a ©kv¯¿ i bwzkzv : evsjv`k f~wg mÖvg mi ivrbwzk a ©bxwzshapan adnan [email protected] cøbvwi...

A_©kv¯¿ I •bwZKZv : evsjv‡`‡k f~wg MÖv‡mi ivR‣bwZK A_©bxwZ / ¯^cb Av`bvb | 1

A_©kv ¿ I •bwZKZv :

evsjv‡`‡k f~wg MÖv‡mi ivR‣bwZK A_©bxwZ

Economics and Ethics:

Political Economy of Land Grabs in

Bangladesh

¯^cb Av`bvb

Shapan Adnan

[email protected]

†cøbvwi e³…Zv

20Zg wØevwl©K m‡¤§jb, evsjv‡`k A_©bxwZ mwgwZ

XvKv: 21-23 wW‡m¤i, 2017

mailto:[email protected]

2| A_©kv¯¿ I •bwZKZv : evsjv‡`‡k f~wg MÖv‡mi ivR‣bwZK A_©bxwZ / ¯^cb Av`bvb

’vb: Bbw÷wUDkb Ae wW‡cøvgv BwÄwbqvm© evsjv‡`k, KvKivBj, XvKv

GB †jLvwUi cÖ_g ms¯‥iY cvV Kiv n‡qwQ‡jv 16B RyjvB 2017 ZvwiL

Association for Land Reform and Development (ALRD) Av‡qvwRZ

GKvwU †mwgbv‡i| Zvici Ôme©RbK_vÕ cwÎKvi AvM÷-A‡±vei 2017 msL¨vq

†jLvwU cÖKvwkZ nq Ôevsjv‡`‡k f~wg MÖvm cÖwµqv I Kjv‡K․k‡ji •ewPÎ¨Õ


wk‡ivbv‡g| eZ©gvb cÖeÜwU Av‡Mi ms¯‥iY¸wji ms‡kvwaZ, cwiewa©Z Ges

cwigvwR©Z iƒc|


1. f~wg MÖvm, abvR©b I •bwZKZv

A_©‣bwZK Kg©KvÐ g~jZ: •elwqK ¯^v‡_© cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e Zvi

g‡aÏ mybxwZ ev `yb©xwZi cÖkœ I‡V| we`¨gvb AvBb I b¨vqbxwZi KvVv‡gvi

g‡a¨B Drcv`b, e›Ub, †fvM Ges wewb‡qvMmn A_©eë¯’vi (economy)

hveZxq Kvh©Kjvc cwiPvwjZ nIqvi K_v| wKš‘ cvVëB‡qi GB Av`k© wPÎ

Ges evsjv‡`‡ki ev ÍeZvi g‡a¨ A‡bK dvivK| `yb©xwZ Ges Ab¨vb¨

Kvh©Kjv‡ci Dcw ’wZ we`¨gvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z A_©kv‡¯¿i (economics) mv‡_

mybxwZ (ethics) I •bwZKZvi (morality) m¤úK© m¤^‡Ü cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Q|

AvR‡Ki Av‡jvPbvq Avwg we‡kl K‡i f~wg MÖv‡mi (land grabs) bvbvwea

cÖwµqv Ges Kjv‡K․k‡ji w`‡K bRi †`‡ev| f~wg MÖvm ev n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii d‡j

mvwe©K f~wg e›U‡b (distribution) cwieZ©b N‡U| cybe©›Ub wfwËK f~wg

ms¯‥vi (redistributive land reform) †hLv‡b wewfbœ †kÖYxi g‡a¨ f~wgmZ¡

Ges f~wg AwaKv‡i mgZv Avbvi †Póv K‡i, †mLv‡b f~wg MÖvm cÖwµqvq Zvi

D‡ëv djvdj N‡U| †h‡nZz f~wg MÖvm Ki‡Z cv‡i kw³kvjx ms¯’v I

e¨w³eM©, †m‡nZz GB cÖwµqvq ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq mvaviYZ: mgv‡Ri `ye©j I `wi`ª

†kÖYx ev m¤úª`v‡qi gvby‡liv| f~wg †e`Lj cÖwµqv mvaviYZ: m¤ú` e›U‡b

(asset distribution) •elg¨ m„wó K‡i, hvi d‡j `vwi‡ ªi gvÎv †e‡o †h‡Z

cv‡i| GB hyw³‡Z f~wg MÖvm‡K mvaviYfv‡e A‣bwZK (unethical) we‡ePbv

Kiv hvq|

GB wm×všÍwU `„pfv‡e cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z †M‡j f~wg MÖv‡mi wewfbœ cÖwµqv Ges

Kjv‡K․kj AviI wbweofv‡e ch©‡eÿY Kiv ìKvi| Gi R‡b¨ Av‡jvPbvq

f~wg †e`Lj cÖwµqvq kw³ I mwnsmZvi eënvi, Ges `yb©xwZ I RvwjqvwZi

cÖfve, we‡kølY Ki‡ev| Gi d‡j Gme Kjv‡K․k‡ji mv‡_ •bwZKZvi

m¤úK©wU cwi®‥vi n‡q DV‡e|

f~wg MÖvm cÖwµqvq iv‡óªi f~wgKv AZxe ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GKw`‡K f~wg msµvšÍ

AvBbKvbyb Ges f~wg AwaKvi e›Ub Ges cybe©›U‡bi ÿgZv ivóªh‡š¿¿i nv‡ZB

b¨v Í| Ab¨w`‡K GB ivóªh‡š¿i Ici bvbvai‡bi Kv‡qgx ¯^v_© cÖfve †dj‡Z

cv‡i| we‡kl †Kv‡bv †kÖYx, m¤úª`vq ev †Mvôxi ¯^v‡_© ivóªh‡š¿i Kg©KvÐ

•elg¨g~jK Ges Ab¨vh¨fv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i| AZGe, f~wg MÖv‡mi

†ÿ‡Î ivóªh‡š¿i f~wgKv KZUzKz •bwZK I b¨vh¨ Zv GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖkœ|


ivóª QvovI mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †kÖYx, m¤úª`vq ev †MvwôI f~wg MÖvm cÖwµqvi mv‡_

A½v½xfv‡e RwoZ| Zv‡ì weiæ‡×I kw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i mwnsmZv wKsev

RvwjqvwZ I cÖZviYvi gva¨‡g f~wg `L‡ji Awf‡hvM Av‡Q| AZGe, f~wg

MÖv‡mi †ÿ‡Î •bwZKZvi cÖkœ Zv‡ì Dc‡iI eZ©vq|

f~wg `Lj Kivi †cQ‡b bvbv ai‡bi ¯^v_© KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| mgv‡Ri hveZxq

†kÖYx, m¤úª`vq ev †Mvwôvi ¯^v_© I f~wgKvi mv‡_ wewfbœ ai‡bi abvR©‡bi

(accumulation) cÖwµqv RwoZ _v‡K| mgKvjxb evsjv‡`‡k f~wg MÖvm

cÖwµqvi we‡kølY Ki‡Z †M‡j ivR‣bwZK A_©bxwZi (political economy)

ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gv (theoretical framework) ZvB AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| we‡kl

K‡i Avw` abvR©b (primitive accumulation), cyuwRev`x abvR©b Ges

Ab¨vb¨ abvR©b cÖwµqvi (accumulative process) g‡a¨ cv_©K¨¸‡jv

¯úófv‡e wbiƒcb Kiv ìKvi| GB c×wZ eënvi Ki‡j eû wewPÎ ai‡bi

f~wg MÖv‡mi NUbv‡K GKwU wekøl‡Yi Q‡K †d‡j e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e n‡Z

cv‡‡i|

GB K‡qKwU cÖv_wgK cÖ¯Ívebvi wfwË‡Z Avwg mgKvjxb evsjv‡`‡k f~wg MÖvm

cÖwµqvi ivR‣bwZK A_©bxwZi Av‡jvPbv ïiæ KiwQ| GLv‡b •bwZKZv I

abvR©b cÖwµqv m¤‡Ü †h cÖkœ I we‡ePbv¸‡jv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv, cÖe‡Üi †kl

As‡k †m¸‡jv m¤‡Ü Avgvi we‡køl‡Yi djvdj e¨vL¨v Ki‡ev|

2. f~wg MÖvm cÖwµqvq mv¤úªwZK cwieZ©b

evsjv‡`‡k eûKvj a‡iB f~wg `Lj I n ÍvšÍi cÖwµqv P‡j Avm‡Q wewfbœ

Kvq`vq| jvwVqvj evwnbxi †Rvi LvwU‡q Pi `Lj Kiv G‡`‡ki f~wg

msNv‡Zi BwZnv‡mi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| wewfbœ mg‡q †`‡ki miKvi ivóªxq

kw³ LvwU‡q f~wg AwaMÖnY K‡i‡Q| FY cwi‡kva Ki‡Z bv cvivi `v‡q

K…l‡Ki eÜK ivLv Rwg gnvR‡bi nv‡Z P‡j hvIqviI „óvšÍ i‡q‡Q A‡bK|

f~wg MÖv‡mi Gme cÖPwjZ c×wZi mv‡_ AviI bZzb wKQz Kjv‡K․kj †hvM

n‡q‡Q mv¤úªwZK Kv‡ji A_©‣bwZK I ivR‣bwZK cwieZ©‡bi d‡j| we‡kl

K‡i 1970-Gi `k‡K bqvD`viev`x wek^vq‡bi (neoliberal

globalization) cÖfve evo‡Z ïiæ Kivi ci †_‡K f~wgi `vg Ges f~wg


eënv‡ii (land use) ai‡bI †ek wKQz ¸YMZ (qualitative) cwieZ©b

N‡U‡Q|

1980-i `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©eë¯’vi (economy) Ici

KvVv‡gvMZ cybwe©b¨vm (structural adjustment) Kg©m~wPi wewfbœ kZ©

Av‡ivc Kiv ïiæ K‡i AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv Znwej (International Monetary

Fund), wekê¨vsK, Ges Ab¨vb¨ we‡`kx `vZv ms¯’v (†mvenvb 2007: 332-

333; Av`bvb 2013: 105)| Gi d‡j †hme bqvD`viev`x bxwZi cÖeZ©b

N‡U Zvi g‡a¨ wQ‡jv evwYR¨ D`vixKiY (liberalization), A_©eë¯’vq

wbqš¿‡Yi wewawb‡la µgk: wkw_j Kiv (dergulation) Ges m¤ú` I

Drcv`b eë¯’v e¨w³gvwjKvbvq n ÍvšÍi Kiv (privatization)|

A_©eë¯’vi cwiPvjbvq Gme bxwZMZ cwieZ©‡bi d‡j evsjv‡`k miKvi

Ges AvšÍR©vwZK `vZvms¯’vmg~n ißvbxgyLx (export-oriented) evwYwR¨K

Drcv`b evov‡bvi w`‡K †Rvi †`q| GB j‡ÿ¨ ivóªxq Rwg e¨w³gvwjKvbvq

n ÍvšÍi Kiv Ges Rbmvavi‡Yi emZevwo I RwgRgv evwYwR¨K Lvgvi Ges

wkívÂ‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi R‡b¨ e¨vcK miKvwi Kg©m~wP †bqv nq| A_©‣bwZK

Kg©KvÛ I f~wg eënv‡i G ai‡bi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j we`¨gvb emwZ ev K…wl

Rwg µgk: evwYwR¨K GjvKvq iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡Z _v‡K| G Kvi‡Y f~wgi evRvi

`vg †e‡o †h‡Z _v‡K Ges RwgRgv GKwU g~jëvb evRvix c‡Y¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ

nq| djZ: f~m¤úwË (real estate) †Kbv‡ePvi `vjvjx (brokering) I

dUKvevRx (speculation) †ek jvfRbK eëmvq cwiYZ nq (IqvKvi

2008; †jwf‡qb 2012; Av`bvb I `w¯Í vi 2011; Av`bvb 2013)|

GB wekêvRvigyLx I bqvD`viev`x bxwZ cwieZ©‡bi d‡j ïaygvÎ f~wgi

eënvi bq, f~wg `L‡ji cÖwµqv I Kjv‡K․k‡jI wKQz Awfbe c×wZ mshy³

nq| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k f~wg MÖv‡mi †ÿ‡Î ZvB bZzb I c~e©cÖPwjZ c×wZ

Df‡qi mswgkÖY †`Lv hvq|

G wel‡q Z_¨ Dcv‡Ëi (empirical) wfwË‡Z Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †M‡jB ZvwË¡K

KvVv‡gv (theoretical framework) Ges aviYv (concept) Acwinvh© n‡q

I‡V| ivR‣bwZK A_©bxwZi (political economy) wPšÍvavivq f~wg MÖvm ev

n ÍvšÍi‡K mvaviYZ: gv‡·©i (1976: 873-895) ÔAvw` abvR©bÕ (primitive

accumulation) aviYvi AvIZvq we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Z‡e gv‡·©i Dbwesk


kZvãxi AwfÁZvjä wPšÍvfvebv‡K eZ©gv‡bi bqv D`viev`x wek^vq‡bi hy‡Mi

Dc‡hvMx Kivi j‡ÿ¨ nv‡f© (2003: 144-161) Ô†e`L‡ji gva¨‡g

abvR©‡biÕ (accumulation by dispossession ev ABD) aviYvwU cÖ¯Íve

K‡i‡Qb| GQvov, g‡b ivLv `iKvi †h f~wg n ÍvšÍi cÖwµqv ïaygvÎ Avw`

abvR©b bq, cyuwRev`x abvR©‡bi (capitalist accumulation) ev Ab¨vb¨

cÖwµqvi Kvi‡YI NU‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB †Kv‡bv GKwU we‡kl f~wg `L‡ji

NUbv wK ai‡bi abvR©b cÖwµqvi (accumulative process) AvIZvq co‡e

Zv Vvni Kivi Rb¨ ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gv I wbfz©j we‡køl‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q|

†mR‡b¨ f~wg MÖvm I n ÍvšÍ‡ii Z_¨vejx‡K cÖ_‡g †h we‡køl‡Yi Q‡K †djv

n‡e Zvi ZvwË¡K Zvrch© GB cÖe‡Üi †kl As‡k Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

GB mswÿß f~wgKvi cwi‡cÖÿx‡Z K‡qKwU we‡kølYag©x cÖkœ D‡V Av‡m

†h¸‡jv GB cÖe‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z PvB:

1. mgKvjxb evsjv‡`‡k wK wK wfbœ ai‡bi f~wg MÖvm cÖwµqv †`Lv

hvq? †m¸‡jv wK GKUv we‡køl‡Yi Q‡K mvRv‡bv m¤¢e?

2. f~wg MÖv‡mi Rb¨ kw³ cÖ‡qvM Kiv wK Acwinvh©? bvwK, ejcÖ‡qvM

QvovI Ab¨vb¨ cš’vq GB GKB jÿ¨ nvwmj Kiv hvq?

3. mivmwi f~wg MÖv‡mi j‡ÿ¨ cwiPvwjZ m‡PZb cÖ‡Póv QvovI Ab¨

ai‡bi c‡ivÿ cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g wK Rwg n¯ÍvšÍi NU‡Z cv‡i?

4. mgKvjxb f~wg MÖv‡mi gva¨‡g wK cyuwRev`x abvR©b (capitalist

accumulation) bv Avw` abvR©b (primitive accumulation)

cÖwµqv cwiPvwjZ nq?

GmKj cÖ‡kœi DËi †`qvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k f~wg MÖv‡mi wewfbœ NUbv †_‡K

cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ DcvË wb‡Pi Av‡jvPbvq `„óvšÍ wnmv‡e Zz‡j aiv n‡e| Gfv‡e

†h cÖv_wgK we‡kølY `uvo Kiv‡bv n‡e Zvi wfwË‡Z AviI we¯ÍvwiZ

weeiYg~jK (descriptive) Ges we‡kølYvZ¥K (analytical) Av‡jvPbv Kiv

†h‡Z cv‡i| Aek¨, GB cÖe‡Ü f~wg MÖv‡mi mKj cÖvmw½K I ZvwË¡K

(theoretical) w`K¸wj we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv m¤¢e n‡e bv| Z‡e,

K‡qKwU welq GLv‡b D‡jøL KiwQ hv‡Z Av‡jvPbvi mvgwMÖK e¨vwß †Mvov‡ZB

eywS‡q †`qv hvq|


cÖ_gZ:, f~wg MÖv‡mi †cQ‡b †kÖYxMZ msNvZ QvovI ivóªxq •elg¨ I bxwZ,

mv¤úª`vwqK (communal) we‡Øl, Ges AcivaP‡µi (criminal) ZrciZvI

KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wØZxqZ:, hv‡ì Rwg †e`Lj nIqvi AvksKv _v‡K Zviv wewfbœ ai‡bi

ìKlvKwl (negotiations) wKsev cÖwZ‡iva (resistance) cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g

f~wgMÖvm iæLevi †Póv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zvi mv‡_ Dfq c‡ÿi •eaZvi

(legitimacy) msMÖvgI P‡j| Gme RwUj I eûgvwÎK (multi-

dimensional) cÖwµqv Rwg `L‡ji P~ovšÍ cwiYwZ wbY©‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv

cvjb K‡i| bx‡Pi Av‡jvPbvq wewfbœ ev¯Íe `„óvšÍ w`‡q f~wg MÖv‡mi GB RwUj

gvÎv¸‡jv †evSv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡ev|

GB cÖe‡Üi evwK Ask K‡qKUv cwi‡”Q‡` (section) fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|

c‡ii (3bs) cwi‡”Q‡` evsjv‡`‡ki ev Íe cwiw¯’wZ‡Z f~wg MÖvm cÖwµqv

we‡kølY Kivi Rb¨ †hme Abygvb I aviYvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e †m¸‡jv mnR

fvlvq e¨vL¨v K‡iwQ| Gi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi `Lj cÖwµqv I Kjv‡K․k‡ji

g‡a¨ cÖKvi‡f‡ì (typology) GKUv QK Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi c‡ii

cwi‡”Q`¸‡jv‡Z (4, 5, 6 I 7 bs) GB cÖKvi‡f` Abyhvqx wewfbœ ai‡bi

f~wg MÖvm cÖwµqvi Kjv‡K․kj¸‡jv ev Íe `„óv‡šÍi Z_¨vw`mn Zz‡j aiv

n‡q‡Q| †kl (8bs) cwi‡”Q‡` GB we‡køl‡Yi g~j wm×všÍ¸‡jv‡K †Rvov w`‡q

Dcmsnvi Uvbv n‡q‡Q| Zvi mv‡_ f~wg MÖv‡mi gva¨‡g mgKvjxb evsjv‡`‡k

wK wK ai‡bi abvR©b cÖwµqv (accumulative process) cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q

Zvi GKwU mswÿß e¨vL¨v †`qvi †Póv K‡iwQ|

3. Av‡jvPbvi QK

f~wg †e`L‡ji msÁv

f~wg MÖvm wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kivi Rb¨ †h aviYv¸‡jv eënvi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb

†m¸‡jv †Mvov‡ZB cwi®‥vifv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv ìKvi|

†Kv‡bv GK c‡ÿi Rwg Ab¨ c‡ÿi Kv‡Q n ÍvšÍwiZ nevi cÖwµqv cÖPwjZ

AvBb Abyhvqx NU‡Z cv‡i A_ev AvBbewnf~©Z ev mwnsm Kvq`v‡ZI n‡Z

cv‡i| †hme †ÿ‡Î Rwg n ÍvšÍi AvBbwm× cÖwµqvq N‡U †m¸‡jv‡K f~wg


Ô`LjÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv hvq| Gi wecix‡Z, †hme †ÿ‡Î Rwg †Rvi K‡i

ev A‣eafv‡e n¯ÍvšÍwiZ nq, †m¸‡jv‡K f~wg Ô‡e`LjÕ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv †h‡Z

cv‡i| Rwg `Lj Ges †e`Lj Dfq ai‡bi cÖwµqv‡K GKmv‡_ wb‡ ©k Kivi

Rb¨ Ôf~wgMÖvmÕ (land grabs) kãeÜwU GB cÖe‡Ü eënvi K‡iwQ|

GLv‡b Ôf~wgÕ ej‡Z Avev`x Rwg QvovI ebf~wg, PviYf~wg, RbemwZ,

Rjvf~wg, f~Mf© ’ cvwb, LwbR c`v_© BZ¨vw`‡K AšÍfy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme

wewfbœ ai‡bi m¤ú` †e`Lj n‡j Zv f~wg MÖv‡mi (land grab) aviYvi

AvIZvq Avm‡e| †hme we‡kl †ÿ‡Î (special case) cwi‡ek iÿvi †`vnvB

w`‡q f~wg MÖvm Kiv nq †m¸‡jv‡K „green grabs‟ ev ÔcÖvK…wZK `LjÕ ejv

n‡q _v‡K (†dqvi‡nW I Ab¨vb¨ 2012)|

mgKvjxb evsjv‡`‡k A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB RwgRgvi cvKv‡cv³ `vwjwjK cÖgvYvw`

_v‡K bv| ZvQvov wewfbœ ai‡bi f~wg AwaKv‡ii cÖPjbI i‡q‡Q|

`„óvšÍ¯iƒc:, e¨w³MZ, ivóªxq, GRgvwj, cÖ_vMZ (customary), mw¤§wjZ ev

me©R‡bi (common) mn bvbv ai‡bi Rwg gvwjKvbv wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨|

ZvQvov, A‡bK Rwgi †iKW© Kiv gvwjKvbv GK c‡ÿi bv‡g _vK‡jI ev Í‡e

Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÿ †m RvqMvUv `Lj K‡i wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| †hgb, A‡bK

miKvwi Lvm Rwg Kvh©Z: wewfbœ †emiKvwi ms¯’v ev e¨w³e‡M©i `L‡j

i‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î `vwjwjK AwaKv‡ii e`‡j mvgvwRK I cÖ_vMZ

ixwZ A_ev †g․wLK Pzw³ ev †evSvcovi wfwË‡Z Rwgi wbqš¿Y wba©vwiZ n‡q

_v‡K| Gme wewfbœ Kvi‡Y Rwg MÖv‡mi mKj NUbv ïaygvÎ gvwjKvbvmË¡ (de

jure ownership rights) w`‡q we‡ePbv Ki‡Z †M‡j cy‡ivcywi †evSv hvq

bv| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î `Ljxm‡Ë¡i (de facto possessory or occupancy

rights) wfwË‡Z f~wg n ÍvšÍi N‡U| wb‡Pi Av‡jvPbvq Rwgi gvwjKvbvmË¡

wKsev `Lwjm‡Ë¡i †h †Kv‡bv GKUvi n ÍvšÍi NU‡jB †mUv‡K f~wg MÖvm wn‡m‡e

MY¨ Kiv n‡e|

eZ©gv‡b eû ai‡bi †`wkwe‡`wk Ges miKvwi I †emiKvwi kw³ evsjv‡`‡k

f~wg MÖv‡m wjß| miKvwi `Lj`vi‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wewfbœ ivóªxq wefvM I

ms¯’v, wbivcËv evwnbx, Dbœqb cÖK‡í wb‡qvwRZ cÖwZôvb, cÖf…wZ| Ab¨w`‡K,

†hme †emiKvwi (private ev non-state) kw³ f~wg MÖvm Kivq Ask wb‡q‡Q

Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡Q wKQz †`wk I we‡`wk †Kv¤úvwb, †emiKvwi ms¯’v, eëmvwqK


GbwRI (NGO), Z_vKw_Z ÔDbœqbÕ cÖwZôvb, wewfbœ †kÖYxi Ges ag©xq I

RvwZMZ m¤úª`v‡qi ÿgZvevb e¨w³eM©, kvmK †Mvôx (elites), BZ¨vw`|

eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k f~wg MÖvm cÖwµqvi e¨vwß cÖvq me©Rbxb| mgv‡Ri me©¯Í‡i

we`¨gvb kw³kvjx cÖwZôvb QvovI cÖwZ‡ekx, cvovcokx, ev MÖvgevmxi nv‡ZI

mgv‡Ri `ye©j †kÖYxi gvby‡li Ges RvwZMZ I ag©xq msL¨vjNy m¤úª`v‡qi

RvqMvRwg †e`Lj n‡q hv‡”Q| G ai‡bi mZZ: Pjgvb cÖwµqv‡K ÔcÖvZ¨wnK

f~wg MÖvmÕ (everyday land grabs) wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q

(†dìg¨vb 2016, †dìg¨vb I MvBmjvi 2012: 971)|

f~wg MÖvm cÖwµqv I Kjv‡K․k‡ji cÖKvi‡f`

f~wg MÖv‡mi wewfbœ NUbvi weeiY co‡j A‡bK iK‡gi Kjv‡K․kj ev c×wZ

†Pv‡L c‡o| GBme eûwea `„óvšÍ‡K we‡køl‡Yi Q‡K Avb‡Z †M‡j f~wg MÖvm

cÖwµqvi K‡qKUv †g․wjK •ewkó¨‡K mbv³ Kiv ìKvi|

cÖ_gZ: †`L‡Z n‡e †h ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g f~wg MÖvm Kiv n‡”Q wK bv|

A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Rei`Lj Kivi Rb¨ jvwVqvj ev gv¯Ívb evwnbx eënvi Kiv

nq| G¸‡jv‡K mwnsm (violent) kw³cÖ‡qvM ejv hvq| wKš‘ †LvjvLywj

mwnsmZv QvovI kw³ cÖ‡qvM N‡U hLb ivóªxq AvBb I miKvwi wbqg bxwZ

cÖ‡qvM K‡i Ôcwi”Qbœ AvBbx Kvq`vqÕ †Kv‡bv m¤úª`vq ev †Mvôxi f~wg AwaKvi

niY Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K, †Kv‡bv ai‡bi kw³ cÖ‡qvM QvovB Ab¨ ai‡bi

†K․kj eënvi K‡i f~wg MÖvm Kivi ev¯Íe `„óvšÍ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq evsjv‡`‡ki

AwfÁZvq|

wØZxqZ: f~wg MÖvm cÖwµqv cÖZ¨ÿ (direct) A_ev c‡ivÿ (indirect) fv‡e

NU‡Z cv‡i| hLb GK cÿ Av‡iK c‡ÿi Rwg mivmwi wb‡q †bq †mUv‡K

cÖZ¨ÿ f~wg MÖvm ejv hvq| „óvšÍ îƒc: jvwVqvj w`‡q Pi `Lj Kiv| A_ev

ivóªxq AvBb cÖeZ©b K‡i †Kvb we‡kl RvwZ‡Mvôx ev ag©xq m¤úª`v‡qi f~wg

AwaKvi evwZj K‡i †m¸‡jv iv‡óªi AvIZvq wb‡q Avmv| Gi wecix‡Z, Ggb

wKQz cÖwµqv Av‡Q †h¸‡jvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ f~wg MÖvm bq| wKš‘ Zv m‡Ë¡I

G¸‡jvi Kvh©Kvi‡Y (structure of causation) †h NUbvci¤úiv m„wó nq

Zv‡Z †kl ch©šÍ †mB †Mvôxi f~wgi AwaKvi Ab¨ KviI nv‡Z P‡j †h‡Z


cv‡i| G ai‡bi Kvh©KviY cÖwµqv‡K c‡ivÿ f~wg MÖvm ejv hvq| evsjv‡`‡k

Ggb c‡ivÿ I cÖZ¨ÿ Dfq ai‡bi f~wg MÖvm cÖwµqvi `„óvšÍ i‡q‡Q |

GB `yB †Rvov †g․wjK •ewkó¨‡K mgwšZ Ki‡j Pvi ai‡bi f~wg MÖvm cÖwµqv

m¤^wjZ GKwU cÖKvi‡f‡ì (typology) QK ùvo Kiv‡bv hvq (Av`bvb

2016: 7) :

f~wg MÖv‡mi aib cÖZ¨ÿ cÖwµqv c‡ivÿ cÖwµqv

ejcÖ‡qvM mn 1. cÖZ¨ÿ I ejcÖ‡qvM mn 2. c‡ivÿ I ejcÖ‡qvM

mn

ejcÖ‡qvM Qvov

3. cÖZ¨ÿ I ejcÖ‡qvM

Qvov

4. c‡ivÿ I ejcÖ‡qvM

Qvov

Ic‡ii Q‡K ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i †hme Kvq`vq f~wg MÖvm Kiv nq, †m¸‡jv‡K

cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ wn‡m‡e cybivq fvM Kiv (sub-divide) n‡q‡Q|

Abyiƒcfv‡e, ej cÖ‡qvM Qvov f~wg MÖv‡mi we‡køl‡Y cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ c×wZi

wfbœZvI Ic‡ii Q‡K ’vb †c‡q‡Q

evsjv‡`‡k mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji f~wg MÖv‡mi AwfÁZvq GB Pvi ai‡bi cÖwµqvi

wb`k©b cvIqv hvq| wb‡Pi Av‡jvbvq ev Íe „óv‡šÍi gva¨‡g f~wg MÖv‡mi GB

KÕwU †g․wjK cÖwµqv Ges †m¸wj‡Z eëüZ wewfbœ Kjv‡K․kj e¨vL¨v Kiv

n‡q‡Q|

4. cÖZ¨ÿ ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g f~wg MÖvm

cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e kw³ cÖ‡qvM KivUvB mgKvjxb evsjv‡`‡k f~wg MÖv‡mi me‡P‡q

cÖavb I eûj eëüZ c×wZ| GB ejcÖ‡qvM KLbI mwnsm iƒc †bq Ges

KLbI nq cÖkvmwbK I AvBbx wbqgPP©vi (administrative and legal

procedure) gva¨‡g| G iKg ejcÖ‡qvM w`‡q f~wg MÖvm Kivi c×wZ miKvwi

Ges †emiKvwi ms¯’v Df‡qB eënvi K‡i _v‡K| Gi g‡a¨ miKv‡ii wewfbœ

ms¯’v I wefv‡Mi f~wgKv cÖ_‡g Av‡jvPbv KiwQ| G‡ÿ‡Î ivóªhš¿ mPivPi

†hme c×wZ eënvi K‡i _v‡K Zvi g‡a¨ cÖavb `yÕ‡Uv n‡”Q: AwaMÖnY

(acquisition) Ges wbivcËvqb (securitization)|


ivóªxq f~wg AwaMÖnY

ivóªxq AwaMÖnY N‡U hLb miKvi AvBb eënvi K‡i Ges ÿwZc~iY w`‡q

†`‡ki g‡a¨ †h †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev ms¯’vi Rwg wb‡Ri GLwZqv‡i wb‡q Av‡m|

miKvwi wKsev †emiKvwi ms¯’v Df‡qi R‡b¨B iv‡óªi cÖkvmb Gfv‡e

AwaMÖnY K‡i RvqMvi eë¯’v K‡i _v‡K|

GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k we`¨gvb AvBb n‡”Q 1982 mv‡j cÖewZ©Z Ô¯’vei

m¤úwË AwaMÖnY I ûKzg`Lj Aa¨v‡`kÕ| ZvQvov, cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g we‡`ªvn-

`gb (counter-insurgency) Kg©m~wPi †cÖÿvc‡U AviI Kov GKUv AvBb

eënvi Kiv nq: 1958 mv‡ji Ô(f~wg AwaMÖnY) †i¸‡jkbÕ

(„Regulation‟)| GQvov 1900 mv‡ji cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg kvmbwewai (CHT

Regulation 1900) wewfbœ avivI GB AÂ‡j f~wg AwaKvi n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii cÖPwjZ

cÖYvjx Abyhvqx cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K|1

Gme wewfbœ AwaMÖnY AvB‡bi AšÍM©Z GKwU †g․wjK bxwZ (principle) n‡”Q

†h f~wg m¤ú‡ì Ici iv‡óªi KZ…©Z¡ ev GLwZqvi m‡e©v”P (eminent

domain)| GB ÿgZvi e‡j †h †Kv‡bv Rwgi Ici we`¨gvb mKj

AwaKvi‡K bvKP K‡i w`‡q ivóª ÔRb¯v‡_©Õ (public purpose) †mB GjvKv

wb‡Ri GLwZqv‡i wb‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i| GB cÖwµqvq hv‡ì Rwg †bIqv nq

ivóª Zv‡ì cÖwZev`‡K AMÖvn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Ges f~wg AwaMÖnY Kivi ci

†mB RvqMv Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv miKvwi ev †emiKvwi (cÖvB‡fU) cÖwZôvb‡K wbqg

Abyhvqx eivÏ (allot) Kivi ÿgZvI iv‡óªi i‡q‡Q|

Aek¨, Gme AvB‡b hv‡ì Rwg AwaMÖnY Kiv nq Zv‡ì Rb¨ mxwgZ

ÿwZc~i‡Yi (compensation) Ges, †ÿÎwe‡k‡l, weKí RvqMvq AvswkK

cybe©vm‡bi (rehabilitation) eë¯’v _vK‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e ivóªxq AwaMÖn‡Yi

†ÿ‡Î Rwgi gvwjK‡ì ÿwZc~iY cÖ`v‡bi K_v _vK‡jI †mUvi ev Íevq‡b

wKQz c×wZMZ mgm¨v I mxgve×Zv †`Lv hvq| miKvwi AvB‡b ïaygvÎ hv‡ì

gvwjKvbvm‡Ë¡i (ownership rights) `wjj cÖgvYvw` Av‡Q Zv‡ì‡KB

1 Gme we`¨gvb AvB‡bi e`‡j f~wg AwaMÖ‡Yi Rb¨ GKUv bZzb Ges ÔAvaywbKvwqZÕ wewa

cÖYq‡bi cÖ‡Póv Pj‡Q| Gi m¤¢ve¨ wk‡ivbvg n‡e: Ô¯’vei m¤úwË AwaMÖnY I ûKzg`Lj

AvBb 2017Õ|


ÿwZc~iY †Ìqv nq| d‡j, hv‡ì ïaygvÎ `LjxmË¡ (possessory or

occupancy rights) Av‡Q Zv‡ì‡K ivóª ÿwZc~iY cvIqvi †hvM¨ e‡j

¯^xKvi K‡i bv| GQvov, hv‡ì gvwjKvbv ev `Ljx mË¡ †Kv‡bvUvB bvB, wKš‘

hviv AwaMÖnYK…Z Rwg Zv‡ì RxweKvi Rb¨ eënvi K‡i (†hgb, Miæ Piv‡bv,

gvQaiv ev KvVLo Kzov‡bv), Zv‡ì‡KI ÿwZc~iY cvevi †hvM¨ e‡j we`¨gvb

AvBb we‡ePbv K‡i bv| Dciš‘, gvwjKvbv m‡Ë¡i wfwË‡Z hv‡ì ÿwZc~iY

cvIqv ¯^xK…Z Zv‡ì‡KI A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wba©vwiZ `v‡gi †P‡q Kg nv‡i

ÿwZc~iY †`qv nq wKsev `yb©xwZi gvicu¨v‡P †d‡j cÖvc¨ ÿwZc~iY †_‡K cÖvq

m¤ú~Y© ewÂZ Kiv nq (Av`bvb Ges Ab¨vb¨ 1992:41-45; 1994:36-

39)|

ivóªxq f~wg AwaMÖn‡Yi AwfÁZv

wewfbœ D‡Ï‡k¨ I cÖ‡qvR‡b ivóª f~wg AwaMÖnY K‡i _v‡K| Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU

n‡jv miKvwi ms ’v mg~‡ni cÖKí Ges Kvh©µ‡gi ’vcbvi R‡b¨| `„óvšÍ¯iƒc,

miKv‡ii eb wefvM n‡”Q †`‡ki Ab¨Zg e„nËg f~wg `LjKvix ms¯’v| weMZ

`kK¸‡jv GKmv‡_ ai‡j cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gB eb wefvM 2 jÿ GK‡ii †ewk

Rwg AwaMÖnY K‡i‡Q, A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB GjvKvi Avwèvmx Rb‡Mvôx‡K

†eAvBbxfv‡e DrLvZ K‡i (Av`bvb I `w Í`vi 2011: 48-56)| AvBb I

mvwjk †K›`ª mn K‡qKwU †emiKvwi ms¯’vi AbymÜvb †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h

K·evRvi, ev›ìevb, cvebv Ges †bvqvLvjx †Rjvq wbivcËv evwnbxi

Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ e¨vcK f~wg AwaMÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q (AvBb I mvwjk †K›`ª Ges

Ab¨vb¨ 2017; me©RbK_v 2015: 7-8)| GUvI †ek Avðh© †h AvB‡bi

wb‡ ©wkZ c×wZ Abyhvqx ivóªxq ms¯’vmg~n KZ…©K f~wg AwaMÖnY Kivi Ges

ÿwZc~iY †`qvi wbqg _vK‡jI †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î Zviv †mUv †g‡b P‡j bv

(Av`bvb I `w¯Í vi 2011: 45-60)| f~wg AwaMÖn‡Yi mgq †hme miKvwi

ms¯’v¸‡jvi AvBb iÿv Kivi K_v ZvivB †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î ivóªxq AvBb

j•Nb K‡i iÿ‡Ki e`‡j fÿ‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i |

eZ©gv‡b ivóªxq f~wg AwaMÖn‡Yi GKwU cÖavb †ÿÎ n‡”Q wewfbœ ai‡bi Ôwe‡klÕ

(special) A_©‣bwZK AÂj ev †Rvb (Zone) ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ GjvKv

`Lj Kiv ev wK‡b †djv| GB AÂj¸wj miKvwi A_ev †emiKvwi

gvwjKvbvq I D‡`¨v‡M ’vwcZ n‡Z cv‡i| miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZwôZ G


ai‡bi GjvKv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q we‡kl A_©‣bwZK AÂj (Special

Economic Zone or SEZ), ißvbx cÖwµqvRvZKiY AÂj (Export

Processing Zone or EPZ), wPswo gnvj (Shrimp Zone), BZ¨vw`|

g~jZ: 1980i `kK †_‡K evsjv‡`‡k G ai‡bi we‡kl AÂ‡ji Rb¨ f~wg

AwaMÖnY ïiæ nq (MvW©bvi I †MinvR© 2016: 10)| B`vwbs †`‡k 100Uv

we‡kl A_©‣bwZK AÂj (SEZ) ¯’vcb Kivi †NvlYv w`‡q hv‡”Q miKv‡ii

gyLcv‡Îiv| 2016 mv‡ji RyjvB gvm ch©šÍ †emiKvwi (cÖvB‡fU) D‡`¨v‡M

†MvUv `‡kK we‡kl AÂj MV‡bi †NvlYv cvIqv †M‡Q (cÖ_g Av‡jv, 28

RyjvB, 2016)|

GB we‡kl A_©‣bwZK AÂj¸‡jv‡Z cuywR LvUv‡bv DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨

miKvi †`wk-we‡`wk wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì AvqKi †_‡K mvgwqK †iqvZmn bvbv

ai‡bi my‡hvM myweav (concessions) I cÖ‡Yv`bv (incentives) †NvlYv

K‡i‡Q (wgR©v 2015: 53)| ZvQvov, AÂj¸wji (‡Rv‡bi) mxgvbvi g‡a¨

bvbvwea evwYwR¨K I wkí cÖwZôvb I KviLvbv ¯’vc‡bi ci †h evowZ

RvqMvRwg _vK‡e †m¸‡jv‡Z Ô†cRvbÕ KZ…©cÿ I †W‡fjcviiv (developer)

weËkvjx‡ì RxebhvÎvi (life-style) mv‡_ gvbvbmB we‡bv`b I †mev

cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †hgb: AwfRvZ AvevwmK GjvKv, kwcs gj

ev mycvi gv‡K©U, wejvmeûj †nv‡Uj, ch©Ub †K›`ª, Mî (golf) I Ab¨vb¨

µxovi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ GjvKv, cÖvB‡fU nvmcvZvj Ges ¯‥zj, K‡jR BZ¨vw`

(msev`, 27 †deªæqvwi, 2016; cÖ_g Av‡jv, 28 RyjvB, 2016)|

G ai‡Yi f~wg eënvi (land use) e„w× †c‡j GB we‡kl AÂj¸‡jvi

†fZ‡i Ges Pvicv‡k evwYwR¨K f~wg †ePv‡Kbv Ges f~m¤úwË (real estate)

wb‡q dUKvevRx (financial speculation) GKB mv‡_ DrmvwnZ n‡e|

`„óvšÍ¯iƒc, 2003 mv‡j †bvqvLvjx‡Z wPsox gnvj (Shrimp Zone)

†NvlYvi ci †e`LjK…Z Rwgi GKvsk m¤¢ve¨ wiqvj G‡÷U †Kbv‡ePv Ges

dUKvevRxi gybvdvi Avkvq `Lj`vi †Mvôx‡K †d‡j ivL‡Z †`Lv hvq

(Av`bvb 2013: 120-122)| fvi‡ZI we‡kl A_©‣bwZK AÂ‡ji (Special

Economic Zones) Rb¨ AwaMÖnY Kiv f~wg Ges Zvi Pvicv‡k D”Pwe‡Ëi

Avevmb wbg©vY I jMœx cuywRi dUKvevRxi mvÿ¨ cÖgvY cvIqv hvq (mv¤úvZ


2008; IqvKvi 2008: 588-589; †jwf‡qb 2012: 934; Av`bvb 2014:

29)|

miKvwi ms¯’v Qvov cÖvB‡fU †Kv¤úvbx I Ab¨vb¨ †emiKvwi ms¯’vi R‡bÏ

evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªhš¿ Rwg AwaMÖnY K‡i _v‡K| Gme †ÿ‡Î miKvi cÖ_‡g

Zvi m‡e©v”P GLwZqv‡ii (eminent domain) ÿgZv eënvi K‡i Ges

Rb¯v‡_©i (public interest) †`vnvB w`‡q Rbmvavi‡Yi Rwg AwaMÖnY K‡i|

cieZ©x‡Z, ivóª †mB Rwg †Kv‡bv evwYwR¨K ev cÖvB‡fU ms¯’v‡K Pzw³i gva¨‡g

cÖ`vb K‡i ev BRviv †`q|

`„óvšÍ¯iƒc, wm‡j‡Ui weweqvbv M¨vm‡ÿ‡Îi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Rwg cÖ_‡g ’vbxq

miKvwi cÖkvm‡bi gva¨‡g AwaMÖnY Kiv nq| Zvic‡i †mB Rwg eûRvwZK

K‡c©v‡ikb BD‡bvKvj (Unocal)-‡K BRviv (lease) †`q cÖkvmb|

cieZ©x‡Z, BD‡bvKv‡ji KvQ †_‡K M¨vm‡ÿ‡Îi GjvKvwU †kåb (Chevron)

bv‡gi Av‡iKwU eûRvwZK K‡c©v‡i‡k‡bi nv‡Z P‡j hvq (MvW©bvi 2012:

87; MvW©bvi I Ab¨vb¨ 2014; Avnvmvb I MvW©bvi 2016)|

f~wg AwaMÖn‡Yi AvBb cÖ‡qvM QvovI GB eûRvwZK M¨vm †Kv¤úvbx‡K

wbwe©ev‡` Rwg †Q‡o †Ìqvi Rb¨ ivóªxq cÖkvmb Ges wbivcËv evwnbx ¯’vbxq

gvby‡li Ici bvbv ai‡bi Pvc m„wó K‡i| f~wg AwaMÖn‡Yi weiæ‡×

GjvKvevmxi cÖwZev` wgwQj (protest demonstrations) Ges iv Ív eÜ

(road blockade) Kg©m~wP‡K ivóªxq kw³ w`‡q K‡Vvi fv‡e `gb Kiv nq

(MvW©bvi I Ab¨vb¨ 2014: 3; Avnvmvb I MvW©bvi 2016: 5)| †m mgqKvi

ÿgZvmxb ivR‣bwZK cvwU©i †bZvKg©xe„›` Ges wm‡j‡Ui †Rjv cÖkvm‡bi

Kg©KZ©viv GjvKvi Awaevmx‡ì Ici GK‡hv‡M Pvc †`q hv‡Z M¨vm‡ÿ‡Îi

Rb¨ f~wg AwaMÖnY Ges cÖ‡R± ev Íevqb cÖwµqv Zv‡ì cÖwZ‡iv‡ai

(resistance) Kvi‡Y AvU‡K bv hvq|

Abyiƒc f~wgMÖv‡mi „óvšÍ cvIqv hvq w`bvRcy‡ii dzjevwo‡Z, †hLv‡b GKwU

Db¥y³ KqjvLwbi Rb¨ ivóª Rwg AwaMÖnY K‡i Ges Zv Gwkqv GbvR©x bv‡gi

GKwU fuyB‡dvo we‡`wk †Kv¤úvbxi Kv‡Q n ÍvšÍi K‡i (gynv¤§` 2016: 32-

33; b~‡i gIjv 2016: 2-3)| GB Db¥y³ KqjvLwbi Rb¨ †h GjvKv †e`Lj

Kiv nq Zv wQ‡jv wZbdmjv Avev`x Rwg| Dciš‘, GB Lwbi Rb¨ †h cwigvY

Rwg cÖ‡qvRb wQ‡jv Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk RvqMv AwaMÖnY Kiv nq| Gme


Kvi‡Y dzjevwo‡Z KqjvLwb ¯’vcb Ges Rwg `L‡ji weiæ‡× GjvKvevmxi

†Rviv‡jv cÖwZev` M‡o I‡V| GB cÖwZ‡iva `gb Kivi Rb¨ miKvi I

cÖkvmb mwnsm cywjkx wbh©vZb Pvjvq, hvi d‡j cÖwZev`x gvby‡li g‡a¨ e¨vcK

nZvn‡Zi NUbv N‡U (gynv¤§` 2016, MvW©bvi I †MinvR© 2016: 11)|

Gme‡ÿ‡Î, bqvD`viev`x ivóªB cÖvB‡fU †Kv¤úvwbi Rb¨ Rwgi `vjv‡ji

(broker) f~wgKvq AeZxY© n‡q‡Q (fv`yox 2008; IqvKvi 2008: 580;

†jwf‡qb 2012: 941-945; Av`bvb 2013: 117; 2014: 29)| e¯‘Z:

ÔRb¯v‡_©iÕ †`vnvB w`‡q GjvKvevmx gvby‡li Rwg AwaMÖnY Kiv n‡jI †mB

RvqMv¸‡jv cieZ©x‡Z gybvdvKvgx cÖvB‡fU †Kv¤úvwbi ¯^v‡_©i Rb¨ Zz‡j

†Ìqvq ÿwZMÖ¯Í gvby‡li Kv‡Q iv‡óªi f~wgKv wb:m‡›`‡n Ab¨vh¨ (unjust)

Ges Rb¯v‡_©i cwicš’x e‡jB cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q (wgR©v 2015:53)| G

Kvi‡Y iv‡óªi f~wg AwaMÖn‡Yi •eaZvI (legitimacy) cÖkœwe× I ÿzYœ

n‡q‡Q| iv‡óªi GB f~wgMÖvmx Kg©Kv‡Ûi weiæ‡× †h †ÿvf R‡b¥‡Q Zvi Ici

wfwË K‡iB cieZ©x‡Z ÿwZMÖ¯Í Rbgvby‡li cÖwZ‡iva (people‟s resistance)

Av‡›`vjb M‡o DV‡Z †c‡i‡Q (Av`bvb 2004; 2013; 2014)| `„óvšÍ¯îƒc,

m¤¢ve¨ wegvbe›`‡ii Rb¨ Avwiqvj we‡j f~wg AwaMÖn‡Yi weiæ‡× GjvKvevmxi

cÖej we‡ÿv‡fi Kvi‡Y †kl ch©šÍ cÖKíwU eÜ K‡i †`qv nq|

wbivcËvq‡bi bv‡g f~wg MÖvm

AwaMÖnY QvovI †h c×wZi gva¨‡g ivóªhš¿ e¨vcKfv‡e f~wg MÖvm K‡i‡Q Zv

n‡”Q wbivcËvqb (securitization) (MvW©bvi I †MinvR© 2016)| evsjv‡`k

RvwZivóª (nation-state) †hme ag©xq m¤úª`vq I RvwZ‡Mvôx‡K (ethnic

group) wb‡q MwVZ e‡j fvev nq, †mB ÔKwíZ RvwZmË¡viÕ (imagined

community) (G¨vÛvimb 2006) g‡a¨ we‡kl †Kv‡bv m¤úª`v‡qi †`‡ki

cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ wb‡q m‡›`n n‡j ÿgZvmxb `j ev m¤úª`vq Zv‡ì‡K RvZxq

wbivcËvi (national security) Rb¨ ûgwK¯iƒc e‡j `vex Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Ges †mB ARynv‡Z Zv‡ì RvqMvRwg AvBbx Kvq`vq ev ivóªkw³ cÖ‡qvM

K‡i Rã (confiscate) K‡i †d‡j| Gme †ÿ‡Î, Awfhy³ ag©xq ev

RvwZMZ m¤úª`vq‡K †mB KwíZ RvwZmË¡vi aviYv †_‡K wehy³ ev ewn¯‥vi

K‡i G ai‡bi f~wgMÖvm cÖwµqvi mvdvB (justification) Ges •eaZv

(legitimacy) •Zwi Kivi †Póv Kiv nq| miKvwi bxwZ I AvBbKvbyb


cwieZ©b K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv ivóªxq kw³ eënvi K‡i G ai‡bi

wbivcËvqbRwbZ f~wg MÖvm cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Gfv‡e AvBb Avi

miKvwi bxwZi gvicu¨v‡P GKUv mgMÖ RvwZ †Mvôx ev ag©xq m¤úª`vq‡K †`‡ki

ÔkµÕ evwb‡q †Ìqv nq|

wbivcËv SuywKi KviY †`wL‡q ivóª †hfv‡e †Kv‡bv Rb‡Mvôxi RwgRgv

ev‡Rqvß (confiscation) Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv Dc‡iv³ AwaMÖnY (acquisition)

cÖwµqv †_‡K ¸YMZfv‡e wfbœ| Gme †ÿ‡Î iv‡óªi AvBb, bxwZ Ges

kw³cÖ‡qvM eënvi K‡i f~wg ev‡Rqvß Kiv n‡jI hv‡ì Rwg †bqv nq

Zv‡ì Rb¨ †Kv‡bv ÿwZc~iY ev cybe©vm‡bi eë¯’v _v‡K bv| K‡qKwU ev Íe

`„óvšÍ w`‡q iv‡óªi ÔwbivcËvÕ PvDwbi m‡›`n‡eva w`‡q cwiPvwjZ G ai‡bi

f~wg MÖvm cÖwµqvi •ewkó¨ Av‡iv ¯úó Kiv hvq|

1965 mv‡j Z`vbxšÍb cvwK¯Ívb I fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ GKUv mswÿß hy× nq|

Zvici †_‡KB cvwK¯Ívb ivóª KZ©„K msL¨vjNy wn›`y m¤úª`v‡qi †`‡ki cÖwZ

AvbyMvZ¨ cÖkœ K‡i Zv‡ì f~wgmn Ab¨vb¨ m¤úwË ev‡Rqvß Kivi cÖwµqv ïiæ

nq| cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K evsjv‡`k Avgj ch©šÍ wewfbœ mg‡qi miKv‡iiv ÔkÎæ

m¤úwËÕ ev ÔAwc©Z m¤úwËÕ msµvšÍ AvBb I Aa¨v‡`k (order) Rvwi K‡i

wn›`y‡ì m¤úwË ivóªxq GLwZqv‡i wb‡q Av‡m|2

Ges A‡bK‡ÿ‡Î msL¨v¸iæ

gymjgv‡biv cÖfve LvwU‡q Zv `Lj K‡i †bq| cieZ©x‡Z, evsjv‡`k miKvi

G ai‡bi AvBb ms‡kvab K‡i wn›`y m¤úª`v‡qi Rã Kiv Rwg I m¤ú`

Zv‡ì‡K †dir †Ìqv ev ÔcÖZ¨c©YÕ Kivi GKwU D‡`¨vM †bq|3

wKš‘ Zv

m‡Ë¡I †ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î †mB cÖ‡Póv AvR ch©šÍ Lye GKUv Kvh©Ki nqwb|

Gme †ÿ‡Î ÔkÎæ m¤úwËÕ ev ÔAwc©Z m¤úwËÕ msµvšÍ •elg¨g~jK

(discriminatory) AvBbmg~n‡K wn›`y m¤úª`v‡qi f~m¤úwË †K‡o †bIqvi

2

GBme AvBb I Aa¨v‡`‡ki g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q: The Defense of Pakistan Ordinance; The

Enemy Property (Custody and Registration) Order of 1965 and 1966; The

East Palistan Enemy Property (Lands and Buildings) Administration and

Disposal Order of 1966; The Bangladesh (Vesting of Propety and Assets)

Order of 1972 (†dìg¨vb 2016: 8-10; ALRD 2015). 3

G cÖm‡½ D‡jøL¨ AvB‡bi g‡a¨ Av‡Q: The Restoration of Vested Property Act

2001; The Enemy Property (Continuance of Emergency Provision) (Repeal)

Act of 1974; The Vested Property Repeal (Amendment) Act, 2011.


Ôcwi”Qbœ AvBwb Kvq`vÕ wn‡m‡e ivóªhš¿ I miKvi eënvi K‡i‡Q (MvW©bvi I

†MinvR© 2016: 11) |4

RvZxq wbivcËvi †`vnvB w`‡q †`‡ki mgMÖ wn›`y

m¤úª`vq‡K ÔRvwZi kÎæÕ evwb‡q ivóª Zv‡ì RwgRgv MÖvm Kivi cÖkœwe×

Ôh_v_©ZvIÕ (justification) •Zwi Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Q (MvW©bvi I †MinvR©

2016: 11)|

wbivcËvq‡bi (securitization) gva¨‡g f~wg MÖv‡mi wfbœ ai‡bi `„óvšÍ cvIqv

hvq cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi cvnvwo Avwèvmx‡ì †ÿ‡Î (Lvb 2015: 25)| 1970-

Gi `k‡Ki †Mvov †_‡KB cvnvwoiv Zv‡ì wbR¯ RvwZmË¡v I AvZ¥cwiwPwZ

(ethnic identity) Ges f~wg AwaKv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ wb‡q evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii

mv‡_ †`bìevi I ìKlvKwl (negotiation) K‡i AvmwQ‡jv (‡gvnmxb

1997; Av`bvb 2004)| wKš‘ GK ch©v‡q GB cÖ‡Póv e¨_© n‡j cvnvwo‡ì

†bZ…Z¡`vbKvix msMVb cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg RbmsnwZ mwgwZ Ges kvwšÍ evwnbx

iv‡óªi weiæ‡× mk¯¿ we‡`ªvn ïiæ K‡i| Gi d‡j miKvi Ges wbivcËv

evwnbxi `„wó‡Z mgMÖ cvnvwo Avwèvmxiv evsjv‡`k ÔRvwZiv‡óªi kÎæÕ wn‡m‡e

cwiMwYZ nq|

cvnvwo‡ì weiæ‡× †h we‡ ªvn-`gb iYbxwZ (counter-insurgency

strategy) Aej¤^b Kiv nq Zvi GKwU wewkó †K․kj wQ‡jv ivóªxq cÖkvmb

Ges wbivcËv evwnbxi gva¨‡g cvnvox‡ì‡K Zv‡ì Nievwo I RwgRgv †_‡K

DrcvwUZ Kiv| A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB hy×Kvjxb mwnsmZv I ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g

GB f~wgMÖvm N‡U| G Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ miKvwi ms¯’v¸wj AwaK…Z RvqMvRwgi

Ici cvnvwo‡ì c~e©Zb (pre-existing) e¨w³MZ I mw¤§wjZ (common)

AwaKvi (property rights) m¤ú~Y©fv‡e D‡cÿv K‡i (Av`bvb I `w¯Í vi

2011: 62-64; Av`bvb 2004: 47-51)|

Dciš‘, GB ivR‣bwZK I mvgwiK †K․k‡ji Ask wn‡m‡e D‡”Q`K…Z

cvnvwo‡ì cwiZ¨³ RwgRgv †Rvi K‡iB cyb©e›Ub K‡i †`qv nq cve©Z¨

PÆMÖv‡g AvMgbKvix (in-migrating) evOvjx emwZ¯’vcbKvix (settler)

Rbmgwó‡K, A_ev Awbevmx (absentee) Ges knievmx cÖfvekvjx gn‡ji

(elites) g‡a¨| Gfv‡e f~wg MÖvm Kivi mgq ivóªxq cÖkvmb cvnvwo‡ì

4

Gme‡ÿ‡Î “ethnic belonging and nationalist exclusion are justifications for

land grabs by the state” (MvW©bvi I †MinvR© 2016: 11)|


HwZn¨jä (traditional) f~wg AwaKvi cÖvq m¤ú~Y© AMÖvn¨ K‡i (ivq 1995;

†gvnmxb 1997; Av`bvb 2004; Av`bvb I `w¯Í vi 2011; Lvb 2015)|

cvnvwo‡ì cÖ_vMZ RygPvl I ebRm¤ú` msMÖ‡ni GjvKvmg~n Gfv‡e cwiYZ

Kiv nq evOvjx †mUjvi‡ì Nievwo I Pvlev‡mi Rwg‡Z, wKsev bMievmx

cÖfvekvjx‡ì ivevi, KvV I djg~‡ji evMv‡b (plantation) (Av`bvb

2004: 42-43; Av`bvb I `w¯Í vi 2011: 77-81)| ewnivMZ evOvwj‡ì

Kv‡Q cvnvwo‡ì RvqMvRwg wbwe©‡Nœ n ÍvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ Z`vwbšÍb miKvi

Zv‡ì AwaKvi iÿKvix AvBbKvbyb GKZidvfv‡e evwZj ev cwieZ©b K‡i

†`q| we‡kl K‡i 1900 mv‡ji cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg kvmbwewa‡K (CHT

Regulation of 1900) 1971 Ges 1979 mv‡j h_vµ‡g Z`vbxšÍb

cvwK¯Ívbx I evsjv‡`kx miKvi ¸iæZifv‡e cwieZ©b K‡i| Zvi d‡j

evOvwj‡ì Kv‡Q cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi cvnvwo Rwg n ÍvšÍi Kivi †ÿ‡Î Av‡Mi

AvBbx iÿvKeP¸‡jv A‡bKvs‡k mwi‡q †djv nq (Av`bvb 2004: 41)|

†emiKvwi ms ’v KZ©„K cÖZ¨ÿ ejcÖ‡qvM

ivóªxq kw³ w`‡q f~wg `L‡ji ci GLb †emiKvwi ms¯’v ev †Mvôx wKfv‡e f~wg

MÖvm Kivi Rb¨ wb‡RivB ejcÖ‡qvM K‡i Zv Zz‡j aiv ìKvi| Gai‡bi

f~wgMÖvmKvix‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ag©xq I RvwZMZ m¤úª`v‡qi wKQz Ask,

ÿgZvevb †kÖYx I Av_©-mvgvwRK †Mvôx, cÖvB‡fU †Kv¤úvbx I K‡c©v‡ikb,

ÔevwYwR¨K GbwRIÕ (NGO), ivR‣bwZK cÖfvekvjxe„›` Ges gv¯Ívb evwnbx I

AcivaPµ (criminal mafia) (†dìg¨vb I †MBmjvi 2012: 982;

Av`bvb I `w¯Í vi 2011: 88-94; Av`bvb 2013; MvW©bvi I †MinvR©

2016: 11)| Gme `Lj`v‡iiv myweavg‡Zv cywjk cÖkvm‡bi mn‡hvwMZv

cvIqvi eë¯’v Ki‡ZI wm×n¯Í|

G ai‡bi †emiKvwi f~wg MÖvm evsjv‡`‡k eûw`b †_‡KB N‡U Avm‡Q| eo

eo b`xi Pi f~wg‡Z Ges cÖZ¨šÍ AeevwnKv AÂ‡j jvwVqvj‡ì †Rv‡i

fvMPvlx‡ì emv‡bvi Rb¨ wbišÍi Rwg †e`Lj Kiv G‡`‡ki f~wg msNv‡Zi

BwZnv‡mi Ask (Av`bvb I gbmyi 1977; †W DBì 2011; Av`bvb 2013:

101)|

kw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i f~wg MÖvm Kivi †ÿ‡Î mv¤úªwZKKv‡j bZzb ai‡bi

eëmvwqK D‡`¨vM †hvM n‡q‡Q| `„óvšÍ¯iƒc: bqvD`viev`x wek^vq‡bi cÖfv‡e


ißvbxi j‡ÿ¨ G‡`‡ki DcK~jxq AÂ‡j †bvbvR‡ji wPsox Drcv`‡bi Rb¨

mwnsm (violent) Kvq`vq Ô‡Ni `L‡jiÕ cÖPjb N‡U‡Q (Av`bvb 2013:

105-110; cvciKx I KÝ 2014)| cÖfvekvjx wPsox‡Ni gvwj‡Kiv

gv¯Ívbevwnbx w`‡q †Rvi K‡i DcK~jxq GjvKvi eb¨vwbqš¿Y euva †K‡U

jeYcvwb XzwK‡q †`qvi †K․kj Aej¤^b K‡i| Gi d‡j ’vbxq Pvlx‡ì

wgwócvwbi dmj Drcv`b evbPvj n‡q hvq| ZLb Zviv wbiæcvq n‡q

wb‡R‡ì dmjx Rwg wPsox †N‡ii Rb¨ bvggvÎ LvRbvq (ÔnuvwoiÕ UvKvq)

ÿgZvkvjx †Ni gvwjK‡ì Kv‡Q †Q‡o w`‡Z eva¨ nq| GKevi wPsox †N‡ii

AšÍfy©³ n‡q †M‡j †mB Rwg †ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î Avi KLbB Av‡Mi K…lK‡ì

nv‡Z wd‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i bv|

GQvov, †`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡ji Rjvf~wg (wetlands) †hgb, nvIi, evIo,

Rjvk‡qi f~wg MÖvm Kivi cÖ‡Póv A‡bKw`b †_‡KB Pjgvb (†dÛg¨vb I

†MBmjvi 2012: 984)| G ai‡bi Rjvf~wg mvaviYZ: ivóªxq gvwjKvbvi

LvmRwg n‡jI G¸‡jv e¨w³MZ BRviv‡Z †bIqv wKsev `Ljxm‡Ë¡i

(possession) AvIZvq Avbvi Rb¨ cÖfvekvjx gnj AZ¨šÍ D`MÖxe| GRb¨

Zviv cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv gv¯Ívb evwnbx eënvi wKsev Ab¨vb¨ A‣ea Kvq`vq

Rjvf~wg wb‡R‡ì KivqË¡ K‡i| cywjk cÖkvmb‡K bvbv cÖ‡jvf‡bi gva¨‡g G

ai‡bi †eAvBbx `L‡ji weiæ‡× eë¯’v †bqv †_‡K weiZ ivLvi eë¯’v K‡i

Gme cÖfvekvjx gnj|

ïay cÖZ¨šÍ PivÂj ev Rjvf~wg bq, ivóªh‡š¿i bv‡Ki WMvq kni GjvKv‡ZI

f~wg †e`L‡j mwµq i‡q‡Q wewfbœ cÖfvekvjx †Mvôx| Z_vKw_Z ÔDbœq‡biÕ

mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q kn‡ii Rwgi `vgI evo‡Q| Ges AvaywbK d¬¨vUevwo,

wecwb weZvb I Ôkwcs gjÕ BZ¨vw`‡Z cyuwR wewb‡qvM K‡i eëmvi wKsev

dUKvevRxi (speculation) gybvdvi cwigvYI †e‡o‡Q| A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB

knivÂ‡ji Rwg †e`Lj Kivi Rb¨ fqfxwZ cÖ`k©b, mwnsmZv Ges LybLvivwe

NU‡Q (†dìg¨vb I †MBmjvi 2012: 982-985)| XvKv gnvbM‡ii KivBj

wKsev AvMviMuvI‡qi g‡Zv e¯Íx‡Z cwiKwíZfv‡e Av¸b awi‡q w`‡q

ew¯Íevmx‡ì D‡”Q` K‡i †mB RvqMv¸‡jv bZzb gv‡K©U ev G¨vcvU©‡g‡›Ui Rb¨

†e`Lj Kivi cÖ‡PóvI AvRKvj cÖvqB NU‡Q|


Ic‡i Av‡jvwPZ „óvšÍ¸‡jv g~jZ: †kÖYx¯^v_© w`‡q cwiPvwjZ f~wg MÖv‡mi

bgybv| Z‡e, G¸‡jv QvovI RvwZ I ag©wfwËK mv¤úª`vwqK msNv‡Zi

QÎQvqv‡Z f~wg †e`Lj cÖwµqvi wfbœ iKg „óvšÍ i‡q‡Q mgKvjxb

evsjv‡`‡k|

cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g ivóªxq f~wg MÖv‡mi cvkvcvwk wewfbœ evOvwj e¨w³eM© I

cÖwZôvb cvnvwo‡ì f~wg †e`L‡j e¨vcKfv‡e mwµq| cÖfvekvjx †mUjvi,

evMvb gvwjK (plantation owners), miKvwi Kg©KZ©v Ges Ab¨vb¨

ÿgZvevb †Mvôx bvbvfv‡e †RviRei`w¯Í K‡i cvnvwo Avwèvmx‡ì

RvqMvRwg `Lj K‡i wb‡q‡Q (Av`bvb 2004: 89-94; Av`bvb I `w Í`vi

2011: 71-99)| GQvov, evsjv`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ AÂ‡j mv¤úª`vwqK AvµgY I

AvZ¼ m„wó K‡i cÖfvekvjx e¨w³eM© wn›`y Ges Ab¨vb¨ msL¨vjNy m¤úª`v‡qi

f~wg MÖvm K‡i‡Q (eviKvZ I ivq 2004: 225-231; †dìg¨vb 2016)|

DËie‡½i w`bvRcyi, iscyi, RqcyinvU, bIMuv, ivRkvnxmn wewfbœ †Rjvq

¯’vbxq evOvwjiv mk¯¿ AvµgY Ges AwMœms‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g gyÛv, muvIZvj,

IiuvI Ges Ab¨vb¨ Avwèvmx RvwZi f~wg Rei`Lj K‡i‡Q (†WBwj ÷vi,

21 Rvbyqvwi 2015)|

Dc‡iv³ `„óvšÍ¸‡jv †_‡K GUv cÖZxqgvb †h G ai‡bi †emiKvwi f~wg

†e`Lj cÖwµqvq †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Q mgv‡Ri weËevb I cÖfvekvix †kÖYx Ges

cÖavb (dominant) ag©xq I RvwZMZ m¤úª`v‡qi Askwe‡kl| GUvI jÿYxq

†h f~wgMÖvmx‡ì AvµgY I ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi mgq AvµvšÍ †kÖYx, m¤úª`vq I

Rb‡Mvôxi gvby‡liv iv‡óªi cÖkvmbhš¿ I wbivcËvevwnbxi KvQ †_‡K h_vh_

myiÿv cvqwb A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB (Av`bvb I `w¯Í vi 2011)|

5. ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g c‡ivÿ f~wg MÖvm

G ch©šÍ cÖZ¨ÿ ev mivmwi ejcÖ‡qvM w`‡q f~wg †e`Lj cÖwµqv Av‡jvPbv

Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb Avgiv †`L‡ev wKfv‡e kw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖv_wgK jÿ¨ Ab¨

wKQz n‡jI Zvi djkÖæwZ‡Z †kl ch©šÍ gvbyl f~wg nviv‡Z eva¨ nq| G ai‡bi

†ÿ‡Î f~wg †e`Lj cÖwµqv c‡ivÿfv‡e (indirectly) KvR K‡i| ivóªxq bxwZ

Ges Dbœqb cÖK‡íi NUbvci¤úivq wKsev m¤úª`vwqK msNv‡Zi A‡NvwlZ


(undeclared) wKsev Awba©vwiZ (unintended) cwiYwZ wnmv‡e G ai‡bi

c‡ivÿ f~wg MÖvm cÖwµqv N‡U _v‡K|

GiKg GKwU cÖwµqvi m~ÎcvZ nq 1992 m‡b hLb bqv D`viev`x wek^vq‡bi

cÖfv‡e evsjv‡`k miKvi wPsox gnvj wewa (Shrimp Zone Rules) cÖeZ©b

K‡i| 2003 mv‡j ivóªxq cÖkvmb †bvqvLvwj †Rjvq wPsox gnv‡ji Rb¨

wbav©wiZ GjvKvi †NvlYv †`q (Av`bvb 2013: 117-122)| jÿYxq †h,

iv‡óªi D‡`¨v‡M ’vwcZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I GB cÖK‡íi †NvwlZ jÿ¨ ißvwbi Rb¨

jeYR‡ji wPsox Drcv`b Kiv ev Í‡e m¤¢e nqwb| wKš‘ wPsox gnvj bxwZ‡Z

evwYwR¨K Lvgv‡ii Rb¨ D‡`¨v³v †kÖwY‡K AMÖvwaKvi wfwË‡Z miKvix Lvm

Rwg BRviv †èvi †NvlYv _vKvi d‡j Zv‡ì Rb¨ f~wg `Lj Kivi GKwU

Aby‡gvw`Z c_ Ly‡j hvq|

Dciš‘, eo eëmvqx I ivR‣bwZK `‡ji †bZvKgx©mn wewfbœ cÖfvekvjx gnj

GB m~‡hv‡M PivÂ‡ji we¯Í…Z Rwg‡Z wPsox †Ni ¯’vc‡bi AwQjvq †mLv‡b

emevmiZ f~wgnxb I b`xwkK Íx cwievi‡ì D‡”Q` K‡i Zv‡ì RvqMvRwg

`Lj K‡i (Av`bvb 2013)| GKevi P‡ii Rwgi Dci `Lj (possesion)

¯’vcb Kivi ci Zviv ÿgZvmxb miKv‡ii †bZv I cÖkvm‡bi †hvMmvR‡k

†mme Rwgi ev‡bvqvU `wjjcÎ •Zix K‡i AvBbx gvwjKvbvmË¡ (de jure

ownership) AR©b Kivi cÖ‡Póvq wjß nq| G m‡ei cwiYwZ‡Z PivÂ‡j

we¯ÍxY© GjvKv Ry‡o K…wl I gvQ Pv‡li (agribusiness I agro-fisheries)

Rb¨ A‡bK evwYwR¨K Lvgvi cÖwZwôZ nq| G ai‡bi f~wg MÖv‡mi weiæ‡×

`wi`ª I f~wgnx‡biv †h cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb `vuo Kiv‡Z †Póv K‡i †mUv

cÖfvekvjx `Lj`v‡iiv jvwVqvj evwnbxi gva¨‡g `gb K‡i (Av`bvb 2013 :

105-115)|

GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, †hmKj bqv D`viev`x bxwZi eivZ w`‡q evsjv‡`‡k wPsox

gnvj ¯’vc‡bi cÖwµqv ïiæ nq †m¸‡jv cÖewZ©Z n‡qwQ‡jv wewfbœ AvšÍRv©wZK

wbqš¿K (regulatory) cÖwZôvb I `vZv ms¯’vi Pv‡c (IqvKvi 2008: 573-

574; Av`bvb 2013: 105-106)| Gme AvšÍRv©wZK e¨vsK I bxwZwbav©iK

ms¯’vi †NvwlZ jÿ¨ wQj evsjv‡`‡ki A_©eë¯’v‡K bqv D`viev`x c‡_

cwiPvwjZ Kiv Ges †mB wbwg‡Ë wPsox ißvwbi gva¨‡g •e‡`wkK gy`ªvi

DcvR©b evov‡bv| wKš‘ Zv‡ì GB bxwZi ev Íevq‡bi mgq †h e¨vcK f~wg


`Lj N‡U †mUv Zv‡ì †NvwlZ j‡ÿï g‡a¨ wQj bv| †mRb¨ wPsox gnvj

¯’vcb Kivi NUbvci¤úivq †h f~wg MÖvm N‡U Zv‡K GKwU c‡ivÿ cÖwZwµqv

wnmv‡e AwfwnZ Kiv hvq|

kw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g c‡ivÿ fv‡e f~wg MÖv‡mi Av‡iKwU cš’v n‡”Q

mvgvwRKfv‡e `ye©j m¤úª`vq, †kÖYx ev Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ cwiKwíZfv‡e AvZsK

I AwbðqZv (insecurity) m„wó Kiv| Gfv‡e Zv‡ì‡K wb‡R‡ì RvqMvRwg

†Q‡o w`‡q Ab¨Î P‡j †h‡Z eva¨ KivB GB †K․k‡ji P~ovšÍ jÿ¨ (Av`bvb

I `w¯Í vi 2011; Av`bvb 2016)|

1947 mv‡j †`kfv‡Mi (Partition) mgq †_‡K agx©q msNvZ Ges `v½vi

d‡j wn›`y m¤úª`v‡qi A‡b‡KB Zv‡ì RwgRgv †d‡j, wKsev bvggvÎ g~‡j¨

wewµ K‡i, †`k †Q‡o P‡j †h‡Z eva¨ nb| Abyiƒc mv¤úª`vwqK mwnsmZv

Ges AwbwðqZv m„wói cÖwµqv GLbI evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡j N‡U P‡j‡Q|

Gi d‡j wn›`y, †e․×,Avwèvmx Ges Ab¨vb¨ agx©q I RvwZMZ (ethno-

religious) msL¨vjNy Rb‡Mvôx wbivcËvnxbZvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì RvqMvRwg

†Q‡o µgvMZfv‡e P‡j †h‡Z eva¨ n‡”Q|

G ai‡bi mv¤úª`vwqK k¼v I AvZsK m„wó Kivi GKUv cÖPwjZ cš’v n‡jv

wfbœagx© gvby‡li Dcvmbvjq wKsev agx©q I mvgvwRK cÖwZôv‡bi Ici nvgjv

Kiv| Gi mv¤úªwZK `„óvšÍ cvIqv hvq K·evRvi †Rjvi ivgy I DwLqvq

2012 mv‡ji 30 †k †m‡Þ¤i ivwÎ †_‡K cieZ©x 36 N›Uvq chv©qµ‡g

K‡qK WRb †e․× gw›ì I †e․× g~wZ©¯’vcbv Av¸b w`‡q R¦vwj‡q †`qv wKsev

fv½Pzi Kivi NUbvq (eo–qv 2013:340-344)| GB cwiKwíZ aŸsmh‡Ái

ci AvµvšÍ GjvKvi mgMÖ †e․× m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ AwbðqZv Zxeªfv‡e †e‡o

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I `w¯Í vi 2011: 73-74)| GB †e․×wenvi msjMœ Av‡kcv‡ki RvqMv¸‡jv

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KiwQ‡jv| ¯’vbxq cÖkvmb I wbivcËvevwnbxi bv‡Ki WMv‡Z GB AvµgY

NU‡jI †e․×gw›ìwU iÿv Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb Kvh©Ki ivóªxq eë¯’v †bqv nqwb|

e¯‘Z: agx©q I RvwZMZ msL¨vjNy m¤úª`v‡qi ¯’vcbvi Ici AvµgY

evsjv‡`‡k mv¤úªwZK Kv‡j cÖvqB NU‡Q | 2010 mv‡ji Qqgvm a‡i †`‡ki

wewfbœ GjvKvq msL¨vjNy‡ì Ici msNwUZ Avµg‡bi Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i

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Avµg‡Yi djkÖæwZ‡Z msL¨vjNy Rb‡Mvôxi f~wg MÖvm Kiv n‡q‡Q|

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eûjcÖPwjZ cš’v n‡”Q cwiKwíZfv‡e †Kv‡bv †Mvôxi bvix‡ì Ici †h․b

nvgjv I nqivbx Kiv| gwnjv‡ì‡K wbkvbv K‡i †h․b AvµgY I al©Y Kiv

n‡j Zvu‡ì wbKU AvZ¥xq¯Rb Ges mgMÖ m¤úª`vqB AvZsKMÖ¯Í n‡q c‡o|

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KvUv‡Z nq (me©RbK_v 2014:5-6)| G‡nb mvgvwRK Pv‡ci gy‡L †Kvbv

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nvgjvKvixmn Ab¨vb¨ cÖfvekvjxivI †e`Lj K‡i _v‡K| 2014 mv‡ji 4Vv

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f~wgMÖvm cÖwµqvI cª”Qbœfv‡e KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q (‡gvnmxb 1997: 178;

Av`bvb I `w¯Í vi 2011: 96-97; me©RbK_v 2014: 5-6)|

hLb †Kvb m¤úª`v‡qi RvqMvRwg `Lj Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Zv‡ì Ici bvbv

ai‡bi nvgjv Kiv nq, ZLb †mUv‡K •eaZv w`‡q mvdvB MvIqvi cÖ‡PóvI

jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G †ÿ‡Î hv‡ì RwgRgv wbkvbv (target) Kiv nq †mB †Mvôx

ev m¤úª`vq‡K f~wg`LjKvixiv bvbvfv‡e wb‡R‡ì †_‡K wfbœ (other) wKsev

ÔkÎæÕ ¯’vbxq wnmv‡e `vuo Kiv‡bvi †Póv K‡i (‡dìg¨vb I †MBmjvi 2012;

†dìg¨vb 2016)| G ai‡bi ÔwfbœKiYÕ (othering) cÖwµqv m„wó Ges cÖPvi


Kiv nq bvbvfv‡e, hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva, ms¯‥…wZ, wkÿv eë¯’v

Ges gZv`‡k©i weK…Z cÖ‡qvM| wewfbœ ai‡bi ag©xq, RvwZMZ, fvlvMZ,

K…wóMZ, Ges Ab¨vb¨ mv¤úª`vwqKZv GB ÔwfbœKiYÕ I ÔkÎæ-Drcv`bÕ

cÖwµqvi gvjgmjv wnmv‡e eënvi Kiv nq|

6. ej cÖ‡qvM QvovB cÖZ¨ÿ f~wg `Lj

Gici †`Lv hvK kw³ cÖ‡qvM bv K‡iI wK wK fv‡e f~wg `Lj Kiv n‡q‡Q

mgKvjxb evsjv‡`‡k| G me †ÿ‡ÎI cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ wfbœZv

jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| †h‡nZz kw³cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq bv, †m‡nZz GB cÖwµqv¸‡jv

Ggbfv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq hv‡Z †Kv‡bv cÖKvk¨ we‡iva bv N‡U| hviv f~wg

nvivb Zv‡ì AÁvZmv‡i, wKsev Av‡cv‡li gva¨‡g, f~wg `Lj Kiv nq| GB

ai‡bi wewfbœ c×wZ bx‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

GiKg f~wg n ÍvšÍi cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv ev `LjxmË¡

†Kbv, A_ev kZ©m¤^wjZ Pzw³‡Z Rwg BRviv (lease) †bIqv| `„óvšÍ¯iƒc,

evsjv‡`‡ki K‡qKwU we‡kl A_©‣bwZK AÂj (SEZ) ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨

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K‡cv©‡ikb I Avevmb †Kv¤úvbx (cÖ_g Av‡jv 28 RyjvB 2016)|5

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bvbv ai‡bi wkí I evwYwR¨K cÖK‡íi RbÏ Rwg †Kbvi wnwoK c‡o‡Q

†`‡ki wewfbœ bMi I evwYwR¨K GjvKv Ges wkívÂ‡j| `„óvšÍ¯iƒc:,

my›ìe‡bi Pvicv‡ki iwÿZ GjvKvq BwZg‡a¨B AvbygvwbK 300wU

cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ cÖvq 10 nvRvi GKi Rwg †Kbv n‡q‡Q (me©RbK_v 2016:

4)| Gme Rwgi †µZv‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ivR‣bwZK cÖfvekvjx †bZvKgx© Ges

wewfbœ evwYwR¨K †Mvôx (cÖ_g Av‡jv, 13 RyjvB 2017)|

G Qvov, `Ljxm‡Ë¡i (right of possession) †Kvb AvBbx ¯^xK…wZ bv

_vK‡jI ev Í‡e G ai‡bi f~wg mË¡ †LvjvLywj †ePv‡Kbv n‡q _v‡K|

evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡j `Ljxm‡Ë¡i mwµq f~wg evRvi we`¨gvb|

5

Aek¨ ev¯Í‡e Gme Rwg Ô‡KbvÕ ev ÔfvovÕ †bIqvi mgq †Kv‡bv ai‡bi ejcÖ‡qvM Kiv

n‡qwQ‡jv wKbv Zv DØ„Z msev` m~‡Î ejv nqwb| Avgv‡ì c‡ÿI mKj †ÿ‡Î GiKg

NUbv m‡iRwg‡b ciL Kiv m¤¢e nqwb|


†bvqvLvwji PivÂ‡j f~wg`myïv Zv‡ì KivqË¡ Rwgi `LjxmË¡ wewµ K‡i

_v‡K wewfbœ evwYwR¨K ev wkí ms ’vi Kv‡Q (Av`bvb 2013: 116)|

cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi ev›ìevb †Rjvq miKvwi cÖkvmb †_‡K evOvjx

emwZ¯’vcbKvix‡ì‡K (settlr) ÔAvi-‡nvwìsÕ (R-Holding) bv‡g †h

Keywjqr `wjj †`qv n‡qwQ‡jv †m¸‡jv Zviv A‡b‡KB cieZ©x‡Z wewµ K‡i

†`q| Zvici †_‡K GB f~wgm‡Ë¡i mb`¸‡jv (titles) Aev‡a †Kbv‡ePvi

mvÿ¨ w`‡q‡Qb eg&& †bZv Ryg wjqvb AvgjvB (Av`bvb I `w¯Í vi 2011:65-

70)| we‡kl K‡i K‡qKwU †Kv¤úvbx, eëmvwqK GbwRI (NGO) Ges f~wg

`Lj`v‡iiv GB ivóªcÖ`Ë f~wgm‡Ë¡i mb` wK‡b wb‡q‡Q Ges Zv w`‡q

emevmKvix cvnvwo I ev½vjx Df‡qi f~m¤úwËi Ici gvwjKvbv `vex Ki‡Q|

mivmwi ejcÖ‡qvM bv K‡i f~wg †e`L‡ji Av‡iKwU cš’v n‡”Q Rwgi `wjjcÎ

I †iKW© Rvj Kiv wKsev A‣eafv‡e e`‡j †`qv (eviKvZ I ivq 2004:

192-224)| f~wgMÖvmxiv mvaviYZ cÖfve LwU‡q I Nyl w`‡q †Znwkj`vi,

`wjj †jLK, Ges f~wg Awd‡mi Kg©Pvix‡ì †hvMmvR‡k G ai‡bi Rvj

`wjjcÎ evbvq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î f~wgi Avmj gvwjK‡ì ARv‡šÍB

Ggb RvwjqvwZ I cÖZviYv N‡U _v‡K| fzqv `wjjcÎ •Zix Kivi Rb¨ †`‡ki

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f~wg Awd‡m PvKzixiZ wKsev AemicÖvß Kg©KZ©vivI Gme AcivaP‡µ RwoZ

_v‡K| GiKg Rvj f~wgmË¡ †Kbv‡ePvi msNe× Kvh©µ‡gi `„óvšÍ cvIqv hvq

†bvqvLvjx †Rjv (Av`bvb 2013: 116) Ges cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvgmn †`‡ki wewfbœ

AÂ‡j (Av`bvb I `w Í`vi 2011: 100-101)|

GgbwK, XvKv gnvbM‡ii DcK‡Ú Aew¯’Z MvRxcyi †Rjvi Kvwjqv‣K‡i GKwU

AcivaPµ wewfbœ Avevmb †Kv¤úvbxi cÖwZwbwa‡ì bv‡g cÖvq 150 GKi Rwg

RvwjqvwZ K‡i †iwRwóª K‡i wb‡q‡Q| GgbwU m¤¢e n‡q‡Q mswkøó miKvix

Kg©Pvix, Rwgi `vjvj Ges `wjj †jLK‡ì †hvMmvR‡k (cÖ_g Av‡jv 8

b‡f¤i 2012)| GQvov, MvRxcyi †RjviB kÖxcyi Dc‡Rjvq wZbwU MÖv‡gi

mvaviY gvby‡li cÖvq nvRvi Lv‡bK GKi Rwg RvwjqvwZ K‡i †e`Lj Kiv

n‡q‡Q PviwU evwYwR¨K cÖwZôv‡bi bv‡g| GB A‣ea f~wg `Lj Kiv nq ¯’vbxq

cÖkvmb I cywj‡ki Ici cÖfve LvwU‡q Ges cÖ‡qvRbgZ Nyl w`‡q (AvBb I

mvwjk †K›`ª I Ab¨vb¨ 2014; me©RbK_v 2015: 7-8)| bvbv ai‡bi

RvwjqvwZ I cÖZviYvi gva¨‡g eb¨v wbqš¿b evua Ges Rjwbqš¿K AeKvVv‡gvi

miKvwi RvqMvRwg cÖfvekvjxiv †e`Lj K‡i‡Q †`‡ki wewfbœ

AÂ‡j (†dìg¨vb I †MBmjvi 2012: 982)|


‡Kv‡bv we‡iva Qvov wbwe©‡Nœ f~wg `Lj Kivi Avi GKwU PZzi †K․kj n‡”Q

RbgZ cÖfvweZ I wbqš¿Y Kiv| G Rb¨ Ô†`‡ki I RvwZi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ f~wg

cÖ`vb Kiv ìKviÕ e‡j ÿwZMÖ¯Í gvby‡li Kv‡Q cÖPvi Kiv nq Ges

Q‡je‡j‡K․k‡j †Kv‡bv cÖwZ‡iva Kiv †_‡K Zvu‡ì‡K weiZ ivLv nq|

†`kxwe‡`kx D‡`¨v‡M wewfbœ cÖK‡íi Rb¨ f~wg AwaMÖnY Kivi mgq mvaviY

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nq|

GB cÖwµqvi GKwU ev¯Íe `„óvšÍ cvIqv hvq wm‡j‡Ui weweqvbv M¨vm‡ÿ‡Îi

Rb¨ f~wg AwaMÖn‡Yi ci GjvKvevmxi weiƒc cÖwZwµqv mvgvj †`qvi

Kjv‡K․k‡j| hwÌ †kfib (Chevron) bv‡gi eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvbx gybvdv

evbv‡bvi R‡b¨B M¨vm D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Q, Zey Zviv weweqvbvi ¯’vbxq gvbyl‡K

bvbfv‡e †evSv‡bvi †Póv K‡i †h GB cÖKíwU evsjv‡`‡ki ÔRvZxq Dbœq‡biÕ

Rb¨ Acwinvh©| Dciš‘, GB cÖK‡íi Rb¨ cÖvß f~wgi ÔcÖwZ`vbÕ wnmv‡e Zviv

GjvKvevmxi Rb¨ mvgvb¨ wKQz ¯‥zj, cÖwkÿY I †mevg~jK Kvh©µ‡gi eë¯’v

K‡i‡Q, Ges †m¸‡jv‡K ÔDbœq‡bi DcnviÕ (development gift) wnmv‡e

GjvKvi mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q m¤úªPvi K‡i‡Q (MvW©bvi I Ab¨vb¨ 2014:

8; MvW©bvi I †MinvR© 2016: 9; Avnvmvb I MvW©bvi 2016)|

G ai‡bi ÔDcnv‡ii ivRbxwZiÕ (Ôpolitics of the gift‟) gva¨‡g GB

†Kv¤úvbx Zv‡ì f~wg †e`Lj Kvh©µg‡K •eaZv (legitimacy) cÖ`vb Kivi

†Póv K‡i‡Q| Dciš‘, GjvKvevmx‡K ÔAvaywbKZv Ges Dbœq‡bi åvšÍ ¯^cœ

†`wL‡qÕ Zv‡ì‡K M¨vm‡ÿÎ cÖK‡íi we‡ivwaZv bv K‡i eis mn‡hvwMZv

Ki‡Z D×y× K‡i‡Q|

jÿYxq †h, Gme Kg©KvÛ Ges Dbœqb-msµvšÍ cÖPviYv †Rvi`vi Kivi R‡b¨

†kfib K‡c©v‡ikb KwZcq RvZxq I ¯’vbxq †emiKvix ms¯’vi (NGO) mv‡_

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wewfbœ ai‡bi Rbms‡hvM (public relations) I weÁvcb (advertising)

cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g †kfib Gme D‡Ïk¨cÖ‡Yvw`Z ÔRb‡mevg~jKÕ Kg©KvÛ‡K

wb‡R‡ì ÔK‡c©v‡iU Kvh©µ‡gi mvgvwRK `vqe×ZviÕ (corporate social

responsibility or CSR) wb`©kb wn‡m‡e Zv‡ì we‡`kx †kqvi gvwjK Ges


evsjv‡`kx bxwZwba©viK‡ì Kv‡Q Dc ’vcb K‡i‡Q (MvW©bvi I Ab¨vb¨

2014: 6-7 ; MvW©bvi I †MinvR© 2016: 7-10)|

GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, †kfib GjvKvevmx‡K †hme myweav †`‡e e‡j cÖwZkÖæwZ

w`‡qwQ‡jv Zvi g‡a¨ †ek K‡qKwU cÖ`vb Kivi g‡Zv ÿgZv wKsev B”Qv

†Kv‡bvUvB Zv‡ì wQ‡jv bv| „óvšÍ¯iƒc, ¯’vbxq Awaevmx‡ì cvB‡ci gva¨‡g

M¨vm ms‡hvM †Ìqv wKsev GB GjvKvq KviLvbv I we y¨r‡K›`ª ¯’vcb Kiv,

†Kv‡bvUvB GB we‡`kx †Kv¤úvbxi GLwZqv‡i wQ‡jv bv (MvW©bvi I Ab¨vb¨

2014: 3)| Zv m‡Ë¡I Gme wg_¨v Avk^vm w`‡q ¯’vbxq gvby‡li m¤¢ve¨

cÖwZ‡iva wbe„Z K‡i Zvu‡ì mn‡hvwMZv cvIqvi Rb¨ K‡c©v‡ikbwU G ai‡bi

cwiKwíZ cÖZviYvi †K․kj Aej¤b K‡iwQ‡jv|

GBfv‡e weZwK©Z Dbœqb cÖK‡íi Rb¨ f~wg MÖv‡mi mvdvB †M‡q RbgZ‡K

cÖfvweZ I weåvšÍ Kivi AviI `„óvšÍ eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k †`L‡Z cvIqv

hvq| `„óvšÍ¯iƒc, my›ìe‡bi Rb¨ ÿwZKviK ivgcvj we`y¨r †K‡› ªi

¯’vcbv‡K •eaZv †Ìqvi R‡b¨ wUwf I Ab¨vb¨ msev` gva¨‡g weåvwšÍ

m„wóKvix weÁvcb I mvRv‡bv K‡_vcK_‡bi (talk show) †K․kjx eënvi

jÿYxq|

7. ejcÖ‡qvM Qvov c‡ivÿ cÖwµqvq f~wg `Lj

f~wg `L‡ji GB we‡kl cÖwµqvwU mn‡R †Pv‡L c‡o bv †h‡nZz Gme‡ÿ‡Î

†KD mivmwi ejcÖ‡qvM K‡i bv Ges Rwg nviv‡bvi NUbv¸‡jv N‡U

c‡ivÿfv‡e, A_v©r Ab¨ †Kv‡bv D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ Kv‡Ri cvk©cÖwZwµqv

wnmv‡e| K‡qKwU ev¯Íe `„óvšÍ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j GB cÖwµqvi AšÍwb©wnZ

aviYvwU cwi®‥vi n‡e|

evsjv‡`‡ki eû AÂ‡j eb¨vwbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ evua, ¯øyBm (sluice), †cvìvi

(polder) RvZxq AeKvVv‡gv wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q| †`‡ki miKvi I we‡`kx

`vZms¯’vi D‡`¨v‡M GB AeKvVv‡gv¸‡jv •Zixi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQ‡jv RjcÖevn

wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g eb¨v †_‡K RbemwZ Ges K„wl Rwg iÿv Kiv (Av`bvb I

Ab¨vb¨ 1992; 1994)| wKš‘ A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB GB eb¨v iÿveë¯’v

cwiKíbvg‡Zv KvR K‡iwb| ÎæwUc~Y© evu‡ai fvO‡bi d‡j cwiKíbv Abyhvqx

†hme GjvKv ÔiwÿZÕ _vKvi K_v wQ‡jv †miKg RvqMv‡ZI eb¨vi ÿqÿwZ

n‡q‡Q| A_ev ¯øyBm A‡K‡Rv n‡q hvIqvq cvwb wb®‥vk‡bi c_ eÜ n‡q †M‡Q


Ges †`Lv w`‡q‡Q Rjve×Zv (Av`bvb 1991: 62-72) h‡kv‡ii fe`n

¯øyB‡mi †MU¸‡jv APj n‡q hvIqvq e¨vcK Rjve×Zv N‡U‡Q ¯’vcbvwUi

Pvwiw`‡K| 1990 Gi `k‡K wej WvKvwZqvi †cvìv‡i mviv eQi a‡i cvwb

R‡g _vKv GiKg AcwiKwíZ I ÿwZKviK cÖwZwµqvi „óvšÍ (Av`bvb

1991; 1992; 1994; 2016L)| G me eb¨vKewjZ wKsev Rjve×Zvq

AvU‡K hvIqv Rb‡Mvôx Afv‡ei Zvovbq Zv‡ì RwgRgv wewµ K‡i w`‡Z

eva¨ n‡q‡Q|

Gai‡bi Rwg n ÍvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv `Lj`v‡ii ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb nqwb

(†dìg¨vb I †MBmjvi 2012; Av`bvb 2016L)| hwÌ eb¨vKewjZ gvbyl

Afv‡ei Zvobvq wbR Rwg †_‡K DrcvwUZ n‡q‡Q, Zv N‡U‡Q eb¨v wbqš¿Y

Kvh©µ‡gi e¨_©Zvi cvk©-cÖwZwµqv wnmv‡e| †h‡nZz eb¨vwbqš¿Y Kvh©µ‡gi g~j

D‡Ïk¨ wQ‡jv f~wg MÖvm †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ, †mRb¨ GB f~wg n ÍvšÍi cÖwµqv‡K

c‡ivÿ wnmv‡e MY¨ Ki‡Z nq|

Abyiƒc c‡ivÿ cÖwµqvq evsjv‡`‡ki eû AÂ‡ji Rb‡Mvôx f~wg nvwi‡q‡Q|

XvKv, PÆMÖvg Ges Ab¨vb¨ kn‡i AcwiKwíZfv‡e c~‡e©Kvi Lvj, b`©gv I

Rjwb®‥vkb c_¸‡jv eÜ K‡i †Ìqvi d‡j m„wó n‡q‡Q Rjve×Zv | A‡bK

†ÿ‡ÎB Gme GjvKvi f~wg gvwj‡Kiv Zv‡ì Rwg wewµ K‡i w`‡Z eva¨

n‡q‡Q (Av`bvb 1991: 73-75; MvW©bvi I †MinvR© 2012)| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv

†ÿ‡Î †W‡fjcvi †Kv¤úvbx Ges dUKvev‡RivB G ai‡bi Rjve× Rwg wK‡b

Zvi ms¯‥vi K‡i cieZx©‡Z Ab¨‡ì Kv‡Q Zv wewµ K‡i‡Q cÖPzi gybvdv

mnKv‡i |

f~wg MÖv‡mi †Kv‡bv m‡PZb ev c~e©Zb D‡Ïk¨ bv _vK‡jI wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK I

gvbem„ó msK‡Ui Kvi‡Y GiKg wec©hq N‡U| d‡j ÿqÿwZ I RxweKvi

msKU m„wó nq| Ggb Ae¯’vq wbZvšÍ euvPvi ZvwM‡` GjvKvevmx gvbyl‡K

Zv‡ì †kl m¤j wf‡UgvwU I RwgRgv eva¨ n‡q weµx K‡i w`‡Z nq

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8. Dcmsnvi : f~wg MÖvm I abvR©b

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Z_¨m~Î

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ASK, NK, ALRD, TIB, Bangladesh Adivasi Forum, BLAST,

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K‡i K…wl Rwg, ebf~wg `Lj, AwaMÖnY I eivÏcÖ`vb wel‡q Z_¨vbymÜvb

cÖwZ‡e`b Dc¯’vcb| XvKv: msev` m‡¤§j‡b cÖ Ë †cÖm weÁwß, 13

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