a hrc 31 crp 6_en sudan report 2016

8/19/2019 A HRC 31 CRP 6_en Sudan Report 2016

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A/HRC/31/CRP.6

Advance version Distr.: Restricted10 March 2016

English only

Human Rights Council

Thirty-first sessionAgenda ite 2Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner

for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the

High Commissioner and the Secretary-General

Assessment mission y the Office of the United Nations HighCommissioner for Human Rights to improve human rights!accountaility! reconciliation and capacity in South Sudan"detailed findings#

Summary

!his "resent doc#ent contains the detailed $indings o$ the co"rehensi%eassessent cond#cted &y the '$$ice o$ the (nited )ations High Coissioner $or H#anRights *'HCHR+ into allegations o$ %iolations and ases o$ h#an rights and %iolationso$ international h#anitarian la, in -o#th -#dan since the o#t&rea o$ %iolence inDece&er 2013. t sho#ld &e read in con#nction ,ith the re"ort o$ the (nited )ationsHigh Coissioner $or H#an Rights on the assessent ission to -o#th -#dans#&itted to the H#an Rights Co#ncil at its thirty$irst session *A/HRC/31/+.

4 4 Re"rod#ced as recei%ed.


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Contents Page

Part 1

E5ec#ti%e -#ary.......................................................................................................................... .. Esta&lishent o$ the 'HCHR Assessent Mission to -o#th -#dan.................................................

A. Mandate.....................................................................................................................................

. Methodology.............................................................................................................................

C. Challenges and Constraints....................................................................................................... 11

. 7egal 8rae,or............................................................................................................................... 12

A. nternational H#anitarian 7a,............................................................................................... 13

. nternational H#an Rights 7a,.............................................................................................. 1

C. nternational Criinal 7a,....................................................................................................... 16D. Doestic 7a,........................................................................................................................... 19

. Conte5t#al analysis Historical acgro#nd to the Con$lict ........................................................... 1

A. ntrod#ction............................................................................................................................... 1

. Patterns o$ -tate ;iolence.......................................................................................................... 20

C. Relationshi"s &et,een )#er and Dina Peo"les....................................................................... 2<

D. !he -earch $or Reconciliation and =#stice in -o#th -#dan History.......................................... 26

Part 2

;. '%er%ie, o$ Alleged ;iolations and Ases o$ H#an Rights and ;iolations o$ nternational.......

H#anitarian 7a,............................................................................................................................ 3

A. ntrod#ction............................................................................................................................... 3

. >illings...................................................................................................................................... 3

C. -e5#al and gender&ased %iolence............................................................................................ 39

D. ;iolence against children and the recr#itent o$ child soldiers............................................... 3

E. ;iolations o$ the $reedos o$ o"inion and e5"ression? and o$ "eace$#l asse&ly................... 0

8. (nla,$#l and ar&itrary detention and conditions in "laces o$ detention................................... 1

;. H#an rights sit#ation in s"eci$ic states in 201


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. >illings...................................................................................................................................... B3

C. Deaths in detention.................................................................................................................... B

D. -tar%ation o$ Ci%ilian Po"#lations............................................................................................ B

E. Discriination and !argeting on the asis o$ Ethnicity........................................................... B<8. -e5#al and ender&ased ;iolence........................................................................................... B<

. ;iolations relating to the de"ri%ation o$ li&erty........................................................................ B6

H. Cries against Children............................................................................................................ B6

. Destr#ction and 7ooting o$ Pro"erty......................................................................................... B6

=. !erroriing and P#nishent o$ Ci%ilian Po"#lations................................................................ BB

>. ;iolations o$ $reedo o$ o"inion and e5"ression and o$ asse&ly.......................................... BB

7. 'rganiation o$ the Rele%ant A#thorities and Ared Actors.................................................... BB

;. =#stice and Acco#nta&ility................................................................................................................ B9

A. o%ernent and '""osition res"onses to con$lictrelated %iolence......................................... B9

. Ca"acity and co"etence o$ the #dicial syste...................................................................... 90

C. Acco#nta&ility and the Peace Agreeent.................................................................................. 9

Part

;. Concl#sions........................................................................................................................................ 99

. Recoendations.............................................................................................................................. 99

Anne5

!ers o$ Re$erence............................................................................................................................ 1

Chronology o$ FAcco#nta&ilityG Coitents Made &y the Parties...............................................

Ma"s o$ -o#th -#dan......................................................................................................................... 9


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Glossary

ARC-- Agreeent on the Resol#tion o$ Con$lict in -o#th -#dan

A( A$rican (nion

A)8M( angladeshi 8orces Marine (nit

CEAC Coittee $or the Eliination o$ the A&d#ction o$ oen and Children

C' Coission o$ n@#iry

CPA Co"rehensi%e Peace Agreeent

C-' Ci%il -ociety 'rganiations

HC-- Hy&rid Co#rt o$ -o#th -#dan

HRD H#an Rights Di%ision

DP nternally Dis"laced Person

AD ntergo%ernental A#thority on De%elo"ent

7' nternational 7a&or 'rganiation

=EM =#stice and E@#ality Mo%eent

=( =oint ntegrated (nit

7RA 7ords Resistance Ary

MD8 Ma&an De$ense 8orces

)' )ono%ernental 'rganiation

)P--- )ational Prison -er%ices o$ -o#th -#dan

)-- )ational -ec#rity -er%ice )-CC )e, -#dan Co#ncil o$ Ch#rches

'HCHR (nited )ations '$$ice o$ the High Coissioner $or H#an Rights

PoC Protection o$ Ci%ilians

P-C Peace and -ec#rity Co#ncil

R'-- Re"#&lic o$ -o#th -#dan

-A8 -#dan Ared 8orces

-; -e5#al and enderased ;iolence

-P7A -#dan Peo"les 7i&eration Ary

-P7M -#dan Peo"les 7i&eration Mo%eent

-P7M/A' -#dan Peo"les 7i&eration Mo%eent/Ary in '""osition

--D8 -o#th -#dan De$ence 8orces

--7A -o#th -#dan 7i&eration Ary

--)P- -o#th -#dan )ational Police -er%ice

--HRC -o#th -#dan H#an Rights Coission

!o)( !ransitional o%ernent o$ )ational (nity

()HCR (nited )ations High Coissioner $or Re$#gees

*


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()8EM (nited )ations De%elo"ent 8#nd $or oen

()M-- (nited )ations Mission in the Re"#&lic o$ -o#th -#dan

()'-A! (nited )ations '"erational -atellite A""lications Prograe

()P'7 (nited )ations Police

(PD8 (ganda Peo"les De$ence 8orce

8P orld 8ood Prograe


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'art &

+,ecutive Summary

1. -ince the o#t&rea o$ %iolence in Dece&er 2013 and thro#gh ost o$ 201? the(nited )ations *()+ and the A$rican (nion *A(+ ha%e doc#ented &r#tal%iolations and ases o$ h#an rights coitted &y the o%ernent and the-#dan Peo"les 7i&eration Mo%eent/Aryin '""osition *-P7M/A'+ $orces?together ,ith allied ilitia? ,hich ay ao#nt to ,ar cries and/or criesagainst h#anity i$ esta&lished in a co#rt o$ la,. !he () and A( re"orting$o#nd that o%ernent and o""osition $orces and their allied ilitia ha%e illedci%ilians? ra"ed ,oen and girls? "illaged and destroyed ci%ilian "ro"erty s#ch asho#ses? h#anitarian in$rastr#ct#re? edical $acilities incl#ding hos"itals? andschools. n addition? it ,as alleged that &oth sides targeted "laces o$ re$#ge?incl#ding ch#rches? hos"itals? and () &ases.

2. A co#ntry soe $i%e years old has had ore than t,o years o$ ,ar? in ,hichore than one and a hal$ illion "eo"le ha%e &een internally dis"laced and$orced into harsh and dangero#s li%ing conditions. !ho#sands ore ha%e so#ghtsa$ety and shelter $ro their o,n go%ernent and o""osition $orces and alliedilitia? $inding re$#ge ,ithin () co"o#nds. According to the (nited )ationsMission in -o#th -#dan *()M--+? ore than 201?000 DPs are c#rrently

"rotected in si5 ()M-- &ases across -o#th -#dan.1 n addition? ore than600?000 are li%ing in re$#gee ca"s in (ganda? >enya and Ethio"ia. 2 As a res#lto$ these dis"laceents? ost "arts o$ the co#ntry $ace se%ere $ood insec#rity and

"ossi&le $aine.3

3. E5tree %iolence in the s"ring o$ 201< triggered the ado"tion in =#ly 201< o$

(nited )ations H#an Rights Co#ncils resol#tion A/HRC/2/13? FA Mission &y'HCHR to "ro%e H#an Rights? Acco#nta&ility? Reconciliation and Ca"acityin -o#th -#dan?G in ,hich the H#an Rights Co#ncil re@#ested the HighCoissioner to "resent a $#ll re"ort at the Co#ncils 31st session. n accordance,ith this andate? the High Coissioner esta&lished the 'HCHR AssessentMission to -o#th -#dan *the assessent tea+? &ased in =#&a. !he ission ,asandated ,ith a n#&er o$ tass? ost i"ortantly? Fto #ndertae aco"rehensi%e assessent o$ allegations o$ %iolations and ases o$ h#anrights? ,ith a %ie, to ens#ring acco#nta&ility and co"leentarity ,ith theA$rican (nion Coission o$ n@#iry.G

. -ince the Co#ncil resol#tion in =#ly 201


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sec#rity arrangeents. n late Dece&er 201


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soe o$ ,hich in%ol%ing assi%e looting o$ "ro"erty? incl#ding tho#sands #"ontho#sands o$ cattle.

11. !hro#gho#t this con$lict? se5#al and gender&ased %iolence has &een ,ides"read.n 201< in (nity state? as doc#ented &y the Assessent Mission? the &readth

and de"th o$ the cries against ,oen and girls is alaring.12. oth "arties ha%e ade coitents related to acco#nta&ility $or the %iolations

coitted d#ring the con$lict. Des"ite re"eated ass#rances to the ()? incl#ding$ro the Head o$ -tate? the o%ernent did not "ro%ide the assessent tea,ith any in$oration on? or e%idence o$? national in%estigations into the con$lictrelated %iolence. !here a""ears to &e little "olitical ,ill to e5"lore iss#es o$ tr#th?

#stice and acco#nta&ility? not,ithstanding the $oral acce"tance o$ thesere@#ireents in the "eace agreeent. n the "eriod co%ered &y this re"ort? #sticehas clearly not gained #ch gro#nd in -o#th -#dan.

13. !his re"ort also e5"lores -o#th -#dans history o$ ,ar? interco#nal %iolenceand ase? ,itho#t any $or o$ acco#nta&ility or eaning$#l reconciliation. !heco"le5 intertri&al narrati%es and the shi$ting alliances and general#n"redicta&ility o$ "olitical relations in -o#th -#dan cannot &e erely#nderstood thro#gh easy ass#"tions a&o#t ethnicity and tri&alis. !he rootca#ses o$ the %iolence are also oored in the di%isions ,ithin the "olitical andilitary o%eents and conse@#ent #nresol%ed tensions $ollo,ing the s"lit inthe ilitary o%eent in the 10s.

1. !he High Coissioner ho"es that this re"ort ,ill &e %ie,ed as an o""ort#nityto tr#ly acno,ledge the s#$$ering o$ the "eo"le o$ -o#th -#dan? and that? e%enore i"ortantly? its "resentation to the H#an Rights Co#ncil ,ill contrite toa gen#ine "rocess o$ acco#nta&ility? tr#th and reconciliation? as ,ell asg#arantees o$ nonrec#rrence $or the tho#sands o$ %ictis and their $ailies ,hoha%e s#$$ered ieas#ra&ly o%er the co#rse o$ the last t,o and a hal$ years.8ail#re to address the dee"ly engrained disregard $or h#an li$e ,ill onlygenerate the ris that s#ch %iolations ,ill contin#e to &e re"eated.

( +stalishment of the OHCHR Assessment .ission to SouthSudan

A( .andate

1


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incl#ding targeted illings? ra"e and other $ors o$ se5#al %iolence? ste"s taento "re%ent %iolence against children? the recr#itent o$ children into the ared$orces? ar&itrary detention and to increase deocratic s"ace $or ci%il society andedia.

1B. !he ters o$ re$erence $or the assessent ission *A""endi5 + o#tline the tie$rae? ethodology? standards o$ "roo$ and other ey as"ects o$ this assessent.!he andate to carry o#t a co"rehensi%e assessent ,as inter"reted as thecollection o$ in$oration on the h#an rights sit#ation? incl#ding on s"eci$ic%iolations and ases? $ro &oth "riary and secondary so#rces? in order toe%al#ate s"eci$ic trends and "atterns o$ %iolations and ases and identi$y thealleged "er"etrators. !he assessent looed at %iolations and ases attrited to

&oth -tate actors and non-tate ared gro#"s? incl#ding the -P7M/A' ,hichcontin#ed to &e in de $acto control o$ soe "arts o$ the co#ntry.

19. !he H#an Rights Co#ncil resol#tion did not set o#t a te"oral sco"e $or theassessent. Ho,e%er its "rea&le re$erred to h#an rights %iolations coittedsince the o#t&rea o$ %iolence on 1< Dece&er 2013. n this conte5t? the tea?

s#&ect to considera&le constraints? carried o#t an assessent o$ alleged%iolations and ases o$ h#an rights coitted $ro 1< Dece&er 2013thro#gh 31 Dece&er 201


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-atellite A""lications Prograe *()'-A!+ "ro%ided in%al#a&le analysis onsatellite iagery.

&( 'rotection of victims and 1itnesses

23. hile? the tea "laced e"hasis on collecting $irsthand testiony o$ %ictisand ,itnesses o$ %iolations and ases? identi$ying and "rotecting %ictis and,itnesses and other "otential so#rces o$ testiony d#ring an ongoing internalared con$lict ,as challenging. !ho#gh soe %ictis and ,itnesses co#ld &elocated ,ithin the Protection o$ Ci%ilians sites *P'Cs+ in ()M-- co"o#nds?any %ictis and ,itnesses had &een dis"laced into harsh and dangero#s li%ingconditions? $ar a,ay $ro to,ns and %illages? or trans"ort h#&s.

2. n line ,ith () "olicy on in$oration sensiti%ity? classi$ication and handling?in$oration "ro%ided &y ,itnesses and other con$idential aterial collected areclassi$ied as strictly con$idential.B Details ,hich co#ld re%eal the identity o$ %ictis or ,itnesses s#ch as naes? dates and "laces ha%e &een oitted in order to ens#re %ictis? ,itnesses and their $ailies sa$ety and sec#rity.

2


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tra#atiation thro#gh re"eated inter%ie,ing and a""ro"riate eas#res ,eretaen in this regard. !he assessent tea ,as conscio#s o$ the $act that in -o#th-#dan there is liited co#nseling or "sychosocial s#""ort a%aila&le to %ictisand ,itnesses? ho,e%er ,hene%er "ossi&le and as necessary? %ictis and,itnesses ,ere directed to,ards e5isting ser%ices.

*( 7erification and evaluation of information

2. !he 'HCHR andate ,as "riarily to #ndertae a h#an rights assessent.Altho#gh the assessent ,as not e5"ected to #ndertae inde"th in%estigations?the ao#nt o$ %eri$ied in$oration it collected ena&led the tea to #se thestandard o$ "roo$ coonly #sed $or h#an rights in%estigations? i.e. thestandard o$ Freasona&le gro#nds to &elie%e.G 9 !here are Freasona&le gro#nds to

&elie%eG that an incident or "attern o$ %iolations or ases? soe o$ ,hich ayao#nt to %iolations o$ international la,? occ#rred ,hen there is a credi&le &odyo$ in$oration? consistent ,ith other in$oration? indicating their occ#rrence.!his standard o$ "roo$ is s#$$iciently high to call $or a #dicial in%estigation into%iolations and ases o$ international h#an rights and h#anitarian la, as ,ellas international cries.

30. !he 'HCHR assessent tea recei%ed allegations ,hich lined indi%id#alalleged "er"etrators to s"eci$ic %iolations or ases or to "attern o$ %iolations or ases. n soe instances? there is s#$$icient in$oration to ,arrant criinalin%estigations o$ indi%id#al alleged "er"etrators so as to assess their criinalres"onsi&ility and esta&lish ,hether? &y acts or oissions? they ay &eres"onsi&le directly or ha%e coand res"onsi&ility #nder internationalh#anitarian la,. Considering the i"ortance o$ this in$oration $or itsandate? in "artic#lar in ens#ring acco#nta&ility? 'HCHR has recorded thisin$oration. 8or reasons o$ ,itness "rotection? indi%id#al naes ha%e not &eenincl#ded in this "resent re"ort? and are retained on a strictly con$idential &asis &y'HCHR. n other instances? there ,as ins#$$icient in$oration regarding

"er"etrators. !ho#gh credi&le in$oration e5ists that a %iolation or ase ayha%e occ#rred? $#rther in%estigation ,o#ld &e re@#ired to dra, eaning$#lconcl#sions as to ,ho ,as res"onsi&le. D#ring the assessent? the tea recei%edin$oration concerning indi%id#als ,ith alleged res"onsi&ility $or %iolations andases.

C( Challenges and Constraints

&( The Government of South Sudan

31. !he o%ernent esta&lished a standing national h#an rights tas $orce? led &ythe Ministry o$ 8oreign A$$airs? as the ain co#nter"art $or the 'HCHR

Assessent Mission. !he tas $orce co"rised ost go%ernent de"artents?incl#ding the Ministries o$ De$ense and =#stice as ,ell as re"resentati%es $rothe '$$ice o$ the President. '%er the co#rse o$ the assessent? the assessenttea ade a series o$ ,ritten re@#ests? $or doc#ents and eetings ,ith eygo%ernent actors? to the tas $orce. !ho#gh it "ro%ided soe doc#entation?

"artic#larly on the a""lica&le la,? regretta&ly the tas $orce did not eaning$#llycoo"erate ,ith the assessent tea. hat ,as ost #n$ort#nate ,as the $ail#re

9 -ee the #"dated edition o$ the 'HCHR "#&lication FCoissions o$ in@#iry and $act$inding issionson international h#an rights and h#anitarian la,: g#idance and "racticeG a%aila&le athtt"://,,,.ohchr.org/Doc#ents/P#&lications/CoI#idanceIandIPractice."d$.

&&


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to disclose the $indings o$ a Presidentialordered in%estigation into allegedh#an rights %iolations coitted &y state actors since Dece&er 2013. !here"ort o$ the in%estigation ,as "resented to the President in Dece&er 201 thas not &een ade "#&lic. n 8e&r#ary 201


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and those "laced Jhors de co&at?J Additional Protocol ? ,hich "ro%ides $or ore detailed "rotection o$ %ictis o$ noninternational ared con$licts? and ther#les o$ c#stoary international la, a""lica&le in noninternational aredcon$licts. 11

36. n addition? doestic la,s are also a""lica&le? incl#ding "ro%isions o$ the!ransitional Constit#tion o$ -o#th -#dan and rele%ant national criinal la,s.!he -P7A is s"eci$ically &o#nd &y the r#les set $orth in the -P7A Act o$ 200?and in the -P7A Code o$ Cond#ct.

A( nternational Humanitarian 8a1

&( Scope

3B. nternational h#anitarian la, reg#lates the cond#ct o$ "arties to the aredcon$lict &y "rotecting those ,ho do not or no longer directly "artici"ate inhostilities and &y reg#lating the eans and ethods o$ ,ar$are ,ith the ai o$ restricting the #se o$ ared $orce Fto the ao#nt necessary to achie%e the ai o$ the con$lict? ,hich inde"endently o$ the ca#ses $o#ght $or can only &e to,eaen the ilitary "otential o$ the eney.G12

39. Each "arty to a noninternational ared con$lict? incl#ding ared o""ositiongro#"s? is res"onsi&le $or ens#ring the $#ll res"ect o$ a""lica&le internationalh#anitarian la,. nternational h#anitarian la, a""lies across the ,holeterritory o$ -o#th -#dan.

2( Common Article %

3. All "arties to -o#th -#dans noninternational ared con$lict are o&liged tores"ect the ini# standards o$ h#ane treatent set $orth in Coon Article3 to the ene%a Con%entions o$ 1. (nder Coon Article 3? "ersons taing

no acti%e "art in the hostilities? incl#ding e&ers o$ ared $orces ,ho ha%elaid do,n their ars and those "laced Jhors de co&at are s"eci$ically "rotected$ro %iolence? #rder? tort#re? #tilation? cr#el treatent? o#trages #"on

"ersonal dignity s#ch as h#iliating and degrading treatent? hostagetaing?and e5tra#dicial con%ictions and e5ec#tions.

0. !he o&ligations set $orth in Coon Article 3 a""ly ,hen the threshold o$ noninternational ared con$lict is reachedK in -o#th -#dan? this "eriod dates toDece&er 2013.

%( Additional 'rotocol

1. -o#th -#dan is a state "arty to Additional Protocol ? ,hich i"oses additional

legal o&ligations? rights? and res"onsi&ilities in noninternational ared con$licts,hen the nonre@#ired threshold $or its a""lication is reached. ith res"ect tothose ared con$licts? Additional Protocol "ro%ides s"eci$ic "rotections $or indi%id#al ci%ilians and the ci%ilian "o"#lation and also "rohi&its certain actsagainst those "ersons. !he "roscri&ed acts incl#de the targeting? a&d#ction? or terroriing o$ ci%ilians? $orced dis"laceent? collecti%e "#nishent? "illage? andstar%ation. Additional Protocol also "rohi&its? aong other things? o#trages

11 -o#th -#dan &ecae a state "arty to the ene%a Con%entions o$ 1 and Additional Protocols L on 2< =an#ary 2013.12 -assli? M.? o#%ier? A.? N#intin A. *eds+? Ho, Does 7a, Protect in arO *3rd edn.? ene%a: CRC?2011+? ;ol. ? at 1.

&%


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#"on "ersonal dignity? in "artic#lar h#iliating and degrading treatent? ra"e?en$orced "rostit#tion and any $or or indecent assa#lt? as ,ell as the recr#itentand #se o$ child soldiers.

2. Additional Protocol &ecae a""lica&le to the con$lict &et,een -o#th -#dans

o%ernent and '""osition $orces ,hen the -P7M/A' $orces ,ere o"erating#nder res"onsi&le coand? and e5ercised s#ch control o%er a "art o$ itsterritory as to ena&le the to carry o#t s#stained and concerted ilitaryo"erations ,hich occ#rred as early as Dece&er 2013.

*( Customary nternational Humanitarian 8a1

3. Alongside a""lica&le treaty "ro%isions? the "arties to -o#th -#dans noninternational ared con$lict are also &o#nd to co"ly ,ith a""lica&le c#stoaryinternational h#anitarian la,? incl#ding ,ith the o%erarching H7 "rinci"les o$ distinction? "ro"ortionality? "reca#tion? as ,ell as the "rohi&ition on #nnecessarys#$$ering.

0( nternational Human Rights 8a1

. Regardless o$ ,hether -o#th -#dan is at "eace or in con$lict? the o%ernent &ears an o&ligation to "rotect and "roote h#an rights. A"art $ro itso&ligations #nder c#stoary international h#an rights la,? -o#th -#dan hasalso ass#ed h#an rights treaty o&ligations. -ince gaining inde"endence? -o#th-#dan has acceded to se%eral international h#an rights treaties: Con%entionAgainst !ort#re *CA!+? Con%ention Against !ort#re '"tional Protocol?Con%ention on the Eliination o$ Discriination Against oen *CEDA+ andthe Con%ention on the Rights o$ the Child on 30 A"ril 201


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the s"ecial character o$ h#an rights treatiesK treating h#an rights as "art o$ doctrine o$ ac@#ired rights.1


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B. n the conte5t and sco"e o$ its latest e5aination o$ -#dan? the Coittee#"held this? indicating that: Fn the light o$ the $orthcoing e5aination o$ the$o#rth "eriodic re"ort o$ -#dan *=#ly 201+ &y the Coittee and gi%en that-o#th -#dan &ecae inde"endent in =#ly 2011? the latters o&ligations #nder theCo%enant ,ere considered &y the Coittee d#ring the 10th session *'cto&er

2013+ !he Coittee decided that a letter sho#ld &e sent to the -tate "arty?recalling that in light o$ its general coent )o.26 on iss#es relating tocontin#ity o$ o&ligations to the nternational Co%enant on Ci%il and PoliticalRights? the "eo"le o$ -o#th -#dan reain #nder the "rotection o$ the Co%enant.'n that &asis? in a letter dated 1 )o%e&er 2013? the Coittee in%ited -o#th-#dan to s#&it an initial re"ort #nder article 0? "aragra"h 1 *a+? o$ theCo%enant.G 20

C( nternational Criminal 8a1

&( :ar Crimes

9. ith res"ect to noninternational ared con$lict? ,ar cries ay? $or e5a"le?incl#de certain %iolations o$ the r#les go%erning the cond#ct o$ hostilities andases against "rotected "ersons. n accordance ,ith international #ris"r#dence?,ar cries in noninternational ared con$lict ay incl#de serio#s %iolations o$ Coon Article 3? o$ rele%ant "ro%isions o$ Additional Protocol ? and o$ c#stoary international la,.21

2( Crimes Against Humanity

. P#rs#ant nota&ly to c#stoary international criinal la,? inh#ane actsintentionally ca#sing great s#$$ering or serio#s in#ry to &ody or to ental or

"hysical health? i$ coitted as "art o$ a ,ides"read or systeatic attac againsta ci%ilian "o"#lation? ay constit#te cries against h#anity.22 Cries against

h#anity are generally de$ined as the coission o$ certain inh#ane acts s#chas #rder? tort#re? or se5#al %iolence coitted as "art o$ a ,ides"read or systeatic attac.


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ordiV and Were*!ayishea and R#indana? =#dgent? 21 May 1? Para. 20 *at "ara 213? this case held that ci%ilian coanderay &e held lia&le #nder theory o$ coander lia&ility+. -ee also in C!S? M#cic and al.? =#dgent? 16 )o%e&er

&;


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ay attach $or those e5ercising a coand and control "osition e%en i$ they arenot e&ers o$ the "riary "arties to the con$lict? the -P7A and the -P7M/A'. n soe circ#stances? indi%id#al coanders or s#"eriors ay &e legallyres"onsi&le $or acts "er"etrated &y e&ers o$ a$$iliated ilitias or "ri%ateindi%id#als.


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FMaor Disci"linary '$$ences:G *i+ assa#lting or ins#lting "risoners o$ ,arK *ii+%er&al or "hysical cond#ct that denigrates? h#iliates or sho,s hostility againstothers &ased on race? gender? religion? or social originK *iii+ #nla,$#l detention o$ indi%id#alsK *i%+ coitting or atte"ting to coit any act that is cr#el?indecent? and #nnat#ral.39

63. 'n 1 A#g#st 2013? the -P7A iss#ed a eneral P#niti%e 'rder #nderscoring the "rohi&ition on the recr#itent and #se o$ child soldiers and andatingadinistrati%e action #"on e%idence o$ any %iolation o$ this r#le.3 'n 26 May201


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-#danese "olitical leaders arg#ed that $ederal arrangeents ,ere needed toanage the integration o$ c#lt#res and econoic systes? and "oliticians $ronorthern -#dan "roised to consider $ederalis once inde"endence ,asachie%ed. Ho,e%er? they reected it ,hen -#dans inde"endence ,as sec#red in1harto#? in%ested little in so#thern-#dans de%elo"ent? seeing instead to i"ose a #ni$ied national identity &asedaro#nd idealied %ersions o$ Ara& and M#sli c#lt#re on the ,hole o$ -#dan.Ara& and M#sli c#lt#re had &een re"ressed in so#thern -#dan? as "art o$ theisolation "olicy o$ the 130s and 10s. -o#thern -#danese "erce"tions o$ Ara&and M#sli c#lt#re ,ere still colo#red &y the nineteenth cent#ry sla%e trade. Atthe o#tset o$ inde"endence? the central go%ernents de%elo"ent "lans $or so#thern -#dan $oc#sed nota&ly on disseinating Ara& and M#sli c#lt#rethro#gh a "rograe o$ school and os@#e ilding across the so#th.

2( Southern Sudan@s first civil 1ar" &?99 - &?;2

B2. n 1


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*( The second civil 1ar" &?/% - 26699&

B


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and the ci%ilian "o"#lation in areas that it controlled to harsh disci"line. n 11?the -P7A s"lit into t,o $actions.

91. !he 11 s"lit re$lected di$$erences at the to" o$ the o%eent o%er internaldeocracy? inde"endence? and the realignent o$ the o%eent in the "ostCold

ar order. !he dissident $action? led &y Rie Machar and 7a Aol? e5"ected torally the entire o%eent to their ca#se? t $ailed to do so. (na&le to gain theoent# needed to #nseat =ohn arang? Rie Machar ado"ted a strategy o$ ilitarily de$eating =ohn arangs $action? starting ,ith an attac on his largely#nde$ended hoe area? or. !he dissident $action did not ha%e eno#gh soldiers too#nt the attac so it recr#ited #ntrained "ersonnel $or the o"eration ando&ilied any $orer Anyanya2 coanders. (na&le to ild a "oliticalconstit#ency $or his "olitical o&ecti%es? Rie Machar created instead an ethnicconstit#ency o$ yo#ng )#er cattleee"ers $ro the e&attled "ast#relands o$ (""er )ile and =onglei states. !hese i"ro%ised? local gro#"s ,ere collecti%elyno,n as the hite Ary.

92. Altho#gh assacres &y yo#ng? ared? #ndisci"lined cattleee"ers had long &een

a $eat#re o$ -o#thern -#dans history o$ %iolence? the 11 or attac stood o#t$or se%eral reasons. 8irst? the e5tree nat#re o$ the %iolence? according tore"orts? ,ith an estiated t,o tho#sand ci%ilians? "riarily Dina? illed. harto# Peace Agreeent? ,hich incl#ded a "ro%ision$or so#thern sel$deterination and ,hich led to ne, "olitical "rocesses in


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so#thern -#dans garrison to,ns? #nder central go%ernent control. #t ne, "olitical "rocesses did not lead to "eace in the reater (""er )ile? ,here "olitical leaders had ade costly alliances ,ith the central go%ernent againstthe -P7A. Partly as a res#lt o$ "ress#re $ro )#er constit#encies? Rie Machar ,ithdre, $ro the >harto# Peace Agreeent in 2000 and in =an#ary 2002? he

and =ohn arang signed the )airo&i Declaration on (nity and ntegration?iediately erging their $orces.

9harto# centralgo%ernent and the -P7M &egan the tals that led to the 200< Co"rehensi%ePeace Agreeent *CPA+.

;( The 2669 Comprehensive 'eace Agreement

96. !he CPA ended the con$lict &et,een the -P7A and the central -#danesego%ernent? and largely ended the relationshi" &et,een the ilitary intelligence

o$ the -#danese Ared 8orces and the -o#th -#danese ilitias they hads#""orted. !he CPA esta&lished the o%ernent o$ -o#thern -#dan? $#nded $roa share in -o#th -#danese oil re%en#es? and ade the -P7M into a r#ling "artyand the -P7A into a constit#tionally recognied ary.

9B. Ho,e%er? it did not end the ci%il ,ar ,ithin so#thern -#dan? &et,een theseilitias and the -P7A. !his so#thso#th ci%il ,ar had &ro#ght ost o$ thecon$lict deaths in so#thern -#dan and any ared yo#ng ci%ilians had &eeno"erating at the argins o$ this internal ci%il ,ar? trans$oring "rod#ctionsystes and social relationshi"s ,ith their ,ea"ons. !he CPA largely le$t theresol#tion o$ this con$lict to the ne, o%ernent o$ -o#thern -#dan.

/( The 266) ua iir "layed aninstr#ental role in ending the ,ar &et,een the ilitias and the -P7A. !he 2006=#&a Declaration on (nity and ntegration &et,een the -P7A and the -o#th-#dan De$ence 8orces a&sor&ed the %ast aority o$ ilitias into the -P7A and

"ro%ided an anesty $or all criinal acts coitted d#ring hostilities. !he "rocess ,as relati%ely sooth and @#ic? and $inanced &y a draatic e5"ansiono$ the "ayroll. '$$icial $ig#res indicated that a&o#t 0 "er cent o$ go%ernente5"endit#re ,ent on the ary and internal sec#rity.


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?( The dominance of the S'8.

9. -o#thern -#dan $aced any sec#rity challenges in the r#n#" to its secession$ro -#dan. hile the %ast ilitary "ayroll dealt ,ith the threat $ro ilitias? itdid not address the riss "osed &y ared ci%ilians. Also? the attention gi%en to

sec#rity "ro&les detracted attention $ro the e@#ally #rgent need $or "oliticalde%elo"ent. n 200


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"olitical o&ecti%es? o$ten con$ig#red aro#nd ethnicity. Ethnic tensions &et,een )#er and Dina eleents ,ithin the -P7A ,ere &ro#ght to the $ore in the 11s"lit. Rie Machar and other leaders #sed )#er "eo"le as an ethnic constit#encyand "itted the against the Dina constit#ency o$ the -P7A/M ainstrea. !hes"lit ,ithin the so#thern re&els ,as resol%ed &et,een 2000 and 2006? t

eories o$ the assacres and assassinations &ro#ght a&o#t &y the s"lit stillsha"ed relationshi"s &et,een "olitical leaders. President >iirs s"eech to the

)ational 7i&eration Co#ncil in Dece&er 2013 in%oing eories o$ the 11s"lit a""eared as one o$ the ost co"elling signs o$ the start o$ the crisis.


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#nderstandings o$ "ro"erty? arriage and social relations? and ne, e5"ectationso$ the state? ,hich are ine%ita&ly re$lected in traditional #stice. !raditional co#rtstoday are recognied &y the constit#tion and la,? and their decisions can &ea""ealed in the stat#tory co#rts. !he chie$s or traditional a#thorities ,hoorganie traditional co#rts today are not relics o$ an ancient social order? or

a#thentic re"resentati%es o$ ethnically&o#nded co#nities. 8or o%er a cent#ry?chie$s ha%e &een go%ernent $#nctionaries and their n#&ers ha%e increased%ery ra"idly since 200 A ne1 4ind of reconciliation conference

111. !he intersectional )#er ,ar sa, the s"read o$ a ne, ind o$ reconciliationcon$erence? $ollo,ing "atterns that are still e%ident today. !he con$erences ,ere

61 8or anesty "ro%isions in c#rrent national la,? see the section on =#stice and Acco#nta&ility.62 Protocols on nteri Arrangeents? Cha"ter ? Article 1? Addis A&a&a Agreeent *1B2+.

2/


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s"onsored &y senior ilitary coanders. !hey &ro#ght together t,oco#nities ,ho ,ere de$ined &y ethnicity and ade the the s#&ects o$ reconciliation *that is? "eace ,as ade &et,een co#nities? not &et,eenco#nities and ared gro#"s+.

112. !he con$erences ,ere anaged &y the )e, -#dan Co#ncil o$ Ch#rches *)-CC+?a coordination &ody esta&lished in 19 to ,or in areas o#tside go%ernentcontrol? ,ho &ro#ght together chie$s? s"irit#al leaders? ,oen leaders and ch#rchleaders? along ,ith go%ernent and ilitary re"resentati%es. !hese con$erencesada"ted soe o$ the tr#thseeing and tr#thtelling a""roaches associated ,ithtraditional #stice and #sed soe o$ the sacri$icial rit#al o$ traditional #stice

t they did not #se the traditional reedies o$ trans$erring ,ealth in cattle $ro "er"etrator to %icti co#nities. nstead o$ reedies? they "ro%ided anesties.Peace con$erences ,ere a&le to "ro%ide reedies $or one crie a&d#ction &yo$$ering to re#nite a&d#ctees ,ith their &irth $ailies? i$ they ,anted re#nion.!hey led to agreeents on sec#rity and also on access to nat#ral reso#rces disr#"tion o$ s#ch access o$ten ,as the trigger $or con$licts.

)( The :unlit process of &??/-&???

113. !he 1 Ao&o Peace Agreeent ,as the $irst s#ch reconciliation eeting. !heost s#ccess$#l series o$ reconciliation eetings cae a $e, years later the#nlit "rocess o$ 19 and 1? the ost serio#s and $arreaching atte"t toaddress the di%isions &et,een )#er and Dina on the ,est &an o$ the )ile?,hich ,ere seen as one o$ the conditions $or ending the second ci%il ,ar. 63 !he

"eace "rocess &egan in 19? ,hen a gro#" o$ Dina and )#er elders tra%elled to>enya? ,ith )-CC s#""ort? to disc#ss the "ossi&ilities $or "eace. !he "eacecon$erence? in 1? ,as s"onsored &y -al%a >iir? then secondincoand o$ the -P7A? ,ith the s#""ort o$ Rie Machar? at that tie on the side o$ the centralgo%ernent. !he con$erence led to an agreeent on %ol#ntary ret#rns $or a&d#ctees? co#rts to deal ,ith "ro&les in areas ,here the t,o co#nities

&ordered each other and "olice to deal ,ith interco#nal "ro&les. !he 1#nlit Agreeent also incl#ded a general anesty and no co"ensation $or losses or ,rongs.

11. !he #nlit Agreeent reains a re$erence "oint $or "eaceaing &eca#se it,as a "eo"leto"eo"le "rocess an atte"t to circ#%ent "olitical andilitary leadershi"s &y o&iliing local co#nities and ch#rches. 'rdinaryDina and )#er "eo"le adaantly reected the notion that they ,ere in%ol%ed inan ethnic ,ar against each other and identi$ied the role o$ "olitical and ilitaryleadershi"s in "rolonging %iolence. Ho,e%er? the #nlit Agreeent reainedlargely #ni"leented. )onetheless? #nlit &ecae an ideal $or doens o$ other

"eace eetings &et,een di$$erent ethnic co#nities? in "art &eca#se it

$oregro#nded the role o$ ordinary "eo"le in the search $or "eace.11


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internal tensions ,hich had arisen &et,een e&ers o$ co#nities ,ho had$o#ght on di$$erent sides? or &et,een those ,ho had stayed in their hoe areasand those ,ho had ret#rned $ro dis"laceent.

116. Des"ite their strength? "eo"leto"eo"le "rocesses ha%e one aor ,eaness.

Parties to reconciliation are #s#ally ethnic co#nitiesK "eace con$erences ,erenot a&le to address directly the need $or "eace &et,een ci%ilians and co&atants.nstead? local reconciliation con$erences $re@#ently declared an anesty $or "astcries? ,hich $a%ors co&atants o%er nonco&atants.

;( The peace processes of the central government in hartoum

11B. !he central go%ernent in >harto# also #ndertoo "eace and transitional #stice initiati%es in -o#th -#dan. '$ten? these initiati%es ,ere lined to the "olitics o$ regional "eace "rocesses? or eerged in res"onse to criticis o$ thedeteriorating h#an rights sit#ation. Peace 8ro ithin ,as one s#chinitiati%e. !he ter ,as associated ,ith the 1B >harto# Peace Agreeent,hich led to the esta&lishent o$ the Coordinating Co#ncil o$ -o#thern -tates.

-eeing to e5tend its in$l#ence o%er r#ral co#nities de%astated &y %iolence?the Coordinating Co#ncil soeties ada"ted the $orat o$ the chie$ledreconciliation con$erence? organied &y go%ernent o$$icials and sec#rityser%ices? and &ringing together co#nities de$ined &y ethnicity. Peace 8roithin did little to end the %iolence in )#er areas and retros"ecti%e assessentso$ the initiati%e are o$ten %ery negati%e? t? the "recedents set $or go%ernentin%ol%eent in the "eo"leto"eo"le reconciliation con$erence $orat deser%eattention at a tie ,hen s#ch in%ol%eent is &eing re"eated.

/( The peace processes of the central government in hartoum" C+A:C

119. Another co"le5 "recedent is the Coittee $or the Eliination o$ theA&d#ction o$ oen and Children *CEAC+.6 n the 10s? &oth the -P7M

and the >harto# go%ernent ,ere #nder doestic and international "ress#re toaddress the h#an rights %iolations and the lac o$ a %ia&le "eace "rocess. 8rothe start o$ the ,ar? the central go%ernent had recr#ited ilitias $ro theAra&ics"eaing? M#sli "astoralist co#nities o$ Dar$#r and -o#thern>ordo$an? to $ight in Dina areas o$ ahr alhaal. !hese ilitias ,ere gi%enthe tas o$ aintaining $ree$ire ones along roads and rail,ays and ,ere "aid in

"l#nder.

11. Accordingly? they ado"ted a strategy o$ illing? looting and a&d#cting to clear these ones. Militaried or criinalied yo#ng en $ro Dar$#rian and>ordo$anian cattle "astoralist gro#"s a&d#cted tho#sands o$ ainly Dinachildren and ad#lts. 8ro the early 10s? a coittee o$ Dina chie$s ,oredon their o,n initiati%e to $ind a&d#cted "eo"le? negotiate their release $ro

a&d#ctors and ret#rn the to their $ailies. !he Dina Chie$s Coittee *DCC+gained access to international reso#rces later in the 10s? ,hen sla%ery hadattracted international attention. 8or any -o#th -#danese and $or in$l#entiala#diences in the () and (-? this ,as a reinder o$ sla%e trade ,hich ended inthe early t,entieth cent#ry.

120. !he go%ernent res"onded &y setting #" a coittee to in%estigate allegationso$ sla%ery in 16. n 1? the Ministry o$ =#stice esta&lished the Coittee $or the Eradication o$ A&d#ction o$ oen and Children *CEAC+. n 2002? a$ter ore international "ress#re? a ne, "residential decree strengthened CEACs

6 -ee also 7ocal Peace Processes in -#dan and -o#th -#dan? (- nstit#te o$ Peace? 201.

%6


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andate gi%ing it "rosec#torial "o,ers that atched the Attorneyenerals.CEAC also had "o,ers to ae restit#tion $or one class o$ serio#s cries a&d#ction or ensla%eent &y ret#rning a&d#ctees to their hoes andco"ensating the. CEAC co&ined restorati%e and retriti%e a""roaches to

#stice. -oe o$ its o$$icials sa, it as -#dans $irst e5"erient in transitional

#stice an atte"t to address a legacy o$ ,ides"read h#an rights %iolations.7ie the local reconciliation initiati%es associated ,ith Peace 8ro ithin?CEAC ay "ro%ide "recedents $or go%ernentled initiati%es in -o#th -#dantoday.

121. CEAC denied that the state &ore res"onsi&ility $or a&d#ction and iediatelyrelin@#ished its "rosec#torial "o,ers? in%oing the reconciliatory traditions o$ c#stoary la,. hile CEAC did #se its andate to reedy a&d#ction &yret#rning a&d#ctees to their "laces o$ origins? the "rocess ,as "ro&leatic asCEACs =oint !ri&al Coittees ade #" o$ Dina? Rieigat and Misseriyare"resentati%es ,o#ld identi$y -o#th -#danese children and ad#lts in Rieigator Misseriya %illages and ret#rn the to Dina areas. !ri&al coitteessoeties in%oed c#stoary la, to arg#e that children and ,oen had noca"acity to choose &et,een staying in the north and going so#th and? as a res#lt?soe ,ere $orci&ly ret#rned or arried. 8or CEACs tri&al coittees?restorati%e #stice soeties eant the reconstr#ction o$ a coerci%e "atriarchalorder? "erha"s one ore coerci%e than that e5isting &e$ore the ,ar. !hee5"erience o$ CEAC sho,ed ho, central go%ernents ay instr#entalierestorati%e #stice traditions in c#stoary la, in order to circ#%ent other a""roaches to #stice.

?( The 2669 C'A! reconciliation and distriutive Bustice

122. !he 200< CPA did not ild on any o$ the "ositi%e or negati%e "recedents $or reconciliation. t contained a single article calling $or a co"rehensi%e "rocesso$ national reconciliation ,hich? ho,e%er? ne%er too "lace.6


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&6( The role of the church

12eio near Sei inCentral E@#atoria? the -P7A ga%e a andate to the )-CC to "#rs#ereconciliation e$$orts. !he Ch#rch ,as seen as the &ody &est e@#i""ed to resist

"ress#res $ro ared o%eents. t also had trained "ersonnel and anin$rastr#ct#re across -o#th -#dan? as ,ell as the a&ility to o&ilie international$#nds.

126. !he 200< CPA changed the nat#re o$ ch#rches "artici"ation in reconciliation.Altho#gh the CPAs "ro"osals $or national reconciliation &et,een northern and

so#thern -#dan reained a dead letter? "olitical leaders ased $or $orgi%eness andcalled $or reconciliation. )e, go%ernent instit#tions? s#ch as the )ationalPeace and Reconciliation Coission? ,ere esta&lished. Altho#gh ch#rches still

"layed a role in anaging reconciliation con$erences? the go%ernent and other international actors &egan to "artici"ate in the anageent o$ reconciliatione$$orts too. !he "roli$eration o$ actors in the $ield o$ reconciliation ,as notal,ays s#ccess$#l. Crises in =onglei -tate &et,een 200B and 2013 sa, assi%eloss o$ li$e that reconciliation con$erences and nationallya""ointed coissions,ere a""arently #na&le to itigate.

12B. n 2012? Rie Machar ,as gi%en the tas o$ leading national reconciliatione$$orts an increasingly contested s"ace in -o#th -#danese "olitics. !hiscontestation &ecae readily a""arent in A"ril 2013? ,hen President >iir iss#ed a

decree ,hich relie%ed then;ice President Machar o$ ost o$ his "o,ers ands#s"ended the )ational Reconciliation Con$erence that Rie Machar ,as d#e toorganie. A $e, days later? the "resident esta&lished the Coittee $or )ationalHealing? Peace and Reconciliation? doinated &y ch#rch leaders.

&&( Gender and reconciliation

129. )o "eace can &e achie%ed ,itho#t ,oen t in order to ae the ost o$ ,oens contrition? reconciliation "rocesses need to o%e a,ay $ro$or#lae and "ay care$#l attention to local realities. oens organiations?any o$ the $ored in re$#gee ca"s? ha%e soeties &een a&le to #se their local no,ledge and connections decisi%ely to &ring a&o#t local reconciliation inany ,ays? arriage traditions &eing one o$ the ost i"ortant? as -o#th

-#danese societies are e5ogao#s that is? "eo"le arry $ro o#tside their social gro#". '$ten this leads to ,oen arrying across ethnic di%ides th#sconnecting di$$erent social gro#"s? raising #ltiling#al children? and &ringing asense o$ e5tra%ersion and $l#idity to the gro#" they oin.

&2( 'atriarchy and .ilitarisation

12. oens e5"eriences o$ con$lict are in$l#enced &y societal gender relations andare directly related to the stat#s o$ ,oen ,ithin a "artic#lar society.66 !his is

66 (nited )ations? FAnalytical st#dy $oc#sing on gender&ased and se5#al %iolence in relation totransitional #stice?G Re"ort o$ the '$$ice o$ the (nited )ations High Coissioner $or H#an Rights? 30 =#ne 201

%2


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es"ecially tr#e $or con$lictrelated se5#al %iolence. !he "osition o$ ,oen in-o#th -#dan has largely &een deterined and in$l#enced &y an aalgaation o$ decades o$ con$lict and ine@#ita&le c#lt#ral nors and "ractises.6B

130. -o#th -#dan is a highly "atriarchal and ilitarised society. Decades o$ con$lict

ha%e created an en%ironent ,here sall ars and %ario#s ,ea"ons are easilyaccessi&le. Many $ire ars are in the hands o$ "ri%ate indi%id#als and ostci%ilians ha%e e5"erienced ared con$lict or interco#nal %iolence? ,ithany ales ha%ing engaged in ared co&at at one "oint in their li%es. !hisco&ination o$ $actors contrites to a highly insec#re society ,here ared%iolence as a reg#lar occ#rrence "oses ,oen? and children ,ith #lti"lethreats.

131. !he "atriarchal nat#re o$ the society eans that a ,oans role in -o#th -#danis largely de$ined thro#gh her relationshi"s to ale relati%es and co#nitye&ers? and her arital stat#s or the "ros"ects o$ arriage.69 A great deal o$ i"ortance is "laced on arriage in -o#th -#danese society and $or soe o$ theore than si5ty tri&es a central co"onent o$ this is do,ry or &ride ,ealth that is

e5changed $or a &ride #s#ally cattle or other li%estoc. !he cattle e5changedcan n#&er any,here $ro 30 to 300 and re@#ires the contrition o$ $aily?clan and co#nity e&ers. n case o$ di%orce or dissol#tion o$ arriage?cattle #st &e ret#rned.6 !his aes ,oen ine5trica&ly lined to their original$aily? clan and co#nity as ,ell as their ne, *arital+ $aily.

132. Child and early arriage are also "re%alent in -o#th -#dan. oen and girls donot "artici"ate in decisions concerning their arriages. Male relati%es $athers?

&rothers and #ncles? #ndertae the arrangeents $or the.B0 n any instances?,oen enco#nter and end#re ase in their arriages ,ith little to no reco#rseto "re%entati%e or reedial action.B1 Early arriage res#lt in high le%els o$ illiteracy and lo, n#&ers o$ enrolent o$ adolescent girls in school th#s $#rther liiting the o"tions a%aila&le $or an alternati%e to yo#ng ,oen and girls ,ithin

the "atriarchal society.B2 !he c#rrent con$lict has ,orsened the "ros"ects o$ yo#ng ,oen. !he assessent tea inter%ie,ed se%eral yo#ng girls ,hosest#dies ,ere interr#"ted &y the con$lict. 'thers had ne%er &een to school ,hileany li%ing in the P'C sites ,ere not taing #" the $e, ed#cation o""ort#nities

"ro%ided &y h#anitarian agencies $or DPs.

133. Polygyny? the ost coon $or o$ "olygay? in ,hich one an has #lti"le,i%es? is $re@#ently "ractised in -o#th -#dan ,ith the e$$ect that ,oen ha%ee%en less agency and $e,er o"tions a%aila&le on ho, they cond#ct their li%es. t$#rther entrenches and noralises "atriarchal? social? "olitical and econoic

"o,er and the syste thro#gh ,hich en control reso#rces and instr#ents o$ coercion. !he co"etition $or reso#rces ,ithin these #nions is ri$e and in asociety ,here ,oen are %al#ed less than en and children? a ,oans

e5istence is generally #ncertain.B3

A/HRC/2B/21? "ara


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13. i%en the signi$icance o$ arriage in -o#th -#dan? ,oen &ear theres"onsi&ility to #"hold the good nae o$ a $aily. A ,oan ,ho does not $#l$ilher e5"ected role $aces a great deal o$ stiga. oen o$ten &ear the highly#ne@#al conse@#ences o$ di%orce? ad#ltery and se5#al %iolence s#ch as ra"e?es"ecially ,hen this res#lts in "regnancy.B !he national legal $rae,or has a

dis"ro"ortionate negati%e i"act on ,oen thro#gh the criinalisation o$ ad#ltery. hile en are "eritted to arry any ,i%es? ,oen acc#sed o$ ad#ltery recei%e harsh "#nishents ,ithin the ho#sehold or thro#gh local #sticeechaniss &y lashing and or incarceration.

13harto# go%ernent? $ighters "#rs#ed a

"olicy ,here&y ,oens contrition to the li&eration str#ggle ,as thro#ghre"rod#ction and not necessarily in the &attle$ieldK this led to %ery anyinstances o$ se5#al %iolence.B6 All $ighting sides regardless o$ a$$iliation carriedo#t the %iolations.BB !he -P7A acno,ledged the iss#e and #ndertoo a re$or

"rocess in 11? aied at c#r&ing se5#al %iolence ,ithin its rans thro#gh thede%elo"ent o$ an internal code o$ cond#ct that sti"#lated the death "enalty $or any ilitary o$$icer $o#nd g#ilty o$ se5#al ase.B9

136. !he legacy o$ se5#al %iolence? at the indi%id#al and co#nity le%el? has &eenco"o#nded &y the largely irres"onsi%e and ,ea r#le o$ la, syste in -o#th-#dan that in "ractice denies access to #stice $or %ictis? and that $ails to hold

"er"etrators to acco#nt? th#s ena&ling the cycle o$ %iolence against ,oen tocontin#e.

'art 2

7( Overvie1 of Alleged 7iolations and Auses of HumanRights and 7iolations of nternational Humanitarian 8a1

A( ntroduction

13B. -ince the o#t&rea o$ the -o#th -#dan crisis in Dece&er 2013? the h#an rightssit#ation o$ the "o"#lation has shar"ly and draatically deteriorated. Ass#ccessi%e re"orts o$ the High Coissioner $or H#an Rights? ()M--? the

A( and international organiations ha%e doc#ented? there ha%e &een n#ero#s?re"eated incidents and "atterns o$ serio#s and systeatic %iolence againstci%ilians? in any cases in circ#stances in ,hich "eo"le ,ere targeted d#e totheir ethnic origin. Many ci%ilians ha%e re"ortedly &een attaced and illed &y

B -tern? '. *2011+.B< Assessent tea inter%ie,s? on $ile.B6 =o? =. M. *1+. Militariation and gender %iolence in -o#th -#dan. *ournal of Asian and African

studies? 24*+? 2B2.BB &id.B9 &id.

%*


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ared gro#"s? incl#ding o%ernent $orces in their hoes? as ,ell as in "laceso$ shelter? incl#ding ch#rches? os@#es? hos"itals? and in go%ernent $acilities.!ens o$ tho#sands ha%e &een illed? and o%er t,o illion -o#th -#danese ha%e

&een dis"laced $ro their hoes? ore than 1.< illion o$ the ,ithin theco#ntry.

139. -erio#s %iolations o$ international h#anitarian la,? gross %iolations o$ international h#an rights la, and h#an rights ases ha%e &een "er"etrated &yall "arties to the con$lict incl#ding attacs against ci%ilians? ra"e and other crieso$ se5#al %iolence? ar&itrary arrest and detention? a&d#ction and de"ri%ation o$ li&erty? disa""earance? incl#ding en$orced disa""earance and attacs on ()

"ersonnel and "eaceee"ing $acilities. As early as May 201? the () -ecretaryeneral ad%ised the -ec#rity Co#ncil that there ,ere reasona&le gro#nds to

&elie%e that cries against h#anity had &een coitted.B

13. !he $ollo,ing contains a s#ary o$ the "riary %iolations that ha%e taen "lace in 2013 and 201? &ased on e5isting research? incl#ding the recent ointre"ort o$ the High Coissioner and ()M--? F!he -tate o$ H#an Rights in

the Protracted Con$lict o$ -o#th -#danG *=oint Re"ort+.90

0( illings

10. Ci%ilians ha%e &orne the &r#nt o$ the con$lict that started in Dece&er 2013.()M-- and the A( C' doc#ented n#ero#s incidents o$ direct targeting o$ ci%ilians and e&ers o$ the ared $orces ,ho had &een disared or "lacedFhors de co&atG &y detention at the tie o$ their illing.

11. !hese re"orts descri&e ho, ci%ilians ,ere singled o#t on the &asis o$ their ethnicity? and shot on the streets? in their hoes? ,hile seeing sanct#ary inch#rches and hos"itals? and in o$$icial and #no$$icial "laces o$ de"ri%ation o$

li&erty. oen and children ,ere not s"ared $ro the %iolence: ,oen andyo#ng girls ,ere taen $ro their hoes and "laces o$ re$#ge and ra"ed? o$ten#lti"le ties. Many o$ the ,ere illed a$ter,ards.

12. oth "arties to the con$lict ha%e coitted %iolations against ci%ilians. !heillings o$ )#er ci%ilians and disared sec#rity "ersonnel in =#&a and their Dina co#nter"arts in or in Dece&er 2013 reain %i%id in the eory o$ theres"ecti%e co#nities. -iilar e5tree %iolence occ#rred in enti# andMalaal &et,een the end o$ Dece&er 2013 and =an#ary 201.

13. !he o%er,heling aority o$ ci%ilian cas#alties a""ear not to &e the res#lt o$ act#al co&at o"erations? t rather the res#lt o$ deli&erate attacs on ci%ilians.n Dece&er 2013? in or )#er o""osition $ighters chased a$ter and shot atci%ilians $leeing into the sh and across ri%ers? in an a""arent atte"t to ill as

any as "ossi&le and to terrorie the into a&andoning their hoes or "re%entthe $ro reaching "laces o$ sa$ety.

1. n to,n centers and aro#nd strategically i"ortant co#nties? the "attern ,as o$tenone o$ attac? ,ithdra,al? and co#nterattac. !hose in control o$ an area ,o#ldsee o#t to ill and dis"lace ci%ilians ,ho? &eca#se o$ their ethnicity? ,ere

B -ecretaryeneralJs rie$ing to the -ec#rity Co#ncil on -o#th -#dan? 12 May 201.90 8or ore detail? see ()M-- H#an Rights Re"ort? 9 May 201K ()M-- Attacs on Ci%ilians inenti# and or? A"ril 201 *"#&lished =an#ary 201


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s#s"ected o$ s#""orting the o""osing side. Malaal? $or e5a"le? changed handssi5 ties in the "eriod &et,een Dece&er 2013 and A"ril 201. n the co#rse o$ these "eriods? -P7A $orces? ainly o$ Dina and -hill# ethnicity? targeted )#er ci%ilians ,hile -P7M/A' targeted Dina and -hill# residents o$ the to,n.Ci%ilians in the s#rro#nding co#nties ,ere also targeted d#ring the retreat o$

$ighters. n =an#ary 201? aliet Co#nty? located &et,een )assir? a ainstronghold o$ the )#er o""osition? and Malaal? sa, n#ero#s ad%ances andretreats &y )#er ared $orces and hite Ary So#th? lea%ing a F"ath o$ destr#ctionG in their ,ae.

&( illings in ua!


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1. n addition? ()M-- recei%ed acco#nts &y ,itnesses o$ attacs on ci%ilians$leeing or to,n. ;ictis either died &y g#nshot ,o#nds? or they dro,ned in the

)ile ,hile o""osition $ighters ,o#ld shoot at the. More than 90?000 residentso$ or Co#nty? ainly Dina? t also -hill# and An#a? $led across the )ile toMinaan? in A,erial Co#nty? 7aes -tate. Another 20?000 Dina $led $ro

other co#nties in =onglei into Eastern E@#atoria -tate.

%( illings and massive destruction in .ala4al and 0entiu

1


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looing $or "ersons o$ )#er descent? and ()M-- recei%ed re"orts o$ at leastt,o #rders o$ ci%ilians? incl#ding a "astor? at the hands o$ the -P7A? at theCh#rch. !he A( C' collected ,itness acco#nts that in id=an#ary?go%ernent soldiers looed $or indi%id#als o$ )#er descent in Malaal !eachingHos"ital? taing those identi$ied o#t o$ the co"o#nd and shooting the at the

shore o$ the ri%er )ile? d#"ing their &odies into the ,ater.

1ali&ale? in the enti#Hos"ital? and in the >ali&ale aret ,ere "#rs#ed and s#&se@#ently illed &yared gro#"s a$$iliated ,ith o""osition $orces. At the os@#e? the attacerse5torted oney and %al#a&les $ro the ci%ilians &e$ore shooting indiscriinatelyinto the cro,d. An ()M-- tea %isiting the os@#e a ,ee later $o#nd &roen,indo,s and 19< llet casings inside and o#tside the ilding? ,ith aconcentration aro#nd the ain door,ay $ro ,here the shooting ost lielyha""ened. Re"ortedly? -P7MA' $orced soe o$ the s#r%i%ors to hel" carrya&o#t 200 &odies $ro the os@#e to &e d#"ed into a ,ater drainage trench.

1


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credi&le ,itness acco#nts? ()M-- concl#ded that at least 1 ci%ilians ,ereilled at the enti# Hos"ital and a&o#t 29B ci%ilians at the os@#e.

1enyaand (ganda ,ere also targeted &eca#se o$ their $oreign nationality.99 Pregnant

and elderly ,oen and ,oen ,ith disa&ilities ,ere not s"ared and there ,ere

93 A( C' Re"ort? "ara 90.9 ()M--? FCon$lict in -o#th -#dan: A H#an Rights Re"ort?G 9 May 201? "ara 9.9< (nited )ations: Re"ort o$ the -ecretary eneral on con$lict related se5#al %iolence? () Doc.?-/201o%ac and Toran ;#o%ic? C!S? 2001? !623!L!623/1!? $or #ris"r#dence on systeatic #se o$ se5#al and gender &ased %iolence in con$lict. A%aila&le athtt"://,,,.icty.org/5/cases/#narac/t#g/en/010222I>#naracI>o%acI;#o%icIs#aryIen."d$.9B ()M--? FCon$lict in -o#th -#dan: A H#an Rights Re"ort?G 9 May 201? ". .99 ()M--? FCon$lict in -o#th -#dan: A H#an Rights Re"ort?G 9 May 201? ".


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soe re"orts o$ &oys and en &eing ra"ed? "artic#larly in acts "er"etrated &y=EM $ighters.9

16. oen reained %#lnera&le to se5#al %iolence e%en a$ter they reached an()M-- P'C site. 7ac o$ s#$$icient $ood and the need $or $ire,ood $orced

the to ris their sa$ety o#tside the P'C site.0

8#rtherore? ,oen ,ere%#lnera&le to doestic %iolence and se5#al ase inside P'C ca"s. 1 oen,ho s#$$ered se5#al %iolence are s#&ect to stiga ,ithin the co#nity? and athoe. !his ay ha%e res#lted in considera&le #nderre"orting o$ incidents o$ se5#al %iolence and o$ten "re%ented ,oen $ro seeing li$esa%ing edicalattention.


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rede"loyed in areas ,here ne, con$lict ,as #n$olding. A s"ate o$ a&d#ctionsand systeatic $orced recr#itent o$ children &y -P7Aa$$iliated $orces in (""er

)ile -tate has &een re"orted &eginning in Dece&er 201.


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$reedo o$ "ress does not ean that yo# ,or against yo#r co#ntry. And i$ any&ody aong the does not no, this co#ntry has illed "eo"le? ,e ,illdeonstrate it one day on the.G

1B. 'n 21 'cto&er 201


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1B. -ince inde"endence in 2011? there ha%e &een no sa$eg#ards against ar&itrarydetention &y go%ernent actors? ,hether $or e&ers o$ the "olitical o""osition?ci%il society and edia or $or "ersons acc#sed o$ crie. 10


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7( Human rights situation in specific states in 26&9

A( Unity State

5 ,e 6ere born during 6ar! %ur children 6ere born during 6ar! ,e don7t 6ant to hear abullet again! ,e don7t need 6ar8//2

&( 0ac4ground

192. (nity -tate has &een the s#&ect o$ contin#o#s $ighting since the &eginning o$ thecon$lict in -o#th -#dan. !he state is o$ great econoic and sy&olic i"ortance

&eca#se o$ its %ast oil reso#rces and also as a "redoinantly )#er state? in acon$lict that has "itted the t,o doinant tri&es? Dinas and )#ers? against eachother.

193. !he strategy o$ Ftactical ,ithdra,alG ado"ted &y &oth sides has o$ten le$tci%ilians to $ace the &r#nt o$ the %iolence. n other instances ci%ilians ha%e &een

deli&erately "re%ented &y &oth sides $ro $leeing iinent attacs? aing thee%en ore %#lnera&le to %iolence.11

19. As a res#lt o$ the contin#o#s $ighting and %iolence? the state has the highestn#&er o$ dis"laced "ersons in the co#ntry. n )o%e&er 201


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,ith s#r"rising s"eed? destroying %illages? cro"s and illing and ra"ingci%ilians.11B

199. n ,hat a""ears to &e a care$#lly "lanned and coordinated o$$ensi%e? one gro#"o$ attacers o%ed so#th $ro enti# into the central co#nties o$ >och? #it and

7eer? ,hilst another gro#" de"loyed $ro neigh&oring 7aes state and attacedthe so#thern co#nties o$ Mayendit and Panyiar? $orcing ost o""osition $orcesto $lee to the sh.

19. !he -P7A ca"aign has contin#ed in so#thern and central (nity thro#gho#t#ch o$ 201< ,ith de%astating i"act on ci%ilians li%ing in the area. 119 n ,hathas &een descri&ed as a Fscorched earthG "olicy that deli&erately targetedci%ilians? the -P7A? &aced &y ared ilitia? illed ci%ilian en? ,oen andchildren? &eat and ra"ed ,oen and girls? rned ci%ilian hoes? looted "ro"ertyincl#ding ho#sehold ites and tens o$ tho#sands o$ li%estoc.11

10. n its =#ne 201< $lash re"ort on the reater (""er )ile? ()M-- noted a Fle%elo$ cr#elty that s#ggests a de"th o$ anti"athy that e5ceeds "olitical di$$erences.G 120

n the sae onth ()CE8 iss#ed a "ress stateent detailing dist#r&ingallegations o$ children &eing ra"ed and illed. 121 !he data collected &y ()CE8on gra%e %iolations against children122 also sho,ed a shar" increase in re"orted%iolations? "artic#larly in May 201


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accoodation or aterial s#""ort? conse@#ently $orcing their dis"laceent. ylooting? destroying hoes? cro"s? and "ersonal "ro"erty? incl#ding cattle and$ood? the -P7A $orced an entire "o"#lation to o%e o#t o$ their %illages andto,ns in search o$ sa$ety and "rotection.

12. Many ci%ilians $led to the sh and to near&y s,a"s ,hilst others so#ghtre$#ge in enti#? at the ()M-- P'C site. Ho,e%er? the aority o$ thedis"laced ,ere #na&le to ae their ,ay to the site? ,hich taes days to reach on$oot along dangero#s roads. !ens o$ tho#sands o$ "eo"le ,ere also dis"laced to

)yal and s#rro#nding %illages in the so#thern co#nty o$ Paniyar.

2( illings

13. !he -P7A ca"aign in so#thern and central (nity in 201< ,as no e5ce"tion toits a""roach o$ attacs in 201. n ost instances o$ attacs? the o""osition$orces o$$ered little or no resistance and re"ortedly $led in ad%ance o$ the -P7Ao$$ensi%e. ith the o""osition in hiding? the attacs ,ere largely directed againstci%ilians? ostly ,oen and children? the elderly and the disa&led. !he attacs

descri&ed to the assessent tea indicate a "attern o$ ci%ilians &eing directlytargeted? o$ten &ased on the "erce"tion that they s#""orted the ared o""ositiongro#".

1. Alost all the "eo"le inter%ie,ed &y the assessent tea reco#nted a relati%e or $riend ,ho ,as deli&erately targeted and illed in an attac. -e%eral ,itnessesalso re"orted that their $aily e&ers and $riends ,ere illed &eca#se they,ere #na&le to $lee in tie or ,ere "#rs#ed and illed in hiding "laces. Manyothers ,ere chased $ro the %illages into s,a"y and shy areas ,here they,ere shot at? and soeties illed &y the attacers.

1och Co#nty? ,hich ,as attaced in 'cto&er 201


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she co#ld hear hi screaing $or hel" inside the rning h#t t she ,as "re%ented &y the soldiers $ro resc#ing hi.

1. n an attac on !har#o"? a %illage in 7eer? in 'cto&er? a an told the assessenttea that his elderly ,i$e ,as r#thlessly &eaten &y ared en in ci%ilian

clothing? a$$iliated ,ith the -P7A? $ro >och? ,ho acc#sed her o$ &eing theother o$ a re&el. !he en illed the ,oan ,ith t,o g#n shots. !hey then "ointed their ,ea"ons at hi "ondering ,hether to ill hi as ,ell. !he areden s"ared his li$e. 'ne o$ the reared &e$ore lea%ing F,e ,ill lea%e yo# tos#$$er.G

200. !hese e5a"les are #st soe o$ se%eral doen siilar acco#nts $ro attacs in%illages across 7eer? >och and Mayendit co#nties in so#thern (nity state in,hich ci%ilians ,ere deli&erately and systeatically targeted &y the -P7A anda$$iliated ilitia.

Children

201. !he in$oration collected &y ()CE8 $ro (nity -tate sho,s a stee" increasein %eri$ied %iolations against children $ollo,ing the A"ril 201< o$$ensi%e.12<

!hese $ig#res "ro"ted ()CE8 to iss#e a stateent in =#ne 201


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the container t ,ere not allo,ed to tae the and ry the? ,hile others saidthey ,ent to collect the &odies o$ their deceased relati%es a$ter they had &eend#"ed in a near&y area.

20. n )o%e&er? the tea %isited the alleged d#"ing gro#nd and con$ired the

"resence o$ h#an reains. A list o$ the naes o$ the alleged %ictis ,as also "ro%ided to the tea &y a credi&le so#rce. hile the ca#se o$ death co#ld not &e$#lly esta&lished? there are reasona&le gro#nds to &elie%e that the detention o$ theci%ilians in the container occ#rred? and that the detainees died ,hile in detention.!he e5tent o$ criinal lia&ility $or those "ersons res"onsi&le $or the detention o$ the cattle ee"ers ,arrants $#rther in%estigation to esta&lish i$ there had &een anintention to ill the detainees or i$ their death ,as the res#lt o$ e5treenegligence and cr#el and inh#ane treatent.129

%( Se,ual and gender-ased violence

20


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,ere "er"etrated. !he assessent tea recei%ed acco#nts o$ a&d#ctions o$ ,oen and girls and cases o$ se5#al sla%ery.

209. -e%eral re"orts on the ongoing con$lict ha%e ade ention o$ the sec#rity riss$aced &y &oth ,oen and en in areas aro#nd the ()M-- P'C site. Protection

actors ha%e re"orted that a signi$icant n#&er o$ ,oen and girls ,ho %ent#redo#tside the ca"s in search o$ $ood &et,een =an#ary and 8e&r#ary 201< ,erera"ed &y -P7A soldiers.131 !hese incidents ha%e contin#ed thro#gho#t 201och in 'cto&er 201


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ri%er t ,as ca#ght &y soe o$ the soldiers. -he tried to resist at $irst t ,as &eaten and ra"ed t,ice &y one -P7A soldier ,ho then handed her o%er to t,oared en in ci%ilian clothing ,ho ra"ed her as ,ell. -he ret#rned to her hoea$ter the incident and learned that her three sisters and other had also &eenra"ed. !he s#r%i%ors other e5"lained that she had also &een ca#ght &y soldiers

in the attac and taen to a near&y location ,here she had &een ra"ed &y at leastten soldiers.

213. !he assessent tea recorded doens o$ testionies lie this o$ ,oen and girls &eing ra"ed and gangra"ed &y -P7A soldiers and their allied ilitias d#ringattacs. !he "re%alence o$ cases o$ ra"e? incl#ding o$ girls as yo#ng as nine?s#ggests that its #se in the con$lict has &ecoe an acce"ta&le "ractice &y -P7Asoldiers and a$$iliated ared ilitias. 'ne ,oan e5"lained to the assessenttea ho, she ,as &eaten &y t,o yo#ng ared en d#ring an attac on her %illage in 7eer? a soldier inter%ened and told the F,hy are yo# &eating the old,oan? i$ yo# $ind a yo#ng ,oan yo# ra"e her t dont &eat the old lady.G

Abductions and se=ual slavery

21. n addition to ra"e and se5#al %iolence in the co#rse o$ attacs? se%eral ,oenre"orted ha%ing &een a&d#cted or ,itnessing other ,oen &eing a&d#cted. nsoe re"orted incidents ,oen ,ere taen to hel" carry looted ites $or the-P7A and a$$iliated ilitias? and released a$ter they arri%ed at the destination?#s#ally 7eer or >och to,n. -e%eral ,oen also s"oe o$ &eing taen as F,i%esG

&y soldiers and e"t in &arracs or F,here the soldiers slee".G !he assessenttea recei%ed $irsthand acco#nts $ro at least three ,oen ,ho ,ere a&d#cted?e"t $orce$#lly &y soldiers and ra"ed re"eatedly. 'ne ,oan e5"lained to theassessent tea ho, she ,as a&d#cted ,ith t,entyse%en other ,oen $ro a%illage in 7eer d#ring an attac &y -P7A in 'cto&er. -he re"orted &eing ade tocarry looted ites to >och ,here she and the other ,oen ,ere then sharedaongst the soldiers as ,i%es. -he li%ed ,ith her a&d#ctor $or one ,ee and,as $orced to carry o#t d#ties s#ch as cooing? cleaning and $etching $ire,ood.-he also e5"lained that she ,as ra"ed &y three other en? &esides the one ,hotoo her as his F,i$e.G -he $#rther re"orted that those ,ho tried to resist &eingra"ed ,ere &eaten and gangra"ed &y -P7A soldiers. -he ,as released a$ter a,ee together ,ith at least $i$ty ,oen a$ter the inter%ention o$ a localco#nity leader.

21


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,ith her children. -he ,ent to the ,ater "oint and le$t her $o#r children &ehind,ith soe neigh&ors. -he later ret#rned to $ind her si5 year old da#ghter had

&een shot and illed &y -P7A soldiers ,ho had ret#rned to the %illage. Her neigh&ors e5"lained that one o$ the soldiers had ,anted to tae the child? sayingshe ,as &ea#ti$#l? ,hile his colleag#es had arg#ed that the child ,as too yo#ng

and not the age *o$ girls+ that they ,anted. A @#arrel ens#ed aongst the soldiersand the little girl ,as shot and illed in the idst o$ it.

21B. !he "ractice o$ soldiers ee"ing ,oen and girls in &arracs and $orcing the to,or and act as F,i%esG has also &een re"orted &y international edia. 13 !hee5act n#&er o$ ,oen and girls that ha%e &een a&d#cted reains #nclear?ho,e%er ,hat is clear is that? d#ring -P7A attacs? ,oen and girls ,ereconsidered a coodity and ,ere taen along ,ith ci%ilian "ro"erty as thesoldiers o%ed thro#gh the %illages. 'ne ,itness descri&ed seeing a&o#t t,entyyo#ng girls &eing arched a,ay &y -P7A soldiers a$ter an attac on her %illagein 7eer Co#nty. Another ,oan $ro a "aya in 7eer Co#nty e5"lained ho,she and se%en other ,oen ,ere taen to a "lace in another "aya that a""earedto &e soe ind o$ -P7A &ase. !he eight ,oen $ro 7eer ,ere archedtogether ,ith a""ro5iately $orty other ,oen $ro di$$erent %illages close toher o,n. 'nce they reached their destination the ,oen ,ere ade to coo $or the soldiers. !he soldiers then selected ten yo#ng ,oen $ro aongst thegro#" and s#&se@#ently ra"ed the. !his ,oan ,as a&le to esca"e the ca"ti%ity

&eca#se o$ an ash &y -P7M/A' that $orced the -P7A soldiers and their ca"ti%es to $lee.

219. n 'cto&er 201


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o&ser%ers alie? reared that yo#ng ,oen o$ child&earing age ,ere the "riary targets. 'ne stated that Fi$ the soldiers did not $ind any yo#ng girls they,o#ld tae lactating others regardless o$ ,hen the ,oan had gi%en &irth.G!his ha""ened on #lti"le occasions ,hen ared yo#th gro#"s a$$iliated ,iththe -P7A? ,o#ld harass and &eat the %illagers. Another ,itness e5"lained that

the ,oen ,ere selected on the &asis o$ age and this $#rther deterineddistrition aongst the soldiers. -he stated that Fi$ yo# looed $resh or sart*yo#ng or good looing+? a&o#t ten en ,o#ld ra"e the ,oanK the older ,oen,ere ra"ed &y a&o#t se%en to nine en.G

221. !he a&o%e stateent con$irs that ,hen yo#ng girls and yo#ng ,oen ,ere nota%aila&le in large n#&ers? older and/or arried ,oen ,ere ra"edK no one ,ass"ared. -; "er"etrated in so#thern and central (nity deonstrated that any

"ree5isting c#lt#ral and societal nors o$ "rotection o$ the ost %#lnera&le o$ &ecoing %ictis o$ -; ,ere not a""lica&le d#ring this con$lict. !heassessent tea con$ired that ,oen soeties got ca#ght #" in attacs and%iolations &eca#se o$ their ass#"tion that? i$ they ,ere arried or older? they,o#ld not &e hared and there$ore stayed &ehind. Pregnant and &reast$eeding,oen also ,rongly &elie%ed they ,ere sa$e o,ing to c#lt#ral "ractices thatdiss#ade en $ro slee"ing ,ith their ,i%es ,hile &reast$eeding. A %ictie5"lained to the assessent tea that? eight onths "regnant? she ,as gangra"ed &y si5 ared ci%ilians s"eaing )#er. -he tho#ght that? &eca#se she ,ashea%ily "regnant? she ,o#ld not &e hared.

222. 'ne yo#ng ,oan told e&ers o$ the assessent tea ho, she anaged toesca"e ra"e. !he ,itness e5"lained that she ,as ,ith a gro#" o$ ,oen on the,ay to the ()M-- P'C site ,hen they enco#ntered soe -P7A soldiers. Asshe ,as yo#ng? the soldiers targeted her ,ith the intention to ra"e her t she,as s"ared &eca#se she too a sall &a&y $ro one o$ the other ,oen.

Brutal nature of se=ual violence

223. Many ,itnesses and $irsthand acco#nts "ro%ided to the assessent teae"hasied the &r#tality o$ -; "er"etrated against ,oen and girls inso#thern (nity. oen narrated horri$ic and dist#r&ing stories concerning thes#$$ering e5"erienced and ,itnessed at the hands o$ -P7A soldiers andassociated ilitia. 'ne ,oan e5"lained ho,? eight onths "regnant? she ,asse%erely &eaten to the "oint that she &egan to heorrhage and had a iscarriage.-he added that she ,as then $orced to iediately carry hea%y goods $ro her %illage in one "aya to another in 7eer Co#nty.

22. 'ther ,oen descri&ed &eing &eaten ,ith stics and g#n tts. 'ne ,oane5"lained that her &eating lasted ore than one ho#r? Fthe en told e to liedo,n and ,hen re$#sed they &eat e and all three $orced thesel%es on e.G

'thers sho,ed e&ers o$ the assessent tea in#ries s#stained as a res#lt o$ se5#al assa#lt. !he assessent tea also recei%ed in$oration that sho,ed ther#thlessness eted o#t against ,oen ,ho resisted &eing ra"ed. n %ario#sinstances? ,itnesses and other s#r%i%ors narrated ho, attacers si"ly illed,oen ,ho resisted or e%en sho,ed signs o$ their ina&ility to ,ithstandcontin#ed ase in the case o$ gang ra"es. 8or e5a"le se%eral ,oen s#r%i%orsin >och Co#nty o"enly stated d#ring an inter%ie, that Fall the ,oen "resenthere ha%e &een ra"ed &y the -P7A and those ,ho re$#sed ,ere shot.G -oe,oen also alleged that %ictis ,ere illed $or looing directly at their ra"ists.

92


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?mpact of se=ual violence on victims and survivors

22


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230. !he "atterns o$ systeatic rning o$ hoes and "ro"erty? ,hich had alsoocc#rred in 201? s#ggest a deli&erate strategy to de"ri%e the ci%ilians li%ing inthe area o$ any $or o$ li%elihood or aterial s#""ort.

231. -atellite iagery allo,ed the tea to corro&orate the testionies o$ the

systeatic destr#ction o$ to,ns and %illages across so#thern and central (nity.136

8or e5a"le in 7eer Co#nty? iagery con$ired that there ,as ,ides"readdestr#ction o$ #lti"le h#ts and other str#ct#res in the 7eer to,n area &et,een 9and 31 'cto&er 201


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P'C site.10 n )yal? local a#thorities re"orted that &et,een


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the en%ironent $or h#anitarian o"erations contin#ed to deteriorate as a res#lto$ %iolence in the area and ,il$#l o&str#ction &y the "arties to the con$lict. Many

"eo"le inter%ie,ed &y the assessent tea re"orted that the contin#ing %iolenceand insec#rity "re%ailing in the region "re%ented the $ro reaching assistance.'n se%eral occasions $ood aid dro"s in %illages ,ere re"orted to ha%e &een

iediately $ollo,ed &y attacs $ro the ,arring "arties.

/( Role of ethnic militia and other actors

23. !he assessent tea collected n#ero#s testionies $ro any ,itnesses and%ictis ,hich identi$ied -P7A soldiers as those res"onsi&le $or the attacs in the(nity o$$ensi%e cond#cted in 201


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and Mayo co#nties ay ha%e &een in%ol%ed in "lanning and ordering attacsd#ring the o$$ensi%e.

2. According to credi&le so#rces? ost o$ the allied yo#th gro#"s ,ere not &eing "aid &y the -P7A. Rather? they colla&orated in the ilitary o$$ensi%e ,ith the

#nderstanding that they ,o#ld &e re,arded ,ith looted cattle and a&d#cted,oen.

2


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$ro Malaal and =onglei later that onth.1


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,ell as ci%ilian cas#alties and destr#ction o$ ci%ilian "ro"erty d#e to $ail#re totae "reca#tions to "rotect ci%ilians $ro har d#ring hostilities. ;iolationscontin#ed e%en ,here $ighting decreased. n Malaal to,n? the assessent tea$o#nd the "re%ailing en%ironent o$ harassent and assa#lts on ci%ilians had hada se%ere i"act on the $reedo o$ o%eent o$ the dis"laced "o"#lation.

2( illings

2


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the disco%ery o$ dead &odies ,ith g#nshot ,o#nds on the islands or the ri%er shore &et,een Malaal and a# -hill#.

261. !he assessent tea also learned o$ an attac &y -hill# $orces on Atar sland?Pigi Co#nty in =onglei -tate in =#ne 201


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26


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the area close to the air"ort? screaing that she had &een ca"t#red. -he thennoticed a gro#" o$ ,oen r#nning a,ay $ro that ilding.

2B3. 'ne o$ the risitigation strategies de%elo"ed &y the co#nity and "rotectionagencies ,as $or ,oen to go o#t o$ the ()M-- P'C site in gro#"s. !his?

ho,e%er? did not deter assailants or g#arantee sa$ety. n $act? as a ,itnesse5"lained? Fsoe ,oen ret#rn? t others ne%er coe &ac.G Another so#rcein$ored the assessent tea that? on 29 -e"te&er 201


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attacs in =#ly 201


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ith the e5ce"tion o$ a $e, $ailies o$ -P7A soldiers? as o$ Dece&er 201


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9(


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to,ards the ()M-- P'C site in Malaal.1B3 ithin ,ees? the "o"#lation o$ the P'C site in Malaal had increased to ore than do#&le its ca"acity? "#tting ah#ge strain on the a&ility o$ the h#anitarian agencies to ee" #" ,ith the &asicneeds o$ the dis"laced "o"#lation.1B

;( Recruitment and use of children in hostilities

20. !he assessent tea recei%ed re"orts o$ recr#itent o$ &oys &y &oth "arties tothe con$lict. According to ()M--? Maoreneral =ohnson 'lonyis ilitia?then ,ith the o%ernent? cond#cted $orced recr#itent o$ a signi$icant n#&er o$ children in -hill# co#nities on the ,est &an o$ the )ile. 1B


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Dece&er? the -P7A coando #nit had reained de"loyed in ond#r#&a "aya.

2. !he assessent tea s"oe ,ith ,itnesses and state a#thorities $ro the a$$ectedarea and %isited DP settleents in =#&a and >oda. n its e%al#ation o$ the

sit#ation it also re%ie,ed re"orts $ro credi&le so#rces.

2( illings

2


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!hey had &een on the ,ay to the $aily $ar to collect $ood. itnesses told theassessent tea that in 'cto&er three ,oen had gone issing in Mondiolo%illage? incl#ding a year old &lind ,oan. !he ,itnesses ass#e they ,erea&d#cted &y the -P7AK i$ they had &een illed? their &odies ,o#ld ha%e &een$o#nd.

*( atigiri Priary Health Care Centre and>atigiri Priary -chool. -chool aterial and edicines had also &een looted.'ne ,itness alleged that in early )o%e&er 201< at least si5 hoes ,ere rntin >atigiri and the school %andalied.

9( 3orced displacement

302. -ince the o#t&rea o$ %iolence in -e"te&er 201


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30


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2( illings

311. 8ollo,ing the illing o$ t,o -P7A soldiers on 21 May 201< &y #nno,nassailants? on 22 May? the local -P7A contingent in M#ndri est &eganharassing ci%ilians. D#ring the day the sit#ation ra"idly deteriorated. !he Co#nty

E5ec#ti%e Director? ,ho had arri%ed at the site o$ the incident ,ith M#ndri estCo#nty Coissioner to in%estigate the illing o$ the t,o -P7A soldiers? ,asshot and illed &y an -P7A soldier. Re"orts recei%ed &y the assessent teacon$ired that in M#ndri to,n $or three days? the -P7A looted? destroyed

"ro"erty and? in#red and illed ci%ilians? incl#ding children. -P7A soldiers alsos#rro#nded the co#nty "rison and o"ened $ire on "rison o$$icers? ca#sing thedeath o$ one and in#ring another. -o#rces also re"orted that children and ad#ltsdro,ned ,hilst trying to esca"e? and their &odies ,ere seen $loating in the Seiri%er. Estiates o$ ci%ilian deaths ranged $ro &et,een 60 and 110 indi%id#als.191

!he assessent tea recei%ed in$oration that? todate? no list o$ cas#alties has &een "re"ared &y state o$$icials.

312. n Maridi? %iolence &roe o#t on 9 =#ne 201


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21 A#g#st 201


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o$ the to,n ,ere targeted $or destr#ction ,hen go%ernent $orces clashed ,ithan ared yo#th gro#" in Sa&io to,n. H#anitarian agencies re"orted thatore than 200 h#ts ,ere destroyed and se%eral h#ndred others looted. 19 n thea$terath o$ the %iolence? the state go%ernent identi$ied and retrie%ed looted

"ro"erty $ro hoes o$ s#s"ects? incl#ding the ilitary &arracs? $or ret#rn to

the right$#l o,ners. Peo"le also re"orted ha%ing to "ay -P7A soldiers in order toens#re that their sho"s in the Sa&io aret ,o#ld not &e looted.10

9( 3orced displacement

321. !he May 201< incidents in M#ndri to,n triggered the dis"laceent o$ a&o#t30?000 "eo"le to the s#rro#nding areas.11 8#rther dis"laceent ens#ed ,ith the%iolence in Maridi in =#ne 201


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'art %

7( 'rincipal findings of OHCHR Assessment .ission to SouthSudan

32. !he $ollo,ing section s#aries the "rinci"al $indings esta&lished &y the'HCHR Assessent Mission as a res#lt o$ its e%al#ation o$ in$oration in its

"ossession? incl#ding ()M-- h#an rights re"orts? the A( C' re"ort and()'-A! satellite iagery that hel"s in$or its assessent o$ h#an rights%iolations and ases? as ,ell as %iolations o$ international h#anitarian la,d#ring the co#rse o$ 201


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32. !hese assa#lts too "lace o%er a long "eriod o$ tie? $ro A"ril thro#ghDece&er and in a large geogra"hical area? and all a""arently orchestrated &y the-P7A. Partic#larly i"ortant is the scale and ty"e o$ %iolations. !ho#sands o$ ci%ilians ha%e &een dis"laced? ,ith conse@#ent $ainelie conditions res#lting.!he dis"laced ci%ilian "o"#lation in the ()M-- P'C site in enti#

signi$icantly increased o%er the "eriod #nder re%ie,? $ro alost


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a hrc 31 crp 6_en sudan report 2016

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