a historical survey of indonesia’s maritime boundary...

A Historical Survey of Indonesia’s Maritime Boundary Agreements

Symposium on Maritime Boundaries in the Timor Sea: Perspectives in International Law

Melbourne, 15 February 2016

I Made Andi Arsana, Ph.D Department of Geodetic Engineering

Universitas Gadjah Mada

Jointly organised by: Castan Centre for Human Rights,

the School of Social Sciences at Monash University &

Swinburne University of Technology

A story from the Malacca Strait – 7 April 2011

I Made Andi Arsana © 2011


I Made Andi Arsana., Ph.D

Outline

•  Indonesia and the Law of the Sea •  Mari7me zone of jurisdic7on and delimita7on •  Indonesia and its ten neighbours •  Se@led and pending mari7me boundaries •  Indonesia-‐Australia and Indonesia-‐Timor Leste Mari7me boundaries

•  Concluding Remarks

Indonesia and the Law of the Sea

International Negotiation

This presentation was developed by I Made Andi Arsana

([email protected]) For the Government of Somalia

and was presented before the Somali President, Prime Minister and Speaker of the Parliament

Baselines

I Made Andi Arsana (2013)

EEZ Art. 76 200 M

Con7nental Shelf

Territorial Sea 12 M

Maritime Zone of Jurisdiction pursuant to UNCLOS

Normal Baselines and Maritime Limits

Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing is a crime and unethical J I Made Andi Arsana (c) 2013

Sea

Land

A

Circle at A

X X

Sea

Land Animation by Arsana & Schofield, 2014

Straight baselines and maritime limits

Tech

Archipelagic waters

Internal waters

(3%)

Baselines

Con7guous Zone

EEZ

EEZ

EEZ

EEZ

* LTE B

LTE A

Sea

Land

Anima+on by Arsana & Schofield, 2012

An Archipelagic State’s maritime zones pursuant to UNCLOS

State A

Imagine, a small State in the middle of the ocean. Alone

I Made Andi Arsana (c) 2013

But ….


This presentation was developed by I Made Andi Arsana

([email protected]) For the Government of Somalia

and was presented before the Somali President, Prime Minister and Speaker of the Parliament

State A

State B

State C

State D

State A

State B

Principles & Methods of Maritime Boundary Delimitation

Arsana, 2013

Not to scale, for illustra+ve purposes only

EEZ/CS boundary -‐opposite-‐

(Art. 74/83 UNCLOS)

TS boundary -‐adjacent-‐

(Art. 15 UNCLOS)

EEZ/CS boundary -‐adjacent-‐

(Art 74/83 UNCLOS)

Submi@ed to UN CLCS for recommenda7on

CS boundary -‐opposite-‐

(Art. 83 UNCLOS)

CS boundary -‐opposite-‐

(Art. 83 UNCLOS)

Malaysia

Malaysia

Philippines

Palau

Australia

India Thailand

EEZ

EEZ

EEZ

EEZ

Archipelagic waters

Territorial Sea

Singapore

Timor Leste


I Made Andi Arsana | [email protected]

Archipelagic Baselines

Unilateral Limits (no agreement with neighbours required) Agreed bilateral boundaries Indonesia’s unilateral claims (agreement with neighbours required)

Indonesia and ten neighbours

Java, Christmas Island and Australia


Settled Maritime Boundaries



Ina-My - 1969 Ina-Viet - 2003 Ina-Tha – 1971, 1971, 1975, 1978 Ina-Ind – 1974, 1977, 1978

Indonesia-‐Malaysia-‐Vietnam-‐Thailand-‐India

Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing is a crime and unethical J I Made Andi Arsana (c) 2011 Only seabed, not water column!

Indonesia

Australia

Indonesia-Australia-Timor Leste

Ashmore Islands

Sco@ Reef

Car7er Island

Browse Island

Rote Islands

Seabed delimitation (Ina-Aus) 1970s

MoU Box (1974) tradi7onal fishing rights

1700s à ‘Indonesians’ came to fish

Official claim by the British (1878)


Australia

k

Indonesia


Seabed boundary (signed in1970an)


Australia

Indo

nesia

“… organisms which, at the harvestable stage, either are immobile on or under the seabed or are unable to move except in constant physical contact with the seabed or subsoil” (LOSC, Art. 77 (4))

For illustra+ve purposes only. The visualisa+on does not reflect the real geospa+al seFng of Indonesia and Australia

EEZ Boundary (water) (signed in 1997)

Non coincident lines for EEZ and CS: Not unprecedented!

Philippines

Indonesia

23 May 2014

Indonesia-Philippines


A 20 year negotiation

Two Archipelagic States

Archipelagic Baselines

Only EEZ, not Con+nental Shelf

6 5 4

3 2

1

RP: 224.221.508 km2

RI: 224.368,844 km2

Indonesia-Philippines

Indonesia-Singapore

P1

P2

P3

P4 P5

P6

1A 1B 1C


P7 P8

25 March 1973

10 March 2009

3 September 2014


Pending Maritime Boundaries

` I Made Andi Arsana © 2011



Pending EEZ boundaries where Con7nental Shelf boundaries exists

Malaysia

k

Indonesia


Malaysia’s proposal of EEZ Boundary

Seabed boundary (signed in 1969)

Indonesia’s proposal of EEZ Boundary


You are the one who enter our water!

You are entering our water!

For illustra+ve purposes only The visualisa+on does not reflect the real geospa+al seFng of Indonesia and Malaysia

Pending EEZ boundaries where Con7nental Shelf boundaries exists

Proposing a 3D EEZ Delimitation [?]

k


State A’s proposal of EEZ Boundary

Equidistance

State B’s proposal of EEZ Boundary

Practicality reason

Possible? J

A compromised op7on?

ü

û

Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing is a crime and unethical J I Made Andi Arsana (c) 2013 For illustra+ve purposes only The visualisa+on does not reflect the real geospa+al seFng of Indonesia and Malaysia

Seabed boundary (signed in 1969)

Malaysia Indonesia

Two different proposals & a negotiated line [?]

` I Made Andi Arsana © 2011


Seabed boundary (1969) EEZ (Indonesia’s proposal EEZ (Malaysia’s proposal Possible nego7ated line [?]

Indonesia Malaysia

Spratly Islands

Singapore

Cambodia

Vietnam

Philippines

Sulu Sea

South China Sea Analysis and Anima+on by I Made Andi Arsana

Really?

Indonesia and the complexity of the SCS

Indonesia-‐Timor Leste Mari7me Boundaries

Mari Alka7ri: “success or failure of mari7me delimita7on nego7a7ons, especially those with Australia, is a ‘ma@er of life and death’ for East Timor” (Oxfam 2004) President Xanana Gusmao: Without access to Timor Sea resources: “we will end up being just one more failed State”

A matter of life or death?

Recent Development

26 Aug 15 18 Sept 15

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First quarter of 2016

•  Based on UNCLOS •  Exchange of basepoints

and baselines •  WGS 1984 for geode7c

datum •  Phases of delimita7on

process agreed

Dili (East Timor)

West Timor (Indonesia)

Oeccussi (East Timor)

Kep. Alor

P. Pantar

P. Batek

P. Atauro

P. Wetar P. Le7 P. Moa

P. Lakor P. Jaco

0 50 100 Nautical Miles

P. Mea7miarang

Timor Sea

TD 109 TD 110A

TD 111 TD 112

TD 112A

TD 113 TD 113A

TD 114

TD 114A

TD 110

PP 38/2002 Act 4/Prp/1960 PP 37/2008

Legend


Timor

Indonesia’s Archipelagic Baselines and zones to delimit

Maritime zones to delimit: 1.  Territorial Sea 2.  EEZ 3.  Continental Shelf

[...] “neither of the two States is en7tled, failing agreement between them to the contrary, to extend its territorial sea beyond the median line every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points on the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial seas of each of the two States is measured.” [...]

Territorial Sea Delimitation – UNCLOS Art. 15

“The delimita7on of exclusive economic zone between States with opposite or adjacent coasts shall be effected by agreement on the basis of interna7onal law, as referred to in Ar7cle 38 of the Statute of the Interna7onal Court of Jus7ce, in order to achieve an equitable solu7on.”

EEZ Delimitation – UNCLOS, Art. 74

CS Delimitation – UNCLOS, Art. 83

State A

The Three-stage Approach

State B

Provisional line: equidistance

Adjus7ng provisional line à relevant circumstances

Test of dispropor7onality

The Black Sea Case (Romania v Ukraine), 3 Februari 2009 à ICJ Bay of Bengal (Bangladesh v Myanmar), 14 March 2012 à ITLOS

Issues in Indonesia-Timor Leste Maritime Boundaries


1.  Land boundaries have yet to be finished (98%, according to the Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2015)

2.  How urgent? (resources, sovereignty or sovereign rights, non-‐tradi7onal issues)

3.  Is it as urgent as Australia-‐Timor Leste? (life or death)

Delimitation option: Indonesia v Timor Leste


P. Batek

Median or equidistance line with archipelagic baselines

Indonesia’s archipelagic baselines

Ombai Strait

Wetar Strait

Timor sea Oecussi

INDONESIA

TIMOR LESTE

Median or equidistance line with normal baselines

Batek Island

Taken from Google Earth

Options for Lateral Boundaries

Schofield and Arsana, 2007

Bakosurtanal, 2010

Delimitation option: Indonesia v Timor Leste (RI)

BIG, 2015

Concluding Remarks

•  Indonesia has ten neighbours to deal with for mari7me boundary delimita7on

•  Se@led, par7ally or fully, with eight neighbours •  19 agreements, 1 yet to ra7fy •  All agreements by nego7a7on •  With Australia, all se@led. Boundary administra7on/management follows

•  With Timor Leste, no agreement yet. Nego7a7on is on progress.

THANK YOU

a historical survey of indonesia’s maritime boundary...

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