a H A f i: E «> ttx

fma^yWAMiGs OF EaSHA i u m

137

Q g A F T t : tH

Qm^* 4m m m*tm uiittAtaiis

mmmmmn

Oad of ttie eladg® applioetioii «<ma@ni8 is ttm Uaa

OdQti^ltiettoQ of sail (WUIIa is et al.^i^SO) t£i&t laay Ite liasasdeoas ta pl^t H as9t9#9) sniiaal life

(Patt9re(m»t965l SmSal eiiil eoanlt^t^^Bt)* It bus e^ittasisod t ^ neea ta o^Bwi^mQ, thQ t^asio (m@iitstiy of tiiie astal to noils* t t o r s ^ p i ^ o sta% of oetioo Tt hmm pmtiMn tti« th®iwi{lpjiai© pai^iaisrs to oon^ai® tli© geleotlvlty of atffeifiswt o&tioES 9mr ola^ etirfiioes* fb© fOiisatioQ of mQ&nmty ton spooler sy lt m ^^^gt

ste* aspsaa&ng tbs pivsanoe of Itftima mA pfi eotapIloatA^ tiis sxoliiaigsstoilitjr In soils mnH olays* yiiiis ia the abaenoe of coaplaxio^ ligaoda, tho Bparinftly •olubl* hydraaqr apaolaa of th« gaaaral foralis

Soiiid hm ooosMsiofl st pH vsioss > 6 (Fsrrsli sod risks ring, i977)« Mgmvr^ tbs ravsrsibiXity of issd sawtiSKMIs wss iwporlsd ^ Msir at si* (i9fl8) oo ssoiits sadl Hy £«iii St si* (i98i) OS sisy aiaarsis* flis poii iias of this stady wso to ovsiasts tlis ttisfMMlyaaailQ ftiootioos of tlis iatsjrsotioii of witfa Ms*. Os- sod i lg. i i i i tss and to Otm^sis

i r 8

tilt wtAetiirity of mn9u» oatioiis itsing a Ofln ooaspltxitig l igssi OKip «t ^ 5*9 v i ^ tt)9 iMlp «f QaiiMit and fiiini«t« <1953) uppyoaoti ia a s i i^ l i fUi fom (l<etiie!«Ioiit ©t

i n i l lHe Ho* 36) oia^ anea in tl^se mm Ql3t®l8@i1 Satural J^ieaee listaHllitsent Inc., ^^liSBt^r It v&e liralceB a ea^rtar aslog a ra^Mr

A < g fra&tioo wa® atitaio®^ try dlQ^ersitm ta dietille^ watar Bt^mqmmtly p&BBin i t thmit^ the sXieets of Oistsau f i l ter ^aper Ha* t fitted in t!m bmt at *tut&mBtimi^t OijeMesl CJeatriftj ©* at © S SW i ®* fto oigml© lajiarttle® flecois^aseO tjy fi^g ittiC tli® ol©y was in ^ i ^ i l M mter»

Tbts clay was timatatl witti im mtdlm aiiiarida aaltttioo aavaral ttaaa* flte nixtui* v^a tMit aMea aaati t im for about tialf an liour attar tlaa auparaatant aalt aolution waa jTsaavad from tba alay 1»y daaaatatlon ant! than waaiiatf with dlatlUad vatar^tliaaol (50t50) wlxturt aai! finally ultii a i a t l l M waur t i l l tlw alay was free of CI*" iaaa (aagatlira MflfO taat) and tim aondiaotlvlty of auaptaaloa waa alnost aqtial to that of aiatlllad watar* tlia ala^ auaf enalon naa tliaa atorad In %ottlaa for oaa*

13.1

w p w f i Q ^ OF ttt^ ASP m m s

TIM tig- and «»ie from Hamulite

Hy ti»attiift it QHldfidt soliitliiiie o£ Oa rb

t^tpMiymly in tlte saae iffniiiier ii^ff) fnv ttie

pf«paFatii» at iia«>iiUt@* tM illtt© mm thm stoiei t&r urn*

mmmmmmn

mm eimeemtfatioa tto ola^^ wi© ^y oifs^oititlog i i l of oacjli tue saspeiifiiuns i i i disSns® of Ismiiia m%.0it aii^ ^xying i t @t 105 a timtty ^letanifiiiig tlie ^ I g M of TOeffims© flio eaiiesatratiotts as

f^ililta^ mm t^«09 M

m'OkimmkTxm iir ts u g^ys

fiw ««tiiiit Na-* Q^m mA

iiK*Mttur«M i i i i t«« if«« tiie mmf^lmi mmt tm • i t M («laikMNi,i95S) «• ll«aitrilMid tajrlltr in of tbl» Tbt ««tifiii ii3iBli«iK« oa^aeltjr for ffa^t mi'-•ad r»«*illit«s was foini<f to lie 39»B4i» ^tfiOt S6«M par too g alar loaitaatiivaiar,

wwwitAyioii Of Ui Aff jyii'^)

tlia amnt of Uad (pb'^) vas •sii^wtad ia •^ailiHriav

•oittttons Hr titmtioii at^dd i>f milUy «t e l . (i9S9) ttfias lyUfiiil ortingtt m indioator tts fDll^nrti

^ittiflafQ i TtyA f^ i ttiiat A l^^ii tdltxttou pittpaitfl fa dist i l led ^ater mud sleBiaratima ^tth itaaiaitl aaui^ tolttt im ueioi Mao^ *f * m iuiill^atur atx<! Iitiff@r ^lutftoa a$ m

fftff^r ^ iw Iutiim, A u Si^lci: cieststc tirliiyirat® WRG ^llcitalwa in ^tctlll©^ wet®r enfl 30 wl af ctaoial acetlis mtQ. was to It* The was Mu to 500 %.ltli tlstillsfi

wettr*

Xaaictttor aoldttcmt A 0»t g o£ s leool, to^iaataf m»

migimd m&. mBmlm^ Im iQ m% Qt f^itliy^ alcaliai*

ytwwattytt A 2 m pM%mt «if m-e^mtstmit l.t uii' - was taiceii ta a iMainir aiiA 5 »% ttf liuffer edlutSon (^r ursa ta it* flMi atxtttii* was vatwia to ttmu fi#i3«a 2 UmpM at a^rleadl ofSaai^ iatfteator mA titxataA yith ataadaM IWA aaluttoii to a tigjtit yallotr aaH |Kilat» Wrm ttm valantt at am^ niaue tba vaaAiaga of roaeant HXaaiCf tfe anattai of Pti^ in aolutioa vaa aalattUtatf* Yho Vk * ia ol«y i ^ a t iraa flatajRotaaa Alffaiaftea* flm laaalta ai« rtponaA in TanUa XXOTf Xim« mnXT ana xu,

ESTIM YtlW or (Ma ^

Sadiaa aoaaaatration ia aupofaataat lifaid waa aatinatafl

H i 1

liy ••ysirtwiaics* tlmm ^Qt&mt9r* flw stuadavS ttotve for mHitm (0-80 ttg) was rawit (I'lg. iS) md ibt tviiiHa of Maiwi

i£i •lu^miao dbtaiittd Mfm Hie staa^irft aurve In ftfDH-XKXV.

( i ) ^an^arft HBfA futltitlQiii TO mm prnimtm mn

stai^ars^ltesa a?; tn tlie cc:^ yS 1% 0et4».iatit».

t^^ro&hlori'CtQ t£i loo ot mthmat*

(ttl> gilAtty BQtutimt A aQt yi:®

Uv) Boff r of ^ iOi Msaali® 30 @ aw siMitim in vater* and 285 ml fi««li ari^iat ^ <lllut« to 900 m% with diatillad vatar* itova iti polytliena ^t t la*

pra—iai»t A 2«o nl pairtiait <i£ sapamatant liqvAA of ala r tttafrntt-aioa vaa taican iJi a twaicart tivataft with 5 mi of pi 10 %uf jtar» 5 aropa of iaaioator asad 1 til uf aolatlan* ffeA oontanta waia than tltratad with staa^ai^ T fA solution to a him aoft point, Wrm th§ YOlume otEtnA aolutlou uaed, tiia aaoiutt of aMUgaastttiB lo oolutlon phase waa oaUiaatad* tiia m^mwim oootont in tlia solid olay piiaaa waa oUtalaod dlffaiofioa

j 4 2

AoiiMDtrtttiafi of m la «9lati«ii)* resalts «»i reeosAaa i s mte-xaoGti,

umimrtQH OF csAuuiiiii fca^^l

e&leiua tbt mig»m&tmt salutlini wns «iitiiiiat9a in tHe e&m E imer ms tor imm&sim ^temlaBtim*

^o 10 suits Bxo mtt&rdnd in

g m u f yr on k:mmmu ^sewfliw** -wiif iiiwjuji. wiiji. n" jji'ii'ii'. imjmtifp'mmmmmmti

A pwHmiitmy iuvi^ffiigmii/n wcs i J ^ tu ilawx^a-dm

rtsistijiis tiecsuso m c^alliljslux io o&teatiol fuA' tiie im ^miUsmge gtn^ies. Par Ciiet tuj aS iO .1 crusim^ca® ai" oa l '^IS-illites mro tr^en iu ee^ral glaei; et p./cx if tutoes fiiiil tm&ua with 3 w m ml ut Q*um i»iiio

mwe ^^mteH t$> a valee CO«<>0uM) 1»y atidlliig itid x^quistte iitMuDt yf SaUi, Ua lg yjf ^OXj to Urn

t«fi!^ati¥ft sets* l^ii tatal ifQlvum idue ta Itw •oluiiviit were elisi &it tor ixittsiimls yi ti»<» mi$ o«5,

•••• il<iur» tii a waiterbftth at » » gA,

30 C • 1 C« TUu lUi u a^ui.r suifitd &ud in tiMi •i Mftt&taiit Wits sstin^tcA OS as so i l ed ssrllsr* 9li« santait of P1> sdsorlisA on ttis olsy s i aiffersnt iatsrrQls of ti»s nag tbsn oUtslnsil f r ^ t ^ Siiowit of sAOsd iBtsus tte pn ^ Mmsiainc in tM sufis rust ants* Tb^ wemlit sbuwed ilaat tus SfnilikrluB tfss sttsissA In 6 Jmrnt* as i«|N»jrisil in fet»iss*XltI t s mESI snA rig, 13.

fli« f«v»rttbiilty uf tiM Miiaai^ rtaeUoitt with

mtfl eurfao** vst exoffilotta &t ^ 9*5 •Qulllbriys t i ^ 6 fioum at cjiiirtmt ionie f»tv@tigtii fiiff tUinp $ vs^ pii jQS&atis of anoli olay sables mm tmrnu to several glass etopimfoA imiylag at and e^tiiHliTataa* smsmt of aSsai^^ Mm ^dtl^toA {Its ^ijeor^^il csrlffsr* SlwllnrXy, ©a 'lttmge Mm srtiidiea fey t< Xinj. 5 Kl cuffi^efiioti M in mmm'l glssi; stsip|}®sp®a

tuln^e® r^iyfji^ »mmtr. ^t ftn CO.Oi^HK Ua yr

th'Ki ©stl t:m aty.int ©f tii tfae

an tise exeltsu^ anfl Hg mm 'saele at iwa terrteretuTOs SO 60 C* Far thts^ a

5 of ar 1%-ltllte pa 5«5) f«lc«o til MiiwrRi glaaa tutiaff* t^im {lumttitlan af

Bolutios (o.ollf) in the rangt af 0 to 19 ml wens aaM 3 « and tba lonle strsagt^ of tba solatian was adJttAfced to CI.006M iritii i«K|»«etlfa ohlorlAe anlt soluttofiiii Hacl, CaCl anA MgOl )* Tlia ta%a« if«i« iitialc«a for 6 ^tira and %tmn eisntrlfiifiaA* ma anoaot of ifa^, Oa ^ and Mfg' in iitiiMi znatania nexn er.tlti»taf! ae (SoMrtlMd oarllar* Tba anoiiat of Vl> Ic aloy pham

2A WAS ealeulatadl fron Vh ndant lamainlng in tb« aupa mat ants*

J44

f t o ammf of Qm^^ ma m^* l^aw eetettl.«t«« trm O&O V A L T M F I etim satuzettd elajre sIIIIIB tim anotmt of tlioto iiMii in ttw siiponiataiitfi* W10 f«9ii].t8 axe vtootfloa ta to

fr*^ ttiei^ datdt OQutiraiefit ioaio tiemtims of Pb * Qua i» glUt» ana solottaB pUssos ^re oaleulattta mte

Cf K^portea to to MMt*

mmum MH ni.suysstaH

f l^ px^IlidUiai^ ea^rli^ats (i^io fig* 13 naA to JPOQIII) t!i8t ^ o esmhm^ OQaillMo ms ettotoH in % Ijosr© for tJoaotaleBt imfi Hg^-^®^) ©a 6 tioajm for iietfovnteat (Na ) Ummi^r^ 6 tiour® mm allovat to eQaitii&r&to ^tlb tt® ^fostn ^ ioh lii^ no offset oa tlui oxofaaoge OQuiltl rta* fli@ &mm% of aftsoxINid or doaaxtMill plottaa ogaluat ^ Wdiaiat of fli®^, Ca ^ or Mg * rncmd (ric, 1% lotll fa1ile««aaDair) tSmmd tbat ^ exeitanga prooata waa atoloiiiottttria aad lowrame at pH aBow i^ion f%(tf) ieta iiyi8rel]raa« (ADd^^Hfattafe ana Vaaa^ifSi),

fiia axaiianga aqutlilina of on lla^i Oa* aai fig* aatoratadi i lUta oaa h9 deaorftltad liy tlit aaipreaaioB

? = r = ± {i>

•iMn y m »«•, «•"* Pt m'*, tiM tami M< utariMI «mbUU«s

J 4 5

t0 tU8 ememtv&tim of ton «ocie«iit«a im otay ana Mlttilon lospeotiwly* f te •quHmUnt ioaie frsotions of miriottt iiuis in elajr moA mlutim pbato at 30 0 and 60 C if«f» ealealatafi ea foUovai

0 ^ B c c X ana

6 0 0 G

vfmm Mpi tm^ a ^ aie e^vateo t ioalo fraoti^sof m ifi Mltitiim ipiHiaa mmim^timly n^il® aaS repxemiuta tfia

e^tiliral43iit tonto fraot&ooi af oaoater imia C * * ^^t Hi ioaa) in salfitiys and oli^ pharn^ valao® plotted to get Urn esebeaga Isul^ifj ae sliowii ia iPigt,

Q osaniBatioo of fig* t? amoves 0II ttie Oiirvea a@iriat@a atoll*© tUe aiagoa©! et Isatto tn© <30* wjfl 60*0)

2# iitAioatIng ^le prnt^reum af owr HUf (ja aM n$ tone for lU i ta aujrfaaaa, Hai msr, titcs aatuaratti^ eat i^a vie* Ka , cia * mM m^*' («t 60*0) ma m'^ (at I^oi^a a aelaotivity yewraal (aturvBa bnlmt dimgmmt) at a^>0*9t* Zt may ^ i a i a m d fiwa tlMaa i^^rvatioaa tbat tba or&er of pmXemntm of varioaa aatioaa for i l l i t a aarfao«s vaa axoapt at tlM valoa 0.76 < (at 90*0) aofl 0.08 < (at 60*6) trhara tlift ng^^ fteooaaa «oi« aalaotifo titan Ca *

flia atiaotivity ooaffioicata (1^ ) at difftrent iraltiaa

14

vcr« «alOttlatii4 tttftag aig^ttsHims

¥ « Oa ar ?l|[ iwj aoa T / T^ uteris tt* oetivlty r»tt« of eomsi^ofiiiag salt was oMaiae'i aa ^©neri^A tigr imumi&ut

namn^r^ ^ itiM of afiuivi^lest ioitlo fra&ttoa to ©ftlciilnttag iMm aelaetivitsr ©oaffioisat ottor th&wm^^miQ

tOQCttdite tia® beca orltiotiod t y Sposit® Mutttgo l C1979) i t aoe® not hm la^B ei©si4f4«ajie© ^ t l o eor^,aficig pnefarea©© of irailous catlcma clay ©ui-faeea (<SoalSi:jg» 198^1 •

tpalnea of (fanias ta KI III) n extt plotiall egainat at 30* ati« i6) wldali mum Hm mm aaleatiirity of fto^^ tiaa fotwd t» vaty liKiOKKlataatli wim ^ sorfaea Ffc® oompoeltiatt A pmtummiB of waa o^aamA ia aU tba aaaaa (poaitiva valiia of log at ibuttt iii» teiaiiara-tufva vita a taiaetivity mmrml af oattoaa (aagatifa valaa of log ia aaiat aaaea at fhta tgp^ af atirfaaa aataratlOD affaat ba« also ba«a aiiggaataA Hy Bittal s. tlllUr (1974) and Siaclial at al« (1976) • fnr^ar» tfit« affaat of taaparatttiw «aa al«a found to upon ti» surfaoa Pti ooMpoattton W daoraaa&ng t ^ Pk^ a»l@ativlty witb rlaa in tanparatun f m 30 to 60*0 at Xp^>0,a0 for l^>0«6o for GoHm aoA 0*79 ayatoiHi,

J 47

m wim AT 3o *c

tQlmB Qt

{tmnm}

•r Mtmt of O.OIH umk as&a

imtmt of m ^ ta mlxktim

Ammt Qt

(ae l mw Cweq put i m g | £00 &

3

SO 0«f

0.%0 0.79

190.75 576.73

0.00

$ 0*39 185.98 *.77 m

m 0*17 367.19

3 2

181.^ 9.5% 10

2 ©•76 19.08

5 %

0.37 1««31 10

? 0.75 357.66

5 A 0.36 171.6s 19.06 10

m 0.7% 352*89 88.61

3 m 0*35 166*91 83.8% 10 0.73 3%i.l2 33.38

5 6 0.3% 168.1% mM

10 6

0«7t 34I3.35 3 8 . 0

5 10

7t8»9«l09 l l » l t

0.3% 0.7t

168.1%

313.35

28,6l

38.15

169

jmmmtzon I I R pt^* B Y A S A M > C G F P

OT f ms Af 3Q*0

Afaotmt o£ Ai^iait of m®^ in eileomfl e^&ilirit® sdiotioB (mq peg" (mq iOO g olfijr) iOO fi

folmm of 0.0111 fi>(Ha5)g

m

nm

(hot^s)

Votvm of uisea

1 so

0»5 0*«0 0*80

0*00 0*00

5 4 to

E 0»78 8*68

5 e

0*38 8*69 to

e CI.77 35%. ss 13*02

5 *

196*2% 17.36 10 0.75 329.90 S1.70 9 0.39 151*90 21.70

10 0.73 316*82 30.38

3

10 9

0«39 0.79

191.90 316*8£

21.70 30.38

9 0.39 191*90 21.70 10

o 0.73 316*08 30.38

9 10

7j.j9.10. 0.39 0.79

191.90 316.8S

21.70 30.38

]4n

jmmmtm or «r as m Ttm Af 30*0

T AOiOltBt df m^ in

mlttttmi {mq imr too s

Toltigie of

fidA«d

ff!»

(tiaar»>

To3.iiia9 of O.OIK EWSA

{ml}

AnouBt of

(mq per im & tfltiy}

uiKM'iuMii.ai wus sssiaKse e

s A mm 4.9%

30 w

0 .79 %«9%

4 0 .38

to *

0.7® 9*08

5 2

0 * ^ 6 169*4% t 3 . i 6

10 2

0 . 7 9 ^ . 9 0 22.70

5 0 .96 f69*%% 18.16

t o 0 .73 91.78

9

to %

0.9%

0 . 7 «

i 9 « * 9 6

986.88

87*3%

96*51

5 It 0.911 19%.96 S^.8%

10 7

0 .78 986.88 96.98

9

10 6

0.9%

0 . 7 t

t9%.96

986.88

87.2%

96.98

9

10 7 ,8 ,9#10 , i i f i a

0.9%

0 .78

191.36

986.88

87.2%

96.98

am m^* KiBEAm on m 30*0

i m m t of m oAaefl for adjagtiag ftOQio 8tV@tlgtll (mg per too g)

of EHf A um&

o«oi]i noioo of m ptr l i t m in eQulli^riiin ouapeiifiioii «

Aaoimt Of in olor iibiitie

{m^ per too

umwmm

m*m 55»08 1*00

$$•37 0.8% mm

©•78 0«00 3*16 0*76

t a j 38*50 0*9% 8i.86 66.37 0.76 tS*96 i9.30

t9*88 0*00 0.87 6*7% 6.98

i.t6 8i*90 38*83 t8*90 0*95 19.98 66.37 0.79 t9«i8 19* Mi.85 0*65 t6.88 9.90 0*00 0*89 7.88

51

88tf«Afi0ii m at m . mmvimtan ppaiiKi Egamwfc, At 30* m t 60*0

-I fttlOM at O.OIR A^od per

too g eley fidtmutt af ttSiA

Milts <lf iPb®* per ntm ta equiUiiriiiBi mmii^wtm m ao

ntg.of HI®* QdiaxINia |ier 100 £

0.5 0.05 0.79 1.98 i«o 0.06 9.S9 2*0 o.ia 2.00

0.i7 i5«%6 li»0 00 m 19.83 9*0 76.90 0.S9 7.29 21.19 7.5 turn 26*98

10«0 0.6& 19.90 3lt.61 B30.70 i.Oi 29*^9 36.99

0.5 0*09 0.79 8.00 0.06 i«90 3.89

2.0 30.76 0«t8 9.00 7.69 0. i9 %.79 9.69

4.0 0.89 6.89 19.9% 76.90 0.9t 7»79 17.36

7.5 ii9.59 11.00 83.07 10*0 i99«80 0.(17 16.79 89.07 t9*0 230.70 1.0% 86.00 30.76

Mmmrm or ga^ «r rtw immmt^u m m rnvtvimtm

strsi^Hsw iwciBm uwrnmrn^ A% so* mt

•""""• ' ' - ^ " ' " " V I..ni.,i„„

Amm% aQit««iitiratt-iiaa«a f^r ^ os

I m L U . •flolUbrtmi S ' r ^ r

Holes of Hft sa

•QtiiU^ritQi

in %

10.31 38.a« 51 37.01 07 lf.%8 35.03

mm m 1S.35 79.70 31.82 07 17»33 • 75.35 2%.90

^53.77 St 16.27 70.7% 19.59 230.70 76 15.02 17.%6 173.03 59 11.98 51.S3 11.90 U5.35 a.9« «.16

0«00 11 2.10 A t fiO*C

3%««09 10.31 38*8% 33%*9S 51 10.03 «7.l»l 37.01 3S8.90 97 19.%8 0%.70 35.03

9S 10.33 79.70 31.88 mM •5 17.00 7%.ai 39.10 3233.77 ao 19.93 69.86 85.30 830.70 7* H.78 6«.26 81.49 173.03 5S 11.69 56.83 15.76 113.35 %B 8.37 36.39 i9.78

0.00 09 1.03 7.96 8.15

*MmUm mem 10 t i w s , itinUM*

0

EBfimfioK OF yfc^ m m mhytnutm

mwme ummm. At so* im

mu» of

Itiife la •ttft^nsioti

V^Saai of 0*001

•metd (al)

Af go*c

iOO g «3i@y Volmal of 0*0111 him im

too g ©ley

-Bl

0*!l 0«03 0.79 t.7* i*0 0*00 t.50 3.«7

o a i 0.75 B*m OtfS t0«%8

%«0 55*56 0 * ^ 6*00 0«3t 7.75 i5.63

t0%»i8 0*50 i0*0 i39«90 0*69 t7»00 i9*0 i«03 ^5.75 29.58

f f i f f j 0«!l 6*95 0.03 0.75 t.7% i*o 0«05 1.25 5*88 8*0 0«ti ^•75 8.88 3.0 0*18 II.50

55*56 0*25 6.85 18.83 5*0 0*30 7.90 17.37

0««9 12,85 19.18 10*0 138.90 0.67 1$.75 88.89 i9*0 800.35 i»05 @0.85 84.18

KsfimfioK or om m ifis-nsn^wm' Mwon IH m^ ummmmm 2* 2* • • stfspbysiaK wiiniiti en %wimim> Af so a j ai go c

momt of tiftwm of mil0u of I H Q * of Ca®* for riliTA iisofl mr Htm in In iiita^

oajusting tonlo (i»l) ifoe OQaiiiHriaK ip$v ioo g) ffxapttnrtoa (aSQ |!er £00 g)

m

00t*4t

158.79

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0*80

At

m.Vf

158.79

i0%.l8

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S to'

i . i 7 ta% t.09

0*96 0*89 0*70 0*58 0*17

um t#17 ut$ i*09 1*08 0.95 0*90 0*71 0.55 0 . i5

50*00

2s*50 87.25

88.25

i5.00

50*00 89*85 88.75 87*25 85*50 85*75 88.50 17*75 15*85 5*75

51*5i 89*6% 87.91 ^ .77 ^*97 17*^ 15.»5 mm 10*55 1*9%

51*58 89*6« S i . 85 28.77 80.97 19*50 1%.08 18.55 •*88

5*«1

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55.87 55.98

2 5*00 21.58 19.49 ^5*87 15.86 12.25 6.39

15

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0«0%9 0*009 0*9tl 0*991 6*6^9 0.833 0*099 0*017 0*901 0*9®3 8*0ie O.9O8 0.198 0*036 0*820 7.963 0.90i

0*053 o«a%9 0*9%7 1.087 0 . ^ 5 0*9 ® 1.203 0«5%a O.iOO 0*900 13*702 1.157 0*693 0*100 0.a>7 0*S1S 12*663 1.102 O.S95 0*^3 0*107 0.719 e6.393 1.403 0*9^2 0*727 0*03S o . w 7*633 0.884

0*000 0*000 1*000 1*000 f* m

o*o9i 0*008 0.9%9 0.998 7*975 0.908 0*099 0*017 0*901 0*9»3 8.088 0.908 0*t9« 0*036 0*i08 0*964i 8.237 0.916 0*890 0*0€0 0*790 0*9^ 6*331 O.8I9 0*3%9 0*003 0*691 0*917 7*%11 0.870 0.%%T 0*107 0*933 0*893 8*«98 0.987 0*9H 0*191 0*%06 0*809 7.713 0.887 0*6«6 0*313 0.33i 0*663 «.9%6 0.69% 0*79t 0*766 0*809 0*23% 0.160

i 5 8

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gmmm^ Af 30* ^ 60*0 mi mm is^m umimm. m ca^ttuiB

m w log %

Af

0.000 0.000 t .000 1.000 m

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5 10 COTtC-CppTn

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F(G.i3.Effect Of time ontke Pb exchange

on C9)Na'. (a)Ca^ .ar?d (m) /viq- illite^ /5ni( 5 rrj/ a d d n d t " P b ' ' )

4 0 0

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2 0 0 -

lOO -

4 0 0 8 0 0 1200 1600 2 0 0 0 2 4 0 0

Pb "", Na^Ca2 or Mg2 + ad |d (/j eq g-l illite ) ^ FIG 14 ^••rBttlltty of Fb ozoUanett with Ha , Ca «

and Mg lane ou i l l l tv surfao«a at 30 and 6o C,

a I X

OI

c o o M o 'c o

c o» To > 'a cr lU

O N a * - P b ^ * e x c h a n g e a t 3o®C

• N a * - P b ^ * e x c h a n g e a t 60®C

Ca^VPb'^exchangeat 3o®C A Ca2*-Pb %xchange at 60®C

Mg *-Pb exchange at 30®C

* Mg' -Pb xchangeat 60®c

1.0

Equivalent ionic fraction of Pb *in solution (Xp )

FIG. •IS. Adsorption IsotbenBs of n^* oachaiige with Na^ and Ng*** loot on lUlte surfaooe at 30 and 60*0*

F I G . T I E .

Equivalent ionic fraction of Pb in iuite ( X pb Plot of mUetivity ooefflolent (log K^) against •qulvalent ioaie traction tor Vb^* axohanga

with lia^, Ca® I at 30 and 60*C,

vlth Ma , Cm * and Ug * lona on l l l l t e aurfaoa*

ft I o Ui > cr o a O 3 r 4 h

tt« u a* o u >» .t; 1 > u <

0 . 4 0.6 0.8

Equivalent ionic fraction of Pb *in illite (Xpb) 1.0

FIG. #17 n o t Of activity coeffioients ( f i ) «i;atu8t oquiiraleBt ionio fraotion (X^) for Vb ^ excbange with Ca '* and Ng ^ iona on i l i n a surfaces at 50 •nd 60*C«

l e

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tns - u

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