a journey through mde, dsl and sle (july 2nd, 2015)

Benoit'Combemale'(Inria &'Univ.'Rennes'1)

http://people.irisa.fr/[email protected]@bcombemale

A'Journey'Through'MDE,'DSL'and'SLE

Or… “Why not writing the code that will generate my code instead of writing my code?!”

(smart)'Cyber'Physical'Systems

Software intensive systems

! 2A Journey:Through:MDE,:DSL:and:SLE H Benoit'Combemale (INRIA'and'Univ.'Rennes'1)'H July'2nd,'2015

Aerodynamics

Authorities

Avionics

SafetyRegulations

Airlines

PropulsionSystem

MechanicalStructure

EnvironmentalImpact

NavigationCommunications

Human-Machine

Interaction

3

MultipleConcerns

4

Aerodynamics

Authorities

Avionics

SafetyRegulations

Airlines

PropulsionSystem

MechanicalStructure

EnvironmentalImpact

NavigationCommunications

Human-Machine

Interaction

Heterogeneous Modeling

ModelHDriven Engineering'(MDE)

Distribution

«"Service"Provider"Manager"»

Notification"Alternate"Manager"

«"Recovery"Block"Manager"»

ComplaintRecovery"Block"

Manager


Notification""Manager


Complaint"Alternate"Manager"


Complaint"Manager

«"Acceptance"Test"Manager"»

Notification"Acceptance"Test"

Manager


Complaint"Acceptance"Test

Manager


NotificationRecovery"Block"

Manager

«"Client"»

User"Citizen"Manager

Fault tolerance Roles

ActivitiesViews

Contexts

Security

Functional behavior

Bookstate : StringUser

borrow

return

deliver

setDamaged

reserve

Use case

PlatformModel Design

ModelCode

Model

Change'one'Aspect'and'

AutomaticallyReHWeave:

From:Software:Product:Lines…..to:Dynamically:Adaptive:Systems

! 5A:Journey:Through:MDE,:DSL:and:SLE H Benoit'Combemale (INRIA'and'Univ.'Rennes'1)'H July'2nd,'2015


! 6

J.'Whittle,'J.'Hutchinson,'and'M.'Rouncefield,'“The$State$of$Practice$in$Model2Driven Engineering,”'IEEE'Software,'vol.'31,'no.'3,'2014,'pp.'79–85.

A:Journey:Through:MDE,:DSL:and:SLE H Benoit'Combemale (INRIA'and'Univ.'Rennes'1)'H July'2nd,'2015

"Perhaps$surprisingly,$the$majority$of$MDE$examples$in$our$study$

followed$domain2specific$modeling$paradigms"

Distribution


Notification"Alternate"Manager"


ComplaintRecovery"Block"

Manager


Notification""Manager


Complaint"Alternate"Manager"


Complaint"Manager


Notification"Acceptance"Test"

Manager


Complaint"Acceptance"Test

Manager


NotificationRecovery"Block"

Manager

«"Client"»

User"Citizen"Manager

Fault tolerance Roles

ActivitiesViews

Contexts

Security

Functional behavior

Bookstate : StringUser

borrow

return

deliver

setDamaged

reserve

Use case

PlatformModel Design

ModelCode

Model

Change'one'Aspect'and'

AutomaticallyReHWeave:

From:Software:Product:Lines…..to:Dynamically:Adaptive:Systems



Jean!Marc'Jézéquel,'Benoît'Combemale'et'Didier'Vojtisek,'"Ingénierie'Dirigée'par'les'Modèles':'des'concepts'a'la'pratique,"'Ellipses'edition,'février'2012



Jean!Marc'Jézéquel,'Benoît'Combemale'et'Didier'Vojtisek,'"Ingénierie'Dirigée'par'les'Modèles':'des'concepts'a'la'pratique,"'Ellipses'edition,'février'2012

Editors (textuals, graphicals, …)

Documentation generators

Test generators

Simulators

Analyzers

Refactoring

Checkers (static & dynamics)

Translators

Compilers

Code generators

Etc.

ProblemSpace Solution

Space

Assembler

C,'Java

DSLs

AbstractionGap

DomainHSpecific Languages (DSLs)

A:Journey:Through:MDE,:DSL:and:SLE H Benoit'Combemale (INRIA'and'Univ.'Rennes'1)'H July'2nd,'2015 ! 10

• Targeted to'a'particular kind of'problem,'with dedicatednotations'(textual or'graphical),'support'(editor,'checkers,'etc.)

• Promises:'more'« efficient »'languages for'resolving a'set'of'specific problems in'a'domain

11

"Language$specially designed$to$perform$a$task$in$a$certain:domain"

"A$formal$processable language$targeting$at$a$specific:viewpoint:or:aspect:of$a$software$system.$Its$semantics:and:notation: is$designed$in$order$to$support$working$with$that$viewpoint$as$good$as$possible"

"A$computer$ language$that's$targeted$to$a$particular$kind$of$

problem,$rather:than:a:general:purpose:language that's$aimed$at$any$kind$of$software$problem.”

DomainHSpecific Languages (DSLs)


A$GPL$provides$notations$that$are$used$to$describe$a$computation$in$a$human2readable$form$that$can$be$translated$into$a$machine2readable$representation.

A$GPL$is$a$formal$notation$that$can$be$used$to$describe$problem$solutions$in$a$precise$manner.

A$GPL$is$a$notation$that$can$be$used$to$write$programs.

A$GPL$is$a$notation$for$expressing$computation.

A$GPL$is$a$standardized$communication$technique$for$expressing$instructions$to$a$computer.$It$is$a$set$of$syntactic$and$semantic$rules$used$to$define$computer$programs.

GPL'(General'Purpose Language)

The'boundary'isn’t'as'clear'as'it'could'be.'DomainH

specificity'is'not'blackHandHwhite,'but'instead'gradual:'a'

language'is'more'or'less'domain'specific

GeneralPL vs. DomainSL

Promises'of'domainHspecific languages


Higher'abstractions

Avoid'redundancy

Separation'of'concerns

Use'domain'concepts

Promises'of'domainHspecific languages


Benefits

Productivity

Quality

V&V

CommunicationDomainExpert

No'Overhead

PlatformIndependent

« Another lesson we should have'learned from the'recent past isthat the'development of''richer''or''more'powerful''programminglanguages was a'mistake in'the'sense that these baroque'monstrosities,'these conglomerations of'idiosyncrasies,'are'reallyunmanageable,' both mechanically and'mentally.'

I'see a'great future'for'very systematic and'

very modest programming languages »

ACM'Turing'Lecture,'« The'Humble'Programmer »'Edsger W.'Dijkstra 16

aka DomainHSpecific

Languages

aka GeneralHPurposeLanguages

1972

17

2011

« DomainHspecific

languages are'far'more'

prevalent than

anticipated »

What are'models used for?


Jon'Whittle,'"What do$449$MDE$Practitioners Think About$MDE?"'EESSMod’11

Which modeling languages are'used?'



Which diagrams are'used?




John'Hutchinson,'Mark'Rouncefield,'Jon'Whittle,'"Model!driven engineering'practices'in'industry."'ICSE'2011:'633!642

"DSLs:are:far:more:prevalentthan anticipated"


J!M.'Favre,'D.'Gasevic,'R.'Lämmel,'and'E.'Pek.'"Empirical language analysisin'software'linguistics,"'In'Software'Language Engineering,'volume'6563'of'LNCS,'pages'316–326.'Springer,'2011.

"Software:languages:are:software:too"

• An'external DSL'is a'completely separate language and'with itsown custom'syntax/tooling support'(e.g.,'editor,'compiler)

• Language worbenches:$Eclipse$modeling (EMF,$xText,$GMF,$Sirius,$Kermeta,$xCore/xTend…),$DSL$Tools,$Meta$Edit+,$MPS,$GME,$Neverlang,$Delite,$etc.

• An'internal DSL'is more'or'less a'set'of'APIs'written on'top'of'a'host'language

• Extension$mechanisms:$xTend’s active$annotation,$Scala’s LMS,$

extensions$methods (e.g.,$xTend,$Kotlin,$Scala2Virtualized),$plain2

old java$annotation$or$even fluent$interfaces!• API$2>$fluent$API$2>$staging (LMS)

• annotation$2>$active$annotation

External DSLs vs. Internal DSLs


Both internal and'external DSLs have'strengths and'weaknesses• learning curve,'• cost of'building,'• programmer' familiarity,'• communication'with domain experts,'• mixing in'the'host'language,'• strong expressiveness boundary

External DSLs vs. Internal DSLs


Textual DSLs vs. Graphical DSLs


Software'Language Engineering'(SLE)


• Application'of'systematic,'disciplined,'and'measurable'approaches'to'the'development,'deployment,'use,'and'maintenance'of'software'languages

• Supported'by'various'kind'of'"language'workbench"• Eclipse'EMF,'xText,'Sirius,'GEMOC,'Papyrus• Jetbrain’s MPS• MS'DSL'Tools• Etc.

• Various'shapes'and'ways'to'implement'software'languages• External,'internal'or'embedded'DSLs,'Profile,'etc.• Grammar,'metamodel,'ontology,'etc.

• More and'more'literature,'a'dedicated'Intl.'conference'(ACM'SLE,'cf.'http://www.sleconf.org)…

EMF-based Tools (68 matches in

September, 2012)

Eclipse'Modeling


The'Kermeta Workbench'(since'2005)


Jean!Marc'Jézéquel,'Benoit'Combemale,'Olivier'Barais,'Martin'Monperrus,'François'Fouquet,'“Mashup of$metalanguages and$its implementation in$the$Kermeta language workbench,”'SoSyM,'2014.

@aspect(class=Transition)operation fire() : String {

source.owningFSM.currentState := targetresult := output

}

The'Kermeta Workbench'(since'2005)

• Modular'design'of'DSMLs• One'meta!language'per'language'concern'(merge/weave)

• Ecore,'OCL,'Xtend• But'also:'QVTo,'fUML,'Alf,'Ket,'Xsd…

• Static'introduction'mechanism'(aspect)

• Provides'a'model'oriented'action'language'to'support'common'model'manipulation'tasks'

• to'implement'(E)Operation’s'bodies• Imperative,'statically'typed,'object!oriented,'aspect!oriented'(aspect/context,'require),'model!oriented,'DbC,'Unit'testing

• Java'and'Xtend compliant,'and'based'on'EMF• Run'as'Eclipse'plugin'or'as'standard'Java'application

• Efficient'implementation of'DSMLs• Mashup of'the'meta!languages'to'Java'code• Integrated'with'third!party'tools'(EMF'compliant)


Jean!Marc'Jézéquel,'Benoit'Combemale,'Olivier'Barais,'Martin'Monperrus,'François'Fouquet,'“Mashup of$metalanguages and$its implementation in$the$Kermeta language workbench,”'SoSyM,'2014.


! 30

J.'Whittle,'J.'Hutchinson,'and'M.'Rouncefield,'“The$State$of$Practice$in$Model2Driven Engineering,”'IEEE'Software,'vol.'31,'no.'3,'2014,'pp.'79–85.

A:Journey:Through:MDE,:DSL:and:SLE H Benoit'Combemale (INRIA'and'Univ.'Rennes'1)'H July'2nd,'2015

"A$clear$challenge,$then,$is$how$to$integratemultiple$DSLs."

"Rather$than$attempting$to$formalize$a$wide2ranging$domain$(such$

as$financial$applications),$practitioners$should$write$small,$easy2to2maintain$DSLs$and$code$generators.$ In$practice,$however,$multiple$DSLs$are$usually$required,$which$brings$its$own$challenges$in$terms$

of$integration."


Jean!Marc'Jézéquel,'David'Mendez,'Thomas'Degueule,'Benoit'Combemale,'Olivier'Barais,'"When Systems Engineering$Meets Software$Language Engineering,"'In'Complex Systems Design'&'Management'(CSD&M'14),'Springer,'2014.

All'about'“family'of'languages”!!'!

Core

QueryLanguage

ActionLanguage

ConstraintLanguageFSM

H FSM System

ODE

FSM

Activity

Language InheritanceSubtyping, Model Viewpoint, Generic metaprogramming Globalization of DSLs

HFSM

UML

Rhapsody

Stateflow

HT FSM

Language Modularization and Composition, Language Variability Management


Research'Topics'about'SLE'in'DiverSE

• Design'&'Implementation'of'DSLs• Modularity,'customization,'reuse,'variability'management'of'DSLs• Domain!specific'meta!languages'(executability,'concurrency,'coordination)• DSL'executability,'model'simulation'and'debug,'and'trace'management• Language'adaptability

• Globalization'of'DSLs• Concurrent'execution'of'heterogeneous'models• Integration'of'scientific'models'and'engineering'models


OPEN WORLD

Feature A

Feature B Feature B

F. D F. D F. D F. D F. D F. D

Variability model

L1 L2

L3 L4

L1

L3 L4L2

CLOSED WORLD

Language Manipulation

• Evolution• Extension• Restriction• Customization• Assembly

Variability-based development model for

DSLs

• Variability modeling

• Components-based languages development

Families of Languages

Variants

Language derivation

L6

Typing Theoryfor Agile Modeling

• Language interfaces• Model polymorphism• Viewpoints management

MELANGE


A language-based, model-oriented

programming language

Melange


The GEMOC Studio

A:Journey:Through:MDE,:DSL:and:SLE H Benoit'Combemale (INRIA'and'Univ.'Rennes'1)'H July'2nd,'2015 H 35


• Graphical'animation

• Breakpoint'definition'on'model'element

• MultiHdimensional'and'efficient'trace'

management

• Model'debugging'facilities'(incl.,'timeline,'

step'backward,'stimuli'management,'etc.)

• Concurrency'simulation'and'formal'analysis

Activity Diagram Debugger

https://github.com/gemoc/activitydiagram


Arduino Designer (& Debugger)


https://github.com/gemoc/farmingmodeling

Farming System Modeling

WrapHup


• Model$Driven$Engineering

• Addresses$accidental$complexity$

• Separation$of$concerns$with$models

• Abstraction$with$DS(M)Ls

� Software$Language Engineering• Tools$and$methods$for$language$design,$implementation,$$

deployment,$use$and$evolution

• Tools:$various$language$workbenches

• Methods:$various$shapes$and$ways$to$implement$languages

• Next$grand$challenge:Globalization of'Modeling'Languages

Cf.'the'GEMOC'initiativehttp://gemoc.org

Join us!

The'GEMOC'Initiative

http://gemoc.org ~'@gemocinitiativeAdvisory Board:'Benoit'Combemale,'Robert'B.'France,'Jeff'Gray'and'JeanHMarc' Jézéquel