a. herrmannitpa - toronto - 20061/19 filaments in the sol and their impact to the first wall euratom...
TRANSCRIPT
A. Herrmann ITPA - Toronto - 2006 1/19
Filaments in the SOL and their impact to the first wall
EURATOM - IPP Association, Garching, Germany
A . Herrmann, A. Kirk, A. Schmid, B. Koch, M. Laux, M. Maraschek, H.W. Mueller, J. Neuhauser, V. Rohde, M. Tsalas
E. Wolfrum, ASDEX Upgrade team
A. Herrmann ITPA - Toronto - 2006 2/19
Wall and divertor heat load
mapped to midplane
Pla
sma
(R) 7 mm
a few mm
a few cm
ELM heat load to outboard limiter
Sep
para
trix
Rule of thumb:The wall heat load is comparable to the heat flux in the wing of the divertor profile.
A. Herrmann ITPA - Toronto - 2006 3/19
Filamentary heat load
• Filaments in the far SOL are a small contribution to the ELM energy balance.
• They are no problem at the divertor target.
• But the parallel heat flow is up to 100 MW/m2 in AUG.
• Requires tilted structures at the inner wall.
• Extrapolation to ITER.
Eich, T., et al., Physical Review Letters, 2003. 91(19).
Eich, T., et al., Plasma Physics Controlled Fusion, 2005. 47
A. Herrmann ITPA - Toronto - 2006 4/19
3 ELM phases - diagnostics
A. Kirk et al, PPCF 47 (2005) 315–333
Filament evolution in the pedestal region
Hot filament near to the separatrix.
Radial travveling into the far SOL, attached to the divertor.
• Thomson scattering• Magnetic probes• Langmuir
probesThermography• Li-beam• …
A. Herrmann ITPA - Toronto - 2006 5/19
Outline
• Combined measurement of heat and particle flux in the mid-plane• ELM structure and correlations
• Wall impact – e-folding lengths• Particle flux and heat load
• Qualitative explanation
• Filament expansion – Prediction and experiment
• Summary
A. Herrmann ITPA - Toronto - 2006 6/19
Diagnostics
• Combined measurements• Langmuir probes
• Reciprocating
• Filament probe
• Thermography
• Magnetic pick up coils
• Probes are toroidal connected along field lines.
• Outside the shadow of the protection limiter.
• RP 5 mm in front of the ICRH limiter (connection length into the divertor about 5 m).
A. Herrmann ITPA - Toronto - 2006 7/19
Discharge scenario for radial SOL scan
• Move the probes in front of the limiter.
• Move the plasma away from the Limiter.
• Radial scan 3.5 -12 cm
• Discharge parameters
• Ip= 0.8; 1.0 MA
• Bt = -2; -3 T
• n/ngw = 0.6
• Wmhd = const (500 kJ)
• Pheat = 5; 6.6 MW NI
• q95 = 3.5-6.5
A. Herrmann ITPA - Toronto - 2006 8/19
Magnetic configuration
• Field line connection to the divertor entrance.
• No effectd from the 2nd X-point
• Inner divertor -> heat shield
• But, large gap.
A. Herrmann ITPA - Toronto - 2006 9/19
Correlation between signals
• Filaments are seen on all probes (Langmuir pins, heat flux, magnetic)
• Magnetic activity strongest at the beginning of an ELM.
• jsat signals are correlated on a short
spatial scale (Mach probe).
• Parallel mass flow towards the outer lower divertor (M ab. 0.1).
• Single filaments are detected as heat load: 200100 eT
A. Herrmann ITPA - Toronto - 2006 10/19
Heat load to the probe head is non-uniform
6 cm
texposure = 2 μsTframe = 100 μs
Leading edge
• Rotation in co-current direction• ‘Sharp’ edge in the limiter shadow
A. Herrmann ITPA - Toronto - 2006 11/19
Radial decay in the far SOL
• Decay of maximum values.
• Langmuir probes and heat flux have the same e-folding lengths!
• Filament probe is about one radial e-folding length behind the reciprocating probe.
e
jTq sate|| 100eTFor this plot:
A. Herrmann ITPA - Toronto - 2006 12/19
Radial decay is independent on the strength of the filament
• The radial decay is independent on the strength of the filament. (Statistics, we do not follow a single filament)• Scatter due to different source strength or different radial velocity (less time for
parallel convection)
• Both Langmuir probes have comparable decay lengths.
• Larger scatter for heat flux decay.
• Heat flux decay is comparable (or larger) than the particle flux decay (jsat)
A. Herrmann ITPA - Toronto - 2006 13/19
Heat flux and ELM energy balance
• The e-folding length is dominated by the density decay (Te, Ti = const)
Qualitative explanation
• We are measuring in the far SOL (away from the steep gradient near to the separatrix)
• The electrons have lost their energy (modeling, experiment).
• Loosing particles (and energy) without altering the temperature.Convective losses but collisional far SOL.
eese Tncn ~~ 2/3~)(~ eee TnTq
A. Herrmann ITPA - Toronto - 2006 14/19
Heat loss channels
• n = 2e19m-3
• Te = 0.1 Ti
~n
ITER
Heat conduction (Kaufmann S 112, Stangeby S 394)
Tq
2/5|| 2000 ee T
2/5|| 60 ii T
Heat convection (ions)
)()(1
108.4
2/33
152
eVTmnA
m
Wq
ie
iconv
Ions (D)
electrons
2/7|| ~ eTq
2/32
3 ieiconv Tn
m
Wq
A. Herrmann ITPA - Toronto - 2006 15/19
Collisional SOL
• Collisional edge
• No significant heat exchange between electron and ions
),(ln1016.3
1009.12
5.1
5
16
eVsZn
T
i
eie
; electron collision time (Wesson 2.15.3)
e
pieii m
mM
; ion collison time
e
pieex m
mM2
; energy exchange time
thv
L
||*
A. Herrmann ITPA - Toronto - 2006 16/19
The ion temperature is below 100 eV
• This is consistent with
• Te < Ti : Heat load is dominated by ions:
• Experimentally:
3,|| e
jTq sati
eVTe
jq i
sat )6030()200100(||
eese Tncn ~~ 2/3~)(~ eee TnTq
)
1
11
2ln(5.0
2
1
22
ee
i
i
e
e
i
e T
T
m
m
T
T
e
i
T
T3
A. Herrmann ITPA - Toronto - 2006 17/19
Radial blob velocity
• Filament in contact with the wall – sheath resistivity
• Far from the X-point.
t
bbisb n
n
R
lcv
2
S.I. Krasheninikov, PL A 283 (2001) 368
Ion gyro ratio/ poloidal size
Blob
/ background de
nsity
• Larger filaments are slower.
• Faster with increasing density.
Blob
velocity
A. Herrmann ITPA - Toronto - 2006 18/19
Radial blob velocity
• From experiment:• Poloidal size of 1-2 cm
• Ion temperature <100 eV
• Qualitative agreement with prediction.
• But:• Size dependence?
A. Herrmann ITPA - Toronto - 2006 19/19
Summary and conclusions
• The heat and particle decay length is a few centimeters in the far SOL
• Particle and heat flux decay length are comparable.• The decay is dominated by ion-convection (energy and particles).
• With a low Mach number (midplane, flow towards the lower divertor).
• The ion temperature in the filament is below 100 eV.
• The radial velocity from experiment and model is in agreement.
• The fraction of ELM energy to the wall decreases with ELM size