MAM4-2

Wet-MoistTallgrassPrairieMeadowMarshEcosite

WetBluejoint-PrairieSloughGrassTallgrassPrairieMeadowMarshType S3 MAM6-1

MineralMeadowMarshEcosite

PrairieSloughGrassMineralMeadowMarshType S3 MAM2-8

OrganicMeadowMarshEcosite

PrairieSloughGrassOrganicMeadowMarshType S3 MAM3-7

Swamp

ThicketSwamp

MineralThicketSwampEcosite

ButtonbushMineralThicketSwampType S3 SWT2-4

SouthernArrow-woodMineralThicketSwamp S3 SWT2-11

Paw-pawMineralThicketSwampType S1 SWT2-12

OrganicThicketSwampEcosite

ButtonbushOrganicThicketSwampType S3 SWT3-4

SpicebushOrganicThicketSwampType S3 SWT3-11

PoisonSumacOrganicThicketSwampType S3 SWT3-13

HuckleberryOrganicThicketSwampType S1 SWT3-14


DeciduousMineralSwamp

OakDeciduousMineralSwampEcosite

SwampWhiteOakMineralDeciduousSwamp S2S3 SWD1-1

BurOakMineralDeciduousSwampType S3 SWD1-2

PinOakMineralDeciduousSwampType S2S3 SWD1-3

*ELCisanacronynfortheEcologicalLandsClassificationSystemforSouthernOntario.1998. HaroldLee,WasylBakowsky,JohnRiley,JaneBowles,MikePuddister,PeterUhlig,SeanMcMurray.

Fen

Open Fen

GraminoidFenEcosite

Twig-rushGraminoidFenType S3? FEO1-1

PerchedMineralPrairieFenType S1

Shrub Fen

ShrubFenEcosite

HighbushBlueberry-LeatherleafShrubFenType S2S3

Treed Fen

TreedFenEcosite

GrayBirchTreenFedType S2S3

Bog

OpenKettlePeatland

ShrubKettlePeatlandEcosite

LeatherleafShrubKettlePeatlandType S3

HighbushBlueberryShrubKettlePeatlandType S1S2

TreedKettlePeatland

TreedKettlePeatlandEcosite

Tamarack-LeatherleafTreedKettlePeatlandType S3


Terrestrial

Shoreline

Beach/Bar OpenSandBeach/BarEcosite

SeaRocketSandBeachType S2S3 BBO1-1

Gravel/Shingle/CobbleBeach/BarEcosite

WormwoodGravelBeachType S2S3 BBO1-2

RedCedar-CommonJuniperShingleBeachType S1 BBS1-1

LimestoneBedrockBeach/BarEcosite

ShrubbyCinquefoilLimestoneBeachType S2 BBO2-1

SandstoneBedrockBeach/BarEcosite

Sand Dune

DuneGrasslandEcosite

LittleBluestem-Switchgrass-BeachgrassDuneGrassland S2 SDO1-1

LittleBluestem-Long-leavedReedGrass-GreatLakes

WheatGrassDuneGrassland S2 SDO1-2

DuneShrublandEcosite

SandCherryDuneShrublandType S2 SDS1-1

JuniperDuneShrublandType S2 SDS1-3

Hop-treeDuneShrublandType S1 SDS1-2

DuneSavannahEcosite

CottonwoodDuneSavannahType S1 SDT1-1

RedCedarDuneSavannahType S1 SDT1-3

BalsalmPoplarDuneSavannahType S1 SDT1-2


Cliff

OpenLimestone/DolostoneCliffEcosite

Cliffbrake-LichenOpenUnshadedLimestone/DolostoneCliffFaceType S3 CLO1-1

BulbletFern-HerbRobertOpenShadedLimestone/DolostoneCliffFaceType S3 CLO1-2

CanadaBluegrassOpenUnshadedLimestone/DolostoneCliffFaceType S3 CLO1-3

OpenLimestone/DolostoneSeepageCliffType S3 CLO1-4

OpenLimestone/DolostoneCliffRimType S2 CLO1-5

Limestone/DolostoneCliffShrublandEcosite

CommonJuniperOpenLimestone/DolostoneCliffRimShrublandType S2S3 CLS1-1

Round-leavedDogwoodOpenLimestone/DolostoneCliffRimShrublandType S3 CLS1-2

TreedLimestone/DolostoneCliffEcosite

WhiteCedarTreedLimestoneCliffType S3 CLT1-1

SugarMaple-Ironwood-WhiteAshTreedLimestoneCliff S3 CLT1-2

OpenSandstoneCliffEcosite S1

SandstoneCliffShrublandEcosite S1

TreedSandstoneCliffEcosite

Talus

OpenLimestone/DolostoneTalusEcosite

DryHerbaceousLimestone/DolostoneTalus S2

WetHerbaceousLimesone/DolostoneTalus S2

Limestone/DolostoneTalusShrublandEcosite

Round-leavedDogwoodOpenLimestone/DolostoneTalusShrublandType S2S3 TAS1-1

MountainMapleOpenLimestoneTalusShrublandType S3 TAS1-2

TreedLimestone/DolostoneTalusEcosite

WhiteBirchDryTreedLimestoneTalusType S3 TAT1-2

WhiteCedarDryTreedLimestoneTalusType S3 TAT1-3

SugarMapleMoistTreedLimestoneTalusType S3 TAT1-4

Basswood-WhiteAsh-ButternutMoistTreedLimestoneTalus S2

Hemlock-SugarMapleMoistLimestoneTalusType S2 TAT1-6

OpenSandstoneTalusEcosite S1

SandstoneTalusShrublandEcosite S1

TreedSandstoneTalusEcosite S1


Crevice and Cave

Limestone/DolostoneSolutionCaveEcosite S1

Limestone/DolostoneCreviceCaveEcosite S1

Rock Barren

OpenandTreedRockBarren

OpenLimestone/DolostoneBarrenEcosite

DryLimestone/DolostoneBarrenType S2S3 RBO1-1

Limestone/DolostoneShrublandBarrenEcosite

CommonJuniperLimestone/DolostoneShrublandBarrenType S3 RBS1-1

Round-leavedDogwoodLimestone/DolostoneShrublandBarren S3 RBS1-2

TreedLimestone/DolostoneBarrenEcosite

RedCedarTreedLimestoneBarrenType S1 RBT1-1

HackberryTreedLimestoneBarrenType S1 RBT1-2

OakTreedLimestoneBarrenType S1 RBT1-3

OpenSandstoneBarrenEcosite

DrySandstoneBarrenType S1

SandstoneBarrenShrublandEcosite S1

TreedSandstoneBarrenEcosite S1

GraniteShrublandBarrenEcosite

ChokeberryGraniteShrublandBarrenType S3 RBS2-1

TreedGraniteBarrenEcosite

RedCedarTreedGraniteBarrenType S1 RBT2-2

PitchPineTreedGraniteBarrenType S1 RBT3-1

Alvar

OpenAlvarEcosite

ShrubbyCinquefoil-CreepingJuniper-Scirpus-likeSedgeAlvarPavementType S2

PhiladelphiaPanicGrass-FalsePennyroyalAlvarPavementType S1

NorthernDropseed-LittleBluestem-Scirpus-likeSedgeAlvarGrasslandType S2S3

TuftedHairgrass-CanadaBluegrass-PhiladelphiaPanicGrassAlvarGrasslandType S2S3

CanadaBluegrass-NoddingOnionAlvarGrasslandType S1

AlvarShrublandEcosite

CommonJuniper-CreepingJuniper-ShrubbyCinquefoilAlvarShrublandType S2

CommonJuniper-FragrantSuman-HairyBeardtongueAlvarShrublandType S2


TreedAlvarEcosite

WhiteCedar-JackPine-ShrubbyCinquefoilTreedAlvarShrublandType S1

JackPine-WhiteCedar-LowCalamintTreedAlvarGrasslandType S1

WhiteCedar-WhiteSpruce-PhiladelphiaPanicGrassTreedAlvarGrasslandType S3

RedCedar-EarlyButtercupTreedAlvarGrasslandType S2 ALT1-5

ChinquapinOak-NoddingOnionTreedAlvarGrasslandType S1 ALT1-1

ShagbarkHickory-PricklyAsh-PhiladelphiaPanicGrassTreedAlvarGrasslandType S1 ALT1-2

JackPine-WhiteCedar-CommonJuniperTreedAlvarShrublandType S2

Sand Barren

SandBarrenEcosite

BrackenFernSandBarrenType S2 SBO1-1

HaySedgeSandBarrenType S1 SBO1-2

SlenderWheat-grassSandBarrenType S1 SBO1-3

Tallgrass Prairie, Savannah and Woodland

DryTallgrassPrairieEcosite

DryTallgrassPrairieType S1 TPO1-1

Moist-FreshTallgrassPrairieEcosite

Moist-FreshTallgrassPrairieType S1 TPO2-1

DryTallgrassSavannahEcosite

DryBlackOakTallgrassSavannahType S1 TPS1-1

DryBlackOak-PineTallgrassSaannahType S1 TPS1-2

Moist-FreshTallgrassSavannahEcosite

Moist-FreshPinOak-BurOakTallgrassSavannahType S1 TPS2-1

Moist-FreshBlackOakTallgrassSavannahType S1

DryTallgrassWoodlandEcosite

DryBlackOak-WhiteOakTallgrassWoodlandType S1 TPW1-1

DryButOak-ShagbarkHickoryTallgrassWoodlandType S1 TPW1-2

Moist-FreshOakTallgrassWoodlandEcosite

Moist-FreshBlackOak-WhiteOakTallgrassWoodland S1 TPW2-1

Moist-FreshPinoakTallgrassWoodlandType S1 TPW2-2


Forest

DeciduousForest

DryDeciduousForestEcosite

DryBlackoakDeciduousForestType FOD1-3

Dry-FreshHackberryDeciduousForestEcosite

Dry-FreshHackberryDeciduousForestType S2 FOD4-3

Moist-FreshSugarmaple-MixedDeciduousForestEcosite

Moist-FreshSugarmaple-BlackmapleDeciduousForest S3 FOD6-2

Moist-FreshBlackWalnutDeciduousForestEcosite

Moist-FreshBlackWalnutDeciduousForestType S2S3 FOD7-4

Moist-FreshHackberryDeciduousForestEcosite

Moist-FreshHackberryDeciduousForestType S2

Mixed Forest

DryOak-PineMixedForestEcosite

DryOak-PitchPineMixedForestType S1 FOM1-1

DryChinquapinOak-PineMixedForestType S2 FOM1-2


Northern

Wetland

Marsh

AtlanticCoastalPlainShallowMarshType

Bulrush-StiffArrowhead-PondweedShallowMarshType

Swamp

WhitePine-WhiteBirchMineralMixedSwampType

Fen

BorealOpenSeepageFenType

GraminoidOpenPoorFenType

BlackSpruce-Tamarack-LeatherleafPatternedFenType

Bog

VirginiaChainFernOpenBogType

Terrestrial

Shoreline

GreatLakesArctic-AlpineBasicOpenBedrockShorelineType

AcidicOpenBedrockShorelineType

Sand Dune

AmericanDuneGrass-BeachPea-SandCherryDuneGrasslandType

SandCherry-Wormwood-CanadaWildRyeShrubDuneType

Cliff

BasicOpenCliffType

AcidicGraniteOpenCliffType

BorealCarbonateOpenCliffType

BorealAcidicSandstoneOpenCliffType


Talus

BasicOpenGlaciereTalusType

BasicOpenTalusType

AcidicOpenGraniteTalusType

Rock Barren

Hill’sOak-WhitePine-PoplarAcidicTreedRockBarrenType

BurOakAcidicTreedRockBarrenType

Alvar

BurOakTreedAlvarType

Sand Barren

DrySweetFern-CarexlucorumSandBarrenType

DryHaySedgeSandBarrenType

Tallgrass paririe, Savannah and Woodland

NorthernMoist-FreshTallgrassPrairieType

DryFescueMixedgrassPrairieType

NorthernMoist-FreshBurOakTallgrassSavannah

Forest

BurOak-SaskatoonBerryDryDeciduousWoodlandType

Moist-FreshBurOak-GreenAsh-TremblingAspenDeciduousForestType


Appendix 4: Control MethodsDocument below reproduced from CVC control methods document

Thefollowingisalistofthemostcurrentprescriptivemethodsofcontrolforaselectnumberofinvasiveplantspecies.TherecommendationsareacombinationofmethodssuppliedbyToveChristensenandSilviaStrobloftheMNR,theCityofTorontoParks,ForestryandRecreationdepartment(CaraWebsterpers.comm.),GregBalesoftheMNRandCVCstaff(RodKrickandFreyjaForsyth).Othersourcesusedarelistedthroughoutthetext.ThislistwillberefinedbyCVCovertimeasnewinformationbecomesavailable.SpeciesareorganizedbyUplandShrubs,UplandFlora,WetlandFloraandtheappendixconcludeswithTrees.

Choiceofmethodsmayvarydependingonanumberofcriteria,e.g.whetheryouareoptingfornon-chemical(pesticide)methods,thesizeandintensityoftheinfestationyouaredealingwith,andwhethertherearenon-targetplantsinthevicinitythatyoumustpreserve,adjacencyofwaterorpublicsafetyconcerns.Thetablesbelowattempttoprovidesomeguidanceinthisregard.

DISCLAIMER:Thebelowsuggestedcontrolmethodshavebeencompiledfrommanysources.BeforeusinganypesticidethereadermustensurethatthepesticideisregisteredbythePestManagementRegulatoryAgency(hasaPestControlProductsActregistrationnumber)andisclassifiedforuseinOntario.Thepesticidelabelwillprovideinstructionsonhowthepesticidecanbeused,whatpestsitmaybeusedtocontrolandsafetyequipmentrequired.Alllabeldirectionsmustbefollowed.Itisanoffencetouseanunregisteredorunclassifiedpesticideortouseapesticideincontraventionofthelabeldirections.LicencesandadditionalrequirementsunderthePesticidesActandRegulation63/09mayalsoapplytotheuseofcertainpesticides.

Infestation Level definitions:

Light Apatchorpatchesofplantsthatissmall.Isolatedclustersofplantscanbeeasilycountedordistinguishedacrossanareaofhabitat.Patchesgenerallydonotexceedmorethan5metresindiameterandareremotefromotherpatchesoftheinvasiveplant.

Moderate Isolatedsmallpatchesarebeginningtoblendintoeachother,butarenotyetonecohesive‘infestation’. Patches canbeanywhere from5metres to50metres (e.g. the sizeof twotenniscourtsplacedendtoend)indiameterandmaybeassociatedwithothernodesofinfestation. Theplants inquestionarenot yet apartof thedominant community form;whetherintheground,shrub,orcanopylayer.

Heavy Theplantspeciesinquestionarealmostconsistentlyfoundinabundanceacrossthehabitat.Theplantspeciesformsadominantorco-dominantcomponentofthehabitateitherintheground,shruborcanopylayer.


Upland Shrubs

Autumn olive• Seemethodsforbuckthornandhoneysuckles

Other notes:Handwrenchingnotrecommendedasthisshrubwillheavilysuckerfromun-removedrootsfragments.

Buckthorns, common and glossy(Rhamnus cathartica, R. frangula)

Habitat• Openareas,disturbedforestedges,ravines,forests,thickets,wetlands.

• Willgerminateinfullsunorshade.

• Shadetolerantunderforestcanopy.

Reproduction and Dispersal• Prolificseedproduction,seeddispersedbybirds.

• Producesseedatveryyoungage.

• Rootsuckers,resproutsvigorouslyfromcutstumps.

• Formsapersistentseedbank.Seedcanremainviablefor2-3years(Kaufmanetal.,2007).

Suggested Method of Control • 4-5yearsofcontrolcanberequiredtocontrolseedbank.

• Burningeffectiveifrepeatedoverseveralyears.


Infestation level Method/Management

Light (pioneer) non-herbicideHandwrenchingifshrubsarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimizedasthismaybringtheseedbanktothesurface.Girdlingalonenoteffective.

Light to heavy and large areas

ChemicalItissuggestedthatanover-the-counteraceticacid(vinegar)product(amixtureofaceticacidandcitrusoils)(e.g.EcoSenseorEcoClear)couldbeeffectiveatsmallerscales.Thestumpiscutabout2or3inchesabovethegroundandthenmashedupwithanaxe.Stumpisthenthoroughlysoakedwiththesolution.Anearlysummerapplicationfollowedbyasecondapplication(stumpmustbere-woundedagain)3or4weekslatercanbehighlyeffective.

Basalbarkapplicationof30%Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)inanoilcarrieris the most effective.Coata5cmorsobandonbarktotallyaroundeachstem,orusea5%foliarsprayinlatesummer,earlyfall.Asalessexpensivebutalsoslightlylesseffectivealternative,apply100%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup)withapaintbrushafterpeakflowering(May-July)tocut/girdledstems.Bothmethodswillrequirefollow-uptreatmentsasnomethodis100%effective.

Other notes: Whilebuckthorndoesnotresproutfromundergroundroots,itcanresproutfrombudsatthebaseofthetreestemandherbicidetreatmentofthestumpisstronglyrecommended.Roundupisnon-selectiveandsurroundingdesirable vegetation can be damaged. Autumn is the preferred time to cut and stump-treat buckthorn, because 1)buckthornsretaingreenleaveslateintothefall,makingiteasytofindallplantsand2)mostnativevegetationisdormant,minimizing thepotentialharmtonon-targetplants.Tobeeffective, theherbicidementionedabovemustbeappliedimmediatelyaftercutting.Herbicidechemicalscanbeappliedeitherbysprayingindividualcutstumpswithalowpressurehandsprayerorelsebywipingtheherbicideoneachcutstumpwithaspongeapplicator(sponge-typepaintapplicatorscanbeused).

Buckthornleaflitterincreasesthesoilnitrogencontent,whichcreatesconditionsfavourableforbuckthorngrowthandwhichmayharmnativeplantsadaptedtooriginalsoilconditions(Kaufmanetal.,2007).

Triclopyrapplicationduringthedormantseasonreducesthepotentialfordrift injury.UseofTriclopyr isbestdoneinthedormantseasontolessendamagetonon-targetspecies.Greatcareshouldbeexercisedtoavoidgettinganyofthemixturesonthegroundnearthetargetplantsincesomenon-targetspeciesmaybeharmed.AvoidusingTriclopyrifrainisforecastforthefollowing1-4days;otherwiserunoffwillharmnon-targetspecies(Heidorn,1990)


Honeysuckles (Non-native)(Lonicera tartarica, L. mackii, L. morrowii, L. bella)

Habitat• Disturbedsuccessionalcommunities,wetlands,woodlandedges,woodlands.

• Moderatelyshadetolerant,canopygaps.

Reproduction and Dispersal• Prolificseedproductionberrieshighlyattractivetobirds,whichdisseminateseedswidelyacrossthelandscape.

• Seedsremainviablefor4-5ormoreyears.

• Sproutingoccursinestablishedpopulations.

Suggested Method of Control• Burningeffectiveifrepeatedoverseveralyears.


Light to moderate non-herbicideHandwrenchingifshrubsarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimized.Repeatedyearlycuttingtogroundlevelinshadedforestcanresultinhighmortality.

Handwrenchingifshrubsarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimized.Repeatedyearlycuttingtogroundlevelinshadedforestcanresultinhighmortality.

Light to heavy ChemicalGirdling/cuttingtogroundandapplicationof100%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup)withpaintbrush(willrequirefollow-uptreatmentstocontrolresprouting).Basalbarkapplicationof30%Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)inanoilcarrierisalsoveryeffectiveifdoneinearlyorlatespring.Laterseasonapplicationsoftriclopyrhavehadmixedsuccess

Other notes:Winterclippingshouldbeavoidedasitencouragesvigorousre-sproutingofthenon-nativehoneysuckles.Recent studies have shown that some honeysuckles can have allelopathic effects similar to those of garlicmustard(Dorningetal.,2007)


Upland Flora

Canada thistle(Cirsium arvense)

Habitat• Cultivatedfields,pastures,roadsides,disturbedsites,forestopenings,shorelines,savannahs,prairies.

• Growsbestinopen,disturbedsunnysitesonwell-drained,deepmoistloamyclaysoils.

Reproduction and Dispersal• Reproducesprimarilybyvegetativegrowthofrootsystem.

• Verticalrootscangrowasdeepas6.8m,horizontalrootscanspreadasmuchas6minoneseason,patchescanspread1-2m/year.Readilypropagatesfromstemandrootfragments.

• Producesseed,almostexclusivelyinsectpollinated.

Suggested Method of Control• Beststrategyistoshadethisspeciesoutbyestablishingtrees.

• Latespringburningcanbehighlyeffective,althoughitmaybenecessarytocontinueforseveralyears.

• Stemweevil,budweevilandstemgallflyarecommerciallyavailablebiologicalcontrols.


Light to heavy non-herbicideDeeprootsystemmakeshandpullingdifficult.Repeatedmowing,justasflowersareabouttoopencontinuedoverseveralyearscanbeeffective.

ChemicalSpotapplicationwithGlyphosateorwithselectiveherbicideClopyralid,orMetsulfuron.Sprayingatfloweringtime(mid-JunetoearlyJuly)withGlyphosatecanbequiteeffective.


Dog-strangling vines (DSV)(or Swallow-worts)(Cynanchum rossicum, C. nigrum)

Habitat• Fields,hydrocorridors,disturbedforestedges,ravines.

• Nottolerantofheavyshade,butiscapableoftransforminghealthyforestovertimeintomoreopenwoodlands.

Reproduction and Dispersal• Prolificseedproduction,seedwind-dispersedoverlong-distances.

• Abletoregeneratefromrootcrownpieces.

Suggested Method of Control• Burningineffectiveandcanencouragepopulations.


Light non - herbicideCanbecontrolledbyremovingplants,includingrootsystems.Onlyeffectiveinloosesoilswhenplantsarestillyoung.Solarisationforupto2yearsanoptioninsmallmonoculturepatches.

ChemicalWickwithglove(carwashmitt)–spray22%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup)(mixedwithdye)–carefullywipeontoleavestoavoiddamagetootherplants;2treatmentsperseason,follow-uprequired.

Heavy infestations in isolated colonies or woodlot edges

non-herbicideSolarisationforupto2years,followedbyreplantingofnativeaggressivespecies.MowingandcuttingisineffectivebutcanreducebiomassandcontainpopulationbypreventingseedproductionMowatleasttwotimesperseasonandtargetthefirsttimejustastheseedpodsareforming.

ChemicalSpraywith3-5%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup),appliedbybackpacksprayeratonsetofflowering(mid-June);minimum2treatmentsperseasonfor2-3years.Secondtreatment2to3weekslater.Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)andimazapyr(e.g.Arsenal)alsoeffective.Dichlorpropalsoshowssomepromiseinefficacytrials.

Heavy infestations in linked corridors

ChemicalPesticideapplicationcannotbejustifiedonthisbasis–toomuchlabourandherbicideproductwouldberequired–notsustainable;possiblestrategy-introducingcompetitivevegetationingradualphasesovertimeandcuttingDSVmanuallytoallowvegetationtoestablish&eventuallyshadeoutDSV.


Other notes:SomerecentinformationhasshownthatDSVtreatedinshadedareaswithglyphosphatedoesnotrespondwell.Mayneedtoconsideralternativesorhigherconcentrationsthanthoselistedabove.Dog-stranglingvineisaplantthatisdifficulttocontrolwithnosinglemethodorcombinationofmethodsabletoeradicatethisforestinvader.CooperationwithsurroundinglandownersisrequiredtopreventestablishedDog-stranglingvinecoloniesfromspreadingintonewareas.LimityourtravelthroughareasinfestedwithDog-stranglingvineduringseeddispersaltopreventseedspreadingintonewareas.Takethetroubletoremoveseedsfromyourbootsandclothes,pets,bicycleandotherequipmentwhencomingoutofinfestedareas.

Garlic mustard(Alliaria petiolata)

Habitat

• Riverfloodplains,forests,roadsides,woodededgesandforestopenings.

• Toleratesfullsuntofullshade,preferspartialcanopy.

• Oneofafewnon-nativeherbsthatdominatetheunderstoryofforestedareas.

Reproduction and Dispersal • Biennial,arosetteofleavesformedduringfirsthalfofatwo-yearcycle.

• Insecondspring,rosettesdeveloprapidlyintomatureplantsthatflower,produceseedanddiebylateJune.

• Asingleplantcanproducethousandsofseedsthatscatterasmuchasseveralmetersfromtheparentplant.

• Long-distancedispersalismostlikelyaidedbyhumansandwildlife(e.g.,deer).

• Spreadsrapidly,candisplacenativeplantswithin10yearsofbecomingestablished.

Suggested Method of Control • Therearetwobasicmonitor/controlmeasuresthatareeffectiveforgarlicmustard.Thefirstistofocuson

identifyinganderadicatingnew(orsatellite)infestationsbeforeaseedbankisestablished,andthemoredifficulttaskoferadicatinglonger,established‘invasionfronts’.Garlicmustardcaneasilyinvadedisturbedsitesthereforereducedisturbancestosoilandvegetationfoundneartheseinvasionfronts.

• 2-5yearsoftreatmentswillbenecessarytodepleteseedbanks.

• Burningstimulatesgerminationofstoredseedsandseedlinggrowth,andmustbeconductedannuallyfor3to5yearstoachieveeffectivecontrol.

• Fourbeetlesarecurrentlybeinginvestigatedasbiocontrols,maybeavailableinthenearfuture.


Infestation level Method/ Management

Light non-herbicidePulloutplantsattimeoffloweringpriortoseedpoddevelopment(earlyMay);pullingmaynotbefeasibleonerosion-pronesites.Soilsdisturbancemustbeminimized.Inlongestablishedpopulations,pullingmaysimplyunearthburiedseeds.Pullingcanonlybeeffectiveifsitecanberevisitedanumberoftimesayearoveranextendednumberofyearssufficienttoexhausttheseedbank.

Moderate-heavy in large patches/ woodlot edges etc. ; monocultures

non-herbicideGoodcontrolrequiresremovalofthisplantbeforeitsetsseed.Cutatthetimeoffloweringwithweedwhippertypeequipmentandensuretheplantsarecutdowntogroundlevel.Useachoppingmethodwiththeweedwhippertocuttheplantintoshortsegmentsandthiswillpreventthecutgarlicmustardplantfromproducingseed(perscomm.–CaraWebster).Whereascuttingto10cmabovethegroundallowssomeoftheplantstosurviveandreleaseseed.

Cuttingwithbrushcuttersormanuallyattimeofflowering(earlytomid-June)iseffectiveonlyifrepeatcuttingperformed2-4weekslater;plantshavetobecutasclosetobaseaspossibleotherwisetheywillresprout.Useachoppingmethodwiththeweedwhippertocuttheplantintoshortsegmentsandthiswillpreventthecutgarlicmustardplantfromproducingseed(perscomm.–CaraWebster).Takecarenottodamagenearbynativespeciesandinsteadpullthegarlicmustardfoundneardesirableplantspecies.Mustrepeatoverseveralyears.

Solarisation-placementoftarp/plasticoverselectareas.Replantingwithaggressivenativespeciesandmulchingaroundplantingstocounterdisturbanceofseedbed.Proceedinaphasedapproach.

ChemicalGlyphosate(amitroleortriclopyrmaybemoreeffective)provideseffectivecontrolofheavyinfestationswhenappliedinmid-spring;inthefallandearlyspringGlyphosate(3%solution)canbeappliedtorosettes(firstyearplants).

WherelackofsnowcoverprovidestheopportunitysprayingthreetimesbetweenNovemberandMarchcanbeveryeffectiveprovidedtemperatureisabove10°C.

Moderate-heavy in large patches in highly significant areas

ChemicalDuetothewidespreaddistributionofGarlicmustard–controlwithherbicideisnotrecommendedonalargescale;selectivepatchescouldbesprayedwith3%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup)inlatefallwhileplantsareintherosettestage–shouldonlybeconsideredafterothermethodshavebeenattempted.

Other notes: Garlicmustard has knownallelopathic effects that prevent the successful germination and growthofnativespecies.Considerthisinrestoration.Pulledflowerstemscanstillformviableseedsifleftlyingonthegroundandthereforemustberemovedfromthesiteandproperlydisposedof.


Giant hogweed(Heracleum mantegazzianum)

Habitat• Commonlyfoundalongriverbanks,streamsandwetplaceswithsoildeepenoughfortaprootdevelopment.

• Targetpopulationsalongriversandstreamsandurbanstormwatersystems.Coordinatethroughouttheentiredrainagesystem.Sitesupstreamshouldbecontrolledfirst,sinceseedswillbedisperseddownstream.

• Germinationofseedsrequiresmoisture.

• Gianthogweedthrivesonavarietyofsitesandcantoleratewelldrainedandsaturatedsiteswithsiltyandsandysoils.

Reproduction and Dispersal• Oneplantcanproducebetween27000-50000seeds.

• Seedsdispersalmayoccurshortdistancesbywindorbywatercourse.

• Seedlongevityisabout3-5years.

• Inadditiontoreproductionbyseedsindividualscanreproducebybudgrowthonbothcrownandstalk.

Suggested Method of Control• Managementprogramsshouldspanbetween3-5yearstoaccountfortheplantscapabilityofstoring

carbohydratesbelowgroundaswellastheplantsabilitytoproducethousandsofseeds.Non-herbicide,chemicalandbiocontrolmethodsmayallbeimplementedingianthogweedcontrol.


Light non-HerbicidePullingmaybeeffectiveaslongasitisensuredthatallrootsareremoved.Itisalsoeffectivetocutroots3-4inchesbeneathsoilsurfaceinearlyspring.Greatcareandprecautionmustbetakentoavoidskincontactwithclearsapwhichcausesphotodermititis.Follow-uprequiredinmid-seasontodealwithresproutsandoversubsequentyears.

Solarisationwithablacktarporplasticcanbeeffectiveoverseveralyearsofapplication.

ChemicalEarlyapplicationof2%Glyphosate(e.g.Round-up)maybeappliedtoplantsleavesduringbuddingandtheperiodofactiveplantgrowth.EarlyMay-Juneisthebesttimebeforetheplantbecomestootall.Cuttingthestem(oruseofaninjectiontool)andinjecting5-6mlofglyphosphateintothehollowstemalsoeffective.

Follow-upateachapplicationsitenecessarytodealwithanyresproutsormissedplants.


Moderate-Heavy non-herbicideConsistentmowingmaydepleteenergystoresintheroots.

ChemicalSeeasabove,howevercutandinjectmaynotbepracticalatthislevel,ratheruseafoliar/sprayapplication.Foliarsprayapplicationgenerallythefasteractingandmosteffectiveapproach.

Other notes: This species causes phototoxic burnswhen skin comes into contactwith any sap. Itmay even causeblindnessifsapenterstheeye.Whenworkingaroundthisspecieswearallappropriateprotectiveequipment[gloves,non-absorbent clothing (e.g. PVC suit), and eye protection] andwash down all equipment and clothingwhenworkiscompleted.

Goutweed(Aegopodium podagraria)

Habitat• Commonlyfoundalongroadsides,forestunderstoriesandforestedges.

• Moistsoilsandshadedareasareeasilyinvadedbygoutweed.

• Goutweedisknowntocarpettheforestgroundcoverwhereitoutcompetesnativewildflowers(Kaufmanetal.,2007).

Reproduction and Dispersal• Whenshadedgoutweedcanspreadviaundergroundstems.Seedsdonotgerminateintheshade.

• Seedsaregenerallynotlonglivedandgerminatewithintheirfirstyear(PlantConservationAlliance,2009).

• Populationscommonlyescapegardenboundariesintonaturalareas.

• Seedshavenospecialadaptationtofacilitatedispersalthroughanimalsorwind.

Suggested Method of Control• Whenpulling,careshouldbetakentoensurethatrhizomeshavebeenremoved.

• ThereisnoknownbiologicalcontrolinNorthAmerica(Kaufmanetal.,2007).



Light non-herbicideMaybepulledwiththeremovalofallrhizomes.Pullingmaydisturbthesoilinawaythatencouragesseedrecruitment.Willneedtorevisitinsubsequentyearstodealwithresprouts.

SolarisationPatchescanbecoveredwithadarkplasticsheetinthespring(Kaufmanetal.,2007).Leaveplasticdownforupto2years.

Moderate-heavy ChemicalSprayingwithGlyphosateherbicidesmosteffectiveinearlyspring.Repeatedapplicationswillbenecessaryoverthecourseofoneseason.Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)ina1-2%solutioncanalsobehighlyeffective

Contactherbicidesareineffectivesincegoutweedreadilyrecoversfromdefoliation.

non-herbicideMaybemowedfrequentlyormowedandthencoveredwithlandscapefabricandheavymulch(Kaufmanetal.,2007).

Other notes:Seedlingsneedstronglighttoestablish,inwoodyareaspopulationgrowthismainlyduetorhizomes(PlantConservationAlliance,2009).Mosttypesofeasterndeciduousforestsarevulnerabletogoutweedinvasion.Infestationscanusuallybetracedtoabandonedorill-keptgardens.


Kentucky bluegrass(Poa pratensis)

Habitat• Meadows,openwoodlands,disturbedsites.

• Favoursmoistconditions,avoidsacidsoilsandheavyshade.

Reproduction and Dispersal • Reproducesbyseedandrhizomes.

• Germinationprimarilyoccursinearlyspring,butcanalsooccurinearlyautumnifsoilmoistureisadequate.

• Readilyexpandspopulationbasevegetativelyandaggressively;sod-forming.

Suggested Method of Control• Springburningisthemostwidelyusedtooltocontrolcoolseasongrasses.However,itmaybenecessaryto

burnannuallyforseveralyears.Burningmostlikelytobeeffectiveat“boot”stage,whenfloweringheadstillenclosedinsheath.


Light to heavy non-herbicideDifficulttoeradicatewithnonchemicalcontrols.Smallpatchescanbehandgrubbed,makingsureallrootsareremoved.

ChemicalGlyphosate(e.g.Roundup)hasbeeneffectivelyusedtoshiftdominancefromnon-nativetonativegrasses.Applyinearlyspringwhilenativespeciesaredormant.


Periwinkle(Vinca minor)

Habitat• Richmoistsoils

• Doesnottoleratefullsunlight,isshadetolerantandoftenfoundinopenforests(Kaufmanetal.,2007).

Reproduction and Dispersal• Undergroundrunnersandrootletsthatformatleafnodesallowperiwinkletoquicklyspread(Kaufmanet

al.,2007).

• Periwinkleproducesseedbutprimarilyspreadsthroughrunners.

Suggested Method of Control• IthasbeenfoundthattheeffectivenessofGlyphosatehasbeencompromisedduetotheplantswaxyleaves.

Thereisnoknownbiocontrolmethodforperiwinklecontrol.


Light non-herbicideIfpulledbyhandensurethatrootfragmentsarecompletelyremoved.Sinceperiwinklehardlyspreadsthroughseeds,recruitmentofnewseedsthroughpulling is not an issue (Kaufman et al., 2007).

Moderate-Heavy ChemicalBecauseoftheplantswaxycuticleherbicideuptakeisachallenge.Suggestwoundingorcuttingtheplantwithaweedwhipperfirst.Aftercutting/wounding,plantsmaybesprayedwitha3%solutionofglyphosphate(e.g.Roundup).

Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)hasbeenfoundtobelesseffectivethenGlyphosate.

Other notes:Nobiologicalcontrolsareknown.Periwinkleisaveryrobustplantandmanyoftheherbicidesthatareusedtocontrolitmayhaveimpactsonsurroundingnativeplants.


Wetland Flora

Himalayan balsam(Impatiens glandulifera)

Habitat• Moistriverbanks,dampwoods.

Reproduction and Dispersal• Annual,singleplantcanproduceupto800seeds,whichareexplosivelyreleasedseveralmetresfromadult

plant.

• Seedscansurvivelongperiodsinwater,andcanfloatdownstreamtoinvadenewareas.

Suggested Method of Control


Light to heavy and small/large patches

non-herbicideCutonceinfullflowerJulytoAugusttodepleteseedbank;interplantwithtreesandshrubsandslowlyoutshadeovertime.Repeatinsuccessiveyearstoaddressresprouts.Solarisationanoptioninsmallpatches.

ChemicalFoliartreatmentwith2-3%Glyphosate(e.g.Roundup).


Japanese knotweed(Polygonum cuspidatum)

Habitat • Damptodrysoils,alongstreamsandrivers,inlow-lyingareas,wasteplaces,oldhomesteads.

• Foundprimarilyinmoist,unshadedhabitats.

• Doesnotappeartoinvadeforestunderstories.

Reproduction and Dispersal• InNorthAmerica,seedsdonotappeartobeasignificantmodeofreproduction.

• Mainlyreproducethroughextensiverhizomesthatreach15-20minlength.

• Rhizomefragmentsarewasheddownstreamortransportedinfill.

• Rhizomescanregeneratefromsmallfragmentsandwhenburiedupto1mdeep.



Light to moderate - small patches

non-herbicideMowingandcuttingmaybeeffectiveifdoneclosetotheground,twicepermonthbetweenAprilandAugust,thenmonthlyuntilthefirstfrost.Repeatthistreatmentforatleast5yearstoexhaustrootreserves.

Mechanicallycontrolledareasshouldbemonitoredthroughoutthegrowingseasontoensurenewinfestationsdonotdevelopfromrootfragments.

Light to heavy and small/large patches

Solarisationcanalsobeused,beawarethattarpmustextendateast3or4metresbeyondouterboundarytopreventrhizomesescapingunderthetarp.Leaveinplace2years.

ChemicalEffectiveherbicidesinclude:imazapyr,Glyphosate,andtriclopyr.

Cut1-2timesoverseason;sprayresproutinearlyfallandfollowingspringwith1.34%glyphosphate.Willneedtotreatinsubsequentyears.

Steminjections/cutsurfacetreatmentsaremosteffectiveinthesummerorfall,whilefoliarapplicationsaremosteffectiveatthelatebudstage.

Other notes:Recentstudieshaveshownthatiftreatedandtopkilled,therhizomescanpersistforupto2yearsbeforeresprouting.Thisstressestheneedformonitoringandlongtermcontrol(Holmenetal.,2007).


Purple loosestrife(Lythrum salicaria)

Habitat• Wetlands,streamandriverbanks,lakeshores,ditchesandotherdisturbedwetareas.

Reproduction and Dispersal• Perennial,singleplantcanproducehundredsofthousandsofseeds,seedshavehighviability;rapidbuildupof

seedlingspossible.

• Dispersalmainlybywind,butseedsalsotransportedonfeetofwaterfowlandotherwetlandanimals,alsodispersedbywatercurrents.

• Canspreadvegetativelybyresproutingfromcutstemsandregenerationfrompiecesofrootstock.

Suggested Method of Control• UniversityofGuelphstudiedandpilotedtheuseofseveralEuropeanbeetlesasacontrolagent.Resultswere

successful.Beetlescanbepurchasedasaveryeffectivecontrolagentwhendealingwithlargepopulations.


Light non-herbicideCanberemovedbyhand;entirerootstockmustbepulledout.

Light to heavy non-herbicideBiologicalcontrol:Commerciallyavailable(Galerucellaspp.)beetles.

ChemicalMostcommonlycontrolledwithGlyphosateinareaswithnostandingwater);treatmentshouldoccurafterpeakbloomingperiod(July-August).


Invasive Common reed(Phragmites australis)

Habitat• Readilyinvadesopenwetlands,especiallythosewithdisturbance.

Reproduction and Dispersal• Produceswindbornseeds,butmovesmostrapidlythroughastoloniferousrootsystem.



Light non-herbicideHandwrenchingmakingsureallportionsoftherhizomeareremoved.Disposeofplantpartsoffsite.Willneedtomonitorrepeatoverseveralyears.

Moderate to heavy non-herbicideSolarisationover1yearwheninmonocultures.Methodworksbestindirectsunlight.Mayneedtocombinewithtouchupsprayswithaherbicidetocontrolanyplantsthathavemanagedtopokethroughthetarpingmaterialoratedges.

*Mowing2timesaseasonwithfollowupspotsprayingisthebestintegratedapproach.

ChemicalAnticipatehavingtodotwoapplicationsinoneseasontogainhighlevelsofcontrol.Latespringapplicationfollowedbylatesummerorearlyfall(nolaterthanmid-September.)Apply2%Glyphosate(e.g.Round-upUltra2orWeathermax).ImazapyratsimilarconcentrationsmoreeffectivethanGlyphosphatebutalsoamoreexpensiveproduct.After2or3weeksfollowingapplicationofGlyphosate,cutormowdownthestalkstostimulatetheemergenceandgrowthofotherplantspreviouslysuppressed.

Inareaswithsensitivespecies:Afoliarspraycanbeappliedorinjectedwithahandheldorbackpacksprayerwithanozzleintothecutstem.StemscanalsobewickedwithawashglovesoakedinGlyphosphate

Other notes: Has known allelopathic effects on other wetland plants. OntarioMinistry of Natural Resources hascompletedaPhragmitesBestManagementPracticesdocumentwhichcanbeconsultedforgreaterdetail.


Reed canary grass(Phalaris arundinacea)

• Seemethodsforcommonreed.

Other notes:Posttreatmentrestorationrecommendations–somesuccessintheUnitedStateshasbeenhadwithlivestakingareastreatedbyGlyphosatewithaggressivenativewillowspecies2to3feetaparte.g.Salixexigua,S.discolor.Thismethodreducedreedcanarygrassbiomassby56to68%respectively(Kimetal.2007).

Rough manna grass(Glyceria maxima)

Habitat• Nutrientrich,moistsoils.

• Glyceriamaximaisawetlandplantanddoesbestalongriverbanksandinfreshwater(GlobalInvasiveSpeciesDatabase,2009).

Reproduction and Dispersal• Flowingwateristhemainseeddispersalmethodbutlivestockalsoplayalesserrole.

• Densepopulationsusevegetativereproductiontospreadintoadjacentareas.

• Seedproductionoccursinsummerandautumn.

• Mostseedstendtogerminateimmediatelybutsomeremaindormantforafewyears(GlobalInvasiveSpeciesDatabase,2009).

Suggested Method of Control• SinceGlyceriamaximagrowsinandaroundwaterherbicidesshouldbeusedwithprecautiontoensurethat

impactonnontargetplantsandorganismsisminimal.Differentsurfactantsinmanydifferentherbicideproductshavebeenshowntocausedamagetofishandamphibians.

Infestation Level Method/Management

Light non-herbicideIfremovalisdonebyhandensurethattherootsareremovedtoavoidresprouting.Revisittodealwithresprouts.


Moderate-Heavy SolarisationDarkplastictarpsorsheetingmaybeplacedoverpatches.Leaveinplacefor2seasons.

non-herbicideCuttingmaybedoneinthefalltodepletecarbohydratestoresutilizedinspringgrowth.Cutareasmayalsobefloodedtodiscourageregrowth(NatureConservancy,2009b)

HerbicideslikeGlyphosate(e.g.Round-up)maybeusedwithcareata2%concentration.

Other notes:Grazingisnotencouragedsinceyoungshootshavehighconcentrationsofcyanide(NatureConservancy,2009b).Mostmethodscallforimmediaterevegetationwithnativespeciesuponremovalofglyceriamaxima.

Trees

Siberian elm(Ulmus pumila)

Habitat• Disturbedwoods,roadsides,pastures,alongsidestreams.

• Tolerantofpoorsoilsandlowmoisture.

Reproduction and Dispersal• Produces1-seededsamarasthatarewinddispersed.

• Seedsgerminatereadilyandseedlingsgrowrapidly,formsthicketsofhundredsofseedlingsinbareground.



Light to heavy non-herbicideSmallseedlingcanberemovedbyhandorwithweedwrench.Girdlinginlatespringtomidsummereffectiveiffollowupoccurstodealwithresprouting.

ChemicalCanalsobecontrolledusingcutstemapplicationsof20%Glyphosate(e.g.Roundup)inthefall.


Manitoba maple(Acer negundo)

Habitat• Disturbedwoods(moreoftenfloodplains),roadsides,pastures.

• Tolerantofpoorsoils.

Reproduction and Dispersal• Produceswingedseedsthatarewinddispersed.

• Seedsgerminatereadilyandseedlingsgrowrapidly,formingmonoculturewoodlands.



Light to heavy non-herbicideHandwrenchingiftreesarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimized.Girdlingmostlyineffectiveasitresproutsheavily,followupoverseveralyearsneededtodealwithresprouts.

ChemicalGirdling/cuttingandapplicationof100%Glyphosate9E.g.Roundup)withpaintbrush(willrequirefollow-uptreatmentstocontrolresprouting)infall.


Norway maple(Acer platanoides)

Habitat• Disturbedforestsoftenassociatedinareasofdevelopment.

• Tolerantofpoorsoilsandformsadensecanopy.

Reproduction and Dispersal• Produceswingedseedsthatarewinddispersed.

• Seedsgerminatereadilyandseedlingsgrowrapidlyoftenreplacingnativemaplesasthedominanttreespecies.



Light to heavy non-herbicideHandwrenchingoruseofaweedwrenchhighlyeffectiveiftreesarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimized.

Girdlingcanbeeffectiveonlargetrees(>25cmDBH).Treesmaytakeseveralyearstodie.Monitoroverthisperiodandre-girdleifneeded.

ChemicalGirdling/cuttingandapplicationof100%Glyphosate(e.g.Roundup)atthestumpwithpaintbrush(willrequirefollow-uptreatmentstocontrolresprouting)infall.Basalbarkapplicationof30%Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)alsoeffective.Withlargetreesasecondapplicationmaybeneeded.


Tree-of-heaven(Ailanthus altissima)

• SeemethodsforNorwaymaple.

Other notes: Post treatment restoration recommendations- studies have shown that in low light conditions shadetolerantspeciessuchasredmaplecanout-competethisspecies.Similarlyinopenconditionsstaghornsumachasprovento out-compete tree-of-heaven (Huebner, 2007). This species is also known for its ability to sucker from root stock.Anymethod that allows for the cuttingof the trunk seems to encourage root suckering. TheCityof Toronto is nowexperimentingwithnickingthebarkandapplyingaherbicidethroughthesecutstokillboththetreeandsuppressthebiologicaltriggersforrootsuckering.

notes when using a basal bark application for Triclopyr (e.g. garlon)

Basalbarktreatmentswithtriclopyr(e.g.Garlon)shouldnotbeusedintemperaturesover80°Faschemicalwillvolatizeanddrift.

Stem diameter Species Treatment

<15 mm Buckthorn,Norwaymaple,Tree-ofheaven Paint10inchesofstem,oneside

15mm-50mm Paint10inchesofstem,bothsides

>50 mm Paintfullcircumferenceofstem

Any Thickerbarkedspecies:Honeysuckle,Multiflorarose,Barberry,Orientalbittersweet

Cut stump and paint

(Table.NatureConservancy.2007)

A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix70

HERBICIDE TIMIng CHART - TRICLOPyR AnD gLyPHOSPHATE

Species j F M A M j j A S O n D Comments

BuckthornGlyphosphate(cutstump)Triclopyr(basal)

Triclopyrtrialsrequiredovercorewintermonths

garlic mustardGlyphosphate(spray)

Wherenosnowcoverandtemperaturesreachabove10°Capplicationscanbeeffective

DSVGlyphosphate(spray)

2applicationsspacedapartoverseason

Bush honeysucklesGlyphosphate(cutstump)Triclopyr(basal)

WinterapplicationnotevaluatedasyetwithTriclopyr.Suspectitmaynotbeeffective

j. knotweedGlyphosphate(spray/inject)

Manitoba mapleGlyphosphate(cutstump)Triclopyr(basal)

Awaitingresultsof2011trialswithTriclopyr.

norway mapleGlyphosphate(cutstump)Triclopyr(basal)

May need 2nd application in year 2 with Triclopyr.Latefallandwinterbasalapplicationresultsunknownasyet(2012)

Common reedGlyphosphate (spray/ hand-wicking)

2applications required inone season.Need furthertrials within the suggested window

Winged euonymusTriclopyr(basal)

Wintertrialsrequired

goutweedGlyphosphate(spray)Triclopyr(spray)

2applicationswithintimingwindowforGlyphosphate.

n Winterapplications(seecomments) nOptimaltimingnPartlyeffective,butnotoptimaltimingnNotenoughdata,trialsrequired


ReferencesDorning,M.andD.Cipollini.Leaf and root extracts of the invasive shrub, lonicera maackii, inhibit seed germination of three herbs with no autotoxic effects.EcologicalRestoration.Vol.25#3,September2007.

GlobalInvasiveSpeciesDatabase.

Available online: http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?fr=1&si=891&sts=

(AccessedAugust8th,2009).

Heidorn, Randy. 1990.Vegetation Management Guideline, Exotic Buckthorns, Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.), Glossy buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula L.) and Dahurian buckthorn (Rhamnus davurica Pall.), Vol. 1, No. 5.Approved02/06/90byIllinoisDepartmentofConservation,110JamesRoad,SpringGrove,Illinois60081

Holman,M.L.,Dunwiddie,P.W.andR.G.Carey.Investigating the rapid spread of invasive knotweed in a riparian setting. Ecological Restoration.Vol.25#2,June2007.

Huebner,C.D.2007. Competitive ability of ailanthus altissima and an overview of other RWU-4557 invasive plant studies.EcologicalRestoration.Vol.25#2,June2007.

Kaufman,S.R.andW.Kaufman.2007.Invasive plants: a guide to identification and the impacts and control of common North American Species.Mechanicsburg,PA.Stackpolebooks.

Kim,K.D.,andK.Ewing.Controlling phalaris arundinacea with live willow stakes: a density dependent response. EcologicalRestoration.Vol.25#2,June2007.

NatureConservancy.2007.http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/tools/painter.html.(AccessedDecember18,2007).

TheNatureConservancy. 2009b.Availableonline:http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/alert/alrtglyc.html (AccessedAugust7th,2009)

Plant Conservation Alliance’s Alien Plant Working Group. Available online: http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/aepo1.htm(AccessedAugust7th,2009).


Appendix 5: Tools and Equipment for Invasive Species Removal

Unlessotherwisenotedthisappendix(textandphotos)drawsuponthefollowingresource:

Miller, JamesH.2003.Nonnative invasiveplantsofsouthernforests:afieldguidefor identificationandcontrol.Gen.Tech. Rep. SRS-62. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 93p. http://www.invasive.org/eastern/srs/control.html

DISCLAIMER:Thebelowsuggestedcontrolmethodshavebeencompiledfrommanysources.

BeforeusinganypesticideyoumustensurethatthepesticideisregisteredbythePestManagementRegulatoryAgency(hasaPestControlProductsActregistrationnumber)andisclassifiedforuseinOntario.Thepesticidelabelwillprovideinstructionsonhowthepesticidecanbeused,whatpestsitmaybeusedtocontrolandsafetyequipmentrequired.Alllabeldirectionsmustbefollowed.Itisanoffencetouseanunregisteredorunclassifiedpesticideortouseapesticideincontraventionofthelabeldirections.LicencesandadditionalrequirementsunderthePesticidesActandRegulation63/09mayalsoapplytotheuseofcertainpesticides.

ToolsshownbelowareprovidedwithbriefdescriptionsandexamplesofsomesupplierinOntario/Canada.Thismanualisinnowayendorsingspecificproducts;theyarelistedasexamplesonly.

Herbicide applicationAlthoughtreatingextensiveinaccessibleinfestationsmayrequirebroadcasttreatmentsofherbicidespraysorpelletsbyhelicopterortractormountedapplicationsystems,thebestapproachisusuallyselectiveapplicationsofherbicidestotargetinvasiveplantswhileavoidingorminimizingapplicationtodesirableplants.

Theselectivemethodsdescribedare

• directedfoliarsprays,

• steminjection,

• cut-treat,

• basalsprays,and

Directed Foliar Sprays

Directedfoliarspraysareherbicide-waterspraysaimedattargetplantfoliagetocoverall leavestothepointof runoff,usuallyappliedwithabackpacksprayer(uselowpressure,driftretardants,andsprayshieldstoavoiddrift).Herbicide application by directed foliar spray is the most cost effectivemethodfortreatingmosttypesofinvasiveplantspecies.Withthismethod,herbicidesarethoroughlymixedinwater,oftenwithanon-ionicsurfactant,andappliedtothefoliageandgrowingtipsofwoodyplantsortocompletelycover herbaceous plants. Foliar sprays are usually most effective whenappliedfrommidsummertolatefall,althoughspringandwinterapplicationshaveuse on specific plants and situations. Selective treatment is possiblebecausetheapplicatordirectsthespraytowardstargetplantsandawayfrom


desirableplants.Theadditionofawater-solubledyecanassistintrackingtreatmentanddetectingspraydriftondesirableplants. Althoughdyes aremessy and short-lived as a visiblemarker, they arehelpful in training and tracking criticalapplications.Anothersafeguardistoonlyusefoliaractiveherbicides,becausedirectedspraysofsoil-activeherbicidescandamageorkillsurroundingplantswhentheirrootsarewithinthetreatmentzone.Neveruseherbicideswithsoilactivitytotreatinvasiveplantsunderdesirabletreesorshrubs.

Directedspraysareusuallyappliedwithabackpacksprayerandaspraywandequippedwitha full cone,flat fan,oradjustableconespraytip.Thesetipsandsprayingpressuresof20to30poundspersquareinchcanensureproductivitywithonlya fewfinedroplets thatmaydrift to surroundingplants.To safeguard surroundingplants fromdamagebyspraydrift,suspendapplicationsduringwindyconditions.Asprayshieldthatattachestotheendofthewandcanfurtherminimizedrift.Addingadriftretardanttothespraymixturecaneliminatedriftalthougheffectivenessmaybediminished.

Plantsupto6feettallcanbetreatedwiththisequipment,whiletheadditionofacommerciallyavailablewandextensioncanslightlyincreaseheightcapabilities.Totreatplantsuptoabout18feettall,usehigherspraypressureswithastraight-streamornarrowflatfantip.

Directedfoliarspraysarealsoappliedusingwandsonhosesattachedtosprayingsystemsmountedonall-terrainvehicles,trucks,ortractors.Also,aspraygunwithanarrowflatfantipcanreplaceawandforsomeapplications.Anotherusefulalternativefortreatingdifferentsizedwoodyplantsisaspraygunwithaswivelthatholdstwotips—narrowandwide-angled—thatcanbequicklychangedduringapplication.

Stem Injection

Steminjection(includinghack-and-squirt)involvesherbicideconcentrateorherbicide-watermixturesappliedintodownwardincisioncutsspacedaroundwoodystemsmadebyanaxe,hatchet,machete,brushax,ortreeinjector.Treeinjection,includingthehack-and-squirttechnique,isaselectivemethodofcontrollinglargertreesandshrubs(morethan2inchesindiameter)with

minimum damage to surrounding plants. It requirescuplike downward incisionsspacedaround the stemwithameasured amount of herbicideapplied into each of theincisions. Special tree injectorsare available to perform this operation, or a narrow-bit axe,hatchet,ormachetealongwitha spray bottle can be used in

sequence to perform the hack-and-squirt method. Completely filling thestemwithedge-to-edgecutsorinjectionsisrequiredforverylargestemsordifficult-tocontrolspecies.Theherbicideshouldremainintheinjectioncuttoavoidwastingherbicideonthebarkandtopreventdamageofsurroundingplants.Avoidinjectiontreatmentsifrainfallispredictedwithin48hours.

Treeinjectiontreatmentsaremosteffectivewhenappliedinlatewinterandthroughoutthesummer.Heavyspringsapflowinspringcanwashherbicidefromincisioncuts,makingthisanineffectivetimetousethismethod.


Cut-Treat

Cut-treat involves herbicideconcentratesorherbicide-watermixtures applied to the outer circumference of freshly cutstumpsortheentiretopsurfaceof cut stems, applied with abackpack sprayer, spray bottle,wick, or paint brush. Freshlycutstemsandstumpsofwoodystems, including canes andbamboo, can be treated withherbicide mixtures to prevent

resproutingandtokillroots.Cuttingisusuallybychainsaworbrushsaw,butcanbeaccomplishedbyhandsawsorcuttingblades.Tominimizedeactivationoftheherbicide,removesawdustfromstumpsbeforetreatment.Treatstemsandstumpsasquicklyaspossibleaftercuttingwithabackpacksprayerorutilityspraybottleforsprayapplicationsorawickapplicator,labwashbottle,orpaintbrushforsmallstems.

Forstumpsover3inchesindiameter,completelywettheouteredgewiththeherbicideorherbicidemixture.Completelywetthetopsofsmallerstumpsandallcutstemsinaclump.

Themosteffectivetimeforthestumpspraymethodislatewinterandsummer.Althoughwintertreatmentsareslightlyless effective than growing season applications, the absence of foliage on cut stems and branches produces someoffsettinggainsinapplicationefficiency.

Basal Sprays

Basal spraysareherbicide-oil-penetrantmixturessprayedordaubedontothe lowerportionofwoodystems,usuallyappliedwithabackpacksprayerorwickapplicator.Fullbasaltreatmentsrequirethatthelower12to20inchesoftargetwoodystemsbecompletelywettedonallsideswithanoil-basedspraymixture.Applicationistosmoothjuvenilebark.Fullbasalspraysareusuallyeffectiveincontrollingwoodystemslessthanabout6inchesindiameterorlargerdiametersofsusceptiblespecies,beforebarkbecomesthick,corky,andfurrowed.Theappropriateequipmentforthistreatmentisabackpacksprayerwithawandorspraygunfittedwithanarrow-angleflatfan,cone,oradjustabletip.Awickapplicatorcanalsobeused.

Herbicides that are soluble in oil (e.g. Garlon 4) are mixed with acommerciallyavailablebasaloil,vegetableoilorcropoil(avoiddieselfuel,orkerosene)Someherbicidesaresoldreadytousewiththeseingredients.

Amodifiedmethod,streamlinebasalsprays,iseffectiveformanywoodyspeciesupto2inchesindiameter,aswellastreesandshrubsupto6inchesindiameterifthespeciesissusceptible.Equipmentforthistreatmentisa backpack sprayerwith a spray gun and a low-flow straight-streamornarrow-angle spray tip. To prevent waste, maintain pressure below 30pounds per square inchwith a pressure regulator. At this pressure, aneffective reachof 9 feet is possiblewhile bark splash isminimized. For Streamlinebasalspray(CVC)


treatingstemslessthan2inchesindiameter,applythestreamofsprayup-anddownsinglestemsforabout6to8inches,orapplyacrossmultiplestemscreating2-to3-inch-widebands.Thissamemultiplebandtreatmentcanbeeffectiveonlargerstems.Directthespraystreamtosmoothjuvenilebarkatapointabout4to18inchesfromtheground.Stemsthatarethickbarkedornear3inchesindiameterrequiretreatmentonallsides.

Avoidesterherbicideformulationsonhotdaystopreventvapordriftinjurytonon-targetplants.

Weed-wickers/Applicators

This is a great tool for herbicide application in situationswhere youneedtoavoidherbicidedriftorareworkingaround sensitivenon-targetplants.Mostmodelshaveballvalvestocontrolherbicideflowandvarioussizedandshapedapplicationspongesorfabricsleeves.

RittenhouseisthesupplieroftheWickweeder 1402FourthAve.,R.R.#3 St.Catharines,ON,CanadaL2R6P9 1-877-488-1914,email:[email protected]

Order online www.rittenhouse.ca

Mechanical Removal

Weed Wrenches

Thesetoolsaregreatforpullingoutlargeshrubsupto2to21/2inchesindiameter.Thereareavarietyofthemoutthere.BelowarelistedacoupleofcompaniesthatsupplysuchtoolsinCanada.

TheExtractigator-http://www.extractigator.com/

The Pullerbear - http://www.pullerbear.com/

Tree girdlers

These tools remove a strip of barkawayfromatreeorshrub.Thecutmustbedeepenoughtoremovethevascularcambiumofthe tree/shrub (a spongy innerlayerofthebark).Dependingonthe species this will eventually

starveitofnutrientsanditwilldieoveraperiodofayearortwo.ThistypeofwoundingmayallowalsofortheuptakeofaherbicidethroughthewoundthatwouldnotpenetratethebarksuchasaGlyphosphateproduct.

CommercialSolutions-www.csinet.ca/field-forestry-mining-supply.php

TrueNorthSpecialtyProducts-www.truenorthspecialty.com/english/Equipment/barkblaster.htm

Basalbarkapplicationwithaweed-wicker(CVC)

Variousweedwrenches(CVC)

Treegirdlers(CVC)


Appendix 6: Resources and ContactsInformation Categories:

1.Restorationadviceandassistance

2.Potentialfunding

3.Informationonprovinciallyorregionallyrarespecies

4.Invasivespeciesinformation

5.Reportinginvasivespecies

6.Nativeplantspeciesinformation(plantidentification,specieslists,specieshabitatconditions,etc)

7.Potentialremovalassistance

Information Category

Organization Contact Information Description and Website Information (if applicable)

COnSuLTAnTS/nuRSERIES

1,6 Acorus Restoration

7226thConc.Rd RR#1 Walsingham,ONN0E1X0 Tel:519-586-2603 Email:[email protected]

Nativeplantsource,informationandadvice:

http://www.ecologyart.com/

1 Ecological Outlook and Ontario Parks Association

Authors:D.HavingaandJ.M.Daigle

Publishers:EcologicalOutlookandOntarioParksAssociation

Restoring Natures Place -

AguidetonaturalizingOntarioparksandgreenspace.

1,6 grow Wild 3784Hwy#7 Omemee,ONK0L2W0

NurseryAddress: 4735Durham/York30 Claremont,ONL1Y1A3

Phone:705-799-2619 Cell:416-735-7490

Noemail–onlinecontactform:

http://www.grow-wild.com/contact.php

Nativeplantsource,informationandadvice:

http://www.grow-wild.com/

7 Lands & Forests Consulting

HeadOffice-Hanover DaveTaylor 421608Con6NDR.R.R.#1, Elmwood,ON.N0G1S0

Tel:1-519-364-tree(8733) Tollfree:1-888-923-9995 Fax:1-519-364-8736

Email:[email protected]

Forestryandprofessionalprescribedburncontractor:

http://www.landsandforests.com/




nOn-gOVERnMEnT ORgAnIZATIOnS

4,6 Canadian Wildlife Federation (CWF)

350MichaelCowplandDrive Kanata,ONK2M2W1

Tel:1-800-563-9453 Fax:613-599-4428

Noemail-onlinecontactform:http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/contact-us/contact-us.html

Invasivespeciesencyclopaediawhichprovidesinformationaboutnativeandinvasiveranges,invasionpathway,status,impactsandcontrolmeasures: www.cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/invasive-species/

WildAboutGardening-Alistofnativeplant suppliers for Ontario: www.wildaboutgardening.org/en/gab/section3/ontario/index.htm

ListofplantsnativetoeachregionofCanada: old.wildaboutgardening.org/en/growing/section4/encyclopedia/index.asp

1,3 Eastern Ontario Model Forest

P.O.Bag2111 KemptvilleONK0G1J0

Tel.:(613)258-8241 Fax.:(613)258-8363

Email: [email protected]

TheEnhancingSpeciesatRiskHabitatinYourEasternOntarioWoodlotbookletisintended as a tool to assist landowners inenhancingspeciesatriskhabitat:

http://www.eomf.on.ca/en/information-reports/publications/information-reports/page-2-10

(Scrolldownthepageandclickon“Clickheretoview”)

1,4,6 Evergreen 355AdelaideStreetWest,5thFloor Toronto,ONM5V1S2

Tel:416-596-1495 Tollfree:1-888-426-3138 Fax:416-596-1443

email: [email protected]

Nativeplantdatabase: nativeplants.evergreen.ca/

Invasivespeciesfactsheetsandprofiles: www.evergreen.ca/en/resources/native-plants/fact-sheets.sn




1,3,4,6 Federation of Ontario naturalists (FOn)

HeadOffice 366AdelaideStreetWest,Suite201 Toronto,ONM5V1R9

Tel:416-444-8419 Tollfree:1-800-440-2366 Fax:416-444-9866


OntarioNature-Anorganizationthatprotectswildspeciesandwildspacesthroughconservation,educationandpublicengagement: www.ontarionature.org/index.php

Avarietyofdownloadablefactsheetsare also available: www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/publications.php

HabitatCreationwithNativePlants www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PDFs/misc/habitat_creation.pdf

BackyardHabitats www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PDFs/id_guides/backyard.pdf

WetlandRestorationandRehabilitation www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PDFs/misc/wetland_restoration.pdf

NaturalInvaders www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PDFs/id_guides/natural_invaders.pdf

SpeciesatRiskinOntario www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PDFs/id_guides/SAR_brochure.pdf





4,6 Lake Huron Centre for Coastal Conservation

P.O.Box178, Blyth,ONN0M1H0

Phone:(519)523-4478


Informationoninvasivespecies,withafocusonspeciesthatarehavingseriousimpactonLakeHuron’secology: http://lakehuron.ca/index.php?page=invasive-species

Importanceofnativeplants: http://lakehuron.ca/index.php?page=importance-of-native-plants

1 Landscape Ontario

7856FifthLineSouth Milton,ONL9T2X8

Tel:(905)875-1805 Fax:(905)875-3942

ListslandscapingcompaniesinOntariowhoprovideprofessionalserviceandwhoseprinciplesincludetorespectandimprove the environment: www.landscapeontario.com

3,4 nature Canada Tel:1-800-267-4088


DiscussesendangeredspeciesandspeciesatriskinCanada,withselectprofilesonsomespecies: http://www.naturecanada.ca/endangered.asp

Briefgeneralinformationaboutinvasivespeciesmentionedasathreattoparksandnaturalareas.Doeshighlightafewinvasivespecies: http://www.naturecanada.ca/parks_cons_invasive.asp

4 natureServe N/A Invasivespeciesdatabase–Asearchengineforinvasivespecies: www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/natureServe

1,6 north American native Plant Society (nAnPS)

POBox84,StationD Etobicoke,ONM9A4X1

Voicemail:(416)631-4438


Informationaboutwhynativeplantsshould be used and how to start gardeningwithnativeplants: www.nanps.org

Avarietyoffactsheetsaboutnativeplantspeciesandgardening: www.nanps.org/index.php/resources/publications

ButterflyGardening:AttractingButterfliestoGardensintheGreatLakesWatershed www.nanps.org/pdfs/butterfact.pdf

NativePlantGardening:AnIntroductiontotheBenefitsofLandscapingwithNature www.nanps.org/pdfs/nativefact.pdf

NativeTrees:ForGardenersintheGreatLakesWatershed www.nanps.org/pdfs/treefact.pdf





4,6 Ontario Invasive Plant Council (OIPC)

P.O.Box2800 4601GuthrieDrive Peterborough,ONK9J8L5

Tel:705-748-6324ext243 Fax:1-705-748-9577

Anon-profit,multi-agencyorganizationin response to the threat of invasive plantsprovidinginformationregardinginvasiveplantsandlinkstootherwebsites related to invasive plants and nativeplants: www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca

Avarietyoffactsheetsregardinginvasivespecies: www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/index.php/publications

QuickreferenceGuidetoInvasivePlantSpecies-Aselectionofcommoninvasiveplants,withdetailsonhowtoidentifythem.ThisisalsoavailablefromCreditValleyConservation’sinvasivewebsite. www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/files/Invasive speciespeciesCards_CVC_HR_sm.pdf

ALandowner’sGuidetoControllingInvasive Woodland Plants- A guide detailinghowtodealwithaselectiononinvasivespecies(inpartnershipwith:OntarioFederationofAngler’sandHunters,OakRidgesMoraineFoundation,VictoriaLandandWaterStewardshipCouncilandtheGovernmentofOntario): www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/files/LandownerguideInvasive species_web.pdf




1,4,6 Ontario Society for Ecological Restoration (SERO)

N/A NativePlantResourceGuidesavailableforpurchase: www.serontario.org/publications.htm

Arankedlistofinvasivespeciesinsouthern Ontario based on the degree of invasiveness: serontario.org/pdfs/exotics.pdf

Compendium of Invasive Plant ManagementinOntario

www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/files/Management_Compendium_Final_web.pdf

GiantHogweedManagementProfessionals List

www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/files/gHManagementwebsitelist6.pdf

1 Society for Ecological Restoration International

Authors:S.PackardandC.F.Mutel

Publisher: Island Press

TheTallgrassRestorationHandbookforPrairies,Savannas,andWoodlands. -Providespracticalandcomprehensiveinformationonrestorationofprairies,savannasandwoodlands.

PuBLIC InSTITuTIOnS

4,6 Canadian Biodiversity Web Site

N/A Providesgeneralinformationonnativeandinvasivespecies: http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/index.htm

4 Canadian Botanical Conservation network, Royal Botanical gardens

RoyalBotanicalGardens Attention:Dr.DavidGalbraith P.O.Box399 Hamilton,ONL8N3H8

Tel:1-905-527-1158,ext.309 Fax:1-905-577-0375

HaslistsofinvasiveplantsinCanada,providinginformationonsuchthingsasspeciesdescription,habitat,provinciallocations,controlmethods: http://www.rbg.ca/cbcn/en/projects/invasive species/i_list.html

4,6 Canadian Museum of nature

240McLeodStreet Ottawa,ONK1P6P4

(613)566-4700 Tel:613.566.47001.800.263.4433


OntheirNativePlantCrossroadswebsitethereisinformationnativeandinvasiveplants: http://nature.ca/plnt/index_e.cfm




PuBLIC InSTITuTIOnS

1,6 Centre for Land and Water Stewardship, university of guelph

RichardsBuilding,UniversityofGuelph Guelph,ONN1G2W1

Tel:519-824-4120ext.58329


Publicationsfortheidentificationandmanagement of woodland plants: www.uoguelph.ca/~claws/newsite/publications.html

4 university of georgia, Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health

TheUniversityofGeorgia P.O.Box748 4601ResearchWayCPES 113AdministrationBuilding Tifton,Georgia31793

Phone:229-386-3298 Fax:229-386-3352

Therearemanyemailslistedonline,thereforecheckthislinkforcontacts:http://www.bugwood.org/Contactus.html

Informationonhowtoidentify,controlandreportinvasivespecies(althoughreportingisfortheUS),aswellasvideosanddistributionmaps(alsooftheUSonly): http://www.invasive.org/

BOOkS/MAnuALS/FACT SHEETS

1,4 DCnR Invasive Exotic Plant Tutorial for natural Land Managers, Mid-Atlantic Exotic Pest Plant Council

Steve Young 56175thSt.S. Arlington,VA22204

Email: steveyoung[at]aol.com

Providesfactsheets,managementandcontrolinformationonlistedinvasivespecies: http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/invasivetutorial/List.htm

6 N/A Authors:D.BennetandT.Tiner Publisher:McClelland&StewartLtd.

Wild City: A guide to nature in urban Ontario, from termites to coyotes - Provides natural histories of most of thecommonplantsandwildlifefoundinOntario’scities.

6 N/A Authors:J.DiekelmannandR.Schuster. Publisher:TheUniversityofWisconsinPress

Natural Landscaping: Designing with Native Plant Communities -Providesbasicguidanceinusingnativeplantsinlandscaping,fromplanningandlandscapingtoplanting.

6 N/A Author:L.Johnson Publisher:WhitecapBooks

100 Easy-to-grow Native Plants for Canadian Gardeners -Nativespeciesinformationandlistofnativenurseries.

6 N/A Author:L.Johnson Publisher:RandomHouseof Canada

Grow Wild -Providesinformationonlow-maintenanceandsure-successgardeningwithnativeplants




6 N/A Author:D.W.Tallamy Publisher: Timber Press

Bringing Nature Home -Providesinformationonhowtosustainwildlifewithnativeplants.Italsoincludeslistsofnativeplantsforregionhabitats.

4 N/A Authors:S.R.KaufmanandW.Kaufman Publisher:StackpoleBooks

Invasive Plants -AguidetoidentificationandtheimpactsandcontrolofcommonNorthAmericanspecies.

4 N/A Authors:R.K.Kohli,H.P.SinghandD.R.Batish

Publisher:CRCPress,Taylor&FrancisGroup

Invasive Plants and Forest Ecosystem -Providesafoundationininvasiveecology,discussestheimpactsoninvasivespeciesonnaturalsystemsandmanagementtoolsforcontrollinginvasivespecies.

MunICIPAL LEVEL ORgAnIZATIOnS

1,4,6,7 City of Toronto – urban Forestry Services

Tel(Torontocitylimits):311 Tel(outsidecitylimits): 416-392-2489 Fax:416-338-0685


UrbanForestryServicessiteprovidesinformationonnative,invasiveandendangeredspecies,treeplanting,bi-lawsandpolicies:http://www.toronto.ca/trees/

Factsheetoncontrollinginvasiveplants: www.toronto.ca/trees/pdfs/Fact_3_Controlling_Invasive_Plants.pdf

Factsheetonhowtoselectandbuynativeplants,aswellasplantsoilandlightrequirements: www.toronto.ca/trees/pdfs/Fact_2_How_to_Select_and_Buy_native_Plants.pdf

1,3,4,5,6 Conservation Halton

2596BritanniaRoadWest Burlington,ONL7P0G3

Tel:905-336-1158 Fax:905-336-7014

Lands and Forestry - Provides informationontheirtreeplantingprogram,aswellasinformationonEmeraldAshBorerandGypsyMoth: http://www.conservationhalton.on.ca/ShowCategory.cfm?subCatID=787

Species at Risk-Informationonspeciesatrisk,includingaspecieslistandreportingform: http://www.conservationhalton.on.ca/ShowCategory.cfm?subCatID=1328

Invasive Exotics-Informationoninvasivespecies,includingnativeandinvasivespecieslistsandagianthogweedfactsheet: http://www.conservationhalton.on.ca/ShowCategory.cfm?subCatID=1114




1,4,5,6,7 Credit Valley Conservation (CVC)

1255OldDerryRoad Mississauga,ONL5N6R4

Tel:905-670-1615or 1-800-668-5557

Fax:905-670-2210

Stewardship programs and services -Informationonthedifferentprogramsandservicesprovided,includingtreeplanting,ecologicallandscaping/gardeningandrestorationresources: http://www.creditvalleyca.ca/your-land-water/

Informationaboutwhatinvasivespeciesare,listsoftypesofinvasiveplants,andmethodsofcontrolforinvasiveplants: www.creditvalleyca.ca/invasives

Listofecological/landscapecompaniesthatcanhelplandownersplanwhattheywantfortheirproperty: www.creditvalleyca.ca/ecoproviders

Listofnativeplantnurseriesforsouthern Ontario: www.creditvalleyca.ca/nurseries

MunICIPAL LEVEL ORgAnIZATIOnS

1,4 grand River Conservation Authority (gRCA)

400ClydeRoad,POBox729 Cambridge,ONN1R5W6

Tel:519-621-2761 Tollfree:1-866-900-4722 Fax:519-621-4844


Tree Planting - Provide support for tree plantingprojectsonprivatelands. http://www.grandriver.ca/index/document.cfm?Sec=48&Sub1=4

Invasive Species-Informationoninvasivespecies,andGRCA’sforestmanagementofinvasivespecies: http://www.grandriver.ca/index/document.cfm?Sec=48&Sub1=6&Sub2=0

1,6 Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA)

5ShorehamDrive Downsview,ONM3N1S4

Tel:(416)661-6600 Fax:(416)661-6898


Community Stewardship Program - Providesprogramsincludinghands-ondemonstrations,workshops,naturewalks,plantingandclean-upactivities: http://trca.on.ca/get-involved/stewardship/index.dot

Healthy Yards Program–Providesinformationandresourcestohelplandownerscreatenaturalgardensusingnativeplants: www.trca.on.ca/get-involved/stewardship/healthy-yards-program




1,4,6 upper Thames River Conservation

1424ClarkeRoad London,ONN5V5B9

Tel:519-451-2800 Fax:519-451-1188

Informationoninvasivespecies: http://www.thamesriver.on.ca/invasive_species/Invasive_species.htm

Treeplantingprogram: http://www.thamesriver.on.ca/Stewardship_grants/forestry.htm

Informationonnativespecies,includingwhatspeciestoplantandgardeningwithnatives: http://www.thamesriver.on.ca/native_species/nativespecies.htm

PROVInCIAL AgEnCIES

1,2,3,4,5,6 Conservation Ontario

Box11,120BayviewParkway Newmarket,ONL3Y4W3

Tel:905-895-0716 Fax:905-895-0751


AlistofallofOntario’s36conservationauthoritiesbasedonthewatershed.Thisprovideslinkstoalltheconservationareasthatcanprovidesupportforlandownersinprotectingandenhancingthenaturalareasoftheirproperties.Theyalsoprovideworkshops,educationalprogramsandvolunteerevents throughout their watersheds: www.conservation-ontario.on.ca/about/cas.html

2,3,4,6 great Lakes Information network

N/A Informationonvarioustopics: Endangered species: http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/endanger.html

Invasive species: http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/invasive/invasive.html

Plants of the Great Lakes Region: http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/plants.html

Funding and Grants in the Great Lakes Region: http://www.great-lakes.net/infocenter/news/funding.html




PROVInCIAL AgEnCIES

1,2,3,4,6 Ontario Ministry of natural Resources (OMnR)

MainOffice 300WaterStreet,P.O.Box7000 Peterborough,ONK9J8M5

Tel:1-800-667-1940

Noemail-onlinecontactform: www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Contactus/index.html

AlistoftheMNRDistrictOffices: http://tinyurl.com/cnyjvh8

Downloadablefactsheetscoveringavarietyofrestorationrelatedtopicsincludingpreservingnaturalshorelines,managingforestsandnaturalizingyourbackyard: http://tinyurl.com/brxosto

Tax incentive programs:

Community Fisheries and Wildlife Involvement Program (CFWIP) http://tinyurl.com/c5oqkg8

Conservation Lands Tax Incentive Program http://tinyurl.com/c5rtozs

Managed Forest Tax Incentive Program http://tinyurl.com/covlnt3

Species at Risk Farm Incentive Program http://tinyurl.com/cvhgm49

Descriptionofwhataspeciesatrisk(SAR)is,aswellasalistoftheSARinOntario: http://tinyurl.com/62wqmo

Alistofspeciesatrisk(SAR)inOntario: http://tinyurl.com/23kvjyt

ListsofSARinOntariobyregion*: http://tinyurl.com/n474ye

Invading Species Program(InpartnershipwiththeOntarioFederationofAnglersandHunters)seeOntario Federation of Anglers and Hunters

3,6 natural Heritage Information Centre (nHIC)

Email: [email protected] Compiles,maintainsanddistributesinformationonnaturalspecies,plantcommunitiesandspacesofconservationconcerninOntario: nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/MnR/nhic/nhic.cfm




4,5 Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters (OFAH)

4601GuthrieDrive, P.O.Box2800 Peterborough,ONK9J8L5

Tel:705-748-6324 Fax:705-748-9577


Invading Species Awareness Program (InpartnershipwiththeMinistryofNaturalResources)–Informationaboutvarioustypesofinvasivespecies,downloadablefactsheets,aninvasivespeciesonlinereportingsystemandhotline: (ReportingHotline:1-800-563-7711) www.invadingspecies.com

PROVInCIAL AgEnCIES

1,2,4 Ontario Stewardship

P.O.Box7000 300WaterStreet4thfloor, South Tower Peterborough,ONK9J8M5

[email protected]

Provides a list of all of the stewardship councilsinOntario: www.ontariostewardship.org/index.php/local_council

Species at Risk Stewardship Fund–Afund open to individuals and groups insupportofstewardshipactivitiesthatwillimprovethestatusofSARandtheir habitats: www.ontariostewardship.org/index.php/financial_suport_incentives

4 Stewardship network of Ontario


Avarietyofinformationaboutinvasivespeciesandwaystocontributetofightingthem: www.stewardshipcentre.on.ca




FEDERAL AgEnCIES

4 Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)

NationalHeadquarters 1400MerivaleRoad Ottawa,ONK1A0Y9

Tel:1-800-442-2342

noemail-onlinecontactform:www.inspection.gc.ca/english/tools/feedback/commene.shtml

Southwest

1200CommissionersRdE,Unit19 London,ONN5Z4R3

Tel:519-691-1300 Fax:519-691-1314

Central

259WoodlawnRoad,WestSuiteA Guelph,ONN1H8J1

Tel:519-837-5817 Fax:519-837-9774

Toronto

1124FinchAvenueWest,Unit2 Downsview,ONM3J2E2

Tel:416-665-5055 Fax:416-665-5069and 416-667-4965

north East

Unit7-38AurigaDr. Nepean,ONK2E8A5

Tel:613-946-7897 Fax:613-946-7902

Informationaboutinvasiveplantsaswellasactsandregulationspertainingtoinvasivespecies: http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/invenv/invenve.shtml

Asummaryreportprovidinginformationsuchasthehistoryofinvasiveplants,theeconomic,environmentalandsocialimpactsofinvasiveplants,andCanada’sresponse to invasive plants: www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/invenv/techrpt/summrese.shtml

Invasive Alien Species Partnership Program(AdministeredbyEnvironmentCanada and in partnership with FisheriesandOceansCanada):seeEnvironment Canada




PROVInCIAL AgEnCIES

2,4 Environment Canada

InquiryCentre 351St.JosephBoulevard PlaceVincentMassey,8thFloor Gatineau,QuebecK1A0H3

Tel:1-800-668-6767


GeneralinformationaboutwhatalienspeciesareandCanada’sresponsetothem: www.ec.gc.ca/eee-ias/

Invasive Species Web Portal–informationaboutinvasivespecies,whatpeoplecandotohelpaswellasameansofbrowsingorsearchingvariousinvasivespeciesrelatedtopics:www.invasive speciespecies.gc.ca

Invasive Alien Species Partnership Program(inpartnershipwithCanadianFoodInspectionAgencyandFisheriesandOceansCanada)-Thestrategyforcombatingalienspeciesprovidingfundingforprovinces,municipalities,educationalinstitutions,non-governmentorganizationsandothergroupswhoareworkingtoprevent,detectandmanageinvasivealienspecies: www.ec.gc.ca/eee-ias/Default.asp?lang=En&n=A49893BC-1

Invasive Plants of Natural Habitats in Canada - A review of wetland and uplandspeciesandthelegislationgoverningtheircontrol: www.ec.gc.ca/eee-ias/78D62AA2-55A4-4E2F-AA08-538E1051A893/invasive species.pdf


Appendix 7: Conservation Authorities of OntarioA

ppen

dix

3M

ap i


Appendix 8: Ontario Ministry of the Environment – Regional Offices

REgIOn County/Township

REgIOnAL OFFICE Mailing Address

Telephone/Toll Free/Fax

Central Region: Toronto,Halton,Peel,York,Durham,SimcoeandMuskoka

5775YongeSt,8thFloor Toronto,ONM2M4J1

Tel(416)326-6700

TollFree1-800-810-8048 Fax(416)325-6347

West-Central Region: Haldimand,Norfolk,Niagara,Hamilton-Wentworth,Dufferin,Wellington,Waterloo and Brant

119KingSt.W.,12thFloorHamilton,ONL8P4Y7

Tel(905)521-7640 TollFree1-800-668-4557 Fax(905)521-7820

Eastern Region: Frontenac,Hastings,Lennox& Addington,PrinceEdward,Leeds&Grenville,Prescott&Russell,Stormont/Dundas&Glengarry,Peterborough,KawarthaLakes,Northumberland,Renfrew,Ottawa,Lanark,DistrictofNipissing(Twp.ofSouthAlgonquin)andHaliburton

1259GardinersRoad,Unit3 KingstonONK7P3J6

Tel(613)549-4000 TollFree1-800-267-0974 Fax(613)548-6908

Southwestern Region: Elgin,Middlesex,Oxford,Essex,Kent,Lambton,Bruce,Grey,HuronandPerth

733ExeterRd. London,ONN6E1L3

Tel(519)873-5000 TollFree1-800-265-7672 Fax(519)873-5020

northern Region (east): Manitoulin,Nipissing,ParrySound,Sudbury,Algoma(East),TimiskamingandSaultSte.Marie

199LarchStreet, Ste1101 Sudbury,ONP3E5P9

Tel(705)564-3237 TollFree1-800-890-8516 Fax(705)564-4180

northern Region (west): Algoma(West),Cochrane,Kenora,RainyRiver,TimminsandThunderBay

435JamesSt.S., Suite 331 ThunderBayONP7E6S7

Tel(807)475-1205 TollFree1-800-875-7772 Fax(807)475-1754

a landowner’s guide to managing and controlling invasive

Documents